Dwarf Mistletoes: Biology, Pathology, and Systematics
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Mechanical Stress in the Inner Bark of 15 Tropical Tree Species and The
Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure Romain Lehnebach, Léopold Doumerc, Bruno Clair, Tancrède Alméras To cite this version: Romain Lehnebach, Léopold Doumerc, Bruno Clair, Tancrède Alméras. Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure. Botany / Botanique, NRC Research Press, 2019, 10.1139/cjb-2018-0224. hal-02368075 HAL Id: hal-02368075 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02368075 Submitted on 18 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Mechanical stress in the inner bark of 15 tropical tree species and the relationship with anatomical structure1 Romain Lehnebach, Léopold Doumerc, Bruno Clair, and Tancrède Alméras Abstract: Recent studies have shown that the inner bark is implicated in the postural control of inclined tree stems through the interaction between wood radial growth and tangential expansion of a trellis fiber network in bark. Assessing the taxonomic extent of this mechanism requires a screening of the diversity in bark anatomy and mechanical stress. The mechanical state of bark was measured in 15 tropical tree species from various botanical families on vertical mature trees, and related to the anatomical structure of the bark. -
Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe in Taylor Park, Colorado Report for the Taylor Park Environmental Assessment
Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe in Taylor Park, Colorado Report for the Taylor Park Environmental Assessment Jim Worrall, Ph.D. Gunnison Service Center Forest Health Protection Rocky Mountain Region USDA Forest Service 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 2 2. DESCRIPTION, DISTRIBUTION, HOSTS ..................................................................................... 2 3. LIFE CYCLE....................................................................................................................................... 3 4. SCOPE OF TREATMENTS RELATIVE TO INFESTED AREA ................................................. 4 5. IMPACTS ON TREES AND FORESTS ........................................................................................... 4 5.1 TREE GROWTH AND LONGEVITY .................................................................................................... 4 5.2 EFFECTS OF DWARF MISTLETOE ON FOREST DYNAMICS ............................................................... 6 5.3 RATE OF SPREAD AND INTENSIFICATION ........................................................................................ 6 6. IMPACTS OF DWARF MISTLETOES ON ANIMALS ................................................................ 6 6.1 DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF VERTEBRATES ............................................................................ 7 6.2 EFFECT OF MISTLETOE-CAUSED SNAGS ON VERTEBRATES ............................................................12 -
Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe Common Cause of Brooming in Lodgepole Pine
Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe Common cause of brooming in lodgepole pine Pathogen—Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) is the most widely distributed, one of the most damag- ing, and one of the best studied dwarf mistletoes in North America. Aerial shoots are yellowish to olive green, 2-3 1/2 inches (5-9 cm) long (maximum 12 inches [30 cm]) and up to 1/25-1/8 inch (1-3 mm) diameter (figs. 1-2). The distribution generally follows that of its principal host, lodgepole pine, in the Rocky Mountain Region (fig. 3). Hosts—Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe infects primarily its namesake, but ponderosa pine is considered a secondary host of this species. However, lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe can sustain itself and even be aggressive in pure stands of Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine in northern Colorado and southern Wyoming sometimes a mile or more away from infected lodgepole pine. This infection generally occurs in areas outside the range of ponderosa pine’s usual parasite, southwestern dwarf mistletoe. Figure 1. Flowering male lodgepole pine dwarf mistletow plant para- Figure 2. Female lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe plant with imma- sitizing lodgepole pine. Photo: Brian Howell, USDA Forest Service. ture fruit parasitizing lodgepole pine. Note the basal cups left behind where old shoots have fallen off. Photo: Brian Howell, USDA Forest Service. Signs and Symptoms—Signs of infection are shoots and basal cups (fig. 2) found at infection sites. Symptoms include witches’ brooms, swelling of in- fected branches, and dieback. Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe infections grow systemically with the branches they infect, sometimes causing large witches’ brooms with elongated, loosely hanging branches. -
Ultrastructural Study on the Formation of Sclereids in the Floating Leaves of Nymphoides Coreana and Nuphar Schimadai
Kuo-HuangBot. Bull. Acad. et al. Sin. — Sclereids(2000) 41: in 283-291Nymphoides and Nuphar 283 Ultrastructural study on the formation of sclereids in the floating leaves of Nymphoides coreana and Nuphar schimadai Ling-Long Kuo-Huang1,2, Su-Hwa Chen1, and Shiang-Jiuun Chen1 1 Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (Received December 29, 1999; Accepted April 14, 2000) Abstract. The formation of star-shaped sclereids in the floating leaves of Nymphoides coreana and Nuphar schimadai was studied microscopically. These foliar sclereids were associated with the aerenchyma and found as the form of idioblast. The outer surface of mature sclereids was smooth in Nymphoides, but with many prismatic calcium oxalate crystals in Nuphar. However, the early morphogenesis of these two kinds of sclereids was similar. The sclereid initials were distinguished from the neighboring cells by their distinctly large nucleus. The expanding sclereid initials were constrained by the neighboring cells. Crystal formation in young sclereids of Nuphar started near the cessation of sclereid expansion. The crystals were bounded by crystal sheath and located in crystal chambers between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane. Calcium antimonate precipitates were found, especially on the crystal sheaths as well as between the plasma membrane and the primary cell walls. The crystal chambers have a paracrystalline appearance connected with the crystal sheath and the plasma membrane. After formation of crystals, the secondary wall was deposited and then the crystals became embedded between the primary and secondary walls. The possible functions of the foliage sclereids and the plans for further investigation are discussed. -
Epiparasitism in Phoradendron Durangense and P. Falcatum (Viscaceae) Clyde L
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 27 | Issue 1 Article 2 2009 Epiparasitism in Phoradendron durangense and P. falcatum (Viscaceae) Clyde L. Calvin Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California Carol A. Wilson Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Calvin, Clyde L. and Wilson, Carol A. (2009) "Epiparasitism in Phoradendron durangense and P. falcatum (Viscaceae)," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 27: Iss. 1, Article 2. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol27/iss1/2 Aliso, 27, pp. 1–12 ’ 2009, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden EPIPARASITISM IN PHORADENDRON DURANGENSE AND P. FALCATUM (VISCACEAE) CLYDE L. CALVIN1 AND CAROL A. WILSON1,2 1Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711-3157, USA 2Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Phoradendron, the largest mistletoe genus in the New World, extends from temperate North America to temperate South America. Most species are parasitic on terrestrial hosts, but a few occur only, or primarily, on other species of Phoradendron. We examined relationships among two obligate epiparasites, P. durangense and P. falcatum, and their parasitic hosts. Fruit and seed of both epiparasites were small compared to those of their parasitic hosts. Seed of epiparasites was established on parasitic-host stems, leaves, and inflorescences. Shoots developed from the plumular region or from buds on the holdfast or subjacent tissue. The developing endophytic system initially consisted of multiple separate strands that widened, merged, and often entirely displaced its parasitic host from the cambial cylinder. -
Anatomy of the Underground Parts of Four Echinacea-Species and of Parthenium Integrifolium
Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) 69, 237-247 (2001) O Osterreichische Apotheker-Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H., Wien, Printed in Austria Anatomy of the underground parts of four Echinacea-species and of Parthenium integrifolium R. Langer Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna Center of Pharmacy, Althanstrasse 14, A - 1090 Vienna, Austria Improved descriptions and detailed drawings of the most important anatomical characters of the roots of Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH,E. angustifolia DC., E. pallida (NuTT.) NUTT.,and of Parfhenium integrifolium L. are presented. The anatomy of the rhizome of E. purpurea, which was detected in commercial samples, and of the root of E. atrorubens NUTT., another known adulteration for pharmaceutically used Echinacea-species, is documented for the first time. The possibilities and limitations of the identification by means of microscopy are discussed. The anatomical differences between the roots of E. angustifolia, E. pallida and E. atrorubens are not sufficient for differentiation, however, root and rhizome of E. purpurea and the root of Parthenium integrifolium appear well characterized. Because of the highly similar anatomy the microscopic proof of identity and purity of crude drugs of Echinacea must be done with uncomminuted material and the examination of cross sections. (Keywords: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea atrorubens, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Parthenium integrifolium, Asteraceae, microscopy, anatomy, identification) 1. Introduction The first, and for a long period only, detailed anatomical descriptions of the underground parts of Echinacea were published at the beginning of the last century', '. Due to later changes in the taxonomy within the genus Echinacea, unfortunately the plant sources for these descriptions remain unclear. The increasing interest in Echinacea and the adulterations that had been observed frequently caused Heubl et aL3 in the late eighties to examine the roots of E. -
Response of Avocado Pericarp Tissue to Mechanical Injury
Proc. of Second World Avocado Congress 1992 pp. 485-488 Response of Avocado Pericarp Tissue to Mechanical Injury C. A. Schroeder Dept. of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA Abstract. Mechanical injury to avocado (Persea americana Mill.) pericarp will initiate a meristem and the production of periderm. Injury to tissues deep within the pericarp results in cellular differentiation of parenchyma with various degrees of cell wall thickening. Sclereid-like cells with thick, lignified walls and prominent pits can be formed in tissue normally occupied by thin-walled, oil-filled parenchyma. The unique growth and increase in volume of avocado fruit is characterized by continuous cell division in the pericarp tissue from pollination until fruit maturity. Shortly following fruit set, the parenchymatous cells which comprise the major tissue of the pericarp attain a diameter of approximately 50 //m and then undergo mitosis (Schroeder, 1953). Thus cell size is fairly constant and uniform throughout the fleshy pericarp. Larger fruit therefore have more cells than smaller fruit upon reaching maturity. Mitotic activity throughout the pericarp tissue at all times from anthesis to full fruit size is reflected in the high respiratory behavior of the fruit tissue, which is comparable to that of meristematic tissues in general. One can expect meristematic activity in the pericarp tissue at any point in time during fruit development. This has been demonstrated by the successful grafting of nearly mature avocado fruit. Cutting through the thick pericarp of adjacent fruit and holding these together along the cut plane eventually results in development of meristem tissue on the cut surfaces and the union of tissues between the two fruit (Schroeder ef a/., 1959). -
JUSTIFICATION for SUBSPECIES in ARCEUTHOBIUM CAMPYLOPODUM (VISCACEAE) ABSTRACT in the Dwarf Mistletoes
Nickrent, D.L. 2012. Justification for subspecies in Arceuthobium campylopodum (Viscaceae). Phytoneuron 2012-51: 1–11. Published 23 May. ISSN 2153 733X JUSTIFICATION FOR SUBSPECIES IN ARCEUTHOBIUM CAMPYLOPODUM (VISCACEAE) DANIEL L. NICKRENT Department of Plant Biology Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6509 [email protected] ABSTRACT In the dwarf mistletoes ( Arceuthobium , Viscaceae), sect. Campylopoda was previously considered to include entities treated at the rank of species: A. abietinum, A. apachecum, A. blumeri, A. californicum, A. campylopodum , A. cyanocarpum, A. laricis, A. littorum, A. microcarpum, A. monticola , A. occidentale , A. siskiyouense , and A. tsugense . Morphology, host associations, levels of sympatry and genetic evidence are reviewed here and, in contrast, it is concluded that these taxa are best viewed as ecotypes of a single variable species. Formal nomenclature treating these taxa at the rank of subspecies is presented, following previous conventions for recognizing infraspecific taxa in dwarf mistletoes. KEY WORDS : Arceuthobium campylopodum , dwarf mistletoe, ecotype, subspecies, Viscaceae Arceuthobium (dwarf mistletoes, Viscaceae) has been of great interest to American plant morphologists, pathologists, and systematists since the late 1800s. This is the only genus in Viscaceae that naturally occurs in both the Old and New World. In contrast to most viscaceous mistletoes such as Viscum and Phoradendron , Arceuthobium is morphologically reduced with scale leaves (squamate habit) and small monochlamydeous flowers whose morphology varies little between species. The explosively dehiscent fruits are unique in the family and allow population expansion without requiring bird vectors. The adult shoots produce only a small amount of carbohydrate through photosynthesis, thus these mistletoes approach the holoparasitic condition (Nickrent & García 2009). -
Eastern Dwarf Mistletoe, Arceuthobium Pusillum
Natural Heritage Eastern Dwarf Mistletoe & Endangered Species Arceuthobium pusillum Peck Program www.mass.gov/nhesp State Status: Special Concern Federal Status: None Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife DESCRIPTION: A member of the Christmas Mistletoe family (Viscaceae), Eastern Dwarf Mistletoe is a very small fleshy shrub, usually no more than 2 cm (0.8 in.) tall that parasitizes conifer trees. Its generic name reflects this parasitic habit, coming from the Greek words for juniper (arkeuthos) and life (bios). This simple or sparingly branched plant has greenish to chestnut-colored, or even purplish, stems that are circular when fresh and four-angled when dry. The opposite leaves are reduced to thin, connate, obtuse (blunt-tipped) scales with a width of only 1 mm (0.04 in.). Eastern Dwarf Mistletoe spreads beneath the bark of its host by means of a haustoria, an organ used to obtain nutrients from the host. The formation of globose clumps of swollen, infected branches or “witches’ brooms” saps the trees’ strength and, eventually, a tree covered with them may weaken and die. Eastern Dwarf Mistletoe is a dioecious plant (a plant with unisexual flowers in which the individual plants are either male or female). Mistletoes reproduce by means of seeds expelled from explosive fruits. The sticky seeds cling to needles, eventually sliding down the needles to germinate on twigs. During the first year, the parasite penetrates the wood with a root-like structure and develops food and water transport systems. An Distribution in Massachusetts Top: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An 1985-2010 illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Based on records in Natural Heritage Database Possessions. -
Vegetation Response to Wildfire and Climate Forcing in a Rocky Mountain Lodgepole Pine Forest Over the Past 2500 Years
HOL0010.1177/0959683620941068The HoloceneChileen et al. 941068research-article2020 Research Paper The Holocene 1 –11 Vegetation response to wildfire and climate © The Author(s) 2020 forcing in a Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683620941068 10.1177/0959683620941068 forest over the past 2500 years journals.sagepub.com/home/hol Barrie V Chileen,1 Kendra K McLauchlan,1 Philip E Higuera,2 Meredith Parish3,4 and Bryan N Shuman3 Abstract Wildfire is a ubiquitous disturbance agent in subalpine forests in western North America. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia), a dominant tree species in these forests, is largely resilient to high-severity fires, but this resilience may be compromised under future scenarios of altered climate and fire activity. We investigated fire occurrence and post-fire vegetation change in a lodgepole pine forest over the past 2500 years to understand ecosystem responses to variability in wildfire and climate. We reconstructed vegetation composition from pollen preserved in a sediment core from Chickaree Lake, Colorado, U.S.A. (1.5-ha lake), in Rocky Mountain National Park, and compared vegetation change to an existing fire history record. Pollen samples (n = 52) were analyzed to characterize millennial-scale and short-term (decadal-scale) changes in vegetation associated with multiple high-severity fire events. Pollen assemblages were dominated by Pinus throughout the record, reflecting the persistence of lodgepole pine. Wildfires resulted in significant declines in Pinus pollen percentages, but pollen assemblages returned to pre-fire conditions after 18 fire events, within c.75 years. The primary broad- scale change was an increase in Picea, Artemisia, Rosaceae, and Arceuthobium pollen types, around 1155 calibrated years before present. -
Haustorium 50 Issue!
HAUSTORIUM 50 January 2007 1 HAUSTORIUM Parasitic Plants Newsletter Official Organ of the International Parasitic Plant Society 50th ISSUE! January 2007 Number 50 MESSAGE FROM THE IPPS PRESIDENT acquaintances between those interested in parasitic Dear IPPS Members, plants. The IPPS wishes you a happy festive season and a While the main reports during the early years of peaceful and happy 2007. We all wish that the New Haustorium were on taxonomic, anatomical and Year will bring a better understanding of parasitic physiological aspects of parasitic plants, the recent plants, and new breakthroughs in our ability to control issues also report on significant progress in molecular parasitic weeds. research of parasitic plants, with emphasis on three In addition to celebrating the birth of a new year, we main areas: (a) genome studies of parasitic plants, are also happily celebrating the issue of the 50th including evolutionary, genetic and physiological edition of Haustorium, the well established considerations; (b) the development of new resistances Newsletter of the parasitic plant research community. It against parasitic weeds either directly by genetic is my pleasure to send our special thanks and engineering or indirectly by the employment of appreciation to the dedicated founding Editors of herbicide resistance; and (c) the development of Haustorium and honorary members of the IPPS, Chris molecular markers for diagnostic purposes, and for Parker and Lytton Musselman, for their immense marker-assisted selection, serving more efficient long lasting contribution in distributing updated breeding of various crops for resistance against knowledge on parasitic plants to all parts of the world, parasitic weeds. gathering pieces of information on a variety of aspects Another encouraging development of the last decade is of parasitic plant biology and on the management of the availability of a number of effective means for the parasitic weeds, for the benefit of us all. -
The Mistletoes a Literature Review
THE MISTLETOES A LITERATURE REVIEW Technical Bulletin No. 1242 June 1961 U.S. DEi>ARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE THE MISTLETOES A LITERATURE REVIEW by Lake S. Gill and Frank G. Hawksworth Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Forest Service Growth Through Agricultural Progress Technical Bulletin No. 1242 June 1961 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D.C For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price 35 cents Preface striking advances have been made in recent years in the field of plant pathology, but most of these investigations have dealt with diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses. In contrast, progress toward an understanding of diseases caused by phanerogamic parasites has been relatively slow. Dodder (Cuscuta spp.) and broom rape {Orohanche spp.) are well-known parasites of agri- cultural crops and are serious pests in certain localities. The recent introduction of witchweed (Striga sp.) a potentially serious pest for corn-growing areas, into the United States (Gariss and Wells 1956) emphasizes the need for more knowledge of phanerogamic parasites. The mistletoes, because of their unusual growth habits, have been the object of curiosity for thousands of years. Not until the present century, however, has their role as damaging pests to forest, park, orchard, and ornamental trees become apparent. The mistletoes are most abundant in tropical areas, but they are also widely distributed in the temperate zone. The peak of destructive- ness of this family seems to be reached in western North America where several species of the highly parasitic dwarfmistletoes (Arceuthobium spp,) occur.