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Coleoptera) Coprofagos De Las Deyecciones De Conejo [Oryctolagus Cuniculus (L.)] Y De Otros Mamiferos

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Coleoptera) Coprofagos De Las Deyecciones De Conejo [Oryctolagus Cuniculus (L.)] Y De Otros Mamiferos ANALISIS COMPARATIVO DE LOS SCARABAEOIDEA (COLEOPTERA) COPROFAGOS DE LAS DEYECCIONES DE CONEJO [ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS (L.)] Y DE OTROS MAMIFEROS. ESTUDIO PRELIMINAR F. Sánchez-Piiiero y J. M. Avila * RESUMEN Se aportan datos sobre los Scarabaeoidea coprófagos que explotan las letrinas de cone- jo. Se estudia la composición faunística encontrada en estos excrementos en Chiclana de la Frontera (Cádiz) entre diciembre de 1986 y enero de 1989. Se comentan las características de esta fauna y se relacionan con los datos aportados por los autores en la misma área de estudio en excrementos de vacuno y equino, y con los hallados en las heces de conejo en la provincia de Granada. Por otra parte, se estudia la relación existente entre la composi- ción faunística de diferentes tipos de excrementos (vacuno, equino, ovino/caprino y cone- jo) y distintas localidades (Chiclana de la Frontera, Sierra Nevada, Sierra de Alfacar, Pu- jaire y las provincias de Granada y Albacete) de acuerdo con los datos de muestreos efec- tuados por nosotros mismos o los aportados por la bibliografía. Se concluye la existencia de una fauna asociada a los excrementos de conejo y la influencia de factores como la proxi- midad geográfica y las características del tipo de excrementos sobre los escarabeidos copró- fagos. Palabras clave: Scarabaeoidea, coprófagos, procedencia del excremento, conejo. ABSTRACT in the faecal pellets of Comparative analysis of coprophagous Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) other mammals. Preliminary re- rabbit [Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)] and in the excrements of port. Records about coprophagous scarabs from faecal pellets of rabbit are reported. Faunis- to Ja- tic composition of faecal pellets is studied during the period from December 1986 of this fauna and the nuary 1989 in Chiclana de la Frontera (Cádiz). The characterization relationship with other data reported by the same authors in the same area of study are commented in relation with bovine and equine sediment scarabs fauna and the results from rabbit excrements from Granada province. The relationship between faunistic composition different lo- from different sort of excrements (equine, bovine, ovine/caprine, rabbit) and calities (Chiclana de la Frontera, Sierra Nevada, Sierra de Alfacar, Pujaire and provinces of the bibliography of Granada and Albacete) as the results of our sampling and the records are studied. We conclude the existence of a fauna associated to rabbit faecal pellets and excrements on coprophagous the influence of geographic factors and the characteristics of scarabs. Key words: Scarabaeoidea, coprophagous, nature of excrements, rabbit. ciación accidental de los adultos con los mamíferos, INTRODUCCION y en muchos casos dicha relación habría conllevado El primer estadio en la evolución de los coleópte- una ventaja selectiva que conduciría a localizar nue- ros con los vertebrados aparece, según WAAGE vos recursos para las larvas. En el caso de los esca- rabeidos coprófagos, esto podría crear una especiali- (1979), al haber un establecimiento de dependencia larvaria en el hábitat del nido o excrementos de es- zación de ciertas especies a explotar unos determina- tos vertebrados. Este hecho habría facilitado la aso- dos tipos de excremento, sea a nivel de alimentación 18071 Granada (España). * Departamento de Biología Animal, Ecología y Genética. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Granada. 23 Eos, 67, 1991: 23-34/15-XI-1991 F. SANCHEZ-PINERO Y J. M. AVILA o exclusivamente de nidificación (HALFFTER y al. (1988) y SANDOVAL (1989) en la provincia de MAITHEWS, 1966). Granada. Muchos autores han tratado así de establecer si En el presente trabajo pretendemos establecer, de cada tipo de excremento posee una fauna específica modo preliminar, la existencia de una fauna asocia- asociada (FiNcHER et al., 1970, LOBO, 1985, etc.). da a las deyecciones de conejo y la importancia de En general, la mayoría de estos autores halla que los factores geográficos, comportamentales y tróficos cada especie de coprófago muestra una preferencia en la composición faunística de estas heces. Asimis- por un tipo de heces dado, a menudo por el excre- mo, y comparando con los resultados obtenidos, por mento de una especie, a pesar de que puede utilizar otros autores y nosotros, sobre diferentes proceden- para su alimentación una variedad mayor de excre- cias (equino, bovino, caprino y ovino) de distintas mentos. áreas geográficas del sur de la Península Ibérica, in- Debido a la irregular disponibilidad de excremen- tentamos establecer una diferencia cualitativa en la tos en el espacio y en el tiempo, los coprófagos de- importancia que el origen del excremento tiene en la ben tener una cierta flexibilidad en la utilización de composición faunística según las características de las estos recursos, de modo que su supervivencia esté heces. menos condicionada por su presencia o abundancia. FINCHER et al. (1970) suponen la existencia de una adaptación de 'estos coleópteros para distinguir el METODOLOGIA olor emitido por los excrementos más abundantes dentro de un área geográfica dada, lo que explicaría El muestreo se realizó en Chiclana de la Frontera la existencia de una atracción diferencial. (Cádiz) en tres zonas distintas conocidas como «El Requerimientos de tipo climático y de selección de Chaparral» (UTM 295QA5532), «Pago del Humo» hábitat (LANDIN, 1961) así como las características (UTM 295QA6228) y «La Barrosa» (UTM del excremento y la disponibilidad del mismo (LOBO, 295QA5426), comprendiendo cuatro biotopos dife- 1985) parecen ser los factores determinantes de la rentes: campiña, o prados con vegetación herbácea; presencia de una especie de coprófago en un excre- majadal, o prados con matorral de lentisco, coscoja mento de origen determinado. De este modo, y de y palmito; bosques, adehesados en mayor o menor acuerdo con lo señalado por HALFFTER y MATT- medida, constituidos por Pinus pinea L. y Quercus HEWS (1966), alimentación y tipo de hábitat están tan suber L.; y dunas costeras, cuya vegetación se forma relacionados que ninguno de los dos es determinante esencialmente por un matorral de Juniperus phoeni- por sí solo. cea L. y Juniperus oxycedrus L. Este último tipo de La mayoría de estos autores, sin embargo, ha con- biotopo se localizaba en «La Barrosa» exclusivamen- siderado sólo excrementos de grandes herbívoros, te. siendo muy escasa la literatura que aborde de un Las muestras se tomaron con una periodicidad modo sistemático la fauna coprófaga asociada a ex- mensual desde diciembre de 1986 a enero de 1989, crementos de fitófagos de pequeña talla. En este sen- entre octubre y abril, época en que este tipo de ex- tido, los excrementos de conejo presentan un interés crementos es tróficamente aceptable para los escara- particular, pues sus características son básicamente beidos coprófagos, según nuestras observaciones de distintas a las que presenta cualquier excremento de campo. un gran herbívoro. Las heces fecales de conejo son Cada mes se recolectó la fauna presente en diez le- pequeñas bolitas de textura fibrosa y bajo contenido trinas de diferente tamaño. Los ejemplares se captu- hídrico, que sufren una rápida desecación y que se raron directamente en el campo, tomándose los in- encuentran agrupadas formando letrinas o cagarru- dividuos que se encontraban tanto en las propias he- teros. La disponibilidad trófica de estas letrinas para ces, como aquellos que se hallaban enterrados en el los escarabeidos coprófagos va a estar más fuerte- suelo bajo las letrinas, hasta una profundidad, como mente influida por las características del biotopo y la mínimo, de unos 8 cm. climatología que en el caso del excremento de un Con objeto de comparar los distintos muestreos se gran herbívoro. han usado datos cualitativos, referentes a muestreos Por otra parte, la importancia del conejo en las re- puntuales o más o menos locales, que pudieran ser des tróficas del bioma mediterráneo implica la abun- comparables en tanto nos informan de la fauna exis- dancia de letrinas como recurso para los insectos co- tente en diferentes zonas (tabla I). prófagos. De este modo, la disponibilidad de dichos Para estudiar las posibles relaciones en la fauna excrementos y sus características diferenciales res- que explota los distintos tipos de excrementos, he- pecto a otros tipos de deyecciones, definirían la pre- mos tomado datos de la bibliografía referentes a di- sencia de una fauna especializada en su explotación, ferentes muestreos realizados sobre diversos tipos de como sugieren los resultados obtenidos por AVILA et excrementos (vacuno, equino, ovino/caprino y cone- 24 Eos, 67, 1991: 23-34/15-XI-1991 SCARABAEOIDEA DE DEYECCIONES DE CONEJO Tabla I Presencia (1) y ausencia (—) de las distintas especies en cada una de las categorías consideradas. A = heces de vacuno en Chiclana de la Frontera; B = heces de equino en Chiclana de la Frontera; C heces de conejo de Chiclana de la Frontera; D = heces de vacuno en Sierra Nevada, zona mediterránea de meseta; E = heces de equino en Sierra Nevada, zona mediterránea de meseta; F = heces de vacuno en Sierra Nevada, zona montano-granatense; G = heces de equino en Sierra Nevada, zona montano-granatense; H= heces de vacuno en Sierra de Alfacar; 1 = heces de conejo en la provincia de Granada; J = heces de caprino y ovino en la provincia de Granada; K = heces de vacuno en Pujaire; L = heces de vacuno en la provincia de Albacete, zona de sierra; NI = heces de equino en la provincia de Albacete, zona de sierra; N = heces de caprino y ovino en la provincia de Albacete, zona de sierra; O = heces de vacuno en la provincia de Albacete, zona de llano; P = heces de equino en la provincia de Albacete, zona de llano; Q = heces de caprino y ovino en la provincia de Albacete, zona de llano; R = heces de vacuno en la provincia de Albacete, zona del sudeste semiárido; S = heces de equino en la provincia de Albacete, zona del sudeste semiárido; T = heces de caprino y ovino en la provincia de Albacete, zona del sudeste semiárido. Table I Presence (1) and absence (—) of the different species from the different categories.
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