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Master Thesis MASTER THESIS Titel der Master Thesis / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „The Prospects of Durable Solutions for Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: Focusing on Local Integration“ verfasst von / submitted by Yara Chdid angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2019 / Vienna 2019 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / UA 992 884 Postgraduate programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Universitätslehrgang lt. Studienblatt / Master of Arts in Human Rights Postgraduate programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor Dr. Margit Ammer Table of Content List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. iv Chapter One: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 a) Background ....................................................................................................................... 1 b) Research Question ............................................................................................................ 4 c) Methodology .................................................................................................................... 6 i) Structure ................................................................................................................... 6 ii) Research methods: interviews in refugee camps ..................................................... 8 iii) Interviews with experts ............................................................................................ 9 iv) Limitations of the study ......................................................................................... 10 Chapter Two: Historical, Political and Sectarian Tensions .................................................. 11 a) Different Political Views on Syrian Refugees ............................................................. 11 i) Significance of the demographic balance in Lebanon ................................................. 12 b) Demography Concerns and Historical Tensions.......................................................... 15 i) Fear of altering the demographic balance of the Lebanese sectarian system ...... 15 ii) 1976 to 2005 tutelage ........................................................................................... 17 iii) Palestinian refugees influencing the Lebanese response to Syrian refugees ....... 18 c) Significant Policies Adopted Since 2011 and the Rise of Xenophobia ....................... 19 i) The October Policy and new residency requirements.......................................... 19 ii) Closing borders .................................................................................................... 22 iii) Curfews and evictions .......................................................................................... 24 iv) Employment restrictions ...................................................................................... 27 d) Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter Three: Legal and Policy Framework Applying to Lebanon ................................... 31 a) 1962 Law Regulating Entry, Stay and Exit of Foreigners ............................................. 31 i) The provisions applying to ‘political refugees’ in the 1962 Law: articles 26, 27, 31 and 32 ........................................................................................................................ 32 b) The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between UNHCR and the government of Lebanon.......................................................................................................................... 34 i) Is an updated MoU needed? .................................................................................. 34 ii) MoU terminology disagreements .......................................................................... 36 iii) RSD and UNHCR’s registration certificate for Syrian refugees .......................... 38 iv) Revoking the UNHCR registration certificate ..................................................... 40 c) The Refugee Response Framework: Lebanese Crisis Response Plan (LCRP) .............. 41 ii i) The 3RP ................................................................................................................ 42 ii) Effectiveness of the 3RP and the LCRP .............................................................. 42 d) Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 44 Chapter Four: Do Syrian Refugees in Lebanon have Local Integration as a Durable Solution? ................................................................................................................................. 44 a) International Standards relating to local integration .................................................... 45 i) The relationship between local integration and self-reliance ................................ 45 ii) The economic, legal, and socio-cultural dimensions of local integration ............. 46 b) Lebanon State Obligations under International Human Rights Law ............................ 48 i) ICESCR........................................................................................................................ 51 ii) ICCPR .......................................................................................................................... 58 iii) CRC.............................................................................................................................. 62 c) Challenges to a Dignified Stay ...................................................................................... 67 i) Legal Status: civil documentation and restriction of ‘Freedom of Movement’ ..... 67 ii) Lack of employment opportunities ........................................................................ 71 iii) Low enrollment of Syrian refugees in schools and child labour ........................... 76 iv) Dire living conditions ............................................................................................ 81 v) Discrimination and harassment .............................................................................. 86 d) Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 89 Chapter Five: Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 90 Annex 1: Expert Interviews .................................................................................................. 109 Annex 2: Field Research interview ...................................................................................... 110 Annex 3: List of tables, images and figures ......................................................................... 111 Annex 4: List of interviews ................................................................................................... 112 Abstract (English and German) ........................................................................................... 113 iii List of Abbreviations Art. – Article AUB – American University of Beirut ALEF – Act for Human Rights ALP – Accelerated Learning Programme BIA – Best Interest Assessment CRC – Convention on the Rights of the Child EU – European Union GSO – General Security Office HRW – Human Rights Watch ICESCR – International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights ICCPR – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ILO – International Labour Organisation ILO ROAS – International Labour Organisation Regional Office for the Arab States ISIS – The Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham LBP – Lebanese Pound LCRP – Lebanese Crisis Response Plan MoU – Memorandum of Understanding NGO(s) – Non-Governmental Organisation(s) NRC – Norwegian Refugee Council P. – Page Para. – Paragraph PRS – Palestinian Refugees from Syria PLO – Palestinian Liberation Organisation RACE – Reaching All Children with Education (RACE) RST – Resettlement 3RP – Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan SOHR – Syrian Observatory for Human Rights UDHR – Universal Declaration of Human Rights UNDP – United Nations Development Programme UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNHCR – United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees iv UNICEF – United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund UNRWA – United Nations Relief and Works Agency VASYR – Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees WASH – Water, Hygiene, and Sanitation WFP – World Food Programme YPG – Yekineyen Parastina Gel translating to People’s Protection Units v CH1: Introduction a) Background: the three durable solutions in Lebanon: local integration, voluntary repatriation and resettlement The Syrian Civil War has impacted many lives since the outset of the conflict in 2011. Many families and individuals were forced to seek refuge and safety in neighboring countries such as Lebanon. The demographic and economic situation of this first asylum country makes it extremely difficult to provide basic needs for refugees. As of February 2019, there were approximately one million Syrian refugees registered by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) currently residing in Lebanon.1 Apart from the one million Syrian refugees who are registered
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