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Coronavirus: Quello Che C'è Da Sapere – 12 Luglio 2021

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Coronavirus: Quello Che C'è Da Sapere – 12 Luglio 2021 Coronavirus: quello che c’è da sapere – 12 luglio 2021 Sommario Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? ......................................2 Che cosa sono i test sierologici? a cosa servono? ................................26 Quando è arrivata in Italia? ..........................................2 Chi viene colpito dalla malattia Covid-19? ............................................26 A cosa è dovuta l’infezione? .........................................2 Quanto è letale il virus? Quali sono i fattori di rischio? .........................26 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia? ....................................................................2 Quali sono le conseguenze a medio e lungo termine del Covid-19? .....31 Che cosa sono i coronavirus? ...................................................................2 Qual è l’origine del virus? .........................................................................4 Il virus può diventare endemico?............................................................32 Il virus può mutare? ..................................................................................4 Esiste un vaccino? ...................................................................................33 Come si trasmette l’infezione? ...............................................................10 Quali sono le terapie disponibili?............................................................48 I bambini sono più soggetti all’infezione? .............................................14 Quali sono i rischi sanitari legati all’epidemia? .....................................60 La malattia può essere trasmessa da una persona senza sintomi? .....17 Quali sono i rischi politici, economici e sociali legati all’epidemia? ....64 L’infezione può essere trasmessa dagli animali all’uomo (e Quali sono le nazioni più colpite dall’epidemia? ....................................65 viceversa)? ...............................................................................................18 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia in Italia? .....................................................67 Come è possibile limitare la diffusione del virus? .................................19 È utile indossare la mascherina? ............................................................20 Quali misure sono state prese in Italia? .................................................69 Quanto dura l’immunità data dall’infezione o dal vaccino? ..................21 Possiamo viaggiare in Italia ed all’estero? ............................................76 I prodotti alimentari che acquistiamo e l’acqua potabile sono sicuri? .24 Dove è possibile trovare informazioni affidabili? ..................................78 Cosa fare se si sospetta di aver contratto l’infezione? ..........................24 Il Servizio Sanitario Nazionale e il ruolo dell’Istituto Nazionale Come viene diagnosticata la malattia Covid-19? ...................................24 Malattie Infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” ................................................79 Indice dei grafici e delle tabelle Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, casi per 100.000 Andamento della campagna vaccinale per regione, 12 luglio 2021 ......41 abitanti, settimane 25-26 (21 giugno - 4 luglio) .......................................1 Prime 10 nazioni per numero di nuovi casi, 12 luglio 2021 ...................44 Totale casi e decessi nel mondo, 12 luglio 2021 ......................................3 L’epidemia in Italia, 12 luglio 2021 .........................................................46 I quattro scenari possibili di inizio dell’epidemia ....................................5 Sperimentazioni cliniche approvate in Italia al 14 giugno 2020............49 Riepilogo delle principali varianti virali ....................................................6 Nuovi casi positivi in Italia nell’ultimo mese ..........................................54 Incidenza del Covid-19 in Europa, casi per 100.000 abitanti, settimane 25-26 (21 giugno - 4 luglio) .....................................................8 Tasso di positività dei tamponi effettuati in Italia ..................................61 Incremento giornaliero dei casi positivi nel mondo nell’ultimo mese ..11 Decessi Covid-19 per 100.000 abitanti in Italia, 12 luglio 2021 ............64 Strumenti di mitigazione per ridurre la trasmissione del virus .............12 Trend settimanale e mensile di casi e decessi nelle regioni OMS, 12 Decessi Covid-19 per milione di abitanti, 12 luglio 2021 .......................14 luglio 2021 ...............................................................................................66 Distribuzione dei casi nel mondo e in Europa, 12 luglio 2021 ...............16 Indicatori dell’epidemia per regione, 12 luglio 2021 ..............................68 Le dieci nazioni con più casi e decessi, 12 luglio 2021 .........................18 Fase 2: monitoraggio regionale 28 giugno-4 luglio 2021 .......................69 Casi positivi per fasce di età in Italia 11 giugno - 11 luglio ..................26 Mortalità in eccesso in Italia nel 2020-2021 rispetto alla media Decessi per fasce di età in Italia, 7 luglio 2021 ......................................28 2015-2019 ................................................................................................70 Casi e decessi giornalieri nelle aree più colpite, 12 luglio 2021............30 Decessi in Italia 1 maggio 2020 - 30 aprile 2021 a confronto con la Candidati vaccini in fase clinica, 12 luglio 2021 ....................................34 media 2015-2019 .....................................................................................71 Vaccini approvati per l’utilizzo, 12 luglio 2021.......................................37 Le dieci Regioni italiane con più casi, 12 luglio 2021 ............................73 Andamento delle vaccinazioni nel mondo, 12 luglio 2021 .....................39 Andamento dei decessi in Italia suddivisi per regione, gennaio 2020 Andamento della campagna vaccinale in Italia, 12 luglio 2021 ............40 - aprile 2021 .............................................................................................75 Per agevolare la lettura, nell’indice e nel documento sono evidenziate in giallo le parti aggiornate rispetto all’edizione precedente. https://www.inmi.it/aggiornamenti-coronavirus Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, casi per 100.000 abitanti, settimane 25-26 (21 giugno - 4 luglio) Fonte: ECDC a cura di Salvatore Curiale - direzione scientifica Istituto Nazionale Malattie infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS – Roma – © INMI 2021 1 Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? ed aprile 2020, uno dei quali effettuato a Milano il 24 febbraio, tre Il 31 dicembre 2019 le autorità sanitarie cinesi hanno reso nota la giorni dopo il primo caso accertato di positività a Codogno6. presenza di un focolaio di sindrome febbrile, associata a polmoni- Sempre a Milano, un gruppo di ricercatori dell’Università statale te di origine sconosciuta, tra gli abitanti di Wuhan, città di circa 11 ha condotto una analisi retrospettiva7 sui tamponi oro-faringei dei milioni di abitanti situata nella provincia di Hubei, nella Cina Cen- casi sospetti di morbillo raccolti tra settembre 2019 e febbraio 2020 tro-meridionale, alla confluenza tra il Fiume Azzurro e il fiume Han, nell’ambito della rete di sorveglianza integrata morbillo e rosolia a circa 1.100 chilometri da Pechino, 800 da Shangai, 1.000 da Hong MoRoNet. Dall’analisi è emersa la positività ad un gene del SARS- Kong. In un primo momento il punto di partenza dell’infezione è CoV-2 del campione di un bambino di 4 anni abitante nell’hinter- stato identificato nel mercato del pesce e di altri animali vivi (c.d. land milanese e senza alcun link con la Cina, che il 21 novembre “wet market”) di Huanan, al centro della città di Wuhan, che è stato 2019 aveva manifestato sintomi (tosse e rinite), il 30 novembre era chiuso il 1 gennaio 2020. L’analisi del sangue di oltre 38.000 dona- stato portato al pronto soccorso con sintomi respiratori e vomito, il tori sani a Wuhan e in altre due città cinesi, Shenzen (estremo sud) e 1° dicembre aveva avuto un’eruzione cutanea simile a quella che si Shijiazhuang (estremo nord) tra gennaio ed aprile 2020) ha eviden- manifesta con il morbillo, e il 5 dicembre aveva effettuato il tampone ziato una prevalenza, ovvero una percentuale di persone che aveva- oro-faringeo per la diagnosi clinica del sospetto morbillo. no sviluppato anticorpi contro il virus SARS-CoV-2, del 2,66% a Wuhan, dello 0,033% a Shenzen e dello 0,0028% a Shijiazhuang1. A cosa è dovuta l’infezione? È ormai confermato però che il mercato è stato soltanto il primo am- Il 7 gennaio 2020 è stato isolato l’agente patogeno responsabile dell’e- plificatore dell’infezione, iniziata settimane prima. Nel corso di una pidemia: si tratta di un nuovo betacoronavirus, che l’OMS ha deno- conferenza stampa svoltasi a Wuhan il 9 febbraio 2021 con gli esper- minato SARS-CoV-2, ad indicare la similarità con il virus SARS- ti dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS) chiamati ad in- CoV, che nel 2002-2003 causò una epidemia globale con 8.096 casi dagare sull’origine dell’epidemia, si è appreso infatti che il primo confermati e 774 decessi. L’OMS ha denominato Covid-19 la ma- caso di Covid-19 a Wuhan è datato 8 dicembre 2019 e non aveva al- lattia causata dal virus. cuna relazione con il mercato di Huanan2. Ma la data dello spillover, ovvero della prima trasmissione del virus dall’animale all’uomo, è Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia? con ogni probabilità ancora
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