Technische Universität Wien

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Technische Universität Wien Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/Masterarbeit ist an der Hauptbibliothek der Technischen Universität Wien aufgestellt (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at). The approved original version of this diploma or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/englweb/). TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT WIEN DIPLOMARBEIT Analysis of rechargeable energy storages for hybrid electric vehicles ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Diplom-Ingenieurs des Wirtschaftsingenieurwesens - Maschinenbau unter der Leitung von O. Univ. Prof. DI Dr.techn. Adolf Stepan Institut für Managementwissenschaften E330 Abteilung für Industrielle Betriebswirtschaftslehre und Wettbewerb eingereicht an der Technischen Universität Wien Fakultät für Maschinenbau und Betriebswissenschaften von Friedrich Alfred Födermayr 0226268 A-1080 Wien, Hamerlingplatz 4 Wien, im März 2008 Kurzfassung Energiespeicher bilden einen wesentlichen Bestandteil eines Hybridfahrzeugsystems. Die Auslegung des gesamten Systems richtet sich nach der Beschaffenheit dieser Speicher. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt ausschließlich wiederaufladbare Energiepeicher mit Schwerpunkt auf elektrische Hybridfahrzeuge. Hydraulische Systeme werden kurz angerissen. Die Arbeit ist im Wesentlichen in drei Teile gegliedert: Im ersteren Teil wird ein breiter Überblick über verschiedene Energiespeichertechnologien und den derzeitigen Stand der Technik gegeben. Theoretische Grundlagen sowie die Auswahl von Speichern für weitere Beobachtungen werden erläutert. Im zweiten Teil wird von ca. 250 abgerufenen Webseiten von Batterie-, Superkondensator- und Schwungradherstellern eine Menge von Herstellern zur Aufnahme von deren Datenblättern ausgewählt. In weiterer Folge werden einheitlich definierte Kennzahlen und Ziele vom U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) adaptiert und geringfügig abgeändert. Herstellerdaten werden auf diese Kennzahlen bezogen, wobei vorerst Ungleichheiten betreffend verschiedene Definitionen seitens USABC und den Herstellern eliminiert werden müssen. Als wesentlicher Unterschied fällt die Festlegung über den Lade- bzw. Entladewirkungsgrad auf, der in allen weiteren Schritten berücksichtigt wird, indem USABC Ziele umgerechnet werden. In der anschließenden Analyse der gewonnenen Daten werden zwei Lithium-Ionen Technologien identifiziert, die den Großteil der an sie gestellten Anforderungen erfüllen bzw. überragen. Schwungräder erfüllen die Anforderungen und Graphit Doppelschicht Kondensatoren erreichen die an sie speziell gerichteten Ziele. Erstere könnten jedoch aufgrund der komplexeren Bauweise und daraus resultierenden höheren Kosten wiederum als ungeeignet gelten. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit wird auf die Selektionsumgebung von Batterieherstellern, insbesondere auf Lithium-Ionen Technologie eingegangen, als auch auf die besondere Stellung der AVL List GmbH, Auftraggeber dieser Arbeit. Der relevante Markt von Batterien für elektrische Hybrid- als auch Elektrofahrzeuge wird betrachtet und als hochkonzentriert befunden. Weiters ist anzunehmen, dass die aktuell marktbeherrschende Nickel-Metallhydrid- Technologie sukzessive von der Lithium-Ionen Technologie verdrängt wird. Geographisch gesehen dominieren japanische Anbieter den globalen Markt. Bezüglich Kostensenkung i werden Materialkosten als hauptsächlicher Kostenverursacher identifiziert. Potential für Skaleneffekte ist hinsichtlich Lithium-Ionen Technologie durchaus bezüglich mehrerer Punkte gegeben. Forschungs- und Entwicklungscluster werden in den Vereinigten Staaten und in Japan eruiert. ii iii iv Abstract An energy storage is a core part of a hybrid vehicle. The design of the entire system has to be adjusted to the performance and the characteristics of the storage. The following work solely deals with rechargeable energy storages and in first line storages are observed concerning the usage in hybrid electric vehicles. Brief excursions are made to hydraulic systems. This thesis is structured into three major parts: In the first part, a broad overview is given about the state-of-the-art of various storage technologies. Theoretical and fundamental basics are indicated and the focus on which further discussion is put is explicated. In the second part, from about 250 different accessed websites of battery-, supercapacitor- or flywheel suppliers, product data was collected from a sample of them. In order to compare data on a common basis, definitions of several characteristics as well as goals are adopted from the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC). Some modification of these definitions and goals is necessary. Based on these modified characteristics, data is calculated from the suppliers’ datasheets. A major difference regarding data provided by suppliers and goals set by USABC is energy efficiency concerning the charge and discharge of a storage. This discrepancy is assessed to qualify any benchmarking and thus is considered in all further calculations. In the data analysis, two lithium-ion technologies turn out to meet or even outperform most characteristics. Carbon Electric Double Layer Capacitors meet their respective goals. Flywheels also meet the goals but their usage may be qualified by their complex design and probable high cost. In the third part, the selection environment of battery manufacturers concerning the Hybrid Electric- and Electric Vehicle battery market and the role of the AVL List GmbH is observed. The relevant battery market is evaluated as highly concentrated. Lithium-ion technology is assessed to displace Ni-MH technology gradually. Currently (i.e., in 2008), the market is dominated by Japanese suppliers. Furthermore, material cost is identified as the main cost driver. Regarding the manufacturing process of lithium-ion batteries, economies of scale are expected. Most R&D activities are detected in the USA and Japan. v vi Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor O. Univ.- Prof. DI Dr. Adolf Stepan, head of the Institute of Management Sciences and the Department of Industrial Business Administration, for his support, long-sighted expertise and constructive feedback, as well as to my supervising tutor at AVL List GmbH, Graz, Austria, Dr. Bernhard Kortschak, for his extensive and expert support during my stay in Graz and for further extensive efforts in guiding and reviewing this diploma thesis. Furthermore, I am very grateful to the division of Transmission & Hybrid of the AVL List GmbH and in particular to the division head DI Richard Schneider. My cordial gratitude goes to my family, in particular to my parents in enabling my studies and great time in Vienna, and to Gerlinde for her persistent and participating encouragement. vii viii Table of contents List of figures ................................................................................................................ 5 List of tables ................................................................................................................7 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 11 2 Overview of energy storage technologies - theoretical and fundamental basics ............................................................................... 17 2.1 Definition of an energy storage............................................................... 17 2.2 Classification........................................................................................... 18 2.3 Mechanical storages................................................................................ 18 2.3.1 Kinetic energy storages, flywheels.......................................................... 19 2.3.1.1 Fixed case................................................................................................ 20 2.3.1.2 Gyroscopic suspended case..................................................................... 21 2.3.1.3 Revolution speed..................................................................................... 21 2.3.1.4 Couple ..................................................................................................... 22 2.3.1.5 Rotor design............................................................................................ 22 2.3.1.6 State-of-the-art products:......................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Hydraulic storages................................................................................... 27 2.3.3 Compressed Air Technology (CAT)....................................................... 30 2.4 Thermal storages..................................................................................... 33 2.5 Electrostatic storages............................................................................... 35 2.5.1 Carbon Double-layer capacitors.............................................................. 36 2.5.2 Pseudo-capacitors.................................................................................... 37 2.5.3 Hybrid capacitors.................................................................................... 38 2.6 Chemical storages................................................................................... 39 2.7 Electrochemical storages......................................................................... 40 2.7.1 Categorization ......................................................................................... 40 2.7.2 Standards ................................................................................................
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