Towards an Eu Strategy for Collective Security

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TOWARDS AN EU STRATEGY FOR COLLECTIVE SECURITY

With media support from An international one day conference organized by the New Defence Agenda, EADS, TIPS and the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.

Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security

3 February 2005, Palais d’Egmont, Brussels I am EADS My name is Aurora del Castillo. I’m in charge of Integrated Logistics Support for military aircraft at EADS CASA, the Spanish partner in the Eurofighter programme. A modern air force isn’t just aircraft, but a complex package of logistics services that range from pilot training and flight simulators to spare parts. My role is to liaise with senior officers from customers’ air forces, determine their needs and ensure these are fulfilled. I remain their key contact long after the aircraft has been delivered. I’m Spanish and European. I’m a woman in what is no longer a man’s world. I am EADS.

www.eads.com

AIRBUS EUROCOPTER EUROFIGHTER A400M METEOR GALILEO ARIANE The views expressed in this Report are personal opinions and not necessarily the views of the organisations they represent, nor of the New Defence Agenda, its members or sponsors. Contents

Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted, providing that full attribution is made to the New Defence Agenda and INTRODUCTION 5 to the source(s) in question, and provided that any such reproduction, whether in whole or in part, is not sold unless Giles Merritt, Director, New Defence Agenda incorporated in other works. ABOUT THE CONFERENCE 6

CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: ‘A long and winding road’ 11

KEYNOTE ADDRESS Günter Verheugen, European Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry 13 Q&A with Commissioner Verheugen 16

KEYNOTE ADDRESS Franco Frattini, European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security 17 Q&A with Commissioner Frattini 19

SESSION 1 What are the threats, and how should the EU be tackling them? 21

SESSION 2 Harnessing technology to Europe’s security 31

SESSION 3 Can governments respond to global terrorism with a collective policy? 41

CLOSING ADDRESS Gijs de Vries, Counter-Terrorism Coordinator, European Union 47

INTRODUCTION TO SPEECHES MADE BY Günter Verheugen, Markus Hellenthal, William Pope and Franco Frattini 50

Editor: Giles Merritt LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 54 Rapporteur: John Chapman

Photos: Frederic Remouchamps, Keops ABOUT THE NDA 60 Design & Production: AOVO DESIGN, www.aovo.net

Introduction

The NDA is glad to share with you a summary of the debates of the high-level international conference ‘Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security’ organized by the New Defence Agenda, EADS, TIPS and Konrad Adenauer Stiftung on 3 February 2005 at the Palais d’Egmont in Brussels.

With almost 300 participants and speakers, including European Commissioners Günter Verheugen and Franco Frattini and the two Counter-terrorism Coordinators from both sides of the Atlantic, Gijs de Vries and William Pope, the day was a success and showed that for many key players involved cooperation and coherence are key words.

It became clear from the discussions that a ‘European counter-terrorism strategy’ is beginning to take shape. Speakers and participants from both the policy side and the industry sector were clear on an overall message; today’s threats are global and so should be our solutions.

There still remain many issues to be tackled. Who is in charge of coordinating these efforts? Can intelligence sharing be improved? Are the EU policies in line with the US and are the EU member-states getting the counter-terrorism burden-sharing right? These questions will be extensively debated at upcoming NDA events.

We at the NDA would like to thank partners, speakers and participants for contributing to this event.

Giles Merritt Director, New Defence Agenda

4 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 5 About the conference The conference programme

The conference Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security attracted an audience of First Session: three hundred industry leaders, government officials, members of the European institutions and NATO officials. Held in Brussels on February 3, 2005 at the Palais d’Egmont, the New Defence What are the threats, and how should the EU be tackling them? Agenda organised the event, in partnership with EADS, TIPS and the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. The quest for an over-arching European security strategy received a major boost with last year’s New Defence Agenda Director Giles Merritt and Peter Weilemann, Director of the publication by Javier Solana of his strategy document. But the level of national responses around European Office, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, introduced the conference. Three sessions were Europe to terrorism threats has been mixed. There is a growing awareness that the EU’s Justice on the agenda and these were moderated, respectively, by Karl von Wogau, Chairman, and Home Affairs mechanisms and the Union’s progress towards common defence policies offer Subcommittee on Defence and Security, European Parliament, Jean Fournet, Assistant the best chance of strengthening European citizens’ collective security. What are the areas of Secretary General for Public Diplomacy, NATO and Mark Huband, Security Correspondent, greatest vulnerability to terrorist attack, and what political measures are now being introduced Financial Times. to tighten security across the EU? How best can European policymakers reconcile new counter- terrorism measures with the open frontiers and civil liberties that the EU stands for? European Commissioners Günter Verheugen, Enterprise and Industry, Franco Frattini, Justice, Freedom and Security, and Gijs de Vries, EU Counter-terrorism Coordinator, gave the Keynote Address: keynote addresses. Günter Verheugen, Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry, European Commission

Chairman:

Karl von Wogau, Chairman, Subcommittee on Defence and Security, European Parliament

Speakers:

Richard Falkenrath, Visiting Fellow, Brookings Institution and former Deputy Assistant and Deputy Homeland Security Advisor to the US President

Markus Hellenthal, Senior Vice President, Head Line of Business Homeland Security and Member of the Executive Committee of EADS Defence and Communication Systems

Diego Ruiz Palmer, Head of Planning Section at the Operations Division, International Staff, NATO

Geoffrey Van Orden, Vice-Chairman, Committee on Foreign Affairs, European Parliament 300 participants gathered at the Palais d’Egmont on 3 February

6 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 7 Second Session: Third Session:

Harnessing technology to Europe’s security Can governments respond to global terrorism with a collective policy?

European companies are among those in the forefront of such technologies as anti-missile Transatlantic differences over sharing information about air travellers are being resolved, but devices and airport security systems, and the EU is proposing a European Security Research they underline the difﬁculties of agreeing global rules. Can the EU’s collective policymaking Programme with a yearly budget of €1bn. What is being done to strengthen anti-terrorist process contribute to strengthening Europe’s peacekeeping capabilities, planning for future force measures in the air and other forms of travel, and what government support may be needed requirements and negotiating binding new international agreements on confronting and defeating across the EU to ensure that new technologies are deployed rapidly? On the ground, the EU’s terrorist organisations? What role should NATO be playing in improving the transatlantic counter- more open national frontiers have seen a lessening of controls with the risk of reduced security. terrorist response? In the aftermath of the Iraq conﬂict, could Europe and the U.S. fashion a new What technologies are being developed to increase surveillance of the Union’s external and security doctrine that addresses not just terrorism but also the causes of terrorism? internal frontiers, and has its enlargement to 25 made the EU more vulnerable? Keynote Address: Moderator: Franco Frattini, Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security, European Commission Jean Fournet, Assistant Secretary General for Public Diplomacy, NATO Moderator: Speakers: Mark Huband, Security Correspondent, Financial Times Victor Aguado, Director General, EUROCONTROL

Jorge Bento Silva Principal Administrator, Fight against terrorism, Speakers: Directorate General Justice, Freedom and Security, European Commission Elmar Brok, Chairman, Committee on Foreign Affairs, European Parliament

Ilkka Laitinen, Head of International Affairs, Frontier Guard Headquarters, Jean-Louis Gergorin, Executive Vice President, Head of Strategic Coordination, EADS Ministry of the Interior, Finland, and Director of EU Risk Analysis Centre (RAC) William Pope, Acting Counter-Terrorism Coordinator, US State Department James Moseman, Director for Europe and NATO, Northrop Grumman International Jamie Shea, Deputy Assistant Secretary General for External Relations, Public Diplomacy Division, NATO

Fernando Valenzuela Marzo, Deputy Director General for CFSP, Multilateral Relations and North America, East Asia, Australia, New Zealand, EEA, EFTA, Directorate General External Relations, European Commission

Closing Address:

Gijs de Vries, Counter-Terrorism Coordinator, European Union

8 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 9 A long and winding road…

This NDA international conference looked at as EADS’ Markus Hellenthal wanted the the EU’s strategy for collective security and implementation of both national and EU- whether it is on track. After several hours wide policies that avoided fragmentation. of intense debate, it was clear that the EU Commissioner Verheugen was not in high has the makings of a security strategy. The spirits either, and insisted that he would not voices of the European institutions, Europe’s stand for inefficient defence spending. Defining defence industry and the US were all heard the EU’s role, de Vries said he wanted it to loud and clear. Perhaps more could have support the member states, not supplant been seen of the member states, particularly them, while EADS’ Jean-Louis Gergorin as several speakers declared that they were argued that the degree of cooperation was the ones in the driving seat when it came to “insufficient” across the board. implementation. Commissioner Verheugen insisted that it If one topic of the conference could be was not his job to reorganise industry, but identified as “more work to be done”, it was rather to provide a framework that allowed in the area of co-operation and consolidation. whatever rationalisation was necessary. Commissioner Günter Verheugen called Northrop Grumman International’s James for greater coordination of Europe’s defence Moseman listed some of the deals that industry, an increased focus on R&D and more already been done and pointedly added, “If support for European centres of excellence. you’re going to buy it, you may as well use it”. Commissioner Franco Frattini spotlighted The Director of the EU Risk Analysis Centre the need for greater interoperability Ilkka Laitinen outlined the fundamental between the intelligence services and the law objectives of a border management system enforcement agencies, and called for an open and reminded the audience that technology and frank dialogue with Muslim countries. was not a panacea, the solution required “systematic management systems and risk The European Commission’s Jorge Bento Silva analysis from the local to the EU level”. prescribed an investment-oriented growth approach based on an alliance with the private Several speakers, including Gijs de Vries, sector. He wanted it to go beyond the standard the European Parliament’s Elmar Brok public-private partnerships, to ensure security and Commissioner Frattini, claimed that an of all the EU’s vital sectors. However, the private approved Constitution would help the fight sector was not totally happy with the situation, against terror in terms of bringing the various

10 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 11 institutions together. In that regard, the ways by which recruitment could be reduced, Keynote Address Brookings Institution’s Richard Falkenrath while Brok saw the seeds of the problem in argued forcefully that the US had successfully colonial history, where the Islamic culture had Günter Verheugen, Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry, taken down the “wall” between law not been respected. European Commission enforcement and the intelligence services, post 9/11. Falkenrath was also at a loss to see Looking at the transatlantic picture, Falkenrath

why the EU planned to spend1 billion euros listed several actions that the US had taken post Commissioner Verheugen was quick to make a Industry and Enterprise for Commissioner European President, Vice Verheugen Günter per year on research, when it was avoiding 9/11 and Commissioner Verheugen warned strategic point; due to enlargement and other taking some of the obvious necessary steps to against Europe criticising the US without “dramatic changes” in Europe, he argued that combat terrorism. It was certainly not all plain ﬁrst examining its own activities. NATO’s the character of European integration had sailing and Geoffrey Van Orden, speaking Jamie Shea went straight to the point and changed. Insisting that a deepening of the EU

in his role as the UK Conservative Party’s identified how NATO could assist in the big was not a problem, as it was the consequence spokesman in the European Parliament on picture – it was doing fine, but could do better. of its widening, Commissioner Verheugen gave defence and security policy, accused the EU Perhaps, though, Commissioner Verheugen two pertinent examples: of the unnecessary and duplicative pursuit made the most pointed remark, early in the of separate EU military structures that conference, when he warned that if Europe  Turkey, with negotiations planned for 2005: their own activities in order to determine why weakened the solidarity of the transatlantic did not accurately understand its role and its integration within the EU could only the partnership was not functioning correctly. alliance. Karl von Wogau dismissed this as responsibilities, it could never decide what was work if a genuine and comprehensive a minority view, in the European Parliament needed in order to achieve those objectives. foreign and security policy was in place Looking to the future, Commissioner at least, and argued for an external border Verheugen argued that the EU needed to add policy that went beyond Schengen. Winding up the conference, the European  The recent Ukraine crisis: where the EU was more “robust power” to its soft powers, and Union’s Counter-Terrorism Coordinator, represented by Poland’s President Kwasniewski be more active in peacekeeping both internally As the discussion raged, Commissioner Gijs de Vries, listed the European Council’s and Lithuania’s President Adamkus; this and externally. Furthermore, he wanted a Verheugen bemoaned the level of debate in priorities for 2005: showed that the EU’s responsibilities were serious debate on a new transatlantic agenda, Europe, which he described as “intellectually widening and that countries to the east in order to clarify what Europe could bring to poor”, while NATO’s Diego Ruiz Palmer  Defence of Europe’s critical infrastructure (Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova – and especially the party. Commissioner Verheugen was sure was of the opinion that a strategy could - Russia, etc.) could never again be ignored that the contribution could be substantial as not be defined on the back of an envelope.  Disaster management and civil protection, Europe was: Falkenrath wanted to know who was in particularly in relation to CBRN-threats The Commissioner concluded that Europe charge in Europe and Moseman insisted that was on the way to becoming “a global power”.  “the most important partner for the de- Europe had a choice, it could either duplicate  Addressing the root causes of Assuring his audience that Europe did not veloping world, by far” the US’s actions or complement them. Both radicalisation and recruitment need to be a global power of the US variety, Falkenrath and Ruiz Palmer agreed that Commissioner Verheugen looked forward to a  the leading region in the world in terms Europe faced a very real threat, and other  Implementing the internal and external strategic partnership between the EU and the of the implementation of internationally- visitors to the podium sought to identify the aspects of the EU’s Action Plan against US. In that regard, he dismissed observers who agreed environmental policies root causes of terrorism. Gergorin identified Terrorism criticised the US, preferring EU actors to look at

12 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 13  the largest trading bloc in the world  “high-tech security solutions” were required; Acknowledging that the European defence  A dynamic industry to support the with the Preparatory Action for Security industry had much lower defence budgets necessary innovative solutions  a world leader in many technologies Research (PASR) due to play a significant than the US, Commissioner Verheugen said role in that regard, e.g. new intelligence he could accept that fact, but he could  A competitive industry to provide The Commissioner expressed some systems that safeguarded civil liberties, the not accept that Europe was not spending affordable capabilities for conflict disappointment that US had not reacted protection of networked systems, improved money in the most efficient way. That had prevention, humanitarian and peace more positively to the EU’s enlargement, situation awareness, etc. to be changed “immediately”, which implied missions and the fight against terrorism because he emphasised that it had brought greater coordination, an increased focus stability to a significant part of Eastern Europe.  space programmes: the Global Monitoring on R&D and more support for European  A strong industry to create a zone of However, Commissioner Verheugen was of Environment and Security programme centres of excellence. stability and help the emergence of a more 100% convinced that, with the combination of (GMES) could contribute to securing the secure and equitable international order European and American capacities, the threats provision of critical information The Commissioner warned that the European of global terrorism and the systematic violation defence industry would lose market share The Commissioner said he was optimistic that Eu- of human rights could be successfully tackled.  civil-military synergies: Europe needed if it could not develop military capabilities rope was beginning to accept the need to provide increased R&D investments not only similar to its competitors. He had no time for the conditions for its defence industry to make a Moving on to what Europe could do, in defence and security, but also in civil protectionism, considering that the long-term full contribution to its security aims. By focusing on Commissioner Verheugen highlighted the technologies survival of the European defence industry market and competitiveness issues, he argued that need to increase co-operation among the would not be served by systematic recourse the Commission was committed to playing its part member states in fields ranging from intelligence But the Commissioner wanted to be clear; to Article 296 of Treaty1, and called for in the collective endeavour and he hoped for a sharing to law enforcement and the monitoring business had to take the decisions to invest in consolidation and restructuring - on both the more secure Europe in a more secure world. of financial assets. He also described the need R&D, to train its workers and to develop new supply and demand sides – across Europe. to address the economy’s dependence on its products. The EU and other public authorities The Commissioner added that the NDA could interconnected infrastructure in transport and could only help to create the right framework In particular, he described the need for inspire a more public and more global debate energy, and the importance of supporting the in which business could operate. In this regard, restructuring, especially in land-based equipment in this area. He thought that was desperately industrial base necessary to provide adequate the Commissioner stated that this had been a and shipbuilding. As for R&D, the Commissioner needed as the “strategic debate was intellectually security systems, military equipment and civil key principle of the communication issued on saw the European Defence Agency playing a key poor”. Commissioner Verheugen was moved crisis management capabilities. the new Lisbon Agenda (February 2, 2005). role by encouraging procurement and research to ask, “If we do not know what the roles and activities at the European level. responsibilities of Europe are in the world, we With his new responsibilities in mind, the Outlining the Commission’s work on impact cannot make a proper decision on what is Commissioner looked at the collective security assessment studies and a green paper (in the The Commissioner concluded by listing what needed in order to achieve those goals?” picture in Europe from an industry perspective: defence sector), the Commissioner stressed Europe needed in terms of industrial capabilities the industry’s importance (with a turnover in the civil, security and defence areas.  a “dynamic and competitive European de- of more than $55 billion), including the role fence industry” had to created by the imple- played by its many SME’s. The flexibility and mentation of “concrete measures”, e.g. the innovation of the latter group were important

creation of the European Defence Agency assets in facing new security threats. 1 By which governments, for reasons of national interest, can exclude certain policies from common rules.

14 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 15 Q&A with The defence market and the role of Keynote Address Commissioner Verheugen the European Commission Franco Frattini, Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Research expenditure The WEU’s Paulo Brito agreed that the Security, European Commission European Commission could make proposals EADS’ Michel Troubetzkoy wanted to but it would eventually be left to the member

know if all of the PASR’s budget would be states to implement any actions, as they had the A holistic approach Security and Freedom Justice, for Commissioner European Vice-President, Frattini Franco spent and was interested in hearing the purchasing power. He could also see problems Commissioner’s comments on research if the European defence markets were opened Commissioner Frattini looked at two expenditure within the 7th Framework up, as US companies would doubtless aim approaches to ﬁghting terrorism: a military programme (FP7). to purchase “European champions”. Brito one (including post-intervention scenarios,

wanted fair competition and wondered if the peace-keeping capabilities, etc.) and a criminal Commissioner Verheugen was confident that Commissioner agreed with that feeling. justice approach within a law enforcement the money in the PASR’s budget would be framework. He added, though, that they were spent, as it would receive a high priority Commissioner Verheugen certainly agreed only two of the methods in use, as the EU within the Commission. As for the FP7, the that a level playing field was essential. As for was also examining the “social, psychological Commissioner was certain that sufficient the defence market, he saw it like he saw any and anthropological causes of radicalisation of, Security Council Resolutions. He added research money would be available for other. The Commission’s role was to create a and terrorist recruitment in Europe”. that the EU systematically included counter- security research and indeed for space framework by producing internal market rules terrorism clauses in EU agreements with research both of which fell under his political for the sector, common procurement rules Quoting from the Declaration on Human third countries. responsibility. However, that was based and by standardising. These actions would Rights, Commissioner Frattini stated that the on the assumption that the framework make the defence market more competitive fight against terrorism had to be conducted programme itself would be supported as and more efficient. fully within the law, as the greatest strength Interoperability – intelligence and expected. Commissioner Verheugen noted of democratic societies resided in democracy the law enforcement services that some member states did not want the But Commissioner Verheugen insisted that itself. He listed three fundamental pre- European Commission to spend more than any reorganisation of the defence sector requisites that had to be followed to win Commissioner Frattini added two further 1% of the average of Europe’s GNI. Any could only take place after policies had been the fight against terrorism: a) the civic and essential instruments to be used in the fight reductions, he explained, would most likely agreed. Once policies were in place, industry democratic support of societies and citizens, against terrorism - effective intelligence and have to come from either the structural was capable of reorganising itself. The b) a resolve to uphold democracy, human law enforcement. They had to be closely funds or the research and development Commissioner insisted that he would never rights and the rule of law, and c) a unity of linked (within member states and at a programme. Commissioner Verheugen could restructure European industry, as that was purpose and action within Europe and the European level) and developed in close co- see problems ahead and underlined the not his job or the role of the Commission. world at large. operation with the EU’s counterparts in third importance of Research and Development He would create a framework within which countries. The Commissioner argued that the expenditure in making Europe’s economy industry could develop its creativity and The Commissioner confirmed the EU’s new constitution would make it easier to more competitive. competitiveness. support for the UN’s efforts to ensure make progress in integrating these European universal adherence to, and full implementation intelligence and law enforcement efforts.

16 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 17 EU-US co-operation EU would press for reciprocal visa free travel for Q & A with Here, the Commissioner stressed the need short stays between the US and the EU. Commissioner Frattini for co-operation with third countries. This Moving on to the EU’s “successful co- would have two facets: a) develop a package operation” with the US, the Commissioner Inter-institutional links The Commission’s role of development aid under the auspices of the highlighted the six agreements concluded Barcelona Agreement and b) agreement on since 9/11 in three areas: After describing the EU’s links with the The WEU’s Paulo Brito asked the a comprehensive re-admission policy, i.e. full UN, OSCE and the Council of Europe, Commissioner for details on the role of the co-operation on illegal immigration.  police co-operation: two agreements were Commissioner Frattini highlighted the role of Commission in the fight against terrorism; concluded between Europol and US law NATO, either in a military capacity or in the how would it differ from the actions taken enforcement agencies (the facilitation of aftermath as a peacekeeper. He also described by the Council? Specifically, Brito asked inter-alia exchange of liaison officers and one the possible co-operation in the area of civil about cross-border initiatives, the European “An open and frank dialogue with allowing the exchange of personal data) protection against CBRN (chemical, biological, Arrest Warrant (considering Italy’s grave Muslim countries is essential” radiological and nuclear) terrorism. doubts) and the possibility of the Schengen Franco Frattini  judicial criminal co-operation: innovative Agreement being enlarged. agreements on extradition and mutual legal assistance Addressing the root causes The Commissioner stressed the importance of terrorism of coordination across member states, based Is the EU prepared?  border controls, travel document security on “mutual trust”, in all areas - not just on and migration management: agreements On the subject of the root causes of cross-border issues. He cited the European Defense News’ Brooks Tigner was concerned on container security (CSI) and one on terrorism, Commissioner Frattini referred to Arrest Warrant as the first example where about the actions to be taken following an the transfer of passenger data (PNR)2 the preparation of a comprehensive policy all member states had agreed that greater attack. Tigner was of the opinion that the EU document that would include the promotion co-operation was essential in the fight lacked a unified policy that brought together the Commissioner Frattini also detailed the of cross-cultural and inter-religious dialogue and against all types of criminality. Giving detail military and civilian ICT systems and intelligence. agreements made at the EU-US Summit which would mainly focus on problems relating of the Commission’s plans to report to He thought there could be chaos in the event (June 2004), where a comprehensive “Joint to Islamic fundamentalism. He insisted however, the European Parliament and the Council of a cross-border chemical or biological attack. Declaration on Combating Terrorism” was that the EU’s “migrant Community integration” of Ministers on the implementation of the Shouldn’t there be greater co-ordination of civil adopted. This emphasised counter measures policy would not be put at risk. Describing a principles of European co-operation, the and military systems on an EU level? against terrorism financing, improved sharing of comprehensive approach, Commissioner Frattini Commissioner added that Italy was close to information between the law enforcement and stated that the Commission would focus on “the definitively approving these principles. The Commissioner said that military and civilian intelligence communities and the introduction understanding and prevention of radicalisation databases were being jointly used. Referring to of secure travel documents (biometrics). On the and on ‘protecting fundamental rights from Aid in danger? the Commission’s crisis management policy, subject of visa requirements, he added that the those who aim to attack them by violence’ ”. developed in conjunction with the Council Friends of Europe Trustee, Eberhard Rhein of Ministers, he said that a “comprehensive wanted reassurance about development strategy” did exist. However, he added that it assistance, as he thought there was a danger needed strengthening and further proposals 2 “This allows the transfer of certain personal data, while safeguarding the citizens’ fundamental rights. The European Parliament, however, has taken a different view and it is now for the European Court of Justice to pass a final judgement.” it would be fragmented. were being developed.

18 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 19 Co-ordination across DGs Attacking the root causes of terrorism

Thales’ Luigi Rebufﬁ asked if the Justice, The Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ Levent Freedom and Security DG would play a Gümrükçü welcomed the Commissioner’s role in coordinating the total Commission optimism on the improved co-operation security policy in respect to other DGs. with the US and the need to eliminate the root causes of terrorism, and asked for more Commissioner Frattini said co-operation information on the tools to be employed. with other DGs was essential, especially given the need for the protection of critical Commissioner Frattini said he wanted more infrastructure, e.g. transport and energy. He involvement with Muslim countries. A model Session 1 added that he was working closely with the (for democracy) could not be imposed, but commissioners responsible for those areas. an “open and frank dialogue” was essential. What are the threats, and how should the EU be tackling them?

��

Günter Verheugen and Karl von Wogau

20 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 21 After the NDA’s Director Giles Merritt and touched on Europe’s contribution Richard Falkenrath, Visiting Fellow, Brookings Institution and welcomed everyone to the conference, to defence, where he highlighted three former Deputy Assistant and Deputy Homeland Security the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung’s Peter main aspects: Advisor to the US President Weilemann outlined the key objectives of the day. After insisting on the need for a  The Helsinki intervention force: active in

common foreign and security policy in Europe Macedonia, Congo (Operation Artemis) Richard Falkenrath opened his remarks by President US the to Advisor Security Homeland Deputy and Assistant Deputy former and Institution Fellow, Brookings Visiting Falkenrath Richard - essential for the future of the EU – and and in Bosnia-Herzegovina comparing the situation in Europe with that in acknowledging the “tremendous progress” that the US. Quoting the examples of the Madrid had been made, Weilemann called for more  The battle groups concept: with forces to be bombings and the various arrests of suspected debate on the need for a “broad European ready at short notice terrorists, Falkenrath argued that European security culture”. He also argued that any citizens were at much greater risk from agreed European strategy had to form part of  A contribution to capabilities: following terrorists’ attacks than their US counterparts. a wider transatlantic approach, with both the the US’ criticism of Europe’s inefﬁcient He felt that this was due to the actions that EU and NATO playing their part. expenditure, van Wogau referred to the had been taken in the US, post 9/11, which importance of: a) the EDA, and b) the included greater restrictions on travel. At that stage, the European Parliament’s recommendation to implement an annual o Falkenrath referred to this as the “wall”, and Karl von Wogau took over the reins research budget of 1 billion euro Continuing his comparison, Falkenrath said it he argued that it had been removed in the US was essential to have one person responsible for security. He could not see who was in  A Europe-wide “watch-list” was required, charge in Europe, and he was in two minds to include both names and biometric data as to whether “Brussels” was a force for improving the security situation or a hindrance  Improved screening had to be performed to the member states. against the watch-list, at key points within the infrastructure

So what could be done in Europe? “Europe is a more benign operating Falkenrath had time to offer three environment (for terrorists)” suggestions: Richard Falkenrath  There should be a review of the Madrid bombings to see why they were not prevented; he argued that information All this lead to Falkenrath’s overall conclusion: had been received by Spanish intelligence terrorists would continue to concentrate on services but not handed over to those Europe, where it would be much easier to WEU’s Paolo Brito during the Q&A of Commissioner Frattini responsible for law enforcement. carry out attacks.

22 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 23 Markus Hellenthal, Senior Vice President, Head Line of comprehensive security approach that And he added that certain issues Business Homeland Security and Member of the Executive provided real-time collaboration between all remained to be tackled by the EU: Committee of EADS Defence and Communication Systems agencies, processes and services. 1. The creation of common prevention and Hellenthal recommended the following preparedness policies in law enforcement  Critical infrastructure: energy, telecoms, etc. actions: 2. The creation of interoperable systems,  Cyber security: intrusions into key computer 1. Make the European research programme e.g. in data and communication, across networks a reality by providing the necessary funding boundaries

 Protection at key events: Olympics, World 2. Implement coherent national and EU-wide 3. The pooling and coordination of existing Cup, G8 summits, etc. systems, as fragmented projects could not and future systems, including intelligence Markus Hellenthal ViceSenior President - Homeland Security, EuropeanAeronautics Defence and Space Company be allowed sharing Hellenthal added a further factor – the total unpredictability of attacks. This meant that a 3. The European Border Security Agency had 4. The need to be ready to tackle external Opening his remarks, Markus Hellenthal high level of awareness was essential, linked to be made effective, despite problems in crises, and here again, forces had to be looked at the two questions on the table: to appropriate command and control centres, funding and staffing able to seamlessly collaborate in real-time. what were the threats and how could the EU e.g. police, hospitals, military etc. In essence, deal with them? Hellenthal defined the need for a totally integrated response. The threats Unfortunately, the picture on the ground was Hellenthal outlined the threats (terrorism, far from ideal. Hellenthal described a situation in toxic poisons, WMDs, regional conflicts, the EU that consisted of fragmented approaches natural disasters, etc.), which opposed civil at all levels, a lack of coordination, information freedom and liberty. Given that scope, the overkill due to outdated computer systems and effective management of the threats was poor intelligence sharing. Hellenthal concluded becoming increasingly complex, as vulnerable there was much work to be done. spots had to be managed simultaneously.

These included: What could be done to meet the threats?  Borders: green and blue, internal and external, airports, ports, etc. Although he saw the need to improve communications systems, Hellenthal argued  Mass transportation systems: rail, air, etc. that this had to be done as part of a

24 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 25 Diego Ruiz Palmer, Head of Planning Section at the  The organisational challenge: how can people from 35 countries so that they worked Operations Division, International Staff, NATO such ambition be translated into “lean and in an efﬁcient and focussed manner. robust structures and procedures” that can withstand pressures at times of crisis Ruiz Palmer argued that crisis management together with epidemics, terrorists and could not be conducted on the back of an criminals, could travel almost freely from In conclusion, Ruiz Palmer referred to NATO’s re- envelope, especially in an organisation such “Vilnius to Vancouver, and perhaps as far cently concluded “Crisis Management Exercise”. as NATO (or the EU), and that focussing as Vladivostok”. This allowed terrorists and He had seen that structures and procedures had on the interface between people and the their sympathisers to thrive. worked well, with the greatest gap being the hu- institutions was the only way to create the man factor, i.e. how to bring together hundreds of correct mindset in the main actors Ruiz Palmer described 9/11 as strategic Diego Ruiz Palmer Head of Planning Section at the Operations Division, International Staff, NATO in its scope and global intent. He saw the terrorists who managed the attacks as being functionally stateless and nationless, using Geoffrey Van Orden, Vice-Chairman, Committee on Speaking on a personal basis, Diego Ruiz mobile phones and the Internet as their Foreign Affairs, European Parliament Palmer viewed the dramatic changes of global planning tools. recent years and saw Brussels – both

NATO and the EU - as being a nexus of So what could the EU do against such a threat? Geoffrey Van Orden had a problem with the Parliament European Affairs, Foreign on Committee Vice-Chairman, Orden Van Geoffrey politics, economics and military capability. Ruiz Palmer saw four critical crisis management session’s title – “What are the threats, and The movement of its borders to the east issues facing the EU. These challenges were: how should the EU be tackling them? Van meant that the EU had to come to terms Orden felt that this was a case of the EU trying with a greater number of opportunities for  The capability challenge: the EU has a myriad to create roles for itself. He gave the EU’s engagement and an increasingly complex of civil and military capabilities, but fragmenta- reaction to 9/11 as an example; saying that the array of risks. In that respect, he placed tion ruled – he asked if the political will existed EU saw this merely as an opportunity to take mass terror, often with a nihilist dimension, to reform the welfare state arrangements of forward its own agenda of creating a separate at the top of the list. Ruiz Palmer described the 1960s and 70s to generate the necessary ESDP, whereas European states should a world where people, goods and money, resources for crisis management have done more to improve transatlantic cooperation and implement a whole range Van Orden did not want the EU to issue  The mental challenge: (the most difﬁcult) – of international instruments relating to the “tough statements”. He did not want open how could the crisis management mindset suppression of terrorism. borders and free movement of people in “Crisis management is not easy and be created in diplomats, civil servants and the current environment, Van Orden wanted does not accommodate a back of the military ofﬁcers? (as it’s a 24/7 business) Van Orden also saw no point in the EU pur- “tighter controls on the admission of aliens envelope approach” suing an “autonomous EU military capability” to (European) countries”. He therefore  The intellectual challenge: how can intel- instead of giving its full support to the NATO wanted stronger border controls; a million Diego Ruiz Palmer lectual awareness be created ahead of Alliance. This was dismissed as “duplication” of immigrants had reached the UK in the past any crisis? NATO arrangements. seven-eight years, half of them with no

26 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 27 historic links to the United Kingdom. Van In a symbolic example - that of Zimbabwe Orden believed that the influx of refugees - he felt that the EU had totally failed to make First session – Q&A concealed radicals who sought safer havens a positive contribution. Van Orden could only to continue their activities. conclude that the EU was more interested in creating roles for itself, rather than assisting Total security – realistic? had resigned – unlike in the US where no one He also showed extreme concern about member states to produce a realistic response had accepted the blame for 9/11. the concept of human security,3 that was to the serious security threats. After hearing Falkenrath, Ernst Guelcher, recently being discussed within the Foreign a member of the European Parliament’s On the subject of Spain, Falkenrath reiterated Affairs Committee. Describing this as “social In his role as moderator, Karl von Wogau Green Group, asked if it was really possible his view that the Spanish intelligence services engineering of the military forces”, Van seized the opportunity to air his own views, to safeguard a rail network that carried did have the information in regard to the Al Orden saw this as another example of the which he insisted were more representative of thousands of passengers. He also asked Qaida supporters / bombers, but the data EU finding something to do rather then the majority of the members of the European Van Orden if it would be his intention to was not passed to law enforcement officers doing something useful. Parliament. He agreed that the omission of fingerprint the whole Muslim population of due to a bureaucratic “wall”, that existed in homeland defence in the Solana Paper was certain nations. Belgium, for example, where most European countries. Falkenrath argued So what should the EU do a mistake that had to be rectified. Another many Muslims were Belgian nationals. that the US “wall” had been the single main about the threats? issue of concern to von Wogau was the need problem that had impacted 9/11, rather for an external border policy that produced a Richard Falkenrath agreed that rail than the actions of any individual. Van Orden did see one area – that of “failed safe and flexible situation. Schengen standards security could never be made fully secure, states”, where he saw the EU being able to at EU’s external borders were not the answer, but that should not be an excuse for doing Civil liberties contribute towards nation building. However, as he saw the need for an improved system, anything. In reply to Guelcher, Geoffrey Van there was a lack of real commitment. using common equipment at the borders. Orden said that, at a time of very serious Guelcher also wanted to know how the speak- threat, it was necessary to take measures that ers could bring their recommended actions in would enhance security - but these measures line with the need to protect civil liberties. should not be counter productive. Falkenrath saw the protection of indi- The US vs. EU picture vidual freedoms as something that was often used as an excuse for doing noth- The WEU’s Paulo Brito did not agree with ing – and he did not accept that. Solutions Falkenrath’s comparative views on the situa- could be designed that took full regard to tion in US and Europe. For example, Brito ar- the essential civil liberties of each member gued that there had been no major attacks on state. Van Orden said it was a question of London, Paris or Rome. He did not agree with balance when one used “special powers”. Falkenrath’s assessment of the Madrid bomb- Overall, he wanted the EU to stop makings as the focus had been on ETA – that’s ing things worse; there had to be a situa- 3 A report, produced by an independent study group at the request of EU secretary-general Javier Solana, has argued for a fundamental rethink of Europe’s approach to security. It states that human rather than nation-state security should be at the heart of European policy. According to group leader Professor Mary Kaldor, “Europeans cannot be secure while millions of people live in intolerable insecurity. Where people live with lawlessness, poverty, exclusivist ideologies and daily why they had missed the Islamic terrorists. At tion where public opinion understood the violence, there is fertile ground for human rights violations, criminal networks and terrorism. That is why a contribution to global human security is now the most realistic security policy for Europe.” least, added Brito, the government of Spain need for serious measures to be taken.

28 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 29 Session 2 Harnessing technology to Europe’s security

Jean Fournet, Assistant Secretary General for Public Diplomacy, NATO, opened the second session, which brought together the institutions and representatives of the defence industry. To start the session, Fournet gave the ﬂoor to Victor Aguado.

James Moseman discusses the industrial aspects of meeting various threats

30 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 31 Victor Aguado, Director General, Ilkka Laitinen, Head of International Affairs, Frontier Guard EUROCONTROL Headquarters, Ministry of the Interior, Finland, and Director of EU Risk Analysis Centre (RAC)

and asked who would take that decision. Aguado

described the work of EUROCONTROL’s Central Ilkka Laitinen looked at the realm of (RAC) Centre Risk Analysis EU Interior,of Director Finland, and the of Ministry Headquarters, Guard Affairs,Frontier International of Head Laitinen Ilkka Flow Management Unit (CFMU), which gathered border management, covering migration, together all European flight information. At the crime prevention and counter-terrorism. time of 9/11, Aguado explained that the CFMU In his mind, Laitinen considered border was able to stop any flights departing to the US management to be an instrument to be within four minutes of receiving the request. used against certain threats. At the same VictorAguado Director General, EUROCONTROL time, he acknowledged the need to find the Referring to the many types of threats that right balance between freedom and security. After describing the EUROCONTROL organi- faced Europe, and giving special emphasis Turning to Europe, Laitinen considered that sation, Victor Aguado singled out aviation as an to cyber-attacks as the aviation industry was three elements had to be kept together: Returning to the concept of an integrated attractive target for terrorists due to its inter- dependent on technology for air traffic manage- border management system, Laitinen listed its national dimension. He added that aviation inci- ment (ATM), Aguado was another speaker to  The political side: the Constitution has six main elements: dents of any kind always warranted the atten- call for greater intelligence sharing. introduced the term “integrated border tion of the media, even though the number of management system” - the long-term goal 1. The legislation itself such incidents was relatively few in comparison From an ATM perspective, Aguado emphasised of the member states to the total number of fatalities (rail, road, sea the need for both safety and security in 2. Compatible equipment across borders and air) in the world. Describing the aviation today’s working environment, and referred to  The legislative side: the Schengen Acquis5 is network as “fragile”, Aguado argued that a mi- programmes such as Galileo and SESAME4. being reviewed in the Council in regard to 3. Training, where a common curriculum has nor event (at an airport or related facility) could Unlike their predecessors, these programmes border management received political commitment have a major impact throughout the world. would have embedded security.  The co-operation/operational side: the 4. Burden sharing: the possibilities for joint Taking an historical stance, Aguado looked at the Aguado concluded that Europe was a so-called Border Security Agency, will funding and combined teams history of hijacks from the thirties through to 9/11. fragmented and complex continent, with coordinate national measures and cannot As for that incident, he asked if Europe, like the its liberal markets and open borders. be seen as a total solution 5. Joint operations: that have taken place US, would be genuinely willing to close its airspace He argued that Europe needed more pan- based on a common risk analysis European functions, greater intelligence sharing and more inter-related networks of information. 6. The common risk analysis itself “Is Europe in the event of a crisis ready He added that technologies were enablers for to take a decision to close its airspace?” such networks and that EUROCONTROL 4 The Definition Phase of SESAME will deliver a “European ATM Master Plan” consisting in co-operative and consistent plans for all the ATM Stakeholders (airspace was ready to assist the decision-makers as an users, supply industry, international organisations, military organisations, ATM service providers) providing an integrated view from research to implementation, Victor Aguado from 2007 up to, and beyond, 2020. information provider. 5 Agreement to this was a pre-requisite for entry into the EU by the 10 new member states.

32 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 33 Referring back to Hellenthal’s call for an integrated  Measures at the borders: including checks James Moseman, Director Europe and NATO, security management system, Laitinen saw a (biometric, document checks), surveillance Northrop Grumman International signiﬁcant role in that initiative for an integrated (including night-vision capability, long- border management system. range satellite, etc.) based on risk analysis:

to asses threats and to ensure the James Moseman spoke from the perspective International Grumman Northrop NATO, and Europe Director Moseman James Reminding the conference that member border situation is understood, including of products, that were available or under states had the ultimate responsibility for identification of loopholes development, to be employed to meet the border security, Laitinen described the border various threats. As the concept of security wide- security model that had been agreed by all EU  Measures within the area of free movement ned, Moseman saw the demand widening to member states. It had a four-tier structure: of persons cover the requirements of, among others, police, armed forces, border guards, emergency service  Actions with third countries: usually by Laitinen concluded that technology was personnel and citizens travelling across borders. consular officials in conjunction with host- not a panacea. There was a requirement for nation staff systematic management systems and a rich He described the spectrum of technologies Moseman also described the successful use analysis at local, national and pan-EU levels. on offer, or under development, as falling of unmanned vehicles on the US’s southern  Operational co-operation across borders: This had to include fluent co-operation within four groups: borders, where tons of contraband had been with the intention of keeping criminals from between all law enforcement bodies. seized and many intruders detected. crossing borders  Military systems: command & control, surveillance systems The key element in making progress on these categories (military and cross-border systems),  Technology designed for cross-border security: according to Moseman, was investment. He some of it derived from military research urged the EU to use the available tools as they had actually paid for much of the research.  Scanning and testing (verification against However, in the areas of verification systems databases) tools: mainly employed at ports at ports of entry and interoperable systems, of entry Moseman described fundamental problems that were hampering progress. These included:  Information technologies: where interoperability between nations and states is essential  Uneven spending by member states

On the subject of military systems, Moseman  A lack of coordinated requirements gave a plug for NATO’s plans to acquire ground surveillance systems (70% European  Proliferation of standards and transatlantic in nature). He added that this technology would be available to EU member  Proliferation of procurement, that could GilesWilliam Merritt, Pope and ValdisGirts Kristovskis listen intently to the European Commission’s Jorge Bento Silva states under the Berlin+ arrangements. inhibit competition

34 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 35 Overall, Moseman painted a picture where Jorge Bento Silva, Principal Administrator, Fight against “(the interoperability of cross-border industry was ready to support co-operative terrorism, Directorate General Justice, Freedom and systems) is being hampered by action, but where, in reality, interoperable Security, European Commission systems could not be developed. He wanted uneven spending by member states, a to see the creation of open architectures that

lack of coordinated requirements and would allow the production of collaborative Jorge Bento Silva gave a comprehensive Commission European Security, and Freedom Justice, General Directorate terrorism, against Fight Administrator, Principal Silva Bento Jorge by a proliferation of standards” systems with a common definition of gateways overview of his DG’s work and the general and bridges across borders. approach of the Commission in the James Moseman security sector. Listing the achievements, he Finally, Moseman touched on the subject mentioned the Action Plan on Terrorism – “a of the US investment, which had led to living document” that would be scrutinised He forecast that this would lead to products significant progress in the development of regularly, the monitoring role of the Council that were, a) late and b) expensive. Moseman security technology. He saw the position of Ministers, the appointment of Gijs de Vries also re-introduced the problem of personal clearly; European funding (via FP7) could as the EU’s Counter-Terrorism Coordinator privacy and the differences in individual EU either be used to duplicate US technology and the Commission review of priorities. national laws (in the areas of effectiveness, in a protected market or to complement the  The role (and empowerment) of the pri- ease of transit and the protection of private efforts of US companies. Looking back at some of the difficulties vate sector – fundamental, to include the data). Similarly, Moseman argued that these faced (fighting the financing of terrorism, protection of critical infrastructure differences in member states’ views would the protection of critical infrastructure and lead to added complexity and cost. crisis management implementation – all in  The need for technology research co-operation with the Council of Ministers and on-going), he described future actions as Bento Silva then placed that need for moving on to the “sheer impossible”. coordinated action (the private sector, the

European institutions and the member states) Bento Silva also listed several issues that in the context of the main concerns of the cut across boundaries and were therefore typical EU citizen – described as “jobs, security high on the list of actions where a high and – in third place - freedom”. degree of coordination was necessary. These included: Bento Silva did not see these aims as being mutually exclusive. Summing up all aspects of the  The importance of intelligence and risk analysis situation, he declared that the EU had to aim for greater standardisation in close co-operation  The importance of communication between with the private sector, in an integrated way the intelligence services / law enforcement that generated a serious investment in security services and the “real world” (avoiding a “toys for the boys” approach) based After the second session, speakers and participants got together for lunch in the prestigious Galerie de Glaces

36 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 37 on the identiﬁcation of crucial requirements Bento Silva meant the need for the “security (threats, vulnerabilities, costs, etc.). enhancement of goods and services” – that would impact everyone and, in parallel, create He therefore called for co-operation with jobs and improve the economic situation the private sector that went beyond the (after making the necessary investment type of public-private partnership that was possible). It was “security enhancement as a used to tackle organised crime. By this, vehicle for industrial growth”.

of the need for a comprehensive security fruit” out there, such as putting in systems Second session – Q&A policy that covered all modes of transport that allowed terrorists to be apprehended over the long-term. if they travelled on their own names – “why not do the obvious things?” What’s the cost of security? Military equipment for civil use Richard Falkenrath said that the US – realistic? had taken care of air security, perhaps to Jorge Bento Silva responded in a Eberhard Rhein asked Bento Silva to the extent of performing “overkill”. In the variety of ways. First, he explained that the provide some idea of the cost for the EU Freelance journalist Frederick Bonnart maritime sector, the US had introduced EU had decided to look at the issues of to be able to make its citizens feel safe wanted to know if systems, such as NATO’s new laws, including the container security risk assessment and critical infrastructure and secure. ground surveillance system, could be used initiative, deployed radiation sensors protection on a pan-European basis. Funding for civilian purposes – was that really a re- and brought in a 24-hour rule (with was available and the aim was to identify the Bento Silva could not provide exact ﬁg- alistic proposition? data being sent to the National Targeting risks and the vulnerable areas, and reduce ures but he welcomed the fact that the Center). However, he commented that no them by introducing interoperable systems Commission was now talking in billions Moseman argued that such tools could programmes were in place for the ground and procedures using available technology. (of euros) and not in millions. He saw the be very useful to meet some of the transportation sector. Falkenrath expected challenge as being how to provide the cor- requirements listed by Ilkka Laitinen. As an action there within 2005. As for whether spending €1 billion on rect policies now that there was a spot- aside, Moseman added “you are going to European security research was necessary, light on security within the EU. Perhaps the buy it, so you may as well use it”. Why is Europe spending so much? Bento Silva thought this was a “meagre EU could learn from others’ mistakes, by amount” and much less than the equivalent making effective use of both the political A comprehensive security policy But Falkenrath had a question for the second being spent in the US. On a strategic level, he will and the agreed funding. for the transport sector? panel. He wanted to know why the EU was explained that the research would be used planning to spend €1 billion on research. to ensure the security of European citizens, In order to reduce costs, Victor Aguado The European Conference of Ministers of Falkenrath said it appeared to be a “substitute to support industry and to safeguard jobs. recommended that security requirements Transport’s Mary Crass had a question for action” as it was proving difﬁcult to get At a tactical level, Bento Silva gave details of be incorporated at the beginning of for Falkenrath. She wanted to know how any agreement between member states. studies that were ongoing (on explosives, a project. the US convinced its citizens, post 9/11, He argued there was a lot of “low-hanging transport of dangerous substances, etc.).

38 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 39

The European Ofﬁce of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Brussels – A Hub for International Foundation Work

Brussels as a European metropolis is becoming increasingly important for the decision-makers behind national policy in the EU Member States. Today, some 70 percent of the provisions adopted in Brussels determine the legislative processes in the individual EU Member States. At the forefront of such political processes, Brussels has become far and away the most important location for international lobbying organisations, outstripping even New York and Washington.

It is already several years since the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung decided to expand the European Office that was opened in Brussels in 1978. Recently, the traditional central foreign and Session 3 security policy component of the office’s activities was complemented by the establishment of a development policy unit. Since June 2003 the Director of the European Office has been Dr. Peter R. Weilemann who previously worked as Head of the International Department for Can governments respond Industrialised Countries at the Headquarters of Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung in St. Augustin, Germany. Furthermore, the office is supported by a project assistant and four local staff members who are to global terrorism with a working on the political implementation of the Foundation’s extensive programmes and activities. collective policy? Since setting up its office in Brussels the KAS has managed to establish a considerable network of personal and institutional contacts with decision-makers and multipliers from the European Parliament, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, NATO, and the lobbying organisations representing European industry as well as with the diplomatic representations accredited in Brussels. Mark Huband, Security Correspondent of the Financial Times, took over as In this regard, the European Office’s database contains more than 4.000 entries. Besides providing services and know-how on European policy issues for target groups from the world of politics, moderator for the third session, which looked at the prospects or a global economics, and science, the KAS European Office is an increasingly important promoter of interests anti-terrorism policy being developed. for the social policy partners in Central and Eastern Europe and, beginning quite recently, for the respective partners in Asia, Africa and Latin America, too. The “Eastern Europe platforms and Country Conferences” in the European Parliament enjoy a very keen interest by the public.

Take for example the conference “Business in the Balkans”, organised in the summer of 2001 or the forum “EU Enlargement – The Key Questions”, organised in co-operation with Forum Europe in spring 2002, attracting more than 300 participants from the European Parliament, the Commission and European industry. The main goal of these conferences, which are implemented in close co-operation with the relevant international offices of the KAS, is to bring these countries closer to EU and NATO structures and to provide an opportunity to bring together decision-makers from both East and West. A similarly structured series of conferences has also been implemented, aimed at promoting the EU’s regional co-operation with ASEAN and Mercosur countries, as well as with nations in the Mediterranean/ Middle Eastern region and in Africa. In addition to this, the Foundation also serves as a forum for current European political debates in Brussels. Topics such as “institutional reform”, “eastward enlargement”, “fiscal policy in Europe”, “pensions systems in Europe”, and “the social market economy as a model for a future European economic and financial policy” will be discussed at a series of “European conferences” attended by an array of international delegates. In this context the European Office is also organising two monthly high ranked “luncheon and dinner round tables” at which German and international VIP’s are going to express their views on contemporary topics in front of a hand-picked audience. These events are particularly popular amongst the large number of Brussels-based correspondents representing various European publications, because it is at events of this type that they can secure first-hand information.

40 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 41 Jean-Louis Gergorin, Executive Vice President, William Pope, Acting Counter-Terrorism Coordinator, Head of Strategic Coordination, EADS US State Department

 It was pointless neutralising terrorists if William Pope acknowledged that although Department Coordinator,State US Counter-Terrorism Acting Pope William each one was backed by hundreds of Europeans disliked talking about a “war” on

sympathisers (potential recruits) terrorism, it was clear that all nations were at risk. For Pope, the greatest challenge  Foreign policy and integration policies for European was the existence of a decentralised Muslim minorities were a key part of any strategy terrorist network that was actively enlisting recruits, raising funds and spreading propaganda. Jean-Louis Gergorin ExecutiveVice President, Head of Strategic Coordination, EADS 2. Multiplicity of approaches to fighting ter- He admitted that Al Qaida was proving to rorism: This remained a concern on both be resilient and an “active and dangerous” Jean-Louis Gergorin initially stressed the im- sides of the Atlantic, e.g. duplication of opponent. Furthermore, its ideas were inspiring speak out. He was far from satisfied with the portance for EADS of supporting the fight policies between different departments. others, including many who were “well-rooted current situation. Pope identified the need to against terrorism, as the company was not only in the countries they planned to attack”. convince people that the West was not the in the business of commercial aviation, but was  Within Europe, the degree of co-operation enemy and to assist those people without also a leading defence player that believed in between ministries was “quite insufficient” He concluded that no single country could hope, who could see “no alternative but to transatlantic co-operation as a pre-requisite for hope to succeed in defeating terrorism. The US embrace a cult of death”. successful actions. He made two main points:  The same problems existed within interna- was stressing the need for a global strategy and tional organisations, especially the EU a global response that needed to be flexible Moving to the US’ national strategy for combating both in the short- and in the long-term. terrorism, Pope highlighted one goal that was to “Industry has a key role to play in  The key challenge was said to be the need diminish the conditions the terrorists sought to facilitating the interoperability between for “pragmatic and interactive” co-operation  Immediate response needed: specific terror- exploit by enlisting the aid of the international between the Justice, Freedom and Security ists, who were planning to launch attacks, community. He insisted that Europe remained information systems that vary between DG, the office of the High Representative had to be “captured or killed” and their at- the key partner in sustaining the fight against departments, countries and agencies” Solana and the respective agencies – this tacks stopped terrorism and called for renewed co-operation, Jean-Louis Gergorin need to rationalise the diversified efforts e.g. joint US-EU programmes, assistance to less was becoming more and more important  Long term actions (against the growth of capable countries, etc. radical Islamic threat): this would need 1. The need to reduce the recruitment Gergorin concluded that industry had a key traditional tactics (judicial, financial, military) potential of terrorists: More discussion was role to play in facilitating the interoperability be- and a “more subtle” approach based on the “We must do a better job (against required in this area (fighting terrorism tween information systems that varied between strength of ideas, “an ideological struggle” terrorism) than we are doing now” was not enough), especially a review of the departments, countries, agencies, etc. This could increasing degree of sympathy for terrorists be industry’s way of making its contribution to Pope described the need to de-legitimise Willam Pope within Western Europe an effective counter terrorism policy. terrorism and to encourage moderates to

42 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 43 Elmar Brok, Chairman, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Jamie Shea, Deputy Assistant Secretary General for External European Parliament Relations, Public Diplomacy Division, NATO

many-headed foe. His answer – a better balance Jamie Shea felt that many international Division,NATO Diplomacy Public Relations, External for General Secretary Deputy Assistant Shea Jamie between preventative and repressive means. organisations were trying to do too much. He therefore produced principles to be followed: Brok then called for increased political pressure and a greater dialogue with Islam: 1. Concentrate on activities that bring added-value  Increased political activity: As an example, Elmar Brok Chairman, Committee on Foreign Affairs, European Parliament no terrorist act was driven by the Middle 2. Focus on counter-terrorism and avoid adding East conflict, but a solution of that conflict a terrorist “label” on all other actions, e.g. Elmar Brok focussed on the definition of a security could facilitate the battle against terrorism on peace-keeping activities  Airspace protection: can an agreement policy (that included internal and external factors). be reached on the renegade concept, He felt that it needed to be cross-border as classical  Greater dialogue: Brok argued that Bin 3. Don’t just make political declarations including the question of whether such means of national security could not be victorious. Laden was fighting the West as he felt his about our determination to fight terrorism: planes should be shot down? Brok saw a gap between the fine speeches (post culture was not being respected, a feeling concentrate on delivering results 9/11 and 3/11 – Madrid) and the actual actions that had its roots in colonial times  Consequence management (NCBR that had been taken by member states. It could o any such dialogue should be on equal terms, 4. Fighting terrorism can break down walls, protection): programmes existed but more perhaps be described as old habits dying hard. i.e., one that respected the other culture so use that by-product more effectively, e.g. coordination was needed – delivery of in bringing together the NATO and EU stocks of vaccines, rapid deployment of Brok wanted new instruments to be used Turning to the EU, Brok saw a role for the consequence management activities. troops, etc. – and at this point he highlighted a difference Barcelona process. He indicated that the EU between the EU and US approaches. Stressing was spending three times as much on foreign aid  Information sharing: On such key that terrorism could never be excused, he (in order to prevent terrorism) as the US. He So what could NATO do and technologies as MANPADS (man-portable called for more efforts to identify the “seeds of wanted more balance, as the EU was perhaps was it doing it? air defence systems) which are a key threat terrorism”. He did not see military or repressive spending too much on prevention while the US to civilian aircraft, explosive devices (where means alone being successful against such a was spending too much on repression. Noting After touching on NATO’s indirect activities, Spain has expertise), ballistic missile defence that both sides had made mistakes, he bemoaned Shea moved on to direct actions where and the area of cyber crime. the lack of equal consolidation of intelligence data NATO could bring added-value: “A line has to be drawn, and that line is the between the US and the EU. And turning to the  Major events protection: e.g. the Olympic defence of our civil liberties. If we cross that issue of civil freedoms, he added that a line had  Maritime protection: a major threat of Games, etc. line, the terrorists will have won” to be drawn, and that line was the defence of terrorism – does the maritime force Elmar Brok civil liberties. If the allies crossed that line, the need a wider mandate? terrorists would have won.

44 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 45  Involving partners: Greater co-operation on be involved), the quantity and quality of Closing Address borders, intelligence services, etc. However, he intelligence sharing had to be improved, the felt there could also be better co-operation EU-NATO institutional barriers had to be Gijs de Vries, Counter-Terrorism Coordinator, with non-partners, such as training the broken down and “arms control” had to be European Union Palestinian forces to counter Hamas, which brought back on the table, e.g. strengthening could assist any Middle East peace process the biological weapons convention, reforming

the nuclear proliferation treaty and curtailing Gijs de Vries opened his remarks by looking Union European Counter-TerrorismCoordinator, de Vries Gijs Overall, Shea said NATO needed conceptual the production of uranium. For Shea, NATO at the positive developments in the fight clarity (where and when would NATO was doing well, but could do better. against terrorism. He saw several signs of progress: the removal of the Taliban on the basis of a UN international mandate, the Fernando Valenzuela Marzo, Deputy Director General for crack-down on the Jihad in Algeria and CFSP, Multilateral Relations and North America, East Asia, some successes against ETA (based on Australia, New Zealand, EEA, EFTA, Directorate General co-operation between the Spanish and French authorities). External Relations, European Commission

In a wider sense, de Vries welcomed the  protection of Europe’s critical infrastructure:  The EU and the US were now well- elections in Indonesia, Afghanistan and Iraq. from energy infrastructure to telecoms placed to look for global solutions While all these examples were steps in the and transport, there is a need for public- through the international institutions direction of creating democratic states, de private co-operation Vries reminded everyone that the threat 2. assistance to third countries: an inventory of terrorism remained real and serious.  disaster management and civil protection: had been created (of actions against ter- This threat was global and the response coordination in the event of CBRN attacks rorism) - and some programmes had been had to be a global one. He saw it as a long- FernandoValenzuela Marzo Deputy Director General for CFSP, Multilateral Relations and North America,Australia, EastAsia, New Zealand,Directorate EEA, EFTA, General External Relations, European Commission re-focussed, in fact the EU was now ready term crisis that would outstrip the typical to mainstream counter-terrorism assist- timeframe of democratic governments (3-5 Fernando Valenzuela Marzo chose to ance into the European Commission’s aid years between elections). “(In the fight against terrorism), comment on two aspects of the discussion. programming cycle. But Valenzuela Marzo the EU will not supplant member states, focussed on the objective of determin- As for the EU, de Vries saw that while its but rather it will support them” 1. the transatlantic relationship and the inter- ing the root causes of terrorism and the role was expanding, the instruments of national agenda: security had become a most effective ways of dealing with them power remained in the hands of the national Gijs de Vries significant part of the international agenda, (he did not want a false debate as to authorities. The EU would not supplant e.g. the creation of a border and transport whether development or security should member states, but rather it would support security dialogue (passenger name record, take the lead). them. Adding that it was vital to keep up  identification of the causes of radicalisation/ container security initiative), the momentum, de Vries listed the priorities recruitment: at international level and in the determined by the Council of Ministers: member states

46 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 47 o restarting the Middle East peace proc- 1. Decision-making would be easier between Forthcoming NDA meetings on counter-terrorism ess could reduce the role of propaganda the 25 member states (in the areas under and security issues in the terrorist recruitment process discussion at the conference)

 reviewing “stagnating societies” in the world, 2. Stronger parliamentary control – the role NDA Bioterrorism Reporting Group - April 25, 2005 that remove hope from young people: of both the European Parliament and na- Transatlantic Co-operation in the Fight Against Terrorism o assistance to the reform process within tional parliaments would be strengthened those Arab countries that are contem- NDA Conference - May 24, 2005 plating such a move 3. Greater human rights protection – with Reinventing NATO: Does NATO reflect the changing nature of transatlantic security? o Islam must be reclaimed for the majority oversight by the European Court of Justice from a violent minority NDA Roundtable - June 20, 2005 For his final point, de Vries concluded that Strategic priorities for protecting Europe’s critical infrastructure Concluding by putting his focus on the civil liberties had to be maintained during the Constitution, de Vries selected three main fight against terrorism. If this was done under advantages that its approval could bring in the the auspices of a global coalition, he felt that fight against terrorism: the future could be faced with optimism.

Bringing it to an end the ﬁght against terrorism against ﬁght the in priorities the discussed de Vries Gijs conference, the Closing Giles Merritt brought the meeting to a close, adding that he had heard many unanswered questions that would certainly be debated at forthcoming NDA events:

 Who is (or who should be) in charge in Europe?

 Whose head might roll in the event of successful attacks?

 Is Europe actually duplicating or supporting US efforts?

 Are the EU member states getting burden-sharing on counter-terrorism right?

48 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 49 Keynote Addresses available in full on the NDA website

Günter Verheugen, Vice President, European Commissioner Markus Hellenthal, Senior Vice President - Homeland for Enterprise and Industry Security, European Aeronautics Defence and Space Company

possible protection for its citizens. For this, a The world in the 21st century– at least Company Space and Defence Aeronautics European Security, Homeland - President Senior Vice Hellenthal Markus comprehensive strategy covering a wide range for the EU since the collapse of the Soviet

of measures is necessary. Block – is characterized by a rather low level of military threat. But reduced dangers These measures aim at increased co- of military conflicts have been offset by operation among the Member States in the emergence of violent terrorist and fields ranging from intelligence sharing to law significant ecological threats (e.g. 9/11, GünterVerheugen Vice President, European Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry enforcement and the monitoring of financial Madrid 3/11). This has forced the majority assets. They also aim at addressing our of governments and organizations to think Europe has never been so prosperous, so economy’s dependence – and vulnerability – about the security of their countries and secure or so free. Yet during the past decade, on interconnected infrastructure in transport, people more in terms of prevention than All of these threats endanger civil freedom no region of the world, including our own, has energy, information and other fields. And traditional military defence. and liberty. The effective management of been spared conflict. last but not least, they aim at supporting the threat potential and actual crises is a highly industrial base necessary to provide adequate Now, the two key questions are: complex task. The complexity of Internal or The world’s geopolitical balance tilted with the security systems, military equipment and civil What are the threats we are facing today? Domestic Security stems from the need to end of the cold war, leaving the United States crisis management capabilities. And how can the EU and its Member States simultaneously and collaboratively manage in a dominant position as a military actor and effectively deal with these threats? Let us major areas of vulnerability. These areas are: seeing the emergence of new forms of conflicts Many different parts of the European industry turn to current threats first. These are mainly and terrorism. But the European Union is also contribute to collective security in Europe. related to:  Borders (external EU borders – checkpoints, a global actor which has to be ready to share green borders and blue borders – including the responsibility for safety in the world Firstly, we need a dynamic and competitive  Terrorism of all dimensions coastal surveillance -, airports, ports) – a European defence industry to guarantee the highly vulnerable area which we have to Since 1993, the European Union has been actively security of supply of our military equipment  Organised crime in many areas secure thoroughly in order not to let developing a common security policy covering for a reasonable cost and at an adequate terrorists or other criminals penetrate the all questions relating to its security, including the technological level. This industry has  Man made as well as natural disasters or EU. Securing the border most efficiently can progressive framing of a common defence policy. traditionally been excluded from many of the environmental hazards such as floods, reduce the terrorist threat significantly... But 11 September 2001 and 11 March benefits of European policies which is why the firestorms, toxic material emissions, etc. 2004 gave a new dimension to the concept Commission concluded that steps had... of security. The fight against terrorism is  Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction now a priority for all Member States. The To read the entire speech, please visit the To read the entire speech, please visit the European Union is committed to contribute  Regional conflicts such as clashes of NDA website, wwww.newdefenceagenda.org NDA website, wwww.newdefenceagenda.org to this fight and to help provide the best ethnic groups

50 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 51 William Pope, Acting Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Franco Frattini, Vice-President, European Commissioner for US Department of State Justice, Freedom and Security

global linkages to raise funds, recruit, spread The question to be tackled allows me to Security and Freedom Justice, for Commissioner European Vice-President, Frattini Franco propaganda, and plan and conduct terrorist touch on the two approaches towards ﬁghting attacks on almost every continent. Jihadist terrorism: on the one hand a military approach leaders continue to call for violence against that includes also post-intervention scenarios, their perceived enemies – us – using any means, and therefore peace-keeping capabilities,

including chemical, biological, or radioactive in conflict regions as well as the criminal weapons; weapons which much evidence justice approach which views the fight within William Pope Acting Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Depatrtment of State suggests they are trying hard to acquire. a law enforcement framework. These two The ability to wipe out thousands at one approaches are not at all in contradiction. Nor stroke, once possessed only by armies or are they the only ones. We are for instance My opinion is that suicide bombing can be I fully recognize that for various cultural states, looks soon to be within the grasp of intent and have already started working considered as a crime against humanity. and historical reasons, some Europeans are small groups bent on extreme, possibly city- on examining the social, psychological and reluctant to use the term “war” to refer to our killing, violence. anthropological causes of radicalisation and We believe in certain basic requirements for common confrontation with global terrorism. recruitment to terrorism in Europe. prevailing over terrorism, with the following It is a stark word. Nonetheless, whatever any While the resolute actions of many countries three considered as fundamental: of us may choose to call that confrontation, around the world have done severe damage Europe refuses to accept the terrorists’ self- we must all face the fact that we all now to al-Qaida itself, killing or capturing much of declared status of “warriors”. We see them  The first and most crucial element is find ourselves at risk. The Madrid bombings, its pre-9/11 leadership, stripping it of its Afghan as criminals who perpetrate violence and the civic and democratic support of our the murder of Theo van Gogh, the recent sanctuary, and maintaining unrelenting pressure terror on innocent people to advance their societies and our citizens. arrests in Germany, France, Spain and elsewhere on the survivors, the unfortunate reality is that ‘cause’. This “cause” never can be justified. throughout Europe make it all too clear that al-Qaida has proven itself resilient. Despite  The second is our unequivocal and no one is immune to the threat posed by our best efforts, it remains an active and Article 3 of the Universal Declaration on uncompromising resolve to uphold the violent extremism. And, as Benjamin Franklin dangerous opponent. Furthermore, while less Human Rights states that “Everyone has the values and institutions which make us once said in a different context, “if we do effective as an organization, al-Qaida seems to right to life, liberty and security of person”. what we are: Democracy, Human Rights, not hang together, we shall most assuredly be becoming more powerful as an idea and Terrorism is a crime against these fundamental the Rule of Law. hang separately.” inspiration. Locally-based groups, ideologically and universal rights. We believe that this crime linked to, but operationally distinct from al- must be fought by the law and within the law.  The third is unity of purpose and of action While other terrorist threats remain dangerous, Qaida, pose an increasingly dangerous... We also believe that, in this fight, the greatest within Europe and in the world at large... the gravest challenge that confronts us today strength of our democratic societies resides in is the need to deal with what has become democracy itself and that our most valuable a decentralized extremist network that To read the entire speech, please visit the and powerful resource is our citizens. To read the entire speech, please visit the NDA website, wwww.newdefenceagenda.org NDA website, wwww.newdefenceagenda.org exploits weak counterterrorism regimes and

52 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 53 List of Participants Helene Champagne Hélène-Diane Dage Mirjam Dittrich Project Assistant, New Defence Agenda Principal Administrator Policy Analyst European Commission, European Policy Centre (EPC), Brussels John Chapman DG Enterprise and Industry Badreddine Abdel Moumni Karel Bartak Cornelis Brand Rapporteur, New Defence Agenda Mia Doornaert Counsellor Correspondent Journalist David Dahan Diplomatic Editor, De Standaard Mission of Morocco to the EU Czech News Agency (CTK) Associated Press Patricia Chollet Head of IMOD Mission Institutional Relations, MBDA France Embassy of Israel to Belgium Klaus-Peter Dörpelkus Rossana Agolini Adrienne Baughman Marius Brandes Space Initiatives Manager, Global Defence, Legal Counsel Military Correspondent Security Policy Unit Niels Dahlmann Space & Security General Electric International (GE) William Heng-sheng Chuang Jane’s Defence Weekly European Commission, First Secretary Honorary Consul Cisco Systems DG External Relations Taipei Representative Office in Belgium Consulate of the Republic of Latvia Victor Aguado Mark Durman Dan Baxter Director General Ramunas Davidonis Director of Security EMEA, Brink’s Associate Director Gerhard Brauer Luana Cimino Eurocontrol First Secretary Head of the Security Office Journalist Fleishman-Hillard Delegation of Lithuania to NATO Christopher Elliott European Space Agency (ESA) ADN Kronos International Ali Yousif Ahmed Director, Doctrine & Strategic Studies Ambassador Martin Bayer Irene de Cara General Dynamics UK Mission of Sudan to the EU Alain Claverie Special Correspondent for Germany Paulo Brito Consultant, Burson-Marsteller Jane’s Defence Weekly Assistant Secretary to the Defence Committee Business Development Manager, Estelle Emeriau Abdulaziz Al-Bisher Assembly of the Western European Union Earth Observation, Navigation & Science Gilles de Labareyre Policy Officer Second Secretary Directorate, EADS Space Defence and Communications Systems - European Commission, DG Research Embassy of Kuwait to Belgium Hans-Ulrich Beelitz Elmar Brok Public Safety, European Aeronautic Defence Daniela Coleman Corneel Bellanger Chairman and Space Company (EADS) Franz Eppe Ali Al-Bsoul Policy Officer Security Task Force Third Secretary Head CBRN Defence European Parliament, Committee on American Chamber of Commerce to Jennifer De Laurentis Jean Pierre Euzen Embassy of Jordan to Belgium Ministry of Defence, Belgium Foreign Affairs the EU (AmCham EU) Senior Political Adviser Deputy Head of Unit, New Working Environments Mark Brunner United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) European Commission, DG Information Society Jan Alhadeff Halim Benattallah CFSP, Defence Aspects Defense Policy Advisor Jenny Coleman Ambassador Council of the European Union Mission of the United States of America Events Manager, La Maison de l’Europe Simone De Manso Hojjatollah Faghani Embassy of Algeria to Belgium First Secretary to the EU Press Officer, NATO Malgorzata Alterman Gilles Combarieu Embassy of Iran to Belgium Mouna Benomar Defence Counsellor Christian de Villemagne Head of Media and Communication Adam Bugajski Counsellor Assembly of the Western European Union Head of Armament, Permanent Representa- Richard Falkenrath European Defence Agency Second Secretary Mission of Morocco to the EU tion of France to the EU Senior Fellow Delegation of Poland to NATO Christine Althauser Elif Comoglu-Ulgen The Brookings Institution, Washington DC Political Counsellor Jorge Bento Silva First Secretary Hans de Vreij Hartmut Bühl Julien Feugier Permanent Representation of Germany to Principal Administrator, Fight Against Terrorism Turkish Mission to the EU Security and Defence Editor Vice President and Director for EU Defence Radio Netherlands European Affairs Manager, European Aero- the EU European Commission, DG Justice, Policy and NATO, European Aeronautic nautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) Freedom and Security Carolina Constantino Massimo Amadei Defence and Space Company (EADS) Attaché Gijs de Vries Nicholas Fiorenza Policy & Plans Division, Concepts Branch Mission of the Philippines to the EU Counter-terrorism Coordinator European Union Military Committee Peter Bernsmann Nannette Bühl Council of the European Union Brussels Correspondent Director NATO AGS Programme Armed Forces Journal Special Correspondent Antonio Conte Robert Anger European Aeronautic Defence and Space Jan-Sjoerd De Vries Nato’s Nations and Partners for Peace Principal Administrator Consultant Company (EADS) Project Officer, ICT for Trust & Security Mark C. Fischer European Commission, Fleishman-Hillard Geert Cami European Commission, Assistant Director DG Enterprise and Industry Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) Antonio Bettanini Managing Director DG Information Society Frank Arnauts Member of Cabinet, Information and New Defence Agenda Counsellor ESDP Jean-Michel Corré Communication, European Commission, Jill S. Dekker-Bellamy Jean Fournet Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Belgium Special Adviser Senior Project Adviser Assistant Secretary General for Public Diplomacy Cabinet of Commissioner Frattini Eric Campbell Ministry of Defence, Belgium European Group for Non-Proliferation Studies NATO Marko Baller Head of Office Loretta Bondi Sensor Technology European Parliament, David Craig Francisco Del Pozo Theodore Fouyn Director Cooperative Security Program GE Global Research Office of MEP Helmut Kuhne Business Unit Manager for Mobile Location Finance Director Director Research and Technology Johns Hopkins University Services, Agilent Technologies Eurocontrol Ministry of Defence, Belgium Rüdiger Bandilla Sergio Cantone Honorary Director General Frederick Bonnart Brussels Correspondent Mary Crass Giovanni Del Re Maria Laura Franciosi Council of the European Union Freelance Journalist Euronews Principal Administrator Bureau Chief Freelance Journalist, Il Sole 24 Ore European Conference of Ministers of Transport ADN Kronos International Katerina Bankovska Roberta Bonometti Michele Cercone Johann Frank Counsellor Security Correspondent Vanessa Cuevas Marc Devisscher Head of Division Security Political Analysis Mission of Bulgaria to the EU Press Officer Forum Europe ANSA (Italian News Agency) Assistant, European Parliament, Press & External Communications Manager Ministry of Defence, Austria Office of MEP Antoine Duquesne European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC) James Barrington-Brown Franco Frattini Chairman Nigel Bowie Liliam Chagas de Moura Mike Dillon Vice President, Commissioner for Justice, Association of Specialist Technical Organisa- Deputy Head of Mission Second Secretary Robert Cutler Senior Research Fellow Founder and CEO Freedom and Security tions for Space (ASTOS) Embassy of the United Kingdom to Belgium Mission of Brazil to the EU Carleton University, Canada Esys Plc European Commission

54 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 55 Janusz Gaciarz Dianne Hall Christine Jakob Cornelia Kolden Anssi Lindgren Rolf Metz First Counsellor, Head of Justice and Home Affairs First Secretary - Counsellor Customs Officer for Security and Defence Affairs Journalist, ARD-TV Counsellor Defence Attaché Permanent Representation of Poland to the EU Mission of Canada to the EU European Organisation of Military Associa- Delegation of Finland to NATO Embassy of Germany to Belgium tions (EUROMIL) Spyros Konidaris Gianmaria Gambacorta Nick Harland Advisor to the Deputy Director General Gustav Lindström Pascal Meunier Chief Business Development Executive Deputy UK Military Representative Stanislaw Janczak European Commission, DG Information Research Fellow European Programs Director Fincantieri Permanent Representation of the United Counsellor Society European Union Institute for Security Thales Kingdom to the EU Embassy of Poland to Belgium Studies (ISS-EU) Nodir Ganiyev Leo Koolen Sandra Mezzadri Third Secretary Information Society Policy Development Olivier Jehin Milos Lisiety Expert Defence Procurement, European Com- Embassy of Uzbekistan to Belgium Scott A. Harris European Commission, DG Information President, Continental Europe Rédacteur en chef adjoint Defence Advisor mission, DG Internal Market & Services Agence Europe Society Alicia Garcia de Francisco Lockheed Martin Global Permanent Delegation of Slovakia to NATO Loic Michel Journalist, Spanish Press Agency (EFE) Bozena Jekot Peter Kormuth Jalal Hassani Henrique Machado Jorge European Affairs Manager Justice and Home Affairs Counsellor First Secretary European Affairs Embassy of the Slovak Republic to Belgium Executive Committee Member Thales Jean-Louis Gergorin Permanent Representation of Poland Executive Vice President, Head of Strategic Embassy of Kuwait to Belgium Portuguese Road Centre to the EU Coordination, European Aeronautic Defence Karel Kovanda Sylvie Migdal and Space Company (EADS) Permanent Representative Marius-Paul Madan Director European Affairs and NATO Roger Hawksworth Jeppe Jepsen Delegation of the Czech Republic to NATO Defence Attaché European Aeronautic Defence and Space Secretary General Director of International Business Relations Laila Gide Embassy of Romania to Belgium Company (EADS) AeroSpace and Defence Industries Associa- Motorola European Programmes Directorate tion of Europe (ASD) Girts Valdis Kristovskis Thales Member Hedwig Maes Ruth Milligan Pavle Jevremovic European Parliament, Committee on Financial Services Section Co-ordinator Markus Hellenthal Senior Vice President Bill Giles Ambassador Development EurActiv.com Head Line Business, Homeland Security General Electric Security Director General Europe Mission of Serbia and Montenegro to the EU European Aeronautic Defence and Space Dauletbek Kussainov BAE Systems Jaroslav Maly Dimitrios Minas Company (EADS) Reiko Jimbo Third Secretary Defence Attaché Deputy Staff Group National Representative Didier Gondallier-De-Tugny First Secretary Embassy of Kazakhstan to Belgium Embassy of the Czech Republic to Belgium Delegation of Greece to NATO Institutional Relations Rainer Hellmann Mission of Japan to the EU Journalist, Europäische Zeitung MBDA France Dionyssios Kyvetos Jean-Luc Moliner Marc Jurgens Javanshir Mammadov First Counsellor Vice President, Sales & Marketing Stewart Henderson Counsellor Counsellor Paul Goossens Delegation of Greece to NATO European Aeronautic Defence and Space Political Counsellor Embassy of South Africa to Belgium Mission of Azerbaijan to NATO Head of Europadesk, Belga Company (EADS) Mission of Canada to the EU Jacques Lafitte Denise Greskowiak Kari Kahiluoto Consultant, JHL Conseil Gregory Marcus Yves Mollard La Bruyère Associate General Counsel Minister Counsellor, Deputy Head of Mission Photographer Jessica Henderson Political Advisor, European Commission, DG United States Air Force, Office of General Delegation of Finland to NATO Ilkka Laitinen Way Press International Project Manager External Relations Counsel New Defence Agenda Director of the EU Risk Analysis Centre (RAC) Rayna Karcheva Ministry of the Interior, Finland Ivo Martinic Marie-Louise Moller Michael Grimes Arnauld Hibon Minister Plenipotentiary Defence Attaché Consultant Michael Langer Journalist, Reuters Vice-President, Director EU Affairs Embassy of Bulgaria to Belgium Embassy of Croatia to Belgium New Defence Agenda Director, General External Relations Eurocopter Uwe Möller Linda Karvinen Diehl VA Systems John Mattiussi Director Ignasi Guardans Cambó Project Manager National Expert - Terrorism & Non-Proliferation Vice-Chairman Michael Hilger Jacob Langvad German Aerospace Center (DLR), New Defence Agenda European Commission, DG External European Parliament, Committee on Con- Press Counsellor Security and Defence Editor Brussels Office Assembly of the Western European Union Relations stitutional Affairs Shima Keene EurActiv.com Simon Mordue Research Officer for Resilience Project Philippe Meleard Ernst Guelcher Martin Hill Tony Leggett Member of Cabinet Development Public Safety Director Advisor Peace and Human Rights Vice President, Defence Defence Advisor European Commission, Cabinet of Commis- Cranfield University, United Kingdom European Aeronautic Defence and Space European Parliament, Green Group/ Thales Permanent Representation of the United sioner Verheugen European Free Alliance Kingdom to the EU Company (EADS) Frank Kerber Stuart Horne Counsellor for Justice & Home Affairs James Moseman Levent Gümrükçü Peter Lennon Giles Merritt Second Secretary Mission of the United States of America Director EU and NATO Head of Section Embassy of New Zealand to Belgium & Director Northrop Grumman International to the EU Dick Leonard Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Turkey Mission to the EU New Defence Agenda Journalist Mircea Mudura Per Gundmark Robyn Kessler European Voice Simona Hrastnik Cucek Hans-Peter Meske Counsellor Desk Officer / Secretary Commercial Officer René Leray DIEHL BGT Defence Mission of Romania to the EU Ministry of Defence, Sweden Analyst Mission of the United States of America Adviser Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency to the EU European Commission, DG External Relations Julien Mesure Jan Mueller Gustav E. Gustenau Trainee Mark Huband Jonathan Kessler Gareth Lewis Head, Speeches and Publications CEO Deputy of the Commissioner for Strategic Stud- European Aeronautic Defence and Space ies, Bureau for Security Policy Security Correspondent Economic Officer, Mission of the United Research, European Commission, Joint European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) Ministry of National Defence, Austria Financial Times States of America to the EU Research Center Company (EADS) Vincent Metten Thomas Gutschker Robert Ireland Nawab Khan Cyrille Liegeois Claus-Peter Müller Space policy and Coordination. European Foreign Affairs Editor Assistant Attaché Brussels, US Customs and Brussels Bureau Chief, News Agency of Director Correspondent Commission, DG Enterprise and Industry Rheinischer Merkur GmbH Border Protection, Brussels Office Islamic Republic of Iran (IRNA) Chroniqueur Presse European Security & Defence

56 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 57 Michak Narojek Jean Renglet Aurora Sanseverino Alexander Skoryukov Gert Timmerman Georges Vilain XIIII Expert, Ministry of Internal Affairs and EU Accounts Director Journalist, Il Sole 24 Ore Senior Counsellor Defence Support Advisor Vice President, Royal Institute for Interna- Administration, Poland Computer Associates Mission of the Russian Federation to the EU Delegation of the Netherlands to NATO tional Relations (IRRI-KIIB), Belgium Maria Sattanino Boyan Natan Kyriakos Revelas Journalist Simon Smith Ilia Tonev Marie Vincent Principal Administrator, Security Policy Unit Military, Naval and Air Attaché Minister Plenipotentiary Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) Head of Unit, IT Resources, European Com- Assistant to the Managing Director European Commission, mission, DG Education & Culture Embassy of Bulgaria to Belgium Mission of Bulgaria to the EU Madariaga European Foundation DG External Relations Geoff Sawyer Head of EU Affairs Rina Soemarno Yuwono Mario Fernando Troncoso Antonio Vinolo Milica Neacsu Pol Reygaerts EADS Space First Secretary Defense Attaché Office Senior Vice President First Secretary Cameraman, RTE TV Embassy of Indonesia to Belgium Embassy of Argentina to Belgium European Aeronautic Defence and Space Mission of Romania to the EU Ergin Saygun Company (EADS) Eberhard Rhein Michel Troubetzkoy Military Representative David Spence Trustee Senior Vice President, Director for Relations with Uwe Nerlich Delegation of Turkey to NATO Political Counsellor Mariychuk Vitaliy Friends of Europe Director CES Research European Commission, Delegation to the European Institutions, European Aeronautic Counsellor, Embassy of Ukraine to Belgium IABG International Organisations (Geneva) Defence and Space Company (EADS) Barbara Rhode Iacopo Scaramuzzi Karl von Wogau Head of Unit, Multilateral Cooperation Journalist, Apcom Danai Tsapikidou Karl Mattias Niinisaari Alain Spoiden Chairman European Commission, DG Research Deputy Director & Director of Scientific Re- Consultant, Agilent Technologies Consultant, Rolf Schiwon European Parliament, Subcommittee on search, Royal Defence College, Belgium Security and Defence Kreab Consultants Janos Ritli TIPS Consultant Elif Ülgen National Armaments Director Representatitve Philip Springuel First Secretary Ole Nyeng David Scruggs Sabine Von Zanthier Delegation of Hungary to NATO Director of Public Affairs, EurActiv.com Mission of Turkey to the EU Journalist, Fellow Director Center for Strategic and International Stud- Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland (EKD) Weekendavisen Giampaolo Rizzo Anja Stegen Tomas Valasek Counsellor, Defence & Information ies (CSIS), Washington DC Director, Secretariat of the Swedish Defence Commission Peter R. Weilemann Reginald Otten Mission of Honduras to the EU Center for Defense Information (CDI), Ministry of Defence, Sweden Director of the European Office Research Assistant Bostjan Sefic Brussels Peter Roell Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) Kreab Consultants Deputy Director Wolfgang Steinborn Minister Counsellor Slovenian Intelligence and Security Agency END, European Commission, Fernando Valenzuela Marzo Permanent Representation of Germany Deputy Director General, CFSP Susanne Welter Mirella Papitto Pagnanelli DG Enterprise and Industry to the EU Zachary Selden European Commission, Deputy Head of Unit, International Cooperation Correspondent against Terrorism Director, Defense and Security Committee Peter Stonier DG External Relations Agenzia Giornalistica Italia (AGI) Hendrik Roggen Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Germany NATO Director of Programs, Public Affairs Project Assistant, New Defence Agenda Olivier Van Acker Mission of the United States of America Frank Wetzel Elisabetta Pietrobon Laurent Selles Cameraman, Way Press International to the EU Counsellor, Permanent Representation of Directorate IV - Transatlantic relations Diego Ruiz Palmer Deputy Head of Unit, Automotive Industry Head Planning Section, Operations Division & Gianpietro Van De Goor Germany to the EU Council of the European Union European Commission, DG Enterprise and Walter Storz International Staff Project Officer Industry Head Armament and IT Sean Whelan William Pope NATO European Commission, DG Research Delegation of Germany to NATO Europe Editor, RTE TV Acting Counter-terrorism Coordinator Anton Seron Gert Runde Jan Van Herp United States Department of State Deputy Military Representative Zuzana Sutiaková Senior Vice President, Special Projects Director, Information Systems & Special Projects Hans-Juergen Wieland Permanent Representation of the Slovak Secretary of Delegation European Aeronautic Defence and Space European Committee for Standardization Head External Relations Delegation of Slovenia to NATO Alois Preineder Company (EADS) Republic to the EU (CEN) European Aeronautic Defence and Space Military Adviser, Company (EADS) Jonathan Sweet Permanent Representation of Austria to Michael C. Ryan Guy Servolle Ernst van Hoek the EU Representative of the US Secretary of Defense Corporate Vice President, EU & NATO Counsellor, Justice and Home Affairs Chairman Tim Williams Mission of the United States of America Dassault Aviation Permanent Representation of UK to the EU Western European Armaments Group (WEAG) Assistant, European Parliament, Office of Alexander Primak to the EU MEP Geoffrey Van Orden Pierre-Henri Settimo Jorge Tagle Canelo First Secretary Geoffrey Van Orden First Secretary First Secretary, Mission of Chile to the EU Rachel Winks Embassy of the Russian Federation to Belgium Pierre Sabatié-Garat Vice-Chairman Senior Advisor to the Defence Strategy Mission of Monaco to the EU European Parliament, Committee on Deputy Director, EU and NATO Relations Coordination Group Nagayo Taniguchi Foreign Affairs Boeing International Uwe Proll European Aeronautic Defence and Space Jamie Shea Journalist, Shincho Editor in Chief Company (EADS) Deputy Assistant Secretary General for External Ran Van Reedt Dortland John Wood ProPress Verlag Relations, Public Diplomacy Division Jamar Thibeau Council of the European Union General Manager European Affairs Rau Sabine NATO Cameraman British Airways Julang Pujianto Journalist Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) John Vassallo Counsellor ARD Studio Brussels Antti Sierla Senior Counsel, Director European Affairs Ruey Yang Embassy of Indonesia to Belgium Ambassador Simon Thönen General Electric International (GE) Senior Adviser Maurice Sanciaume Embassy of Finland to Belgium Correspondent, Berner Zeitung Taipei Representative Office in Belgium Tone Rand Director European Affairs Günter Verheugen Agilent Technologies Nadine Thwaites International Adviser Olivier Silberzahn Vice President, Commissioner for Enterprise Konstantin Zhigalov Vice President Policy Analyst, Justice and Home Affairs and Industry Ambassador Susan Sandler Cap Gemini Mission of Canada to the EU European Commission Embassy of Kazakhstan to Belgium Luigi Rebuffi Paralegal Specialist, Director for European Affairs United States Air Force, Luca Singer Brooks Tigner Jean-Jacques Vidal-Huber Frederica Zoja Thales Office of General Counsel Journalist, Europanews EU Correspondent, Defense News Chief Editor, Way Press International Journalist, Italia Oggi

58 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 59 About the New Defence Agenda (NDA) NDA Spring Events

At the suggestion of NATO’s Jamie Shea, 17 January Monthly Roundtable Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Is the transatlantic defence marketplace becoming a reality? External Relations, Public Diplomacy 25 January Bioterrorism Reporting Group Division, Forum Europe established the Next Generation threat Reduction: Bioterrorism’s New Defence Agenda in early 2002 to Challenges and Solutions provide a common meeting ground for defence and security specialists from NATO and the EU that would meet on a 3 February Conference regular basis. ‘Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security’

Now the only Brussels-based platform for debate devoted solely to defence and security issues, 14 February Monthly Roundtable NDA’s International Conferences, Press Dinners and Monthly Roundtables bring top EU and Defence Aspects of the NATO and EU Enlargements NATO ofﬁcials together with senior ﬁgures from governments, defence industries, the military, academia and press. The NDA also serves as a networking centre of defence-related think tanks and experts around Europe. 14 March Monthly Roundtable What policies will create Effective peacekeeping?

The aim of the NDA is not to replicate more academic research-based projects but to give greater prominence to the complex questions of how the EU and NATO policies can 18 April Monthly Roundtable complement one another, and to stimulate reaction within the international press. Will the EU get tough on opening-up national defence procurements?

One of our prime objectives is to raise the proﬁle of defence and security issues among the 25 April NDA Bioterrorism Reporting Group Can the EU and US work together? Brussels-based international press. To encourage more in-depth coverage of these topics, the NDA holds regular, informal dinners for journalists.

24 May Conference The NDA’s Advisory Board is made of some 20 prominent defence and security experts drawn ‘Reinventing NATO: Does NATO Reﬂect the changing from a cross-section of government, politics and industry. nature of transatlantic security?’

20 June Monthly Roundtable Strategic Priorities for Protecting Europe’s Infrastructure against Terrorism

60 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 61 Strategic priorities for protecting Reinventing NATO Europe’s infrastructure against terrorism

Does NATO reﬂect the changing nature of transatlantic security? Monthly Roundtable

Palais d’Egmont, May 24, 2005 Monday, 20 June 2005, Bibliothèque Solvay, 12:00-16:00

Keynote Address: Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, Secretary General, NATO 12:00-13:30

Session 1: Should NATO be reinvented, reinvigorated or just revamped? Session I: What needs to done, and at what cost?

The question marks over NATO’s future date right back to the 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall, yet the Heightened preparedness is the best way to discourage terrorist attacks on Europe’s national landmarks, alliance’s credibility with the public has not waned very much, either in its long-time member countries business and infrastructural nerve centres. In the U.S., the cost of upgrading first response emergency or in the former communist states that have flocked to join. How deep should any future reforms of services to deter non-nuclear terrorist attack is put at $62bn over the coming five years. What needs to NATO penetrate? Does NATO suffer from real shortcomings, or are its problems more of image and be done in Europe, with what cooperative mechanisms and from where will the money come? perception? With a growing role in confronting international terrorism, how far will NATO’s reach stretch? Can it play a significant role in Middle Eastern or Central Asian security? 13:30-14:30 Light Lunch

Session 2: NATO’s role in transatlantic defence industry cooperation 14:30-16:00 NATO has been a driver for transformation forces for good number of European armies. What is it contribution to transatlantic defence industries cooperation and to the development of new capabilities? Session 2: Is Europe developing a “counter-terrorism economy”? With NATO’s new ‘out of area’ activities, in Afghanistan, and to some extent in Iraq, apparently pointing to

a new direction for the alliance, what are the chief characteristics of new generation equipment needed? Politicians and commentators who are critical of defence spending often overlook the business and What implication does this have on the American and European defence transformations, network enabled employment dynamics that it contributes to the overall economy. With leading European and American defence and industrial alliances? Is NATO transforming the European armies rapidly enough? defence companies now competing hard to develop new anti-terrorism technologies, can the same be said for homeland security spending? What policies should the EU and its national governments be Session 3: What does NATO do for Europe that the EU still can’t do for itself? developing to increase the economic pay-back?

Keynote Address: Jean-Paul Perruche, Director General, European Union Military Staff

If NATO didn’t exist, would the alliance’s European members need to invent it? In light of today’s post-Cold War security threats, what are the Command & Control functions that NATO provides, and to what extent are these functions being replicated within the European Union’s newly created ESDP? Will NATO’s chief raison d’être for some years to come be the slowness of EU decision-making, and the political difﬁculties of creating the EU institutional structures needed to give teeth to the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)? Do NATO governments, including the new Bush Administration, need to place fresh emphasis on the alliance’s value as a forum for re-building consensus on security and defence issues?

62 Towards an EU Strategy for Collective Security New Defence Agenda 63 The New Defence Agenda would like to thank its partners and members for their support in making the NDA a success

Interested in joining the NDA? Please contact Linda Karvinen Tel:+32 (0)2 737 9148 Fax: +32 (0)2 736 32 16 E-mail: [email protected]

New Defence Agenda 5 NEW DEFENCE AGENDA Forum Europe La Bibliothèque Solvay 137 rue Belliard 1040 Brussels Belgium

T: +32 (0)2 738.75.94 F: +32 (0)2 736.32.16 E: [email protected] W: www.newdefenceagenda.org