DOCSLIB.ORG

Volkswagen Emissions Scandal - Wikipedia 1 of 41

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Volkswagen Emissions Scandal - Wikipedia 1 of 41 Volkswagen emissions scandal - Wikipedia 1 of 41 Volkswagen emissions scandal The Volkswagen emissions scandal, also known as Dieselgate[23] or Volkswagen emissions Emissionsgate,[24] began in September 2015, when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a notice of violation of the Clean Air Act to German scandal automaker Volkswagen Group. The agency had found that Volkswagen had intentionally programmed turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engines to activate their emissions controls only during laboratory emissions testing which caused the vehicles' NOx output to meet US standards during regulatory testing, but emit up to 40 times more NOx in real- world driving.[25] Volkswagen deployed this software in about 11 million cars worldwide, including 500,000 in the United States, in model years 2009 through 2015.[26][27][28][29] In 2014, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) had commissioned a study on A 2010 Volkswagen Golf TDI with emissions discrepancies between European and US models of vehicles from the defeat device displaying "Clean International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), summing up the data from three Diesel" at the Detroit Auto Show different sources on 15 vehicles. Among them was a group of five scientists at West Date 2008-2015 Virginia University, who detected additional emissions during live road tests on two out of three diesel cars. ICCT also purchased data from two other sources. The new road testing Location Worldwide data and the purchased data were generated using Portable Emissions Measurement Also known Dieselgate, Systems (PEMS) developed by multiple individuals in the mid-late 1990s and published in as Emissionsgate May 2014.[30][31][32] Type Emission standard Regulators in multiple countries began to investigate Volkswagen,[33] and its stock price violations fell in value by a third in the days immediately after the news. Volkswagen Group CEO Cause Engaging full Martin Winterkorn resigned, and the head of brand development Heinz-Jakob Neusser, emissions control only Audi research and development head Ulrich Hackenberg, and Porsche research and during testing development head Wolfgang Hatz were suspended. Volkswagen announced plans in April 2016 to spend €16.2 billion (US$18.32 billion at April 2016 exchange rates)[34] on Participants International Council rectifying the emissions issues, and planned to refit the affected vehicles as part of a recall on Clean campaign. In January 2017, Volkswagen pleaded guilty to criminal charges and signed an Transportation, West agreed Statement of Facts, which drew on the results of an investigation Volkswagen had Virginia University, itself commissioned from US lawyers Jones Day. The statement set out how engineers had Volkswagen Group, US developed the defeat devices, because diesel models could not pass US emissions tests EPA, other regulators without them, and deliberately sought to conceal their use.[35] In April 2017, a US federal judge ordered Volkswagen to pay a $2.8 billion criminal fine for "rigging diesel-powered Outcome Fines and lawsuits vehicles to cheat on government emissions tests". The "unprecedented" plea deal Footage vwdieselinfo.com (http [36] formalized the punishment which Volkswagen had agreed to. Winterkorn was charged s://vwdieselinfo.com) in the United States with fraud and conspiracy on 3 May 2018.[15] As of 1 June 2020, the scandal had cost VW $33.3 billion in fines, penalties, financial settlements and buyback Timeline costs.[37] Various government and civil actions are currently undergoing in the U.S., as well as the European Union, where most of the affected vehicles are located; while they remain 1999 New US Tier 2 rules legal to drive there, consumers groups and governments seek to make sure Volkswagen has established to replace compensated these owners appropriately as they had to do in the United States. Tier 1. NOx limit decreasing from 1.0 The scandal raised awareness over the higher levels of pollution emitted by all diesel- g/mi to 0.07 g/mi powered vehicles from a wide range of car makers, which under real-world driving conditions exceeded legal emission limits. A study conducted by ICCT and ADAC showed 2004–2009 Phase in period of the biggest deviations from Volvo, Renault, Jeep, Hyundai, Citroën and Fiat,[38][39][40] diesel emissions rules resulting in investigations opening into other diesel emissions scandals. A discussion was 2007 Volkswagen suspends sparked on the topic of software-controlled machinery being generally prone to cheating, sales of current diesel and a way out would be to open source the software for public scrutiny.[41][42][43] lines awaiting technology to meet new standards. Bosch Contents allegedly warns Background Volkswagen not to use Volkswagen Diesel anti-pollution system its software Early warnings 1998- illegally[1][2] European discrepancies, 2014 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal Volkswagen emissions scandal - Wikipedia 2 of 41 Emission testing, US 2014 2008 Volkswagen Underlying U.S. and EU emission standards announces new Clean EPA Notice of Violation, 2015 Diesel cars. Some Intelligence agencies, 2015 cars are described in Europe as "EU4 Volkswagen's response emissions standard Initial response August, September 2015 (EU5 compliant)".[3] Other irregularities, November 2015 CO2 emissions Cars with the test- 3.0 litre TDI emissions rigging software are sold in the UK.[4] Affected Volkswagen and Audi TDI models Vehicle recall and consequences 2009 US Tier 2 fully in Advertising, 2015 effect, New orders, September 2015 Volkswagen TDI cars US Congressional Testimony, October 2015 go on sale in US. In Compensation, November 2015 Europe, some models European actions, 2015–2020 are now being described as Euro Consequences emission class 5, a Health consequences Deaths change from class 4 in 2008.[3][5] Non-fatal health impacts Environmental consequences 2009–2015 Volkswagen diesel Legal and financial repercussions sales in the US Government actions rebound, Clean Australia Diesels win several Belgium environmental awards, Brazil receive tax breaks Canada 2014 International Council China on Clean European Union Transportation asks France WVU CAFEE to help Germany demonstrate the Hong Kong benefits of US diesel India technology, hoping to Italy have Europe follow Netherlands suit Norway May 2014 Instead, CAFEE finds Romania discrepancies showing South Africa poor on-road South Korea emissions. Results Spain presented at public Sweden forum and published, Switzerland getting attention of United Kingdom EPA United States 2014–2015 EPA repeats tests, and Charges against Volkswagen engineering/management contacts Volkswagen Settlement for explanation of poor Securities and Exchange Commission lawsuit real world NO Private actions x emissions European Investment Bank's possible involvement Dec 2014 Volkswagen orders Models affected Resale value voluntary recall of TDI cars but CARB and Effects on Volkswagen corporate Stock value EPA not satisfied Sales 3 EPA threatens to not Transgressions by other manufacturers September certify 2016 diesels, Industry consequences 2015 Volkswagen responds Secondary market consequences by admitting software https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal Volkswagen emissions scandal - Wikipedia 3 of 41 Monkeygate was programmed to cheat testing Reactions Political figures 18 Public announcement Automotive industry and other commentators September by EPA of order to Media 2015 recall 2009–2015 cars Public polling 20 Volkswagen admits See also September deception, issues 2015 public apology Notes 21 First business day Further reading September after news, External links 2015 Volkswagen stock down 20 percent Background 22 Volkswagen to spend September $7.3B to cover costs of 2015 scandal; stock Volkswagen Diesel anti-pollution system declines another 17 percent In general, three-way catalytic converter technology, which has been very effective since the 23 CEO Martin early 1980s at reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) in petrol engine exhaust, does not work well September Winterkorn resigns [44] for diesel vehicles, which emit 20 times more NOx unless somehow treated. 2015 To deal with this fact, in 2005, parts of Volkswagen intended to purchase the rights to 29 Volkswagen Mercedes' bulky, expensive urea-based exhaust BlueTec treatment system for reducing September announces plans to pollution. Other managers at Volkswagen rejected BlueTec, and preferred to develop their 2015 refit up to 11 million [44] [45][46][47] vehicles affected by own inexpensive “lean NOx trap” system. The “lean NOx trap” team won, but their solution did not actually work. [44] the emissions violations scandal Volkswagen promoted the technological miracle of fast, cheap, and green diesel vehicles – 2 October Volkswagen sets up an but the impression projected to outsiders did not reflect the reality.[44][48] In reality, the 2015 online based service system failed to combine good fuel economy with compliant NO emissions, and x on which customers Volkswagen chose around 2006[49] to program the Engine Control Unit (ECU) to switch can check if their car is from good fuel economy and high NO emissions to low-emission compliant mode when it x affected based on the detected an emissions test, particularly for the EA 189 engine. [44] This caused the engine to vehicle identification emit NO levels above limits in daily operation, but comply with US NO standards when x x number being tested, constituting a defeat device.[46][50] In 2015 the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • VW Executive Had a Pivotal Role As Car Maker Struggled with Emissions by DANNY HAKIM and JACK EWINGDEC
    The New York Times 12/21/15 Page | 1 VW Executive Had a Pivotal Role as Car Maker Struggled With Emissions By DANNY HAKIM and JACK EWINGDEC. 21, 2015 Photo Wolfgang Hatz at the 2013 Geneva Car Show. Mr. Hatz, head of transmission and engine development at the Volkswagen Group, was suspended in September. CreditDenis Balibouse/Reuters LONDON — A few months after taking over engine development at Volkswagen in 2007, Wolfgang Hatz faced a potential challenge that he considered insurmountable. It was the State of California. Regulators there were seeking to limit global warming gases released by automobiles, a step never directly taken before in the United States. “We can do quite a bit and we will do a bit, but ‘impossible’ we cannot do,” Mr. Hatz said during a trip to San Francisco that year, where he http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/22/business/international/vw‐executive‐had‐a‐pivotal‐role‐as‐car‐ maker‐struggled‐with‐emissions.html?_r=0 The New York Times 12/21/15 Page | 2 took part in a technology demonstration hosted byVolkswagen. “From my point of view, the C.A.R.B. is not realistic,” he said of the California Air Resources Board, in remarks filmed by an auto website during the event. Of the proposed regulation, he said, “I see it as nearly impossible for us.” In September of this year, Volkswagen, then the world’s largest automaker, admitted to installing software designed to cheat on emissions tests, setting off one of the largest corporate scandals in the industry’s history. The role of Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • If You Bought Or Leased a Mercedes-Benz Or Sprinter Bluetec II Diesel Vehicle, You May Be Eligible for a CASH PAYMENT from Class Action Settlements
    United States District Court for the District of New Jersey If You Bought or Leased a Mercedes-Benz or Sprinter BlueTEC II Diesel Vehicle, You May Be Eligible for a CASH PAYMENT from Class Action Settlements A federal court authorized this Notice. This is not a solicitation from a lawyer. BENEFITS ARE AVAILABLE TO YOU: UNDER THE CLASS ACTION SETTLEMENTS: GET PAID CASH Current owners and lessees can get up to $3,590 or more, and former owners and lessees can get up to $897.50 CURRENT OWNERS AND LESSEES GET YOUR AGENCY-APPROVED EMISSION MODIFICATION FREE OF From a separate settlement with federal CHARGE TO YOU and California regulators; these benefits are available even if you do not participate in the class action settlement RECEIVE AN EXTENDED MODIFICATION WARRANTY YOU MUST TAKE ACTION TO RECEIVE THESE BENEFITS QUESTIONS? VISIT MBBLUETECSETTLEMENT.COM, OR CALL 1-877-313-0170 READ THIS NOTICE CAREFULLY. YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS ARE AFFECTED WHETHER YOU ACT OR DO NOT ACT. PLEASE CHECK THE SETTLEMENT WEBSITE AT MBBLUETECSETTLEMENT.COM OFTEN FOR UPDATES AND FURTHER DETAILS. You are receiving this Notice as a possible current or former owner or lessee of certain Mercedes-Benz and Sprinter BlueTEC II diesel vehicles, including both Mercedes-Benz- and Freightliner-branded Sprinter diesel vehicles. You may be eligible for a cash payment under class action settlements. Current Owners/Lessees Current If a former owner/lessee Owners/Lessees submits a Valid Claim for If no former the same vehicle Former owner/lessee OR Owners/Lessees submits a Valid If
    [Show full text]
  • Champion Brands to My Wife, Mercy the ‘Made in Germany’ Champion Brands Nation Branding, Innovation and World Export Leadership
    The ‘Made in Germany’ Champion Brands To my wife, Mercy The ‘Made in Germany’ Champion Brands Nation Branding, Innovation and World Export Leadership UGESH A. JOSEPH First published 2013 by Gower Publishing Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © Ugesh A. Joseph 2013 Ugesh A. Joseph has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. Gower Applied Business Research Our programme provides leaders, practitioners, scholars and researchers with thought provoking, cutting edge books that combine conceptual insights, interdisciplinary rigour and practical relevance in key areas of business and management. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: Joseph, Ugesh A. The ‘Made in Germany’ champion brands: nation branding, innovation and world export leadership / by Ugesh A. Joseph. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4094-6646-8 (hardback: alk.
    [Show full text]
  • Blockchain As a Solution for Certification in an Age of "Do-Good" Business
    Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law Volume 20 Issue 3 Issue 3 - Spring 2018 Article 6 2018 Linking the Public Benefit ot the Corporation: Blockchain as a Solution for Certification in an Age of "Do-Good" Business Margaret D. Fowler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw Part of the Antitrust and Trade Regulation Commons, and the Computer Law Commons Recommended Citation Margaret D. Fowler, Linking the Public Benefit ot the Corporation: Blockchain as a Solution for Certification in an Age of "Do-Good" Business, 20 Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 881 (2020) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw/vol20/iss3/6 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Linking the Public Benefit to the Corporation: Blockchain as a Solution for Certification in an Age of "Do-Good" Business ABSTRACT As part of its now-infamous emissions scandal, Volkswagen spent tens of millions of dollars on advertising geared toward environmentally conscious consumers. The scandal is an example of "greenwashing," which, along with the corresponding term "fairwashing," represents the information asymmetry present in product markets that involve claims of social and environmental responsibility in companies' production practices. As consumers and investors demand responsible production practices from both traditional corporations and entities organized under the newer corporateform known as public benefit corporations(PBCs), it becomes even more important to verify that those entities' supply chains are, in fact, meeting standards for the social or environmental responsibility that they purport or strive to have.
    [Show full text]
  • Senate Vote on Trump Trial Signals an Acquittal Is Likely
    P2JW027000-6-A00100-17FFFF5178F ****** WEDNESDAY,JANUARY27, 2021 ~VOL. CCLXXVII NO.21 WSJ.com HHHH $4.00 DJIA 30937.04 g 22.96 0.1% NASDAQ 13626.06 g 0.1% STOXX 600 407.70 À 0.6% 10-YR. TREAS. unch , yield 1.039% OIL $52.61 g $0.16 GOLD $1,850.70 g $4.20 EURO $1.2162 YEN 103.62 In India, Farmers’ Protest Over New Law Turns Violent Microsoft What’s News SalesRise 17%Amid Business&Finance Covid-19 icrosoftposted record Mquarterly sales under- pinned by pandemic-fueled Pandemic demand forvideogaming and accelerated adoption of itscloud-computing services Demand for cloud during the health crisis. A1 services, videogaming Walgreens Bootsnamed Starbucks operating chief fuels earnings during Rosalind Brewerasits next work-from-home era CEO,making her the only Black woman leading a BY AARON TILLEY Fortune 500 company. A1 CK J&J said it expectstore- TO MicrosoftCorp. posted re- port pivotal resultsofalarge cord quarterly sales under- clinical trial of itsCovid-19 SHUTTERS pinned by pandemic-fueled de- vaccine by early next week, A/ mand forvideogaming and as the companyposted im- I/EP accelerated adoption of its AG proved quarterly sales. B1 TY cloud-computing services dur- ing the health crisis. GE booked $4.4billion Theremote-work erahas in fourth-quarter cash HARISH STREET CLASH: Indian farmers clash with police in New Delhi on Tuesday after breaking through barriers to escape po- been a boon for Microsoft. In flow,beating itsown pro- lice-approved routes for a tractor rally that coincided with a military parade celebrating India’s Republic Day.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report
    Prepared by Legislative Policy and Research Office Task Force on Supporting Businesses in Reducing Diesel Emissions Final Report December 2020 TASK FORCE MEMBERS Susheela Jayapal Multnomah County (Task Force Chair) Dr. Erika Moseson Oregon Thoracic Society Mary Peveto Neighbors for Clean Air Portland Jana Jarvis Oregon Trucking Associations Bob Short CalPortland, Oregon Concrete & Aggregate Producers Larry Gescher HP Civil, Associated General Contractors Maria Hernandez-Segoviano Portland Public Schools Sen. Michael Dembrow, Senate District 23 Sen. Dennis Linthicum, Senate District 28 Rep. Shelly Boshart Davis, House District 15 Rep. Rob Nosse, House District 42 STAFF Patrick Brennan, Legislative Analyst Legislative Policy and Research Office [email protected] 503-986-1674 A publication of the Oregon Legislative Policy and Research Office, which provides centralized, professional, and nonpartisan research, issue analysis and committee management services for the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Policy and Research Office does not provide legal advice. This document contains general information that is current as of the date of publication. Subsequent action by the legislative, executive, or judicial branches may affect accuracy. Report on Task Force on Supporting Businesses in Reducing Diesel Emissions | December 23, 2020 2 Chair: Susheela Jayapal Members: Sen. Michael Dembrow Sen. Dennis Linthicum Staff: Patrick Brennan, LPRO Analyst Rep. Shelly Boshart Davis Sean Murphy, Committee Assistant Rep. Rob Nosse Larry Gescher Maria Hernandez-Segoviano Jana Jarvis Erika Moseson Mary Peveto Bob Short 80th LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY TASK FORCE ON SUPPORTING BUSINESSES IN REDUCING DIESEL EMISSIONS Oregon State Capitol 900 Court St. NE, Rm 453-A Salem, OR 97301 PHONE 503-986-1674 FAX 503-364-0545 December 17, 2020 To: Honorable Peter Courtney, President of the Senate Honorable Tina Kotek, Speaker of the House Submitted herewith is the final report of the Task Force on Supporting Businesses in Reducing Diesel Emissions.
    [Show full text]
  • Fiorelli Et Al V. Volkswagen Group of America, Inc
    Case 2:15-cv-07330-JLL-JAD Document 1 Filed 10/06/15 Page 1 of 98 PageID: 1 Joseph F. Rice James E. Cecchi Jodi Westbrook Flowers CARELLA, BYRNE, CECCHI, WOLF Kevin R. Dean OLSTEIN, BRODY &ANGELO, P.C. MOTLEY RICE LLC 5 Becker Farm Road 28 Bridgeside Blvd. Roseland, NJ 07068 Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464 (973) 994-1700 (843) 216-9000 Christopher M. Placitella, Esquire Michael Coren, Esquire COHEN, PLACITELLA & ROTH, P.C. 127 Maple Ave. Red Bank, NJ, 07701 (732) 747-9003 Attorneys for Plaintiffs UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY KAREN FIORELLI, STEVEN C. ) MENDOZA, MARTIN SCHMIDT, ) Case No. PAUL SACAMANO, DEBORAH ) MCCROHON and WENDY ) BRANZBURG, Individually and on ) behalf of others similarly situated, ) ) CLASS ACTION Plaintiffs, ) ) CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT v. ) ) JURY TRIAL DEMANDED VOLKSWAGEN GROUP OF AMERICA, ) INC., A New Jersey Corporation, and ) VOLKSWAGEN AG, A German ) Corporation. ) ) ) Defendants. ) ______________________________________ Case 2:15-cv-07330-JLL-JAD Document 1 Filed 10/06/15 Page 2 of 98 PageID: 2 Plaintiffs Karen Fiorelli, Steven C. Mendoza, Martin Schmidt, Paul Sacamano, Deborah McCrohon and Wendy Branzburg (“Plaintiffs”), individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated (the “Class”), allege the following: I. INTRODUCTION 1. As Volkswagen USA CEO, Michael Horn, publicly admitted on September 21, 2015, “Volkswagen has broken the trust of our customers, and the public here in America.” Horn further publicly admitted on behalf of Volkswagen: “So let's be clear about this: our company was dishonest with the EPA and the California Air Resources Board, and with all of you," Horn continued.
    [Show full text]
  • NOX Emissions from Heavy-Duty and Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles in the EU: Comparison of Real-World Performance and Current Type-Approval Requirements
    www.theicct.org BRIEFING DECEMBER 2016 NOX emissions from heavy-duty and light-duty diesel vehicles in the EU: Comparison of real-world performance and current type-approval requirements More diesel vehicles are sold in Europe than in China, India, and all of the Americas combined—over 8.8 million in 2014 alone, more than double the sales in the next largest diesel market, China (Figure 1). The majority of the diesels sold in Europe, as in the global market, are passenger cars; approximately five diesel passenger cars were sold worldwide for every heavy-duty vehicle. The months since the Volkswagen emissions cheating scandal broke in September 2015 have seen a heated public debate concerning exhaust emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX) from diesel cars in Europe. The crux of that debate is that under normal operation many of these vehicles far exceed the limits imposed by regulation and certified by official type- approval tests, which all vehicle models must pass as a condition of being offered for sale in the European Union. There has been little comparable discussion of NOX emissions from diesel trucks. The most likely explanation for this different treatment is that data from in- use testing indicates that, in contrast to Euro 6 cars, Euro VI trucks do not systematically 1 emit significantly more NOX in real-world, everyday operation than they are certified to. And there is a likely explanation for that as well: emissions from diesel cars and trucks are regulated differently under the Euro standards. This briefing paper identifies key differences in the regulations governing certification of NOX emissions from diesel cars (Euro 6) and trucks (Euro VI) that help explain differences in their real-world emissions performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from the Volkswagen Diesel Emissions Scandal∗
    Willingness to Pay for Brand Reputation: Lessons from the Volkswagen Diesel Emissions Scandal∗ Xiaogang Chey Hajime Katayamaz Peter Leex December 3, 2019 Abstract In this study, we use the announcement of the Volkswagen emissions scandal on September 18, 2015, as an exogenous shock to measure consumers’ willing- ness to pay (WTP) for brand reputation. Only Volkswagen diesel cars produced in 2009-2015 were announced as emissions violators. Using eBay car auction data, we estimate the impacts of the scandal on the prices of Volkswagen emissions non- violating cars. Our difference-in-differences estimates show that final bid prices decreased by 14% and 9% in diesel and gasoline car markets, respectively, which purely reflected a decline in consumers’ WTP for Volkswagen’s brand reputation. Additionally, the difference in price-drops between the violating and non-violating diesel cars is statistically insignificant. This may be due to the fact that consumers rationally adjust their WTP by expecting compensation which will almost surely be provided by Volkswagen for violating models. Keywords: Volkswagen emissions scandal, willingness to pay, brand reputation. JEL codes: D12, L62. ∗We thank Nejat Anbarci, Anurag Banerjee, Jingnan (Cecilia) Chen, Yiquan Gu, Tilman Klumpp, Georgia Kosmopoulou, Daniel Li, Tong Li, Jingfeng Lu, Justin Marion, Anastasiia Parakhoniak, Leslie Reinhorn, Henry Schneider, Nan Shi, Steven Tadelis, Angel Hernando-Veciana, Le Zhang, and Xiaoyong Zheng for helpful discussions and comments. Early versions of the paper benefited from discussions at the Auction Conference at Lancaster University 2017, the Durham Micro-Workshop 2018, APIO 2019. yCity, University of London, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. zWaseda University, Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • European Vehicle Market Statistics: Pocketbook 2016/2017
    EUROPEAN VEHICLE MARKET STATISTICS Pocketbook 2016/17 European Vehicle Market Statistics 2016/17 Statistics Market Vehicle European International Council on Clean Transportation Europe Neue Promenade 6 10178 Berlin +49 (30) 847129-102 [email protected] www.theicct.org ICCT Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Number of Vehicles 14 3 Fuel Consumption & CO2 26 4 Technologies 42 5 Key Technical Parameters 52 6 Other Emissions & On-road 68 Annex Remarks on Data Sources 72 List of Figures and Tables 74 References 78 Abbreviations 80 Tables 81 An electronic version of this Pocketbook including more detailed statistical data is available online: http://eupocketbook.theicct.org EUROPEAN VEHICLE MARKET STATISTICS 2016/17 1 INTRODUCTION Market share EU-28 Registrations (million) in 2015 (in %) Fig. 1-1 16 100 Passenger cars: 90 14 Registrations by Others The 2016/17 edition of European Vehicle Market SUV/ 80 vehicle segment Of-Road 12 Statistics ofers a statistical portrait of passenger car, Van Sport 70 light commercial and heavy-duty vehicle fleets in Luxury 10 Upper 60 the European Union (EU) from 2001 to 2015. Medium Medium As in previous editions, the emphasis is on vehicle 8 50 techno logies, fuel consumption, and emissions of Lower 40 greenhouse gases and other air pollutants. 6 Medium The following pages give a concise overview 30 4 of data in subsequent chapters and also summarize 20 Small the latest regulatory developments in the EU. 2 10 More comprehensive tables are included in the annex, Mini 0 0 along with information on sources. 01 10 07 02 03 04 05 06 09 008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2 20 Number of vehicles Data source: ACEA; data until 2007 is for EU-25 only After declining for several years, new passenger car registrations in the EU increased to about 13.7 million in 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • An Inquiry Into How Company Culture Influenced the Volkswagen 2015 Emissions Scandal by Ahmad Ahbab and Matthew Yu Submitted To
    An Inquiry into How Company Culture Influenced the Volkswagen 2015 Emissions Scandal by Ahmad Ahbab and Matthew Yu Submitted to Dr. D’Arcy Randall and Matthew Chovanec ChE333T Spring 2019 VOLKSWAGEN EMISSIONS SCANDAL 2 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Martin Winterkorn Outlines a New Plan, and a New Volkswagen 6 Volkswagen Launches Strategy 2018 6 Volkswagen Charms the Public to Expand and Gain Recognition Overseas 7 Implications on Corporate Culture 7 Volkswagen Steers Itself into a Precarious Situation 8 Volkswagen Discovered Cheating Emissions Regulations 8 Defeat Devices explained 10 Volkswagen Denies Allegations of Cheating 11​ New Leadership Attempt ​to Chart a New Course for Volkswagen 12​ Impacts of the Scandal on Both Volkswagen and the Public 13​ Volkswagen Changes Policy and Develops a ​More Sustainable Organization 14​ Ethical Analysis of the Actions by the Engineers and Management at Fault 14​ Violations of IEEE Code of Ethics Tenet 1 and 9 15​ Violations of IEEE Code of Ethics Tenet 3 and 7 16 Ethics at Volkswagen Post-Dieselgate 16 Conclusion​ 18 List of Abbreviations 20 Works Cited 21​ List of Tables Table 1: A listing of all affected vehicles identified to contain “defeat devices” 9 Table 2: Tenets 1 and 9 of the IEEE Code of Ethics 15 Table 3: Tenets 3 and 7 of the IEEE Code of Ethics 16 List of Figures Figure 1: Diagram of How VW’s Switch Software Worked 11 Appendices Appendix A: Discussion of NOx Capture Systems (LNT and SCR) 25 VOLKSWAGEN EMISSIONS SCANDAL 3 Introduction Volkswagen is renowned as a global powerhouse in the automobile industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Technology Assessment: Lower Nox Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines
    DRAFT TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: LOWER NOX HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL ENGINES September 2015 State of California AIR RESOURCES BOARD This report has been prepared by the staff of the Air Resources Board. Publication does not signify that the contents reflect the views and policies of the Air Resources Board, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page Executive Summary ................................................................................................ ES-1 I. Introduction and Purpose of Assessment ...................................................... I-1 II. History of Emission Control for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines ....................... II-1 III. Technologies Evaluated ................................................................................. III-1 A. Advanced Aftertreatment Systems ............................................................. III-1 1. Advanced SCR catalysts ................................................................................ III-1 2. Passive NOX adsorber ................................................................................... III-2 3. Combined SCR-DPF systems ........................................................................ III-3 4. Close-coupled SCR catalyst........................................................................... III-4 5. Alternative Sources for Ammonia ................................................................... III-4 6. Urea Delivery System ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]