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Edward Gibbon Wakefield DhlMnjayuao Gadgil Libruy 1IIIIIIIIImDlmi GIPE-PUNE-002936 BUILDERS OF GREATER BRITAIN EDITED BY H. F. WILSON, M.A. B.rrisler-ct-L"", . ull Felkfv tI/ T,.;,u17 ellillp, Ctun/Jrit!ge Lq.I Auizl_t tU tlu CfJ/_';U OfjUe BUILDERS OF GREATER BRITAIN I. SIR WALTER RALEGH; the British Dominion of the West. By MARTIN A. S. HUH&. 2. SIR THOMAS MAITLAND; the Mastery of the Mediterranean•. By WALTER FREWEN LoRD. 3. JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT; the o;scovery of North America. ~ C RAYlJOND BEAZLSY, M.A. ... EDWARD G1BftON WAKEFIELD; the Coloni. zation of South Australia and New Zealand. By R. GARNKTI'. C.B•• LL.D. 5. LORD CLIVE; the Foundation of British.Rule in India. By Sir A.1. AllBUTBNOT, K.C.S.I., C.I.E• •6. RAJAH BROOKE; tbe Englishman as Ruler of an ~State. BySirSPBNsERST 10HN,G.C.M.G. 7. ADMIRAL PHILLIP; the Founding or New South Wales. By LotllS BECK.E Ql)d WALTIlR ]EFFBRY. 8, SIR STAMFORD RAFFLES; England in the Far East. By the EDITOR. Builders of Greater Britain EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD THE COLONIZATION OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND BY R GARNETT. C.B .. LL.D . Wit4 rluJtOgnrrNre Fro7llispiece 1JIu/ Maps• LONDON T. FISHER UNWIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE IIDCCCXCVIII Copyriglll !J:1 7. FisA". Unwin, 1897t ftw Creal Brita." PREFACE AMONG all the men celebrated in this sertes of biographies as • Builders of Greater Britain,' Edward Gibbon Wakefield, inferior to none ~n genius and achievement, is perhaps the only one whose inclusion could excite inCJ.uiry or surprise. Not that his claims ~ave at any time been weighed and found wanting, but that their existence is unknown to the multitude. By the mass of his countrymen at • hOl)le he is chiefly remembered by the one incident in his career which he would have wished to be forgotten. The historians of the, colonies he founded in general pass him over with slight notice, some omitting his very name. If, however, judged merely by this popular • xii PREFACE neglect, the name of Wakefield might seem one of those which the world is content to let die, it is far otherwise with students of the subject of colonization, to whose judgment porular opinion must ultimately conform. A· complete view of Wakefield's activity as an Empire-builder has not, indeed, existed until the publication of this litde bio­ graphy. But it is impossible to read even the casual notices of such an authority as Mr Egerton, in his History of British Colonial Policy, without' perceiving the high place accorded to Wakefield as a practical states­ man, not merely a founder of colonies, but a reformer and transformer of the entire . British c~lonialsystem. Indications of a similar feeling in authoritative quarters are continually tr.anspiring-as, for instance, in a recent article in the Quarterly Review-and the biographer's problem is how to permeate the oblivious' and indifferent general public with the knowledge and appreciation of the better informed. This is not a problem easy of solution, for, although Wakefield's biography is one of fascinating interest, it is a difficult one to PREFACE xiii write. Special obstacles will be brought to light by the story itself, but two capital ones· may be mentioned here by way of preliminary apology for inevitable deficiencies. Most e~ tenders of the British Empire have been emphatically men of action. They "h:ve plunged into the thick of war, pestilence. and famine; have explored great unknown rivers, .or defended beleaguered forts with handfUls of men. They have, at aU events, planted the British flag where it never waved before, occasionally displacing some other to. make room for it. Wakefield's work. was hOt performed in this fashion. Though capable of vigorous action in emergencies, he wrought principally by the pen and by' the tongue. His activity with. both- was pr~ digious; yet the former implement has left. but inadequate traces of its employment, the latter none. Though living and breathing ilL an atmosphere of colony-making, he never saw a colony until his last days; he headed. no exploring expeditions, overthrew no antag~ nists, except upon paper, and his battles. were; chiefly with the Colonial Office. Once, in Canada, he seemed to have a chance of letting xiv PREFACE his light shine before men, but the authorities promptly snuffed it out. That he should have brought this exclusion from conspicuous public life upon himself deepens the tragedy of his romantic career, and so far enhances its °idterest, but in no respect diminishes the biographer's difficulty in rendering this mainly subterranean activity visible and tangible. Where the public life is thus sequestered, and mainly traceable in its effects, it is doubly important that the details of private life should be copious and interesting. The mere thinker or writer, however illustrious, must remain much' of an abstraction. No real biography­ of some of the world's greatest beDefactors will' ever be written, simply because iJ 11'] a pas de quo!. It is otherwise with Wakefield, a rich specimen of human nature, 'commonly admirable, sometimes condemnable, but ever potent, impassioned and dramatic. This much is clear even from the imperfect records of his political activity, but these greatly needed to be supplemented by traits derived from pnvate life, and it might well have been that such would not have been procurable. Relying on the friendship and confidence of members PREFACE of Mr Wakefield's family, the present wri~ ventured upon a task of which more com­ petent executors might conceivably have been found. His expectations have not been dis­ appointed, and his obligations cannot be sufficiently expressed. Everything availlble has been placed at his disposal; he has written free from constraint or suggestion of any kind; and, though conscious of having done his utmost, he knows well that' the best pages in his book are from th,e pens of Nina Wakefield and Alice Freeman. Yet,. by no fault of Mr Wakefield's present representatives, there ,are imperfections in the record which demand apology, and this rather as they might other­ wise be liable to misinterpretation. 'The reader, observing that long period! of Wake­ field's life are devoid of any illustration from private letters, which afterwards on the sudden begin to be comparatively numerous, and as suddenly cease, might reasonably conclude that a rule of selection had been exercised, and that much had been omitted which it was deemed inex­ pedient to publish. It is not so. The preservation or destruction of Wakefield's .vi PREFACE letters, appears to have been a matter of mere accident. Many ought to exist in the hands of the representatives of Sir William Molesworth, Charles Buller, and others of his allies on colonial questions;, but it has, for "tire present, appeared useless to search­ out documents which there was neither time to collect nor space to employ. The reader on a subject so much passed out of notice as the colonizing career of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, may not unreasonably ask for some assurance, beyond the word of the biographer, that his study will be repaid. Abundant evidence of the high position. accorded to Wakefield by his contemporaries migh'c be collected from the books and journals of his own 'day, but it is less troublesome to produce: two unpublished testimonies; one re­ ferring chiefly to the theoretical side of his work, the other to the practical. In reply, as . would appeu, to a letter from WakefieId, acknowledging the gift of his P olitica/ Economy (published in 18 ... 8), Stuart. Mill writes:- • INDIA HOll.. , 'Ih.rs",• • My' DEAR. WAKEFIELD,-f am very glad PREFACE that you think the public statement in my book of what is so justly due to you, both as a colonizer and a political economist, likely to be of use at this particular time. I am still more glad to hear that you are writing the book you speak of. I have long regretted that ther~ floes not exist a systematic treatise in a pemwtent form, from, your hand and in your name, in which the whole subject of colonization is treated as the express subject of the book, so as to become at once the authoritative book on the subject. At present, people have to piclc up your doctrines, both theoretical and practical. •1 cannot help urging you to complete the book. with as much expedition as is consistent with the care due to your health, which your llfe is too valuable to permit any relaxati~n of.-Ever truly yours, J. S. MILL.' For Mill, doubtless, the chief interest. lay in the Wakefield system of land sales and emigra­ tion funds, the system which regulated emigra­ tion and made it defray its cost, prevented it from running to waste over vast and indefinite areas, and provided that. the Hower and not the refuse of the old country should be transplanted xviii PREFACE to the new. Another and not less important aspect of his activity, the restoration of Imperial ideas and right relations between the mother country and the colonies through the agency of responsible government, is thus set forth in a lett~r to the author from almost the last survivor of Wakefield's associates, the venerable Lord Norton, who, at eighty-four, sets an example to younger men by a lively interest in what­ ever concerns the common weal:- , Wakefield was a ml111 ofgenius, and, circum­ stances having shut him out of Parliament, where he would have risen to the top of the' tree, he devoted himself to make ll1inisters danc~ in his leading - strings.
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