DhlMnjayuao Gadgil Libruy 1IIIIIIIIImDlmi GIPE-PUNE-002936 BUILDERS OF GREATER BRITAIN

EDITED BY H. F. WILSON, M.A. B.rrisler-ct-L"", . ull Felkfv tI/ T,.;,u17 ellillp, Ctun/Jrit!ge Lq.I Auizl_t tU tlu CfJ/_';U OfjUe BUILDERS OF GREATER BRITAIN

I. SIR WALTER RALEGH; the British Dominion of the West. By MARTIN A. S. HUH&.

2. SIR THOMAS MAITLAND; the Mastery of the Mediterranean•. By WALTER FREWEN LoRD. 3. JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT; the o;scovery of North America. ~ C RAYlJOND BEAZLSY, M.A. ... EDWARD G1BftON WAKEFIELD; the Coloni. zation of South Australia and New Zealand. By R. GARNKTI'. C.B•• LL.D. 5. LORD CLIVE; the Foundation of British.Rule in India. By Sir A.1. AllBUTBNOT, K.C.S.I., C.I.E• •6. RAJAH BROOKE; tbe Englishman as Ruler of an ~State. BySirSPBNsERST 10HN,G.C.M.G. 7. ADMIRAL PHILLIP; the Founding or New South Wales. By LotllS BECK.E Ql)d WALTIlR ]EFFBRY. 8, SIR STAMFORD RAFFLES; England in the Far East. By the EDITOR. Builders of Greater Britain

EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD

EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD

THE COLONIZATION OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND

BY R GARNETT. C.B .. LL.D .

Wit4 rluJtOgnrrNre Fro7llispiece 1JIu/ Maps•

LONDON T. FISHER UNWIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE

IIDCCCXCVIII Copyriglll !J:1 7. FisA". Unwin, 1897t ftw Creal Brita." PREFACE

AMONG all the men celebrated in this sertes of biographies as • Builders of Greater Britain,' Edward Gibbon Wakefield, inferior to none ~n genius and achievement, is perhaps the only one whose inclusion could excite inCJ.uiry or surprise. Not that his claims ~ave at any time been weighed and found wanting, but that their existence is unknown to the multitude. By the mass of his countrymen at • hOl)le he is chiefly remembered by the one incident in his career which he would have wished to be forgotten. The historians of the, colonies he founded in general pass him over with slight notice, some omitting his very name. If, however, judged merely by this popular • xii PREFACE neglect, the name of Wakefield might seem one of those which the world is content to let die, it is far otherwise with students of the subject of colonization, to whose judgment porular opinion must ultimately conform. A· complete view of Wakefield's activity as an Empire-builder has not, indeed, existed until the publication of this litde bio­ graphy. But it is impossible to read even the casual notices of such an authority as Mr Egerton, in his History of British Colonial Policy, without' perceiving the high place accorded to Wakefield as a practical states­ man, not merely a founder of colonies, but a reformer and transformer of the entire . . British c~lonialsystem. Indications of a similar feeling in authoritative quarters are continually tr.anspiring-as, for instance, in a recent article in the Quarterly Review-and the biographer's problem is how to permeate the oblivious' and indifferent general public with the knowledge and appreciation of the better informed. This is not a problem easy of solution, for, although Wakefield's biography is one of fascinating interest, it is a difficult one to PREFACE xiii write. Special obstacles will be brought to light by the story itself, but two capital ones· may be mentioned here by way of preliminary apology for inevitable deficiencies. Most e~ tenders of the British Empire have been emphatically men of action. They "h:ve plunged into the thick of war, pestilence. and famine; have explored great unknown rivers, .or defended beleaguered forts with handfUls of men. They have, at aU events, planted the British flag where it never waved before, occasionally displacing some other to. make room for it. Wakefield's work. was hOt performed in this fashion. Though capable of vigorous action in emergencies, he wrought principally by the pen and by' the tongue. His activity with. both- was pr~ digious; yet the former implement has left. but inadequate traces of its employment, the latter none. Though living and breathing ilL an atmosphere of colony-making, he never saw a colony until his last days; he headed. no exploring expeditions, overthrew no antag~ nists, except upon paper, and his battles. were; chiefly with the Colonial Office. Once, in Canada, he seemed to have a chance of letting xiv PREFACE his light shine before men, but the authorities promptly snuffed it out. That he should have brought this exclusion from conspicuous public life upon himself deepens the tragedy of his romantic career, and so far enhances its °idterest, but in no respect diminishes the biographer's difficulty in rendering this mainly subterranean activity visible and tangible. Where the public life is thus sequestered, and mainly traceable in its effects, it is doubly important that the details of private life should be copious and interesting. The mere thinker or writer, however illustrious, must remain much' of an abstraction. No real biography­ of some of the world's greatest beDefactors will' ever be written, simply because iJ 11'] a pas de quo!. It is otherwise with Wakefield, a rich specimen of human nature, 'commonly admirable, sometimes condemnable, but ever potent, impassioned and dramatic. This much is clear even from the imperfect records of his political activity, but these greatly needed to be supplemented by traits derived from pnvate life, and it might well have been that such would not have been procurable. Relying on the friendship and confidence of members PREFACE of Mr Wakefield's family, the present wri~ ventured upon a task of which more com­ petent executors might conceivably have been found. His expectations have not been dis­ appointed, and his obligations cannot be sufficiently expressed. Everything availlble has been placed at his disposal; he has written free from constraint or suggestion of any kind; and, though conscious of having done his utmost, he knows well that' the best pages in his book are from th,e pens of Nina Wakefield and Alice Freeman. Yet,. by no fault of Mr Wakefield's present representatives, there ,are imperfections in the record which demand apology, and this rather as they might other­ wise be liable to misinterpretation. 'The reader, observing that long period! of Wake­ field's life are devoid of any illustration from private letters, which afterwards on the sudden begin to be comparatively numerous, and as suddenly cease, might reasonably conclude that a rule of selection had been exercised, and that much had been omitted which it was deemed inex­ pedient to publish. It is not so. The preservation or destruction of Wakefield's .vi PREFACE letters, appears to have been a matter of mere accident. Many ought to exist in the hands of the representatives of Sir William Molesworth, Charles Buller, and others of his allies on colonial questions;, but it has, for "tire present, appeared useless to search­ out documents which there was neither time to collect nor space to employ. The reader on a subject so much passed out of notice as the colonizing career of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, may not unreasonably ask for some assurance, beyond the word of the biographer, that his study will be repaid. Abundant evidence of the high position. accorded to Wakefield by his contemporaries migh'c be collected from the books and journals of his own 'day, but it is less troublesome to produce: two unpublished testimonies; one re­ ferring chiefly to the theoretical side of his work, the other to the practical. In reply, as . would appeu, to a letter from WakefieId, acknowledging the gift of his P olitica/ Economy (published in 18 ... 8), Stuart. Mill writes:-

• INDIA HOll.. , 'Ih.rs",• • My' DEAR. WAKEFIELD,-f am very glad PREFACE that you think the public statement in my book of what is so justly due to you, both as a colonizer and a political economist, likely to be of use at this particular time. I am still more glad to hear that you are writing the book you speak of. I have long regretted that ther~ floes not exist a systematic treatise in a pemwtent form, from, your hand and in your name, in which the whole subject of colonization is treated as the express subject of the book, so as to become at once the authoritative book on the subject. At present, people have to piclc up your doctrines, both theoretical and practical. •1 cannot help urging you to complete the book. with as much expedition as is consistent with the care due to your health, which your llfe is too valuable to permit any relaxati~n of.-Ever truly yours, J. S. MILL.'

For Mill, doubtless, the chief interest. lay in the Wakefield system of land sales and emigra­ tion funds, the system which regulated emigra­ tion and made it defray its cost, prevented it from running to waste over vast and indefinite areas, and provided that. the Hower and not the refuse of the old country should be transplanted xviii PREFACE to the new. Another and not less important aspect of his activity, the restoration of Imperial ideas and right relations between the mother country and the colonies through the agency of responsible government, is thus set forth in a lett~r to the author from almost the last survivor of Wakefield's associates, the venerable Lord Norton, who, at eighty-four, sets an example to younger men by a lively interest in what­ ever concerns the common weal:-

, Wakefield was a ml111 ofgenius, and, circum­ stances having shut him out of Parliament, where he would have risen to the top of the' tree, he devoted himself to make ll1inisters danc~ in his leading - strings. Under his auspices I, rn company with others, founded "The Colonial Reform Society," by which our colonial policy was restored to its original un­ rivalled success in the hiving out of English citizens. The disuniting from us of great colonies, owing to our infringement of the essential principles of their freedom, had led us to treat new colonies as dependencies, and misgovern them from London by way of keep­ ing them tight. To Wakefield is due the chief PREFACE xix ment In restoring our colonial policy-to let colonies be extensions of England, with. the same constitution as at home----onl y not re­ presented in the House of Commons, because of the thousands of miles of sea to cross­ with their own Parliaments on the sp~tO and Governments responsible to them under the Queen's Viceroys, who connect them with her supremacy.'

The man who has done this is assuredly a builder of the Empire, eveR a master-builder. Respecting Wakefield's personal character, the most profitable remark to be made seems to be that he is a conspicuous instance of the happy effect of public causes and wide 'views in ennobling man's nature. So fang as he is intent upon private ends, a harsh critic might be warranted in terming him selfish and unprincipled, although even then displaying traits inconsistent with a low type of character. From the moment that he finds his work, and undertakes his mission, he becomes a memorable example of enthusiastic and mainly disinterested devotion to an idea, not indeed devoid of ad­ vantage to himself, since, though producing no xx PREFACE brilliant pecuniary results, it took away the stain from his name, yet evidendy followed for no such subsidiary end, but. in the. spirit of the creator, who must see. of tire; travail of his soul that he may be satisfied. Aftdther principal figure in this history being, according to the popular belief, unprovided with a soul, can. view posthumous censure. and vindi­ cation with indilference. Even a corporation, however, has a claim to justice, and it is the writer's' decided opinion that few persons; and few institutions have been more unjusdy treated than the New Zealand Company. That its precipitate proceedings occasioned much mis-. chief and misfortune .is certain, but it is .equally certain that this precipitancy was forced upon it by the perverse malevolence of the Govern': ment. The part. played by Government. in the early history of New Zealand colonization is indeed a melancholy Chapter in English, history. save for Lord John Russell's mag­ nanimous admission of error, and. his good intentions. frustrated by a charge of adminis­ tration. The main cause of the unpopularity of the New Zealand. Company, however, seems to have been not so much the errors they PREFACE xxi were driven to commit as the imputation of designs remote from their intentions. They were looked upon as land-sharks, bent on de­ priving the natives of their land, and some countenance was given to the charge by the extensive purchases by which their) ~ent sought to protect New Zealand from a shoal of 'sharks from Australia. It is curious that their accusers are usually the persons who object most vehemently to property in land at all, or at least to the uncontrolled exercise of private rights over it, bIt who seem unable to perceive that if a white landowner has no moral right to reserve a barren moor for the pursuit of game, a brown landowner has still less to lock up a fertile territory fOr the pursuit of rats. Neither one n~r the other, in fact, has a right to more land .than he can use for the general good; within these limits his title is impregnable; but in Maori New Zealand these limits were exceedingly narrow. The New Zealand Company would have solved the problem by a plan for native re­ serves, conceived in a spirit of fairness and philanthropy, hut which they were not per­ mitted to carry into effect. Not all their xxii PREFACE proceedings were equally laudable, but the only one which appears open to very serious animadversion occurred after Wakefield had ceased to be concerned in their affairs. . The list of the author's obligations is long. He ~s~ above all, indebted to members of Mr Wakefield's family, and among these princi­ pally to three of his nieces-Miss Frances Torlesse, of Christchurch, N.Z., daughter of his favourite sister· Catherine; Mrs Harold Freeman, daughter of his brother Daniel; and Mrs D'Arblay Bumey, daughter of his brother Felix. But for Miss Torlesse, in particular, this work would never have been undertaken. The countenance of Mr Charles. Marcus Wak~field, of Belmont, Uxbridge; and of Mr Edwar~ Wakefield, author of New Zeala11d after Fifty Tears, also demand ac­ knowledgment. ~wo ladies more remotely connected with the family-Mrs Chapman, wife of Lieutenant-General Chapman, C.B., the officer commanding the Scottish division of the Rome forces; and Miss A. M. Wake­ field, of the Westmoreland branch, as great an organiser of music as her relative of colonization-have also been of material service PREFACE xxiii to the author. He is, further, deeply indebted to Mr Albert Allom; of Parnell, N.Z., and his sister Mrs Storr, the children of Wake­ field's old and faithful friends, Mr and Mrs Allom. The value of Sir Frederi,ck Young's written contribution speaks for itsdf,' while he has courteously provided the daguerreotype from which the frontispiece is taken. The writer must cordially thank Mr Stuart J. Reid, now engaged in a biography of Lord Durham, for the communication of docli­ ments illustrating Wakefidd's connection with that nobleman. Lord Norton has been· good 'enough to permit reference to be made to him respecting the New Zealand Constitution of 1852; and it has been a sincere grat~fica­ tion to the writer to find his' account of John Robert Godley, Wakefield's co~utor in the foundation of the Canterbury Settlement, approved by his son, Sir Arthur Godley, K.C.B., and his venerable widow, one of the original 'Canterbury pilgrims.' Mr Atchley, librarian of the Colonial Office, and Mr Boose, librarian of the Royal Colonial Insti­ tute, have kindly furnished documents from their respective libraries. The lamented illness xxiv PREFACE of Sir George Grey has deprived the author of assistance from him, 'but he has found a sym­ pathetic, as well as judicious, counsellor in the Hon. W. Pember Reeves, Agent-General for New Zealand; although he must not be con­ sid;rf!tl responsible for anything in ,the book.

R. GARNETT. LONDON, AlIgUJt Z4, 1898. CONTENTS

CHAPTER I PAGE WUUJaLD'S ANc:aTaV AND EARLY YEAllS-WUTNINSTU AMD

EDINBURGH SCHOOLS-EMPLOYMENT UNDn FOdIGN OI'J'ICI. -FlaST M"UlAGB-DEATR OJ' HIS WIPE-DIPLOMATIC

POIT AT PAIUS-'EAJ.1.Y WIlITINGS,

CHAPTER II

THI: TUJ.NU ABOUCTION-WAUJ'IILD'S TUAL-HJS IMPaISON­ IUNT A)lD ITS RssUL~L.TTDS ....OM GAOL, • '9

CHAPTER III

WAUJ'IILD'S BAaLY WUTINGs-4 Tu PUNIIHMDn' OJ' DEATH'

-'LrM'lt. I'aOM STDNEy'-THE WADf'I1U.D SVSTI.N­

'ENGLAND AMD AMD.ICA I -- W AUJ'UtD ON THE AGJ.I­ CVLTUUJ. L.uovua, 50

CHAPTER IV

Tal: COLONIZATION Sooan-TH.I: SWAN Run SrrTLEMEN'­ THE FOUNDATION 07' SOUTH AUSTRALIA - THa SouTH AVSTRALIAlI COMMISSI0NUS- Ma G. F. ARGAll-NINA WAItD'laLD -.Ho DUTH -BAkLY STaUGGLU 0,. THE

COLONY-TUTINONY TO Tltl W ~U:LD SYSTDI, • U. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

POATRAIT or EDWAR.D GIBBON W AEDI:tLD, "ROM A DAGVDUOTYD IN 'TIO l'OSSUSJON OJ' SI. FulWllC'J: YOUNG, K.C.M.G., Frrllltispi«t

MAl' OJ' SOVTK AVSTIALIA IN 1837, To /tut ptzgt 92. l

MAJO OJ' Nzw Z&ALAND, 1837 (SHOWING PROGUSS . . OJ' S"TT'I.l.MSNT VP TO 18S0), To/tIC, (lag' zoo INDEX

A Auckland, city of, founded, :ug.

Al>DP.L£Y, C. B. (Lord Norton), dram New Zealand Constitu­ B tion under Wakefield', guid­ ance, 3d, 310. BARCLAY, Robert, of Urie, author Atklaide, city of, founded, 104. of the Apology f¥r f<.:!ahrilm, Allom, Albert, reminiscences of an ancestor of Wakeleld's, 3. New Zealand Company, 217, Baring, Francis, impressed by 2.2.2. ; writes down the Art if Wakefield's evidence on New CoiUJriuli(pf from Wakefield's Zealand, U.7; chairman of dictation, 280, 281; on New Zealand Aesoc:iation, Wakefield in New Zealand, '42· 342, 348, 349· Bathunt, MillS, concerned in the AUam, Charlc~ Wakefield', aecre­ Turner affair, 33. tary in Canada, 184; laves Batman, John, purchase, .ite of his life, 2.33. Melbourne from the natives, Allom, Mrs, Dunea Wakefield in 1:2.6, IIOte. hi. illness, 2.33; reconciles Broug~ Henry (Lord Broug. him with Franc« Wakefield, bam), prosecutes Wakefield 335· for the abduction of Ellen Anga., George Fife, 96; forma • Turner, 31; his animosity supplementary company for to Lord Durham, 165, 166; South AUltnlian colonisa­ humiliations inflictt:d by him tion, 103 i his shan: in the on Lord Melbourne', Go\lt:tn­ foundation of.the colony, 10S- ment, 171. 107; his miafortunel and Buller, Charles, Ulilu iD Wake­ ultimate .ueena,. 121, IIOU; field'. South Australian pro­ warn. Lord Glenelg of French ject, 93; chief seCft:taty to designs on New Zealand, Lord Durham in Canada, IS·· 163; his character and Art r{'CoIfnlnuti., %81-285. abilities, 164; Chirf Com­ Attwood, Roaabel, friend and...c"or­ miuioner of Canadian Crown mpondcot of Nina wake­ Lands, 169; his &bare in the field, III. Durham Report, 178, 179 j Attwoorl, Thomaa, M. P., 111; author of Rnpasiblt! G __ meets Wakefi.eld at Malvern, IJIt:IIt fer tilt COICfliu, 180; hil 27 1• motion on New Zealand 377 INDEX

aff'ainl, 256 i negotiates with Zealand; hi. character of Sir Jame. Graham, 257 i Arthur Wakefield, uS, 1I,t,. brings the Clse of the New Duncombe, Thoma. Slingaby, Zealand Company forward M.P., hi. anecdotes of Wake­ in Parliament, 258 ; IIrrengea field in Canada, 174. compromise between the Dunedin, city of, founded, ]03. Company and the Govern­ Durham, Earl of, becomes a direc­ ment, 269; his character of tor of the New Zealand 'Mr Mothercountry,' 287; Auociation, 142 ; hill charac­ hi. death, 294; his speech ter, 14]; at variance with on systematic colonization Lord Howick, 144; com­ reprinted by Wakefield, 295. munications with Colonial Bllrney, Mrs D'Arblay, Wake­ Office, 146; become. chair­ field'lI niece; her impreuion man of the New Zealand of him, 321-3241 369. Company, 151; Governor­ Byron, Lord, 21, Mit. General of British North America, 161 ; hi, qualifica­ tions and disqualifications, 163 i his choice of adviaeR, c 164; Lord Brougham's ani· mosity to him, 165; letters CANT.l:RBUay Settlement founded, to Melbourne and Glenelg, 311• 168, 169; his Ordinance Cargill, Capuin, founder of the respecting the treatment of Otago settlement, 303. the rebel prisoners, 170, 171 ; Carl)lie, Thomall, 249, ,26 S. resign. and returns home, Coatel, Dandeeon, lay aecretury 17% i his popularity in Canada, to the Church Miuionary 173; his reception in England, Society; hi, opposition to the 174; defended bySruart Mill, New Zealand Auocialioo, 175, 176; hi. Report on the 136- 1 39. aft"aifl of Canada., 177-181 ; tuton hilllUcCCSlor, 182. i his death and la.t word., IS]. o DARWIN, Charlea Robert, on the E New Zealand miuionllriea, 1]5; on tranlportation to EGUTON, H. E., historian of New South Wales, 237. British colonial policy, 14], Davietl, Rev, David. father of 17 8• ' Frances Wakefield, 2]. Eliot, Lord, chairman of New Zea­ Dent, Mr, histori:m of Canada, land Committee of 1840, 'z.44. 185, 186. Elliot, Mr, Emigration Commit­ Dilke, Sir Charles, 1:11, ",t,. sioner, 291. Dilraeli, B., his y;~;." Gny com­ Ellfotson, Dr, 1741 "Q/I. pared and contrasted with Eili., William, writer aD coloni.aa­ Wakefield's early writinJ1 tion, 62., 1IGU. 24t 25. Ewgl.IId ..,/ A.ai,., 75-78. Dometl, Alfred, Premier of New Evana, Dr G. S., 138, 1]9. ISO. (' INDEX 379

F Zealand Constitution Act, 330; his speech OD the FITZGEIlAI.D, 1. B., New Zealand _ubject, 331. statesman; his character of Glenelg, Lord, bis weaknelf a. Godley, 306; hi, character, Colonial Secretary, 1]4; bit 317; fomu the .tint New opposition to the New Zea­ Zealand responsible miniltry, land Company, 148; re­ 351 j ruigns, 354; hi, gcncr­ moved from offi.~ J 52 i Glily towards Wakefield'. prevents Wakefield', receiv­ memory, 357, mle. ingan appointment in Canada, Fituoy, Admir::aJ., appointed 167, 169. Governor of New Zealand, Godley, John Robert, hi, ante­ 227; CODdoDei mauacre of cedents, 272; join_ Wake­ Wairao, 2-Jo; failure and field in founding the Canter­ recall, 2-31. bury Settlement, ]05; bi, Flatt, Mr, catechist of the Church character, 306 ; organia~. the Missionary Society, 140. Canterbury Asaociation, ;08 ; Foster, Anthony, on the Wake­ proceed, to New Zealand, field Iy.tern in South Aus· 310; Superintendent of the tralia, uz. Canterbury Settlement, 3 I I ; Freeman, Mn Harold, Wakefield', milunderstanding with Wake­ niece; her reminiscences of field, 317; return_ to Hngland, hi, last daya, 362.-]68. 334· Fry, Elizabeth, coulin to Wake­ Gouger, Robert, Wakefield's LItter field, n; visits him in frtml Syd"9 publiBhed under prisoD, 40. hil name, 60; Buist_ in the foundation of South Australia, 94, 107· G Grey, Earl (Lord Howick), Under Secretary for the Colonies, CAIlRAH'S .A,llt,."li_ At/Ill, 107. 96, 97 ; hi' character, 144; Gawler. Colonel, Governor of misundentandings with Lord South Australia, 120. Durham and Wakefield, 145 ; Gibbon, habcUa, Edward Gibbon opposition to New Zealand Wakefield', great - grand- Asaociation, 149, ISO; un­ mother, 3. sati,factory interview with Gipps, Sir George, Governor of Wakefield, 2.33; _cene be­ New Sooth Wlilea, hill land tween him and Wakefield policy, :ug, 220. before New Zealand Com­ Clilborne, WiUiam, New Zealand mittee of 1840, 247, 248 i bi.torian, on Colonel Wake­ drafts report of Committee field, 198; on Sir George of 1845, "5], 254; adopt. Grey'_ land policy, "77; on Sir George Grey'_ views on B. G. Wakefield, 371 ...... New Zealand, 273. Gladstone, Rigbt Hon. w; B., Grey, Sir George, fint Governor Wakefield'. appeal to OD New of South Au_tralia, 121; Zealand affairs,"]"; on New Governor of New Zealand, Zealand Committee of 1840, 2]1; preventl the Conatitu­ "48 ; alli,lI palling of New tion of 1846 from going into INDEX

effect, 2.73; reasons for this Zealand, 1;6 j arriwes iu atep. 2.74; • benefactor to the New Zealand, %01 ; his in­ native net;, 2.75 i his land ItnlC:ticms from Sir George policy, 2.76-2.77; befriendl Gipps, %II j coacluca Tn2ty the New Zealand Company, of W wnp, :u z.; hstnus %78; bis opiniOli of Colonel Freoc:b upeditioo to Ahroa, Wab6eJd, %79; his bostility 214; ilia injudicious proclamo­ to the Canterbury Settlement, alion, 218; foandl Auck­ ]13 j drafts a constitutiOli for land, 219; bis death, %27. New Zealand, ]2.8; bis cor­ Hodder, Edwin, 98, 106. respondence with Wakefield, Hutt, John, An if CJ.iztztw. ]]7-]40; appoiuted Goftt'Dor dedicated to; resigns chair­ of Cape Colony, 341. m:mahip of Canterbury Aug.. ciation, ]12.

H fLuisoN, Sir Richard, Chief Justice KOIlOLUUA (Russen), town at of South Australia, on the the Bay of blands; vigi1anc:e publication of the Durham committee at, In i burned Report, 177; 011 its author­ by the nalivu, 231. ship, 178. Head, John, Wakefield', cousin at Ipswich, comforts Wakefield in bis imprisonment, a.od takes L !tim bo_83. Heke. New Zealand chief, %]1. LANCASTER, Joseph,• Edward Henalow, Captain, ]33. Wakefield's opinion of, 7, Hill, Sir Rowland, secretary to ..... the South Auotraliaa Com­ Leroy-Beaulieu, M., on the Wake­ missioners, 10,. field ')'Item, z88-290. HiU, William, afterwards Lord Letta f~ SY"-'!,58-61. Berwick. envoy at TIlfin. Lowe, Robert (Viscount Sber­ employs Wakefield, 17 i his brooke), oppoRS New Zea­ advice to him, 19; his land COlittimtion Bill, 3JO. opinion of Mn Wake6eJ.d, Lytteltoo, Lor~ Wake6eld·. ch3r­ ... acter of, 306; rescues the Hiuda, Samuel, Bilhop of Hor­ Canterbury Settlement from wich, IUpports the New failure, 31Z; joiDl in a ZealaDd Asaociation, 1]8; guanntee to the New z.e.. advocatet the propcMal of a land Company, ]1] ; ai. ill bisbop for New Zealand, 145 ; drafting the New Zealaad rcwiftl the idea of coloni.­ ·CODItitntion, 330; WaJte.. zation by religious bodies, field wishel him to become %99· Goft'rDor of New Zealand, Hobscm, Captain, appoiuted Lieu­ 334; hit cbancter of Wab:- tenant - Governor of Hew 6,101, 369. 375. INDEX

M conduct towards the New Ze:abnd Association, 153, MAltTIN, Sir William, appoink1i IS6. Chief Justice of New Zu­ bud, 2~4; on Wakefield', illness, 3S8. o MclboUl'lle, Lord, hi. character, 144; his attitude toward. OTAGO settlement founded, ]0]. the New ~laDd Associa­ tio~ 147, 148; objects to appointments of Turton and p Wakefield, 168; weakness of his administration, 171; PAnNGTON, Sir John, Colonial on the publication of Lord Secretary, ]]1. Durham', Report, 177. Palmer, Lieutenant-Colonel, South Merivale, Herman, on the Wake­ Australian Commissioner, field syatem, 71. proposes • monument to Metcalfe, Sir Charles, Governor-­ Wakefield, 12]; biaanetdote General of Canada, 184 ; of Wakc6.eld and the Ameri­ Wakefield's eulogium on him, cana, ]65. 186. Palmenton, Lord, 2.02. Mill, James., introduced by Edward Paniui, Antonio, aid. Brougham Wakefield to Fnmcia Place, 7. at the: Turner trial, 49. Mill, John Stuart, approves of the Papineau, Canadian rebel leader, Wakefield system, 88; hill 17]. defence of Lord Durham's Peel, Sir Robert, 2.56, 2.S!)' 260. conduct ill Canada, 174-176 ; Percy, HOD. Algernon, 2~ 33, bill opiniop. of Wakefield a•• .O/~. political economilt, 2-63_ Place, Francis, bit account of Molesworth, Sir WillWn, an early Edward Wakefield, 6, 1 ibis colonial reformer, 88; chair­ opinion of Edward Gibbon man of Committee on TranI­ Wakefield, 16-19. portatioa, 238 ; bia character, P_iu..n,1 if Dutj ;. Ih MIt,,,.. z. 39; his report, 242 ; opposes polis, 53-58. New Zealand Constitution Bill, ]30. Mumy, Sir George, Colonial Q Secretary, 96. Q.VAttTtIlLT R .. vnw on Lord Dur­ ham', miaeioD to Canada, 162. ; on hie Report, 181.

NAYTI,alleged New Zealand chief, 140 • Nelton, city of, founded, ulfP Normanby, MU'lui. of, iDtroducea RANGJHAJATu, New Zealand the: South Au.tn.lian Act into chief, 22.9. the: House of Lord., 100; Rauparaha, New Zealand chief, Colonial Secretary, 1 S2.; bit 2.2.9,2]0. INDEX

Ree~ Hon. W. P., Agent­ 346; enten the Fitzgerald General for New Zealand, ministry, 351 ; resigns, 354- 011 the settlemmt of New Sbortland, Lieutenant, :lll, u8. Zealand by the Company, Sidney, Samuel, on the Wakefield 200, 205 ; on the Treaty of .,..... in South A-.JD, Waitangi, %14; OD the 12%. Taranaki settlement, 229; Simeon, Sir John, ] I]. on the Wakefield 'JIUm in Smith, Adam, Wakefield', edition the Canterbury colony, 293. of his WuJtA tf' NIlliMu, %6z., RtJID~ George, projector of the >64- Otago Kttlement, ]02. 5 ...... JOO

Secretary, :U.2, IIO/e i on Earl drafts South Australian Act, Grey, 232. 105 ; judge in New Zealand, Thierry, Baron de, his claims to log, "ole; on hi, brother land in New Zealand, 151. Edward Gibbon's iliness, 358; Thomson, C. Paulett (Lord Syden­ resides with him, 362.; his ham), Governor-General of death, ]65. Canada, 182. Wakefield, Daniel (uncle of Tbomson, Surgeon ~ Major, bis Edward Gibbon Wakefield), Story ofNC"W Zesl4I1d, I 31 ; on 41, "Ole, Ill, "ole. the earthquake at Wellington, Wakefield, Edward (grandfather of 362, tlGle. Edward Gibbon Wakefield), Titchfield, Marquis of, Wakefield's 3,4· published letter to, 2.4. Wakefield, Edward (father of Torleuc, Catherine, Wakefield's Edward Gibbon Wakefield), sister, letten to, 42 and birtb,4 ; marriage and early "$1;'. occupations, 5 ; his acquaint­ Torlesse, Rev. Cbatlu, WakeM ance with Francis Place, 6-8 ; field's brother-in-law, 41; his active philanthropy, 9; his letten from Wakefield to, work on Ireland, 10, 11 ; bis 12.8, 252. relations with his IOn, 14~18 ; Torrens, Colonel, on the Wake­ marriage with Frances Davies, field system, go ; one of the 23; seeks a seat in Parlia­ fountlen of South Australia, ment, 34. 95, 97, 107· Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, birth Turner, Ellen, ber abduction, 29~ and early education, 13 ; at 3" Westminster Scbool, 14 i Turton, Sir Thomas. 164. obtains diplomatic employ~ ment, IS; letter in the Stlllerrrr4lf newspaper, 18; v elopes with Eliza Susan Pattle, Ig-20; marriage, 2.1 ; VOGJtL, Sir Julius, 2.93. 10Bel bis wiie,2.2 ; diplomatic appointment at Paris, 23; early political writings, 2.3- w 2.7; his abduction of Ellen Turner, 2.9~31 ; sentenced to W AlIAU musacre, 22.g, 2 ]0. three yean' imprisonment, Wakefield, Arthur (brother of 32.; motive of the abduction, Edward Gibbon Wakefield). 3], 34; letters from Lan­ 12.8,lfCItt'; on thccoloni&ation caster Castle, 36, 37 i from of New Zealand, 12.9; founds Newgate, 39-45; his book on settlement of Nelson, 22.5; T.ie PuniShment if DeatA, 5]- Bishop Sehvyn and Mr 58 ; his Letter frQM Sydney, Domelt's opinion of him, 58-61; hiuy8temofcoloniza~ 12.8, 110ft'; murdered b~ tion, 62.-73; his description natives, 2.2g; eulogiaed by of an Italian girl, 74-75 ; his Houe of Common., 252. E"K1."d d"a AMe,.ied, 75- Wakefield, Daniel (brother of 78; his tract on 'Swing,' Edward Gibbon Wakefield), 80-82. ; released from prilon, INDEX

8]; aids· in establishing the tures to Mr Gladstone, 20]20 ; Colonization Society, as ; his quarrel with Earl Grey, and friendship with Rintoul, 89 ; serious illness, ~ II ; orgnniJe' promotes the settlement of Committee on Transportation, South Australia, 91-IO~; the %38 ; evidence before Colonial chief founder of the colony, Landa Committee, 204]-Z4S i 104 - 107; death of hi. his system approved by South daughter Nina, 116 - 119; Australian Committee, 2045, projects the colonization of 246; evidence before New New Zealand, 12.6-129; his Zealand Committee of 1840, alliance with Lord Durham, z47; controversies with Lord I.Jj-I44; his misunderstand­ Stanley, ~49-2.60; memoir ings with Lord Howick, 145 ; on New Zealand affairs., 2.61 ; replies to Mr Dandeson edits Th WtaltA of NtltiOlfI, Coates, 147; hastens the 2.62.-2064; PuJnIlllT PrJi,;,,, deepatch of the Ttlry to %64 ; hiB addreu to the elee­ New Zealand, IS4; his ton of Birmingham, z6S; agenda for meeting of the . loses, through illneat, bia New Zealand Company, ISS; control over the New Zea­ adviser of Lord Durham in land Company, z69; resign. his Canadian mission, 163; his directorship, ~70; his orrives in Canada, 167'; his portrait painted by subscrip­ appointment as Commiuioner tion, %70; his convalescence of Crown Lands frustrated by at Malvern, 2071 i acquaint­ the Colonial Office, 168, 169 ; ance with J. R. Godley, 2072 ; Lord Durham's high estimate writee T .. Art of C,'-iutid of bis advice, 170 ; retpros to at Boulogne, Z79, 2080 ; char­ England, 1720; send. Lord acter of the book, 2081-%8 S ; Durham's Report for publica­ on colonization by religious tion by the Ti.II, 177; hi. bodies, 300, 301' scheme share in its composition, 178. originally proposed by him in 179; subsequent visits to 1843, ]01, 3°20; TAeFOI",Jm Canada, 183 i elected to the of Canter-bll,], 304t ]OS; hi. Canadian legislature, 184; share in the establishment of his character of Sir Charlet the Canterbury Settlement, Metcalfe, 186; eNsy on 308; joins in guarantee to colonial politics in Fi,W, the New Zealand Company, CoI.Ud M.gIl2Uu, 187-190; ]1] ; estrangement from hi. grief at the death of his Godley, J 17; on procuring brother Arthur, 191; draft. a bisbop for the colony, instructions for the coloni&ing J 18 i letters to emigranu, expedition to New Zealand, ]1 g, 3200, his niece, Mn IgZ ; on reaervc. of land for Burney's, reminiscences of the benefit of the natives, him, ]ZI-]Z4; recollection. zog, :uo; virtual manager IBy Sir Frederick Young, of the New Zealand Com­ ]Z4-32.7; founds Colonial pany, 224 ; scheme for Reform Society, ]~7; aida in Church Endowment in New drafting the New Zealand Zealand, ::.:z5, 20206; his over_ Constitution, 32.8 ; petition. INDEX

Parliament in its favour, 33%, Wakefield, Feliz, on the Canter­ 333 j sail. for New Zealand, bury Settlement, 315, 116. 3] 3; hi. farewell letter to Wakefield, Nina (Sulan Prilcilla) Lord LytteltOD, 333, 334; hi, (daughter of Edward Gibbon reconciliation with Frances Wakefield), her birth, 2.1; Wakefield, 335 i arrives in letters on South Australian New Zealand, 336; hi. Colonization, 108-116; iLl­ correspondence with Sir nell and death, 116-119. George Grey,. 337~340; Wakefield, Priscilla (gratid- plunges into New Zealand (mother of Edward Gibbon politics, 342-; hi, letter to Wakefield), marriage, 3:; Rintoul, 343-]48; elected founder of lavinge banks, 4 ; to the fint New Zealand on her grandlon, Edward Parliament, 350; movetl a Gibbon, 13, 14; hil letter to telolution in favour of re­ her from Newgate, 39-4:&. sponsible government, 3S I j Wakefield, SUlan (mother of the Governor'. confidential Edward Gibbon Wakefield), S. advieer, 354; retirement Wakefield, William, Colonel from thi. pOlition, 356; criti­ (brother of Edward Gibbon cilm of hi, conduct, 357, Wakefield), auilta in the ab­ 3S8; .erion. illneea, 359, ductioD of BUen Turner, %9; ]61 i retires into private life, tried and sentenced to three ]61; hi, niece, Mn Free­ year.' imprisonment, 31, 3%; mau's, reminiscences of hi. military aervice in Portugal, la.t da)", 361 - ]68; hi. 1%9; proceed. to New Zea­ death, ]68; bit cbaracter, land as chief agent of the New ]69-377.; hi, Rl'Vicet, 373- Zealand Company, 153; hi, 374; memorial doe to him, character, 197-199:; hi. ex­ 375· teneive land purchaaea, %03- Wakefield, Edward Jerningham %05 ; founda Wellington, Clan of Edward Gibbon Wake­ Zl7; hia account of the field), bie birth, 22; goea out Wairau manaere, :&%9,2.30:; to New Ze.lan~ 1 S4; hi. arranges dispute, between .AtI-umhln. ;11 Nt'fIJ ZuItmJ, the Company and the 217 j his fatber's opinion of settle", %78:; hi. sudden him, 34%, 343; account of death, :&78; Sir George his father's illness, 3$9, 361. Grey" opinion of him, %79. Wakefield, Eliza Susan (wife of Ward, Sir Henry George, chairman Bdward Cibbon Wakefield), of the Committee on Colonial elope8 with him, 19,20; Mr Land., uS; moves resolu­ Hill', character of her, ZI ; tiona on the subject, 2.11. her death, 22. Wettminster School, 14. Wakefield, France., marriage to Wellington, city of, founded, 2.17. Bdward Wakefield, 23; 'ed Wellington, Duke of, procurea III aD accomplice in the pa ..age of the South Turner abduction, 31 i Wake­ Australian Act, 100; the field', letten to her from city of Wellington IlJImed LancJ.lter Caatle, 36, 17:; after him, %18. reconciled to him, 33$' Whately, Archbi,hop, 243 •. 28 INDEX

Williams, Henry, Archdeacon,· y an, 2.75. WynyBrd, Colonel, Acting Gover­ YOUNG, Sir Frederick, hi. reminis­ nor of New Zealand, 350, cences of Wakefield, ]%4- 35Z, 354> 356. 327.

THE END