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Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots
Armenian Secret and Invented Languages and Argots The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Russell, James R. Forthcoming. Armenian secret and invented languages and argots. Proceedings of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9938150 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP 1 ARMENIAN SECRET AND INVENTED LANGUAGES AND ARGOTS. By James R. Russell, Harvard University. Светлой памяти Карена Никитича Юзбашяна посвящается это исследование. CONTENTS: Preface 1. Secret languages and argots 2. Philosophical and hypothetical languages 3. The St. Petersburg Manuscript 4. The Argot of the Felt-Beaters 5. Appendices: 1. Description of St. Petersburg MS A 29 2. Glossary of the Ṙuštuni language 3. Glossary of the argot of the Felt-Beaters of Moks 4. Texts in the “Third Script” of MS A 29 List of Plates Bibliography PREFACE Much of the research for this article was undertaken in Armenia and Russia in June and July 2011 and was funded by a generous O’Neill grant through the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard. For their eager assistance and boundless hospitality I am grateful to numerous friends and colleagues who made my visit pleasant and successful. For their generous assistance in Erevan and St. -
Semester-I Semester-Ii
SEMESTER-I SEMESTER-II Basic Sciences Courses Basic Sciences Courses General Chemistry Applied Chemistry Fundamental Mathematics for Environmental Studies Biologists Applied Mathematics- I Applied Physics-i for Life Science Applied Physics -II for Life Science Behavioural Science Behavioural Science Understanding Self for Effectiveness Individual Society and Nation Communication Skills Communication Skills English Language Usage Essentials Introduction to Communication Domain Elective Courses Skills Life Style Related Diseases Domain Elective Courses Engineering Sciences Courses Life Style Related Diseases It Fundamentals and C Engineering Sciences Courses Programming Unix Operating System and Shell Electrical Science Programming Foreign Business Language Foreign Business Language Introduction to Arabic Culture Arabic Grammar – I Introduction to Chinese Culture Chinese Grammar – I Introduction to Francophone French Grammar – I Culture German Grammar – I Introduction to German Culture Japanese Grammar – I Introduction to Japanese Culture Russian Grammar – I Introduction to Russian Culture Sanskrit Grammar – I Introduction to Vedic Culture Spanish Grammar – I Introduction to Hispanic World Human Social Sciences & Management Human Social Sciences & Management Courses Courses Sociology of Health Economics for Engineers Open Elective Courses Sociology for Engineers Character Design for Animation Open Elective Courses Illustration Design Character Design for Animation Poster Designing Illustration -
Zero Exponents in the Russian Language and Peculiarities of Their Learning
Proceedings IFTE-2020, 1193-1202 doi:10.3897/ap.2.e1193 VI International Forum on Teacher Education Zero Exponents in the Russian Language and Peculiarities of Their Learning Tatyana A. Korneyeva* (a) (a) Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan (Russia), 18 Kremlyovskaya street, [email protected] Abstract The research aims at finding methods and techniques for intensifying educational activities of students in the study of the Russian language, increasing their motivation, developing creative potential, and meaningfully studying the facts of the Russian language using the capabilities of the digital educational environment. The purpose of the article is to justify the effectiveness of accessing digital resources, primarily the National Corps of the Russian Language as an information and reference system based on a collection of Russian texts in electronic form, providing wide access to linguistic and speech facts in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language. Research objectives: to analyze the features of the methodology for studying word formation using data from the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCRL) and to show the possibilities of using the corpus to identify semantic differences between word-building synonyms. The main research methods include theoretical analysis of scientific and educational literature, language analysis method, pedagogical observation, modeling of the educational process, conversation method. Key findings of the study are 1) we considered the productive word-formation types of zero suffix names in scientific grammar and educational-methodical complexes, 2) we analyzed NCRL materials on the derivational synonymy of names of zero suffixation and semantic with a variety of synonyms, 3) we have proven the need to use digital educational resources in the educational process and, above all, the opportunities provided for the Russian language project by the NCRL project. -
The Early Arthur: History and Myth
1 RONALD HUTTON The early Arthur: history and myth For anybody concerned with the origins of the Arthurian legend, one literary work should represent the point of embarkation: the Historia Brittonum or History of the British . It is both the earliest clearly dated text to refer to Arthur, and the one upon which most efforts to locate and identify a histor- ical fi gure behind the name have been based. From it, three different routes of enquiry proceed, which may be characterised as the textual, the folkloric and the archaeological, and each of these will now be followed in turn. The Arthur of literature Any pursuit of Arthur through written texts needs to begin with the Historia itself; and thanks primarily to the researches of David Dumville and Nicholas Higham, we now know more or less exactly when and why it was produced in its present form. It was completed in Gwynedd, the north-western king- dom of Wales, at the behest of its monarch, Merfyn, during the year 830. Merfyn was no ordinary Welsh ruler of the age, but an able and ruthless newcomer, an adventurer who had just planted himself and his dynasty on the throne of Gwynedd, and had ambitions to lead all the Welsh. As such, he sponsored something that nobody had apparently written before: a com- plete history of the Welsh people. To suit Merfyn’s ambitions for them, and for himself, it represented the Welsh as the natural and rightful owners of all Britain: pious, warlike and gallant folk who had lost control of most of their land to the invading English, because of a mixture of treachery and overwhelming numbers on the part of the invaders. -
Russian Grammar 1 Russian Grammar
Russian grammar 1 Russian grammar Russian grammar (Russian: грамматика русского языка, IPA: [ɡrɐˈmatʲɪkə ˈruskəvə jɪzɨˈka]; also русская грамматика; IPA: [ˈruskəjə ɡrɐˈmatʲɪkə]) encompasses: • a highly inflexional morphology • a syntax that, for the literary language, is the conscious fusion of three elements: • a Church Slavonic inheritance; • a Western European style; • a polished vernacular foundation. The Russian language has preserved an Indo-European inflexional structure, although considerable adaption has taken place. The spoken language has been influenced by the literary one, but it continues to preserve some characteristic forms. Russian dialects show various non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms discarded by the literary language. NOTE: In the discussion below, various terms are used in the meaning they have in standard Russian discussions of historical grammar. In particular, aorist, imperfect, etc. are considered verbal tenses rather than aspects, because ancient examples of them are attested for both perfective and imperfective verbs. Nouns Nominal declension is subject to six cases – nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, and prepositional – in two numbers (singular and plural), and absolutely obeying grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Up to ten additional cases are identified in linguistics textbooks,[1][2][3] although all of them are either incomplete (do not apply to all nouns) or degenerate (appear identical to one of the six simple cases). The most recognized additional cases are locative (в лесу, в крови, в слезах), partitive (чаю, сахару, коньяку), and several forms of vocative (Господи, Боже, отче). The adjectives, pronouns, and the first two cardinal numbers further vary by gender. -
King Arthur in the Lands of the Saracens
Nebula 4.4 , December 2007 King Arthur in the Lands of the Saracens. By Nizar F. Hermes We were taught that our civilization stemmed from classical and Christian roots: Greco-Roman and Judeo- Christian, and that the classical elements had been largely lost until the rediscovery known as the Renaissance. But, now that the world is smaller, communication easier, organized religion more relaxed and scholarly exchange more widespread, our common ground with the Arabian tradition is being recognized. Medieval culture is, in fact, Greek, Latin, and Arab (italics mine). E.L. Ranelagh Throughout the bulk of the Arthurian literary tradition, romancers, novelists, poets, and historians of King Arthur and his Knights have relegated the world’s medieval games to that of the European chessboard. This Eurocentric mentality—that is unfortunately not uncharacteristic of an astounding number of western medievalists— has (un)intentionally participated in the widening of the cultural gaps between Islam and the West. Such an inflexible essentialism might debunk many medievalists’ assumptions of “the uncontested humanism and universalism of the Arthurian tradition. What is meant here is that any liberal humanization of the Arthurian literature from a western critical and cultural standpoint cannot be divorced from what Maria Rosa Menocal aptly labels as “the myth of westerness in medieval literary historiography”(1). This becomes particularity significant if one, for instance, explores the cultural and literary reception of the Arthurian text in the very land of the “other” of King Arthur and his Knights, that is to say, the lands of the “Saracens”. i Hermes: King Arthur in the Land of the Saracens. -
Orthographies in Grammar Books
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 July 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0565.v1 Tomislav Stojanov, [email protected], [email protected] Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistic Republike Austrije 16, 10.000 Zagreb, Croatia Orthographies in Grammar Books – Antiquity and Humanism Summary This paper researches the as yet unstudied topic of orthographic content in antique, medieval, and Renaissance grammar books in European languages, as part of a wider research of the origin of orthographic standards in European languages. As a central place for teachings about language, grammar books contained orthographic instructions from the very beginning, and such practice continued also in later periods. Understanding the function, content, and orthographic forms in the past provides for a better description of the nature of the orthographic standard in the present. The evolution of grammatographic practice clearly shows the continuity of development of orthographic content from a constituent of grammar studies through the littera unit gradually to an independent unit, then into annexed orthographic sections, and later into separate orthographic manuals. 5 antique, 22 Latin, and 17 vernacular grammars were analyzed, describing 19 European languages. The research methodology is based on distinguishing orthographic content in the narrower sense (grapheme to meaning) from the broader sense (grapheme to phoneme). In this way, the function of orthographic description was established separately from the study of spelling. As for the traditional description of orthographic content in the broader sense in old grammar books, it is shown that orthographic content can also be studied within the grammatographic framework of a specific period, similar to the description of morphology or syntax. -
Russian Federation Interim Opinion on Constitutional
Strasbourg, 23 March 2021 CDL-AD(2021)005 Opinion No. 992/2020 Or. Engl. EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) RUSSIAN FEDERATION INTERIM OPINION ON CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AND THE PROCEDURE FOR THEIR ADOPTION Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 126th Plenary Session (online, 19-20 March 2021) on the basis of comments by Mr Nicos ALIVIZATOS (Member, Greece) Ms Claire BAZY MALAURIE (Member, France) Ms Veronika BÍLKOVÁ (Member, Czech Republic) Mr Iain CAMERON (Member, Sweden) Ms Monika HERMANNS (Substitute Member, Germany) Mr Martin KUIJER (Substitute Member, Netherlands) This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int CDL-AD(2021)005 - 2 - Contents I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 II. Scope of the present opinion .......................................................................................... 4 III. Chronology of the preparation and adoption of the constitutional amendments ............. 4 IV. Analysis of the procedure for the Adoption of the Constitutional Amendments .............. 6 A. Speed of preparation of the amendments - consultations ........................................... 6 B. Competence of the Constitutional Court ..................................................................... 7 C. Competence of the Constitutional Assembly .............................................................. 7 D. Ad hoc procedure ....................................................................................................... -
Loanwords in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic Language of Siberia Brigitte Pakendorf, Innokentij Novgorodov
Loanwords in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic language of Siberia Brigitte Pakendorf, Innokentij Novgorodov To cite this version: Brigitte Pakendorf, Innokentij Novgorodov. Loanwords in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic language of Siberia. In Martin Haspelmath, Uri Tadmor. Loanwords in the World’s Languages: a Comparative Handbook, de Gruyter Mouton, pp.496-524, 2009. hal-02012602 HAL Id: hal-02012602 https://hal.univ-lyon2.fr/hal-02012602 Submitted on 23 Jul 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Chapter 19 Loanwords in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic language of Siberia* Brigitte Pakendorf and Innokentij N. Novgorodov 1. The language and its speakers Sakha (often referred to as Yakut) is a Turkic language spoken in northeastern Siberia. It is classified as a Northeastern Turkic language together with South Sibe- rian Turkic languages such as Tuvan, Altay, and Khakas. This classification, however, is based primarily on geography, rather than shared linguistic innovations (Schönig 1997: 123; Johanson 1998: 82f); thus, !"erbak (1994: 37–42) does not include Sakha amongst the South Siberian Turkic languages, but considers it a separate branch of Turkic. The closest relative of Sakha is Dolgan, spoken to the northwest of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). -
Sanskrit-Slavic-Sinitic Their Common Linguistic Heritage © 2017 IJSR Received: 14-09-2017 Milorad Ivankovic Accepted: 15-10-2017
International Journal of Sanskrit Research 2017; 3(6): 70-75 International Journal of Sanskrit Research2015; 1(3):07-12 ISSN: 2394-7519 IJSR 2017; 3(6): 70-75 Sanskrit-Slavic-Sinitic their common linguistic heritage © 2017 IJSR www.anantaajournal.com Received: 14-09-2017 Milorad Ivankovic Accepted: 15-10-2017 Milorad Ivankovic Abstract Omladinski trg 6/4, SRB-26300 Though viewing from the modern perspective they seem to belong to very distant and alien traditions, the Vrsac, Serbia Aryans, the Slavs and the Chinese share the same linguistic and cultural heritage. They are the only three cultures that have developed and preserved the religio-philosophical concept of Integral Dualism, viz. ś ukram-kr̥ sṇ aṃ or yang-yin (see Note 1). And the existing linguistic data firmly supports the above thesis. Key Words: l-forms, l-formant, l-participles, ping, apple, kolo Introduction In spite of persistent skepticism among so called Proto-Indo-Europeanists, in recent years many scholars made attempts at detecting the genetic relationship between Old Chinese and Proto-Indo-European languages (e.g. T.T. Chang, R.S. Bauer, J.X. Zhou, J.L. Wei, etc.), but they proposed solely lexical correspondences with no morphological ones at all. However, there indeed exist some very important morphological correspondences too. The L-Forms in Chinese In Modern Standard Mandarin Chinese there is a particle spelled le and a verb spelled liao, both functioning as verb-suffixes and represented in writing by identical characters. Some researchers hold that the particle le actually derived from liao since “the verb liao (meaning “to finish, complete”), found at the end of the Eastern Han (25-220 CE) and onwards, around Wei and Jin Dynasties (220-581 CE) along with other verbs meaning “to finish” such as jing, qi, yi and bi started to occur in the form Verb (Object) + completive to indicate the completion of the action indicated by the main verb. -
Nature Redacted September 7,2017 Certified By
The Universality of Concord by Isa Kerem Bayirli BA, Middle East Technical University (2010) MA, Bogazigi University (2012) Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2017 2017 Isa Kerem Bayirli. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature redacted Author......................... ...... ............................. Departmeyf)/Linguistics and Philosophy Sic ;nature redacted September 7,2017 Certified by...... David Pesetsky Ferrari P. Ward Professor of Linguistics g nThesis Supervisor redacted Accepted by.................. Signature ...................................... David Pesetsky Lead, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEP 2 6 2017 LIBRARIES ARCHiVES The Universality of Concord by Isa Kerem Bayirh Submitted to the Deparment of Linguistics and Philosophy on September 7, 2017 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Abstract In this dissertation, we develop and defend a universal theory of concord (i.e. feature sharing between a head noun and the modifying adjectives). When adjectives in a language show concord with the noun they modify, concord morphology usually involves the full set of features of that noun (e.g. gender, number and case). However, there are also languages in which concord targets only a subset of morphosyntactic features of the head noun. We first observe that feature combinations that enter into concord in such languages are not random. -
The Ethno-Linguistic Situation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory at the Beginning of the Third Millennium
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Siberian Federal University Digital Repository Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 7 (2011 4) 919-929 ~ ~ ~ УДК 81-114.2 The Ethno-Linguistic Situation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory at the Beginning of the Third Millennium Olga V. Felde* Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041 Russia 1 Received 4.07.2011, received in revised form 11.07.2011, accepted 18.07.2011 This article presents the up-to-date view of ethno-linguistic situation in polylanguage and polycultural the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The functional typology of languages of this Siberian region has been given; historical and proper linguistic causes of disequilibrum of linguistic situation have been developed; the objects for further study of this problem have been specified. Keywords: majority language, minority languages, native languages, languages of ethnic groups, diaspora languages, communicative power of the languages. Point Krasnoyarsk Territory which area (2339,7 thousand The study of ethno-linguistic situation in square kilometres) could cover the third part of different parts of the world, including Russian Australian continent. Sociolinguistic examination Federation holds a prominent place in the range of of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is important for the problems of present sociolinguistics. This field of solution of a number of the following theoretical scientific knowledge is represented by the works and practical objectives: for revelation of the of such famous scholars as V.M. Alpatov (1999), characteristics of communicative space of the A.A. Burikin (2004), T.G. Borgoyakova (2002), country and its separate regions, for monitoring V.V.