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Performance Analysis Of IAEA-TECDOC-922 XA9743249 Performance analysisf o WWER-440/230 nuclear power plants n r i r INI L HNATIONAl ATOMIC ( NF ROY Ar¡| MC v L A — A L / V_ L '—— / V January 1997 2 8 Ri 0 .' The IAEA does not normally maintain stocks of reports in this series. However, microfiche copie f thesso e reportobtainee b n sca d from INIS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse5 0 10 x P.OBo . A-1400 Vienna, Austria Orders should be accompanied by prepayment of Austrian Schillings 100, fore for e chequa th f m th IAEf m o n i o n i r eAo microfiche service coupons orderee whicb y hdma separately fro INIe mth S Clearinghouse. The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Nuclear Power Engineering Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 0 10 P.Ox Bo . A-1400 Vienna, Austria PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WWER-440/230 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IAEA, VIENNA, 1997 IAEA-TECDOC-922 ISSN 1011-4289 ©IAEA, 1997 Printe IAEe th AustriAn y i d b a January 1997 FOREWORD performance Th f nucleaeo r power plant vera s si y important subject which involves various fields: safety, economics, service rendere electricae th o dt l system, environmental impact, radiological protectio personned nan l safety. Much of the debate in the past few years on the nuclear power sector in eastern Europe and e formeth r Soviet Unio s centerenha n safet do littld an ye attentio s beenha n apparene paith o dt t excellent reliabilit designse f somyo th f eo . This report examine e particulaon s r design e WWER-440/230th , e firsth , t generatiof o n commercial WWERs, essentially comparable to the western PWR. This design was installed widely in eastern Europe with a total of 16 units being completed in what are now Armenia, Bulgaria, Germany (the former German Democratic Republic Slovae )th k Republi Russiad can plante Th . n i s Armenia and Germany (the former German Democratic Republic) have been closed down, but particularl lessea Bulgarin yi o t rd extenan a e Slovath t k Republi remainine th c g plants suppla y significant proportion of the electricity of the country and decisions to close them could not be taken lightly. The aim of this report is twofold: first to determine whether the impression given by these good overall performance indicators is confirmed using more detailed indicators covering a wide range of factors; second, to see to what extent good performance can be attributed to the industrial and institutional environment in which these plants were designed, built and operated. Particular attention is pai identifyino dt g factors impacy tha ma t e qualit e servicth tth f yo e provided, especially those factors under management control which can be strongly influenced by current and future policy changes and those factors that are beyond the plant management control but could have influenced the performance of the power plants. Issues concerning the safety of these plants are of considerable importance t thebu ,y remain outsid e scopth e f thio e s report. Conclusion recommendationd an s s formulate IAEe th Ay db relate WWEo dt R safet containee yar seriee th reportf n dsi o s preparee th n di framework of the Extrabudgetary Programme on WWER Safety. A programme progress report was publishe 199n di 4 (IAEA-TECDOC-773). Extensive use of the IAEA Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) has been made to determin availabilite eth nucleae th f yo r powe rmajoe plantth d r san cause f unavailabilityso . For the countries of eastern Europe and the former USSR, the information in this report is intended to allow skills which have proved valuable and systems which have proved effective to be identified and preserved. For the western European countries, North America and Japan, this is intended to allow programme f assistanco s e directeb o et d where the e mosyar t needed alse . b Ther oy ema lessons which can be learned which will improve the economic and technical performance of future plants worldwide. This report serve startina s sa g poin developee tb than tca extended dan otheo dt r plant thin si s region and to other sets of plants in different regions, with the aim of identifying where assistance can be most effective to ensure that existing strengths are not lost and to help identify areas to reinforce. This TECDOC is the result of a series of advisory and consultants meetings held by the IAEA in Vienna in 1991-1994. It was prepared with the participation and contributions of experts from Bulgaria, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, the United Kingdo Unitee th d dm an State f Americaso . Special thanks are due to R. Mussapi of ENEA/ANPA, Italy, and S. Thomas of the University of Sussex, UK, who edited the report. Ms. R. Spiegelberg-Planer from the Nuclear Power Engineering Section, IAEA, is the officer responsible for preparing this report. EDITORIAL NOTE In preparing this publication for press, staff of the IAEA have made up the pages from the original manuscript(s). The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the governments of the nominating Member States or of the nominating organizations. Throughout the text names of Member States are retained as they were when the text was compiled. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by publisher,the legal the IAEA, to the status as of such countries territories,or theirof authoritiesand institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement recommendationor IAEA. partthe the of on CONTENTS SUMMARY ........................................................7 . 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................1 1 . 2. ENERGY CO-OPERATION IN THE EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (1955-1991) ...................................................... 14 2.1. Energy resources ..............................................4 1 . 2.2. The nuclear development ......................................... 15 . 3 DEVELOPMEN WWEF TO R TECHNOLOG FORMEE TH YN I R SOVIET UNIO0 2 . N 3.1. The WWER .................................................. 20 3.2. Other nuclear designs ..........................................3 2 . RBM3.2.1e Th .K ............................................3 2 . 3.2.2. Fast reactors ............................................ 25 3.2.3. Nuclear heat supply ......................................6 2 . 3.2.4. Other reactor prototypes .................................... 26 . 4 INDUSTRIAL DEPLOYMENSYSTEE TH R MWWEE FO TH F RTO TYPE REACTORS FORMEE INTH R SOVIET UNION ...................................7 2 . 4.1. Research and development, design and architect engineer .................. 27 4.2. Manufacturer industriad an s l support system ..........................8 2 . 4.3. Plant constructio ownershid nan p ..................................9 2 . 4.4. Regulation regulatord san y body ...................................9 2 . 5. PLANT MANAGEMEN POLICD TAN Y ................................1 3 . 5.1. General plant policy ...........................................1 3 . 5.2. Operations ..................................................1 3 . 5.3. Safety polic regulationd yan s .....................................4 3 . 5.4. Trainin qualificatiod gan n .......................................4 3 . 5.5. Operating experience ...........................................4 3 . 6 DESCRIPTIO PLANF NO T PERFORMANCE USING PRIS DAT PLAND AAN T INFORMATION .................................................6 3 . 6.1. Sample description ............................................. 36 6.2. Overall performance ...........................................7 3 . 6.3. WWER-440/230 performance variability .............................8 3 . 6.4. Impac f externao t l events ........................................0 4 . 6.5. Ageing effect ................................................. 40 6.6. Causes of unavailability .......................................... 42 6.7. Causes of unplanned unavailability ................................. 42 6.8. Other performance indicators .....................................4 4 . 7. THE DETERMINANTS OF OPERATING PERFORMANCE ................... 47 7.1. Explanatory factors ............................................7 4 . 7.2. Testing the hypotheses ........................................... 48 7.3. Summary ...................................................4 5 . APPENDIX: ENERGY CO-OPERATION DEVELOPMENT IN CMEA COUNTRIES . 55 ANNE : XA GENERAL PLANT DESCRIPTIO REFERENCE TH F NO E UNIT WWER-440/230 .........................................3 6 . ANNE : XB FORMER USSR ........................................9 7 . ANNEX C: FORMER CZECH AND SLOVAK FEDERAL REPUBLIC ........... 91 ANNEX D: BULGARIA ............................................ 105 ANNEX E: OTHER PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ....................... 115 IAEE TH AANNE POWE : XF R REACTOR INFORMATION SYSTEM (PRIS) ....7 15 . ANNEX G: ENERGY CO-OPERATION IN THE EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (1955-1991) ................................... 159 CONTRIBUTOR DRAFTINO ST REVIED GAN W ............................5 16 . SUMMARY The WWER-440/230 was the first commercial model of the Soviet WWER design of nuclear power plant. A total of 16 plants of this design were constructed, installed in Russia, the former Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Armeni formee th d ra an German Democratic Republic. While this design
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