ATRAVÉS DE ALICE in SUNDERLAND Chantal Herskovic1, Akemi Ishihara Alessi2

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ATRAVÉS DE ALICE in SUNDERLAND Chantal Herskovic1, Akemi Ishihara Alessi2 Escola de Comunicações e Artes - Universidade de São Paulo - 23 a 26 de agosto de 2011 Área temática Quadrinhos e linguagem ATRAVÉS DE ALICE IN SUNDERLAND Chantal Herskovic1, Akemi Ishihara Alessi2 RESUMO O presente estudo visa apontar, como a linguagem das histórias em quadrinhos mudou desde seus precursores até a contemporaneidade, à partir da análise, através dos conceitos da intermidialidade e da intertextualidade, da obra Alice In Sunderland de Bryan Talbot. O autor se inspira na obra e na vida de Lewis Carroll e de fatos e histórias da região da cidade de Sunderland trabalhando várias referências intertextuais e intermidiais, e se apropria de imagens e ilustrações, em transposições intersemióticas, fusões e sobreposições, explorando a composição das páginas e a linguagem dos quadrinhos, de modo a criar uma obra contemporânea que não poderia ser feita de outra forma. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: História em quadrinhos 1;Linguagem 2;Intertextualidade 3; Intermidialidade 4;Literatura 5. ABSTRACT This study discuss the development of the comics language since the first comics, through the analysis of Alice In Sunderland, by Bryan Talbot. The author was inspired both by Lewis Carroll life and work, and by Sunderland stories, making many intertextual and intermedia references. Images and illustrations are incorporated in the book as intersemiotic transpositions, fusions and juxtaposed texts, working the composition of the pages and the comics language, creating a book, that couldn‟t be done in any other format. KEYWORDS:Comics 1;Language 2; Intertextuality 3;Intermediality 4;Literature 5. 1 Introdução As histórias em quadrinhos, no início do século XXI, tornaram-se uma forma de literatura amplamente difundida, comercializada, e em alguns casos, até mesmo cultuada, com convenções próprias, análises acadêmicas, listas de discussão, adaptações para o cinema dentre inúmeras outras manifestações culturais, como fanzines e sites na internet de conteúdo relacionado. Este estudo pretende apontar, à partir da análise da obra Alice In Sunderland, de Bryan Talbot, como a estrutura da linguagem dos quadrinhos passou por modificações. A obra explora o uso de 1 Mestre em Artes Visuais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, [email protected] 2 Especialista em educação, Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte - Uni-BH / Faculdades Promove, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, [email protected] Escola de Comunicações e Artes - Universidade de São Paulo - 23 a 26 de agosto de 2011 requadros e também sua ausência, cria páginas com fusões de diversos tipos de imagens, como desenhos, fotografias, colagens, páginas de livros e mapas, trabalha a sobreposição de paineis e o jogo intertextual e intermidiático de referências, e no caso, a transposição intersemiótica de elementos das obras de Lewis Carroll. O autor também faz referência a produções anteriores de quadrinhos, em que a linguagem, consolidada em requadros bem demarcados, do mesmo tamanho e lado a lado, mesmo em caso de sátira. Revela como a linguagem evoluiu para a sobreposição de quadros e fusão de imagens e textos. Aceita na contemporaneidade como uma manifestação inteligente, as histórias em quadrinhos são aceitas nos currículos acadêmicos, e determinadas obras já foram adotadas por escolas e instituições - públicas e particulares, ao contrário dos anos 1950, em que ainda eram consideradas uma manifestação da cultura popular. Obras de conteúdo sofisticado e narrativa visual bem trabalhada são difundidas na mídia e algumas são, também, adaptadas para o cinema, como Persépolis. Outras, fazem o papel de crítica à sociedade, ou chamam a atenção para determinadas questões, sociais e/ou históricas, como Maus, de Art Spiegelman, que aponta os horrores do holocausto e da guerra, ou as obras de Joe Sacco, como Palestina: Uma Nação Ocupada e Área de Segurança Gorazde: A Guerra na Bósnia Oriental, que também revela histórias e situações em áreas de conflito. Algumas obras, tratam de biografias dos próprios artistas, como Fun Home, de Alison Bechdel e outras, conteúdo mais fantástico, misturado com questões culturais e espirituais como O Chinês Americanode Gene Luen Yang e O Gato do Rabino de Joan Sfarr. São diversos assuntos manifestados em formato de histórias em quadrinhos, tanto para o público infanto-juvenil quanto adulto. A profusão de títulos mostra um mercado desenvolvido e leitoreshabituados com imagens ligadas à textos. O surgimento da graphic novelem 1978, com a obra de Will Eisner, Contrato com Deus, marcou uma etapa importante das histórias em quadrinhos como uma forma de literatura, que mostra mais possibilidades do que o espaço das tiras de jornais permitiria, ou mesmo, das revistas de quadrinhos, uma vez que surge em forma de livro. Histórias com amplo conteúdo e narrativa sofisticada para um público leitor de histórias em quadrinhos ou familiarizado com o uso de imagens como parte de uma narrativa. Na Europa, há também a cultura dos álbuns de quadrinhos - com seu formato “álbum” específico e em geral, em cores - com um mercado editorial considerável. Escola de Comunicações e Artes - Universidade de São Paulo - 23 a 26 de agosto de 2011 Para aprofundar nas questões sobre a linguagem dos quadrinhos, é necessário uma breve introdução sobre a história das histórias em quadrinhos, assim como de alguns elementos de sua linguagem. As histórias em quadrinhos, difundida até este início de século, impressas em papel – revistas, livros ou jornais, com desenhos e textos, surgiram no final do século XIX. Um dos precursores das histórias em quadrinhos é Wilhelm Busch, criador de Juca e Chico (Max und Moritz) de 1865, que serviram de inspiração para a série Os Sobrinhos do Capitão (Katzenjammer Kids)de Rudolph Dirks em 1897. Antes disso, em 1895, surgiu a série O Menino Amarelo (The Yellow Kid) de Richard F. Outcault - segundo Álvaro de Moya: “Considerada a primeira história em quadrinhos continuada com personagem semanal, aos domingos, em cores, no Sunday New York Journal.” (MOYA, 1993, p. 17). Outra obra importante da história das histórias em quadrinhos é Little Nemo in Slumberland de Winsor MCcay. O autor explora as páginas dominicais para fazer desenhos surrealistas. Mas nessa obra do início da década de 1910, os balões ainda não estão totalmente consolidados na forma de traço bem definido que viria a se transformar ao longo dos anos, e acabam sendo contornos dos diálogos. Porém, nesse período, já existe uma grande preocupação estética em relação aos desenhos, aos requadros e ao uso das cores e composição da página. Mesmo em se tratando de um trabalho estético próprio do estilo do artista, já é o início do pensar sobre a forma da linguagem dos quadrinhos de um ponto de vista mais sofisticado, e no caso, surrealista. Desde de 1865, tendo como basecronológica obras precursoras dos quadrinhos, muitas modificações ocorreram e algumas formas estruturais da linguagem se consolidaram até a década de 1930 – como narrativa sequencial, personagens de histórias seriadas, balões arredondados ou retangulares, legendas, onomatopeias, tipografias especiais dentre outras. A ligação texto e imagem, ao longo dos anos, à medida que os artistas estabeleciam o que seria a linguagem das histórias em quadrinhos - esta, tornava-se cada vez mais entrelaçada com palavras e imagens de forma a explorar a narrativa visual. Com as tecnologias digitais, outras propostas vem surgindo como programas específicos para leituras de histórias em quadrinhos em formato digital, comunidades na internet para compartilhamento de arquivos - nem sempre respeitando direitos autorais, e aplicativos para telefones celulares que permitem adquirir pelo aparelho, alguns títulos de quadrinhos. Ou seja, desde as histórias do final do século XIX, em Escola de Comunicações e Artes - Universidade de São Paulo - 23 a 26 de agosto de 2011 que ainda não haviam balões ou uma narrativa sequencial que entrelaçasse palavras e imagens, ocorreram mudanças significativas, em que os textos passaram de textos de justaposição – texto escrito com imagens que o ilustravam, para textos mistos – que combinam palavras e imagens e textos intermidiáticos, que entrelaçam palavras e imagens, de modo a contar uma história ou mesmo sugerir som e movimento. 2 Relações intertextuais e intermidiáticas, o jogo das referências A obra Alice In Sunderland é uma história em quadrinhos contemporânea, que explora a linguagem dos quadrinhos para contar uma história que não poderia ser feita de outra forma. O autor, inspirado nos livros e na biografia de Lewis Carroll, assim como nas histórias da região da cidade de Sunderland, criou uma obra visual com vários níveis de leitura. O leitor precisa estar atento para as várias menções a obra e vida de Carroll, assim como informações sobre manifestações culturais locais. O leitor que conhece as histórias das aventuras de Alice e outros fatos da vida de Carroll, provavelmente achará interessante a forma como o jogo de referências ocorre, jogo próprio de produções contemporâneas com várias citações a diferentes obras e autores. Segundo Umberto Eco, o jogo das referências não é percebido pelo leitor de primeiro nível, ou leitor ingênuo, que faz uma leitura mais superficial, mas sim, pelo leitor de segundo nível, ou leitor crítico, que percebe as referências presentes no texto. O primeiro usa a obra como um dispositivo semântico e é vítima das estratégias do autor que o conduz passo a passo ao longo de uma série de previsões e expectativas; o outro avalia a obra como produto estético e avalia as estratégias postas em ação pelo texto para construí-lo justamente como leitor de primeiro nível. O leitor de segundo nível é que se empolga com a serialidade da série e se empolga não tanto com o retorno do mesmo (que o leitor ingênuo acreditava ser outro), mas pela estratégia das variações, ou seja, pelo modo como o mesmo inicial é continuamente elaborado de modo a fazê-lo parecer diferente. (ECO, 1989, p.129) O jogo das referências ocorre não apenas com as referências em formas de homenagens ou citações, mas também com as paródias explorando a intertextualidade e a intermidialidade.
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