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Johann Sebastian Bach INICIACIÓN A LA HISTORIA DE LA MÚSICA INICIACIÓN A LA HISTORIA Iniciación a la HISTORIA de la Iniciación a la HISTORIA de la Región de Murcia Consejería de Educación y Cultura Región de Murcia Dirección General de Formación Profesional e Consejería de Educación y Cultura Innovación Educativa Dirección General de Formación Profesional e Innovación Educativa Consejería de Educación y Cultura. Dirección General Formación Profesional e Innovación Educativa Murcia 2006 ® Región de Murcia Consejería de Educación y Cultura Organiza: Dirección General de Formación Profesional e Innovación Educativa. Subdirección General de Programas Educativos y Formación del Profesorado. Servicio de Programas Educativos. Autora: Isabel Ruiz García. Coordinación y Revisión Técnica y Pedagógica: Isabel Ruiz García y Juana Aragón Martínez. Traducción: Versión inglesa: Lester Vauhan y Beth Steiner. Versión francesa: Michèle Rodríguez Más. Colaboración: Margarita Muñoz Escolar, Pablo Díez Gómez, José Antonio Martínez Meca, Alejandro Muñoz Clares, Ignacio Ortuño Zafrilla. Maquetación e Impresión: ISBN…… Nº de Registro……. Depósito Legal……. INICIACIÓN A LA HISTORIA DE LA MÚSICA PRÓLOGO Desde milenios el placer de la música se halla profundamente arraigado en el hombre. Junto a la religión, se cuenta entre las necesidades espirituales más primigenias del ser humano y en nuestro mundo tecnificado esta necesidad sigue absolutamente vigente. Los comienzos de la música se desconocen. Según los mitos de los pueblos, la música es de origen divino. En la época primitiva, la música pertenecía al ámbito del culto, su sonido era el conjuro de lo invisible. La idea occidental de la música se remonta a la Antigüedad griega, así como a las culturas avanzadas antiguas de las regiones de Asia Menor y del Lejano Oriente. Es de resaltar que algunos instrumentos parecen haber existido en todos los tiempos, incluso en los prehistóricos. Entre este patrimonio primitivo se cuentan los percutores, como golpeteo rítmico de pies y palmadas; las sonajas; raspas y maderas vibradoras; tambores; flautas; cuernos de animales y arcos musicales que son el comienzo de todos los instrumentos de cuerda. Resulta notable que sólo los instrumentos electrónicos del siglo veinte aportan novedades fundamentales al repertorio instrumental. Durante la Antigüedad greco-romana, la música fue tributaria de la poesía y del teatro, así como en otras muchas civilizaciones. En los primeros nueve siglos de nuestra Era dependía de la liturgia, de la que constituía uno de los elementos esenciales. Paulatinamente, la música se preocupará cada vez más por los problemas técnicos y por la búsqueda de nuevas fórmulas musicales, independientemente de su utilización cultural o dramática. Precisamente es en este momento crucial, da comienzo esta Iniciación a la Historia de la Música, que realiza, de manera breve y sencilla, un recorrido por los movimientos más importantes de la música occidental y presenta a los autores más relevantes de nuestro patrimonio sonoro. Monjes, trovadores, juglares, damas y religiosas ilustradas nos hacen revivir la compleja Edad Media. Más tarde serán las cortes del Renacimiento, del Barroco y del Clasicismo con sus excelsos compositores las que elevarán la música a niveles nunca conocidos y que continuarán durante la época romántica. La brillantez de la música nacionalista vibra casi al mismo tiempo que el nacimiento de las nuevas tendencias del siglo veinte. Una breve presentación de la música de nuestro tiempo nos conduce a un recorrido por la música de la Región de Murcia. El texto presenta la novedad de editarse en versión trilingüe, español-inglés-francés. Con ello se pretende lograr un doble objetivo, por una parte desarrollar entre nuestros alumnos el interés por la música, lengua universal y parte esencial del patrimonio cultural europeo y, por otra, mejorar los conocimientos en lenguas extranjeras, objetivos por los que esta Consejería de Educación y Cultura ha apostado decididamente. Esperamos que esta publicación sea útil al profesorado y grata y provechosa a los alumnos para que suponga un paso más en favor del conocimiento de la música y las lenguas de nuestro entorno cultural europeo. JUAN RAMÓN MEDINA PRECIOSO CONSEJERO DE EDUCACIÓN Y CULTURA INICIACIÓN A LA HISTORIA DE LA MÚSICA PRESENTACIÓN En una sociedad intercultural y plurilingüe como la actual, se hace evidente que todo ciudadano de la Unión Europea debe conocer al menos dos lenguas, además de la propia. La Consejería de Educación y Cultura, consciente de esta demanda social, tiene como uno de sus objetivos prioritarios fomentar la enseñanza de idiomas extranjeros entre el alumnado, tanto de Educación Primaria como de Secundaria, de la Región de Murcia. Por este motivo, la Consejería de Educación y Cultura, a través de la Dirección General de Formación Profesional e Innovación Educativa, ha decidido hacer un esfuerzo en pro de los idiomas europeos y publicar esta edición trilingüe que tienen en sus manos y que sale a la luz con un doble objetivo: aproximar al alumnado al mundo de la música, de una forma sencilla y clara, al tiempo que se ofrece también el texto en lengua inglesa y francesa, con sus correspondientes cuestiones y propuestas de audiciones musicales. Además, se ha pensado en la importancia que este manual puede tener para las Secciones Bilingües de Español- Inglés y Español- Francés repartidas por toda nuestra Región, ya que la asignatura de Música se imparte en bilingüe en muchos de estos centros como disciplina no lingüística y la música es un vínculo hacia los idiomas que atrae la atención y aumenta la motivación del alumnado por aprender idiomas. Así pues, deseo que la Iniciación a la Historia de la Música sea útil a profesores y alumnos y felicitarlos de antemano por los esfuerzos que realizan cotidianamente para avanzar en el aprendizaje de idiomas y conseguir una enseñanza de calidad, objetivo que compartimos con el resto de nuestros socios europeos. JUAN CASTAÑO LÓPEZ DIRECTOR GENERAL DE FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL E INNOVACIÓN EDUCATIVA INICIACIÓN A LA HISTORIA DE LA MÚSICA ÍNDICE TEMA 1 - Música Medieval. El Románico. Música religiosa: el Canto Gregoriano……...2 - Música profana del Medioevo……………………………………….………...…..............3 - Música en el Gótico. La Polifonía……………………………….……..………................4 - La música y las Mujeres en la Edad Media…………………………………….............5 TEMA 2 - La música en el Renacimiento……………………………………………………...............7 - La Escuela Franco-Flamenca ……………………………………………………................7 - Renacimiento en Italia……………………..……………………………………...................8 - Renacimiento Español…………………………………………………...…………................9 - Música profana en el Renacimiento Español…………………………………….........10 - Alemania. El Coral Protestante…………………………………………………….............11 - Renacimiento en Inglaterra y Francia…………………………................................11 TEMA 3 - La Música en el Barroco…………………………………………………………..................13 - Formas musicales Barrocas………………………………………………………................13 - Formas vocales profanas: la ópera…………………………………………..................15 - Formas vocales religiosas: oratorio y cantata ………………………………...........16 - El Barroco alemán ………………………………………………………...……...................16 - Johann Sebastián Bach ………………………………………………………….................17 - El Barroco Inglés: Purcell y Haendel………………………………………..….............20 - El Barroco Francés………………………………………………………………....................21 - El Barroco Español ………………………………………………………………..................23 - Transición del Renacimiento al Barroco…………………....................................23 TEMA 4 - El Clasicismo ……………………………………..........................................................26 - Joseph Haydn …………………………………………………………………….....................27 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart …………………………………………………..................28 - Ludwig Van Beethoven……………………………………………..…………...................30 TEMA 5 - El Romanticismo……………………………………………..………………….....................32 - 1ª Generación Romántica: Paganini y Weber…………..……………….……..........32 - Compositores destacados de la 1ª generación romántica: Schubert y Berlioz.....33 - 2ª Generación Romántica: Mendelssohn, Schumann y Listz………….……....35 - Johannes Brahms…………………………………………………………………...................40 - Pianistas Románticos…………………………………………………….………..................42 - Frederic Chopin ………………………………………………………………….....................42 TEMA 6 - La Ópera Romántica ……………………………………………………………..................44 - Richard Wagner …………………………………………………………….…....................44 - La ópera francesa: la Opereta………………………………………………..…..............47 - La Ópera Italiana: Rossini y Verdi….. ………………..…….……………..................47 - La Música Lírica Española…………………………………………………...................49 INICIACIÓN A LA HISTORIA DE LA MÚSICA ÍNDICE TEMA 7 - Las Escuelas Nacionalistas: Rusia y el Grupo de los Cinco………………....51 - Piotr Tchaikovsky ……………………………………………………………….................52 - Sergei Rachmaninoff……………………………………………………………...............53 - Bohemia: Smetana y Dvorak…………………………………………………...............53 - Escandinavia: Edgar Grieg……………………………………………………...............53 - Gran Bretaña, Estados Unidos y Hungría…………………………………………....53 TEMA 8 - La Música del siglo XX. El Impresionismo……………….………....……….....56 - Claude Debussy…………………………………………………………………..................56 - Maurice Ravel…………………………………………………………………….................57 TEMA 9 - El Nacionalismo Español………………………………………………………............59 - Isaac Albéniz……………………………………………………………………...................59 - Enrique Granados……………………………………………………………….................61
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