Annual Report 2013-2014

____2013 2014 Annual Report 2

Cover Page Imprint Puzzle composed of six images (from the upper left to the lower right): Publisher International Space Science Institute 1. Artist’s impression of a coronal mass ejection Hallerstrasse 6 launched towards Earth. The image is based on data CH-3012 Bern collected by the ESA/NASA SOHO space telescope Switzerland and comprises an extreme-ultraviolet image of the Tel.: +41 31 631 48 96 Sun’s disc (not to scale) superimposed on an image Fax.: +41 31 631 48 97 of the stormy solar environment. (SOHO (ESA/ E-mail: [email protected] NASA/S. Hill) Internet: www.issibern.ch 2. Satellite data provides sea-surface temperatures Editor/Concept/Layout /Cover Design to help understand climate change. (ESA/Crown) Andrea Fischer 3. Collage of solar images from NASA's Solar Dyna- Printed by mics Observatory (SDO) showing how observations Länggass Druck AG of the sun in different wavelengths helps highlight Länggassstr. 65 different aspects of the sun's surface and atmos- 3000 Bern 9 phere. (NASA/SDO/Goddard Space Flight Center) Switzerland 4. Image was obtained by Planck’s High Frequency Instrument at a frequency of 857 GHz (corresponding to a wavelength of 350 micrometres). The dark horizontal band is the plane of our Galaxy, seen in cross-section from our vantage point. The colours represent the intensity of heat radiation by dust. (ESA and the HFI Consortium)

5. Concentric layers in a cutaway image show variations in the speed of sound in the deep interior of the Sun, as gauged by two instruments on the SOHO spacecraft. (SOHO (ESA & NASA), MDI/SOI and VIRGO data imaged by A. Kosovichev, Stanford Uni- versity)

6. Image showing all visible colors of the Sun, produced by passing the Sun's light through a prism- like device. (N. Sharp (NSF), FTS, NSO, KPNO, AURA, NSF)

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Table of Contents 3

The International Space Science Institute (ISSI) is an Institute of Advanced Studies where scientists from all over the world meet in a multi- and interdisciplinary setting to reach out for new scientific horizons. The main function is to contribute to the achievement of a deeper understanding of the results from different space missions, ground based observations and laboratory experiments, and adding value to those results through multidisciplinary research. The program of ISSI covers a widespread spectrum of disciplines from the physics of the solar system and planetary sciences to astrophysics and cosmology, and from Earth sciences to astrobiology.

4 From the Chairman of the Board of Trustees 20 Forthcoming Workshops

5 From the Directors 23 International Teams

6 About the International Space Science Institute 38 International Teams approved in 2014

7 The Board of Trustees 40 Visiting Scientists

8 The Science Committee 41 International Space Science Institute Beijing

9 ISSI Staff 42 Events and ISSI in the media at a glance

10 Facilities 44 Staff Activities

11 Financial Overview 48 Staff Public ations

12 The Association Pro ISSI 50 Visitor Publications

13 Scientific Activities: The 19th Year 58 Space Sciences Series of ISSI (SSSI)

14 Forum 62 ISSI Scientific Reports Series (SR)

15 Workshops 63 Pro ISSI SPATIUM Series

18 Working Group 64 ISSI Publications in the 19th Business Year

19 Forthcoming Forum

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 From the Chairman of the Board of Trustees 4

One year ago, I have – after some hesitation – taken over the role of Chairman of the ISSI Board of Trustees from Simon Aegerter. The familiarization with the various subject areas was then surprisingly easy, thanks to his comprehensive and complete preparation of the transition; many thanks to my predecessor!

There are nothing but good news to report of the past business year. The Directorate, which had been changed considerably, has tackled its duties with great dedication and very successfully, pursuing vigorously the scientific development of the Institute according to the guidelines of the Board of Trustees. A summary of the manifold activities of the Institute and in particular of the scientific results can be found on the following pages of the annual report.

The Board of Trustees held two meetings during the past business year. Its most important decisions should be mentioned briefly: On November 1, 2013 the BoT ratified the "Agreement of Cooperation between ISSI and the National Space Science Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC/CAS)". The purpose of this agreement is to define the cooperation between ISSI and the newly established Institute ISSI-BJ in Beijing. In the meantime , ISSI-BJ took up its operation and I presume that it will further the international efforts for pro- moting the Space Sciences on an even broader basis. At its June meeting the BoT approved a number of modifications to the management rules, which should make the procedures more transparent and notably take into account the international character of ISSI in a better way. Moreover, the strategic gui delines, a paper that serves the ISSI Directorate as a basis for developing the detailed strategy of the Institute, were also adopted.

It is my pleasure to thank all employees of ISSI for their excellent work throughout the year. The high reputation of ISSI is a result of the continuous commitment of its Directorate and Staff. I also should like to thank the Science Committee for its outstanding work and the fact that it has absorbed the additional burden resulting from the cooperation with ISSI-BJ without complaint. Finally, I thank our funding agencies: ESA, the Federal Government and the University of Bern for their continual confidence in our institution. I allow myself to combine these thanks with the faint hope that in the future it might be possible to broaden the financial basis of ISS I somewhat.

Urs Würgler Bern, July 2014

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 From the Directors 5

The most important event in the 19th year of ISSI was the evaluation by a visiting committee on October 1-3, 2013. This was the first time since the institute had been evaluated some 15 years ago by a committee chaired by Sir Martin Rees, a very important event for establishing the very young ISSI back then. This year’s committee was chaired by Jesus Mart in Pintado, chair of the ESA AWG, and had the equally important task to advise ESA regarding its funding of ISSI during the next period of three years. After an intense three-day session, the committee, in its report, ”… concluded that ISSI is fulfilling its mandate without any reservation.” The report also contains a number of very useful recommendations that will be implemented in the course of the forthcoming years.

Equally important was the decision of the Swiss Confederation, received in December 2013, to fund ISSI during the period 2013-2016 with a slightly increasing amount, based on the strategy and funding request submitted in the previous year. Likewise, the proposal submitted to the Swiss National Science Foundation in early 2013 was also fully approved. Hence the first goal of the n ew Directorate, namely to secure the ISSI funding on a time scale of several years, has been achieved. Now is the time to consolidate this situation by seeking out new international partnerships while at the same time strengthening the existing ones.

The ISSI program in the reporting period saw three Workshops, four Working Group meetings, 83 Team meetings, and one Forum, as detailed in the subsequen t pages. Together they once again broke the record number of visitors and brought it up to 973. With five Workshops planned and 33 new Teams it is well possible that in the next year it will be broken again and for the first time reach 1000. One of the Workshops will be in collaboration with the High-level Science Policy Advisory Committee of ESA (HISPAC), with which an agreement to hold a Forum followe d by a Workshop and a book publication once every year is currently being finalized. Three of the 33 Teams and one foreseen Workshop are joint between ISSI and ISSI-Beijing, testifying that this partnership is also beginning to bear fruit.

The publication record has grown by three volumes and, more importantly, the impact factor of Space Science Reviews (from which the ISSI volumes are reprinted) ha s increased further from 5.5 to 5.9; the journal is now ranked 9th among the 40+ astronomy and astrophysics journals evaluated by Thompson Scientific.

The ISSI staff has evolved in several ways: First of all, our Program Manager, Maurizio Falanga, has received his habilitation from the University of Basel and we congratulate him for this outstanding achievement. Then our two postdocs, Pia Zacharias and Marco Calisto, have completed their two-year terms and left ISSI in the course of the year. We thank them for all their valuable contributions, scientific and personal, and wish them all the best in their new positions in Oslo and Zurich, respectively. Following an open announcement and a highly competitive series of interviews we have now hired two new postdocs: Nicolas Champollion is working with one of us (A. Cazenave) on Earth sciences, and Veerle Sterken with two of us (J. Zarnecki, R. von Steiger) on cosmic dust. One PhD student has also joined ISSI, Vittorio de Falco, working with Maurizio Falanga. We also thank our part-time secretary, Danielle Zemp, who has chosen to fully move “across the street” to work for the University’s Center of Space and Habitability, and wish her all the best. She will be replaced by Greta Kurpicz, to whom we bid a warm welcome for her start in August 2014.

Rafael Rodrigo Rudolf von Steiger Anny Cazenave John Zarnecki

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 About the International Space Science Institute 6

The International Space Science Institute (ISSI) is a The Science Committee, chaired by Tilman Spohn, nonprofit organization set up in Bern in 1995 as a is made up of internationally known scientists active foundation under Swiss law with an endowment by in the fields covered by ISSI. The Science Committee Contraves Space AG, later renamed Oerlikon Space advises and supports the Directorate in the establish- AG and now part of RUAG. Three statutory bodies ment of the scientific agenda providing a proper govern ISSI: the Board of Trustees, the Directorate, equilibrium among the activities and reviews and and the Science Committee. A fourth important grades the Team proposals in response to the annual body, the Assoc iation Pro ISSI, promotes the idea of call. Science Committee members serve a three year ISSI, especially within Switzerland. term (with a possible extension of one year).

The European Space Agency (ESA), the Swiss The Directorate is in charge of the scientific, ope- Confederation, and the Swiss National Science rational, and administrative management of the Foundation (SNF) provide the financial resources for Institute. It interacts with the Fundi ng Agencies, the ISSI’s operation. The University of Bern contributes Swiss authorities, the Board of Trustees, the Science through a grant to a Director and in-kind facilities. Committee and the Association Pro ISSI. The Directo- Since 2010 the Russian Academy of Sciences has rate consists of Rafael Rodrigo (Executive been supporting ISSI with an annual financial contri- Director), Rudolf von Steiger (University of Bern), bution. Details can be found on page 11. ISSI re- Anny Cazenave (CNES Toulouse, France) and John ceived tax-exempt status from the Canton of Bern in Zarnecki (The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK). May 1995. The Association Pro ISSI, founded in spring 1994, ISSI’s Board of Trustees oversees the work accom- counts 128 members. Pro ISSI promotes the idea of plished at the Institute, exerts financial control, and ISSI by organizing public lectures, where appoints the Directors and members of the Science internationally known scientists introduce their Committee. It consists of representatives of the results. Summaries of these talks are published in the Founder, and of the funding Institutions. Further- journal SPATIUM. Member benefits include invitation more the Board of T rustees may nominate up to five to lectures and a free subscription to SPATIUM. The personalities representing the national and inter- Board of the Association Pro ISSI is presided over by national science community, space industry and Nicolas Thomas. space politics for terms of three years. The Board of Trustees is presided over by Urs Würgler.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 The Board of Trustees 7

front row from left to right: Nicolas Thomas, President of the Association Pro ISSI, Bern, Switzerland Hans Balsiger, University of Bern, Switzerland Wu Ji, National Space Science Center (CAS) and International Space Science Institute Beijing, China Lennard A. Fisk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA Urs Würgler, Bern, Switzerland (Chairman) Daniel Fürst, RUAG, Zurich, Switzerland back row from left to right: Kathrin Altwegg, University of Bern, Switzerland (Secretary of the Board) Sergio Volonté, Former Head of the Planning and Coordination Office in the Science and Robotic Exploration Directorate, ESA, Paris, France (retired) André Maeder, Observatoire de Genève, Sauverny, Switzerland Rosine Lallement, Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, France Willy Benz, University of Bern, Switzerland (Vice Chairman) Daniel Neuenschwander, Swiss Space Office, Bern, Switzerland missing from the picture: Alvaro Giménez, ESA, Paris, France Lev M. Zelenyi, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 The Science Committee 8

front row from left to right: Andrei Bykov, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia Michel Blanc (ISSI Consultant to the Science Committee) Lidia van Driel-Gesztelyi, MSSL, University College London, Dorking, United Kingdom Luisa M. Lara, Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, CSIC, Granada, Spain Tilman Spohn, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany (Chairman) At héna Coustenis, Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, France Lennart Bengtsson, University of Reading, United Kingdom back row from left to right: Stéphane Udry, Observatoire de Genève, Sauverny, Switzerland Vladislav Izmodenov, IKI, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (ex officio RAS) Georges Meylan, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland Hugh Hudson, Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, USA Mark McCaughrean, ESTEC ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands (ex officio ESA) Richard Marsden, ESTEC ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands (ex officio ESA) Masahiro Hoshino, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Japan* Michael Rast, ESA ESRIN, Frascati, Italy (ex officio ESA) Luigi Stella, INAF, Rome, Italy Xiaolong Dong, International Space Science Institute Beijing, China (ex officio) missing from the picture: Rumi Nakamura, Space Research Institute, Graz, Austria Joanna D. Haigh, Imperial College London, United Kingdom Marco Velli, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA

* Membership ended on 30 June 2014 ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 ISSI Staff 9

from left to the right: Rafael Rodrigo, Executive Director Michel Blanc, Discipline Scientist Andrea Fischer, Editorial Assistant Saliba F. Saliba, Computer Engineer and System Administrator Irmela Schweizer, Librarian Veerle Sterken, Post Doctoral Scientist Jennifer Fankhauser, Secretary Maurizio Falanga, Science Program Manager Silvia Wenger, Assistant to the Executive Director Nicolas Champollion, Post D octoral Scientist Rudolf von Steiger, Director missing from the picture: Marco Calisto, Post Doctoral Scientist Anny Cazenave, Director Roger-Maurice Bonnet, Discipline Scientist Vittorio De Falco, PHD Student Johannes Geiss, Honorary Director John Zarnecki, Director

All lists show the status at the end of the nineteenth business year on 30 June 2014.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Facilities 10

Pictures above showing ISSI’s meeting point and working station

The ISSI facilities offer an area of 700 m2 on two and special peripherals) are available as well. With floors, consisting of office space for staff members, the locally installed computer peripherals, the Insti- a conference room, two seminar rooms (up to 40 tute’s staff and guest scientists are able to perform participants each), two smaller rooms for the visiting most computing tasks and access the Internet. The teams (one room for up to 14 and the other room network consists of the following: for up to 10 participants), and two offices for visiting - Two servers – Mac (10.6 server) and Linux (Ubuntu scientists. All rooms are equipped with high speed 12.04 server) network connections including wireless, some of - Five Windows workstations one of which runs Win- them have printers and projectors for large screen dows 8.1 presentation. There is also a big coffee and reading - Seven Mac workstations running Mac OS 10.6 - area as a favorite meeting point for the visitors. 10.9 - Twelve laptops (four Windows and eight Macs) The 19th business year saw a major change with pro- - Six printers, one of which is color jectors. ISSI bought two new powerful projectors. - Five projectors (four fixed on the ceiling and two The first projector was installed in the large seminar mobile ones) room on the third floor. The second one, a Full HD - Two wireless access points projector, was mounted to the ceiling in the large - One digital video camera, one still camera, one seminar room on the first floor. In addition, two new scanner, ... speakers were installed on the front wall of the conference room. ISSI’s software packages are regularly updated. These software packages provide access to the large Other new items were also bought during the 19th scientific packages (such as IDL, Matlab, Grapher, Arc- business year, among these items are: new compu- View GIS, ISIS, and Maple) either locally or by con- ters (2 Macs, 3 Windows), 2 printers, other computer necting to the University’s license server. This pro- accessories, teleconference phone etc. vides a heterogeneous workstation environment in the Institute. ISSI’s workgroup domain network is a part of the University’s local area network, so that its resources Please feel free to visit our up to date website (e.g., Linux cluster server, grid server, license server www.issibern.ch for more information or follow ISSI on Twitter @ISSIBern or Facebook. ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Financial Overview 11

The nineteenth financial year of ISSI ended with a surplus of nearly 17 kCHF, as opposed to a budgeted deficit of 122 kCHF. As in any non-profit organization the annual results of ISSI should be close to zero. Because of unexpected “profits” made in previous years we have budgeted a modest deficit in order to return these to the scientific community, and we will continue to do so in the forthcoming years.

On the revenue side the ESA contributions were close to budget thanks to the current stability of the exchange rate of the Euro. For the first time there is a contribution from ESA’s High-Level Science Policy Advisory Com- mittee (HISPAC). On the other hand the Russian Academy of Sciences is undergoing a reorganization that might endanger its annual contribution received since 2010. The Board and Directorate are working to rescue this and also to find other international partners making similar contributions. On the expense side all lines were close to or somewhat below budget, leading to the above-mentioned surplus.

In addition to the direct contributions listed here it is important to note that ISSI also receives indirect contributions that do not appear in the table below. One of the directors is employed directly by the University of Bern, and ISSI also benefits from the University through in-kind contributions suc h as internet connectivity etc.

Operating Revenues in CHF for the 19th Business Year (1.7.2013-30.6.2014)

ESA Science Directorate 1’494’000.00 ESA Earth Observation Programme 396’000.00 ESA HISPAC 20’000.00 Swiss Confederation 900’000.00 EuroPlaNet 17’900.00 Russian Academy of Sciences 0.00 Other income 3 45’396.84

Operating Expenses in CHF for the 19th Business Year (1.7.2013-30.6.2014)

Salaries and related Costs1 1'315’194.26 Fixed Costs 253’538.05 Operating Costs 2 225’590.32 Investment (depreciated) 21’398.04 Workshops, Working Groups, Teams, Visiting Scientists (ISSI funded) 4 1’040’681.19 Audited by Ernst & Young, Bern Result of the Year 16’894.98

Subtotal 2’873’296.84 2’873’296.84

Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) Grant from SNF 5 200’298.90 Workshops, Working Groups,

Teams, Visiting Scientists (SNF funded) 200’298.90

SNF Audited by Total 3’073’595.74 3’073’595.74

Remarks: 1 Salaries: It should be noted that the majority of the ISSI staff members (including directors) are scientists actively conducting research as well as taking care of organizational, editorial, and administrative tasks. 2 Operating costs include repair and maintenance, insurance, supplies, administration, and public relations. 3 Other income includes extraordinary inc ome, interest income, and exchange gain or loss. 4 Workshops, etc. also include the balance from income and expenses of guest apartments. 5 SNF: Grant from Swiss National Science Foundation to R. von Steiger and related expenses.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 The Association Pro ISSI 12

On 19th March 2014, Thierry Courvoisier from the In- tegral Science Data Centre, University of Geneva, Versoix, spoke about “Surprises in the hard X-ray sky”. This presentation identified the wonderful contributions high energy astronomy has made to our understanding of the Universe and made a strong case for the continuation of ESA’s satellite, INTE- GRAL and for further missions to detect high energy photons.

On 14th May 2014, Ralf Jaumann from the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) Institut für Planetenforschung, Berlin-Adlershof, Ger- Covers of the SPATIUM No. 32 and 33 published in the many, took as his title, “Vulkanismus im Sonnensys- 19th ISSI Business Year. tem oder wie werden Planeten und Monde ihre Wärme los“ where he discussed the importance of volcanic activity for the evolution of planets and moons in our Solar System. The Pro ISSI Association was founded in 1994 under Swiss law with the goals to create a Space Science SPATIUM Institute in Switzerland, and to communicate the fascinating results of space sciences to the Swiss public. With the creation of the Foundation International The Association’s magazine SPATIUM summarizes Space Science Institute (ISSI) in 1995 the firs t objec- selected lectures offered by Pro ISSI. Duri ng the re- tive had been reached. Pro ISSI focuses now on pro- porting period, issue no. 32 saw the light of the day viding a bridge between leading space scientists and in November 2013 reporting on “Mirages in the Uni- its members, representing universities, industry, pol- verse”. As outlined by Georges Meylan from the itics and public administration. The Association offers Swiss Federal Institute for Technology in Lausanne, public lectures on new insights in space science, and those fascinating appearances are a direct conse- publishes 2-3 SPATIUM issues per year. The Pro ISSI quence of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Rela- Association, which consists presently of 128 mem- tivity. Apart from their beautiful aspect, they enable bers, meets once per year for its general assembly. scientists to probe gravity fields in the universe. In The Board of Pro ISSI consists of Nicolas Thomas contrast, issue no. 33 published in March 2014, (President), Adrian Jäggi (Vice President), Hansjörg deals with Pluto and its Cohorts. The author, Her- Schlaepfer (Editor Spatium), Frank Rutschmann mann Boehnhardt from the Max Planck Institute for (Treasurer) and Silvia Wenger (Secretary). Solar System Research in Göttingen, reports on the latest research regarding the most distant bodies or- Public Lectures biting our Sun that still hold many secrets on the evolution of the solar system. These publications together with all previous issues Pro ISSI organized three public lectures in the period of SPATIUM can be found on Pro ISSI’s homepage of this report: The General Assembly was held on www.issibern.ch/publications/spatium.html. 30th October 2013 followed by a lecture by former ISSI Director, Lennart Bengtsson. He spoke about “How space observations and super-computer have made global weather prediction possible”. This presentation highlighted the remarkable efforts that have been made to predict the weather but also touched upon the fact we may actually becoming close to the limit of the possible in terms of long range weather forecasting.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Scientific Activities: The 19th Year 13

The Program and the Tools ISSI’s mode of operation is generally fivefold: multi- and interdisciplinary Workshops, Working Groups, International Teams, Forum, and Visiting Scientists. In the 19th business year a total of 973 international scientists participated in the scientific activities of ISSI: Workshops consist of up to 50 invited scientists exchanging their views on a scientific theme, typically during a week's duration. Workshops always lead to a volume of the Space Science Series of ISSI and in parallel as issues of Space Science Reviews or Surveys in Geophysics. In the 19th year three Work- shops were organized, summaries of which can be found on the following pages. Working Groups have a smaller number of members and meet repeatedly as necessary to achieve the assigned objective. The results of the Working Groups activities are in general published as titles of ISSI Scientific Report Series. In the course of the 19th business year three Working Groups were active. International Teams consist of about 15 external scientists, addressing a specific scientific topic in a Pie chart showing the ISSI visitors countries of origin. A self-organized fashion. The results of these activities total of 973 scientists worked at ISSI during the nine- are customarily reported in scientific journals. In total teenth business year, 344 of them were here for the first 83 Team meetings took place in the 19th business time. year. Details can be found from page 23 on. How to use ISSI tools A Forum is an informal and free-ranging debate consisting of some 25 high-level participants on As a general rule participation in ISSI's activities is by questions of a political and scientific nature for about invitation only. The financial support for invited sci- two days. A Forum does not necessarily lead to for- entists covers the local accommodation expenses mal recommendations or decisions. In the 19th busi- and a per diem while in Bern. ness year one Forum was held. International Teams : A call for proposals is released Visiting Scientists spend variable periods of every year in January. These proposals are evaluated scientific activity at ISSI. 10 individual visitors used by the ISSI Science Committee and approved by the the ISSI facilities during the year. Directorate. The Young Scientists Program is designed to bring PhD students and young post docs in contact with Workshops, Working Groups, and Forum: There is the community at work. These young scientists are no annual call. The scientific community may sug- invited by ISSI to complement the membership of gest at any time Workshops, Working Groups, and Workshops, Working Groups, International Teams Forums by submitting an idea on a maximum of one and Forums. 133 young scientists participated in the page. The ISSI Science Committee will evaluate these ISSI activities in the course of the 19th year. suggestions and the ISSI Directorate will take a final decision.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Forum 14

Forums are informal and free-ranging debates among some twenty-five high-level participants on open questions of scientific nature or science policy matters. Forums do not necessarily lead to formal recommendations or decisions. levels of performance in the study of the Earth via gravimetry. • The many extremely novel aspects of instrumentation for fundamental physics require considerable care in allocating hardware development tasks between industry and academic institutes. At present the administrative processes for space mission management Participants at the ISSI Forum favour technical developments in industry where high risk development programmes are expensive and time Understanding Gravity consuming. The allocation of early stage development 3-4 December 2013 work needs to be made by analysing where the risks and costs are best managed. • Whenever possible ESA should make available op- The Forum was organized in collaboration with the portunities for small secondary payloads to maximise ESA High-level Science Policy Advisory Committee the science outcomes from missions. These might be (HISPAC). The physics of Gravity spans all the activities fundamental physics experiments benefiting from of ESA from Science to Technology and Earth Obser- deep space orbits in planetary missions or small pay- vation to Communications. It is also a field of science loads on Galileo platforms where multi-point meas- in which major intellectual challenges are driving urements could be effective. enormous technical developments. This forum • An active watch should be maintained for synergy brought together scientists and technologists to re- between other fast growing technical sectors (such view the possibilities for cross-fertilisation between as telecoms, for example) in which ESA could benefit the programmes in different ESA directorates, pro- from developments leading towards flight hardware pose mechanisms to improve the transfer of technol- of value to the science programme. ogy and suggest detailed topics for immediate • The role of scientists in ESA is crucial to the success development through focussed workshops. The rec- of all science missions. These scientists must maintain ommendations from the forum were as follows: their knowledge base and community contacts by • The wide ranging discussions during the meeting having formally allocated time for their own research demonstrated that there are large benefits to be in order to carry out their agency function effectively gained by detailed transfer of technical information and act as a channel of communication between ESA between the different areas of science within ESA. and the scientific community. It has been proposed The technical issues concerning gravity could include that the ESA Director General establish an inter-di- accelerometry, inertial sensors, atomic interferome- rectorate scientific structure within which ESA scien- ters, atomic clocks and navigation/clock comparison tists from all program areas could meet and foster methods. Novel analysis techniques and software de- scientific synergy across the Agency. velopments are not to be excluded from such activity. • A series of topics for future ISSI workshops was Mechanisms should be sought for this transfer of in- generated including: a. High Performance Clocks in formation and actively pursued as a means of main- Geodesy and Geophysics, b. Quantum Tests of the taining an efficient programme of science delivery. Einstein Equivalence Principle, c. Synergies and limi- • The opportunities for cross fertilisation of technical tations of Space Gravity Sensors for Earth Observa- progress between science areas as diverse as Funda- tion and Fundamental Physics, and d. Planetary mental Physics and Earth Observation presents a Metrology with New Technology. major opportunity for ESA. In particular the tech- A detailed report of this Forum can be found on the niques of interferometry, either using lasers or cold webpage www.issibern.ch in “Past Forums – Reports”. atom sources, may contribute substantially to new ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Workshops 15

Plasma Sources for Solar System Workshops are selected by the Directorate in Magnetospheres consultation with the Science Committee. Proposals or suggestions for Workshops may 23-27 September 2013 originate from the external community. The program and speakers are defined by a group of Forty-five scientists from around the world attended experts serving as conveners. The Workshops the Workshop, including a number of young scien- can be attended by up to 50 invited scientists. tists. The purpose was to review and discuss our Workshops always lead to a volume of the Space present state of understanding of the major source Sciences Series of ISSI (SSSI) published by processes responsible for the plasma population in Springer and in parallel as issues of Space the magnetospheres of planets with intrinsic dy- Science Reviews or Surveys in Geophysics. namo magnetic fields. The emphasis was on Mer- cury, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn, given that these are the planets which have the best observational data- base and have received the most theoretical attention. Generally speaking, the workshop participants reviewed the potential contributions from the different generic sources of plasma at planetary magnetospheres: planetary thermospheres, ionospheres, exospheres, planetary satellites and rings, and the solar wind. Extensive discussions led to the following consensus on the source processes: i) at Mercury it is the photoionization of exospheric neutrals which is the dominant source ii) at Earth a significant source is outflow from the ionosphere and also at time solar wind penetration on the flanks of the magnetosphere; plasma injection from the magne totail plays a significant role at high energies iii) at Jupiter the moon Io is by far the dominant source; and at Saturn the moon Enceladus is the A magnetosphere is that area of space, around a planet, major source, but the rings also make a significant that is controlled by the planet's magnetic field. The contribution. Unexpectedly, Titan is only a minor shape of the Earth's magnetosphere is the direct result source. of being blasted by solar wind, compressed on its sun- In addition to identifying the main primary sources, ward side and elongated on the night-side, the magnetotail. The shock wave where the solar wind encounters the Workshop also studied the way plasma sources the Earth's magnetosphere is called the Bow Shock, at low energies are partly energized, and wha t are which slows and diverts the solar wind around the Earth the main acceleration processes via which the high into the Magnetosheath. The outer boundary of Earth's energy particle populations, up to the radiation belts, confined geomagnetic field is called the Magnetopause. are produced and maintained. This is particularly im- The Earth's magnetosphere is a highly dynamic structure portant for the magnetospheres of Earth, Jupiter and that responds dramatically to solar variations. Saturn. (Image Credit: NASA) A book outlining the results of this Workshop is in preparation, which will present our current knowledge and also will indicate where the gaps are in our understanding of magnetos pheric plasma sources. The workshop was convened by Michel Blanc, Emma Bunce, Rick Chappel, Andrew Nagy, Hermann Opgenoorth, and James Slavin.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Workshops 16

Participants in the Workshop on “the Solar Activity Cycle”

The Solar Activity Cycle: structured into six sessions on: Physical Causes and Consequences • Solar activity indices and their interdependences - a detailed review 11-15 November 2013 • Physical inferences from the activity indices (5 talks scheduled) • The interior drivers of solar activity (5 talks sche- The objectives of this Workshop were to review sys- duled) tematically, from a physical viewpoint, all the indica- • Magnetic feedback and magnetic flux dynamics re- tors of solar activity (focusing on the Schwabe and lated to solar activity Hale cycles) and to elaborate possible/likely/proven • Solar cycles, stellar cycles - a comparative view of causal chains from the solar interior to the corona; solar/stellar activity to formulate the most likely physically based causal • Drawing conclusions: the physical foundation of time sequence(s) from one solar cycle to the next (as the solar cycle a physical basis of predictive models); to outline the Currently the Workshop papers are being edited for likely causes/mechanisms of longer term memory – publication as a volume in the Space Science Series how solar conditions and activity parameters map of ISSI by Springer, in parallel with the publication of from one cycle to feed through the next cycle(s); to the papers in Space Science Reviews. Some 22 re- include the topic of stellar activity cycles for a com- view style and quality papers, submitted to the usual parative study with the solar activity cycle, and to refereeing process will be published in the book. The conclude about the state of knowledge/ignorance of papers are based on talks presented at the Work- the physics of solar activity. The Workshop was con- shop but also reflect the discussions among the par- vened by André Balogh, Hugh Hudson, Kristóf ticipants during the Workshop, thus giving a Petrovay, and Rudolf von Steiger, and brought to- comprehensive overview of the status of the field. gether some 45 invited participants (including several young scientists). Their presentations were ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 17

The Strongest Magnetic Fields in the Universe

3-7 February 2014

It has become customary at ISSI to follow the progress in knowledge of magnetic fields in all regions of the Universe for various reasons. One is that monitoring the magnetic fields on spacecraft is necessary for spacecraft control. The other is that magnetic fields in space are a key to understanding most of the processes in space plasma. In the past few years ISSI hosted a number of workshops on magnetic fields in different objects, the Sun, Earth, Plan- ets, Interplanetary Space, on the large scale in the Universe. The present Workshop dealt with the re- maining topic of very strong magnetic fields in the Universe. Very strong in this respect means strong compared to the large-scale magnetic field which is of the order of several micro-Gauss up to nano-Tes- las. Hence strong fields cover the range from milli- Gauss to the largest known fields near and above the quantum limit. These are magnetic fields in accretion disks and in radio jets emitted from massive central objects for the weaker fields, and in white dwarfs, neutron stars, pulsars, magnetars, strange stars in the strong field range. A particularly interesting problem is the properties and generation of fields apparently above the quantum limit. The Workshop covered the origin of all these strong magnetic fields in those objects, their stability and their effects on the matter as well as observable astrophysical ef- Illustration of a magnetar that emitted 40 visible-light fects, as far as known from observation to theory. flashes before disappearing again. Magnetars are young There were 36 participants in the Workshop includ- neutron stars with an ultra-strong magnetic field a billion ing four young scientists supported within the times stronger than that of the Earth. framework of ISSI's special program. The Workshop (Image Credit: ESO/L.Calçada) was convened by André Balogh, Vasily Beskin, Mau- rizio Falanga, Maxim Lyutikov, Sandro Mereghetti, Tsvi Piran, and Rudolf Treumann. The book on the "The Strongest Magnetic Fields in the Universe" that will be published in the Space Sci- ence Series of ISSI, as a tangible outcome of the lively presentations and discussions during the Workshop, is planned to have some 23 substantial, multi-authored reviews of the topics covered in the Work- shop.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Working Group 18

Working Groups are set up for specific tasks, also of technical nature. The results of the Work- ing Groups activities are published as volumes of ISSI Scientific Report Series (SR) or in the scientific literature. - Where the extra heat building up in the system is going? - How do Earth’s energy imbalance and ocean heating rate change? Developing the knowledge, and observational capability, necessary to “track” the energy flows through the climate system is therefore critical to better understand the relationships between climate forcing, response, variability and future changes. The current observing systems are not complete. For example, The global annual mean Earth’s energy budget for the March 2000 to May 2004 period (W m–2). The broad there is no absolute measurement of the net TOA arrows indicate the schematic flow of energy in propor- radiation imbalance or no measurement of the deep tion to their importance. (Image Credit: Trenberth et al., ocean heat content below 1500-2000m depth. In Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 311-323, 2009.) addition, observational uncertainties are still too large to analyze precisely the energy flows, given transitions in instrumentation data and data sam- Consistency of Integrated Observing pling. Hence, there is a critical need to combine dif- Systems Monitoring the Energy Flows in ferent independent measurement approaches based the Earth System on remote sensing and in situ measurements. In this context, this initiative proposes to investigate Climate change is very much related to an energy the global Earth's energy and sea level budgets by disturbance. Over the last decades, human activities using and confronting different and independent have significantly impacted our climate, mainly measurement approaches of the energy fluxes and through emission of greenhouse gases and aerosols, sea-level rise to advance our understanding of the causing global warming and forcing a net flux im- budgets. This activity brings a new integrated per- balance of 0.5 - 1 W m-2 at the “Top Of the Atmos- spective on uncertainties in, and consistencies across, phere” (TOA). Quantifying how much extra heat both the energy-sea-level budgets focusing on a related to the Earth's energy imbalance has been ”golden period”, thereby complementing previous generated by human activities, and how it affects studies. It will also focus on observing systems, and our climate system is one of the key challenges faced in particular the space missions, needed to track en- by the climate research community. ergy flows in the Earth system. This Working Group The issue of the energy budget closure, taking into will also discuss and analyze the processes recently account the strong interplay between the Earth’s involves in the literature to explain the apparent sea-level and energy cycles, has now become one of “plateau” in the increase of global mean Earth tem- the hot topics in climate science, regarding the issue perature. of an apparent “plateau” in global surface temper- The Working Group is led by Karina von Schuck- ature evolution over approximately the last 15 years. mann (Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, During this period, the global Earth surface temper- Toulouse, France) and includes the following mem- ature has increased more slowly than during the pre- bers: Pierre-Philippe Mathieu, Simon Josey, Anny vious decades, while the greenhouse gas emissions Cazenave, Don Chambers, Nicolas Champollion, (now at about 400 ppm concentration) have accel- James Hansen, Yu Kosaka, Norman Loeb, Benoit erated. Moreover, land ice melt and sea level have Meyssignac, Matt Palmer, Kevin Trenberth and Mar- continued to rise steadily. The Working Group is also tin Wild. The first meeting took place from 11 to 13 focusing on the following questions: June 2014. Further meetings are planned.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Forthcoming Forum 19

Continuity of Microwave Observations in L-band for Operational and Climate Applications

L-band microwave observations have been recently extensively used to derive and observe climate variables. Radiometric observations offer good accuracy as well as good spatio-temporal coverage of the Earth, very useful for climate applications. Especially, the recent SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) and Aquarius missions, respectively ESA (European Space Agency) and NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) missions, offer the possibility to monitor globally continental soil moisture, sea ice thickness and surface ocean salinity. These variables are essential for sea level and sea ice studies, hydrological cycle and climatic modeling, especially in the context of climate change. Some questions emerge from recent L-band missions and scientific objectives: How precisely to quantify the accuracy of the retrieval variables? How to maintain the continuity and consistency of microwave observations that is necessary to follow the climate evolution? How to fol- Aquarius satellite designed to measure ocean salinity. low up the scientific, user and international (Image Credit: NASA) requirements? What are finally the expectations for the next generation of L-band missions?

Hence, the forum on the "Continuity of microwave observations in L-band for operational and climate The Forum will bring together experts from opera- applications" will focus on the following objectives: tional agencies covering the following disciplines (1) Review the results and achievements from SMOS (geophysical variables): numerical weather prediction and Aquarius (and the expected results from future (soil moisture, sea ice thickness and ocean salinity), SMAP mission - Soil Moisture Active and Passive) and operational oceanography (ocean salinity and sea ice their (potential) impact on operational applications. thickness), operational hydrology and water man- Based on the impact analysis define key application agement (soil moisture, freeze and thaw state), ship areas driving the requirements for future missions; routing (sea ice thickness). The key outputs from the (2) Review and discuss the user requirements within Forum will be a document summarizing the impact the context of scientific challenges and international of L-band observations on the skill of operational guidelines, e.g. as defined through WMO OSCAR forecasting systems and a roadmap outlining further (World Meteorological Organization - Observing Sys- activities to quantify the value of current and future tems Capability Analysis and Review); (3) Define next observation systems and to develop suitable obser- generation L-band mission requirements and con- vation systems for operational satellite missions. The cepts responding to evolving user requirements. The Forum will take place on 30 September and 1 Octo- initiative aims at advancing the discussion between ber 2014. agencies as to future mission concpets beyond SMOS-Aquarius-SMAP.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Forthcoming Workshops 20

Remote Sensing and Water Resources Solar Magnetic Fields

In recent years, remote sensing techniques have At a Forum on "Solar activity and the solar cycle: fu- demonstrated their capability to monitor compo- ture developments and applications" held in Novem- nents of the water balance of large river basins on ber 2012, ISSI considered how it can contribute to a time scales ranging from months to decades. For ex- better understanding of the physics of the solar ac- ample, satellite altimetry is routinely used for system- tivity cycle. Two Workshops were proposed, one on atic monitoring of water levels of large rivers, lakes "The Solar Activity Cycle: Physical Causes and Con- and floodplains. If combined with satellite imagery, sequences", which was held in November 2013, and it provides surface water volume variations. Passive another on "Solar Magnetic Fields: From Measure- and active microwave sensors offer important infor- ments to Understanding”. Solar activity is driven by mation on soil moisture (e.g., the Soil Moisture and the solar magnetic field. This Workshop will focus on Ocean Salinity, SMOS, mission) as well as wetlands the observational and measurement techniques of and snowpack. Space gravity missions (e.g., the magnetic fields and the complex processes that con- Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment, GRACE, trol the variability of solar magnetic phenomena. mission) offer for the first time, the possibility of di- The objective is to review the current status of the rectly measuring spatio-temporal variations of the field and to identify the links between the observa- total vertically integrated terrestrial water storage. tional capabilities and the elaboration of accurate When combined with other space observations (e.g., and predictive models of solar variability on all tem- from satellite altimetry and SMOS) or model esti- poral and spatial scales. mates of surface waters and soil moisture, space The following topics will be covered: gravity data can measure groundwater storage vari- • History of solar magnetic observations from Hale ations. to the present The purpose of this Workshop is to bring together • Basic physics of solar magnetic field measurements scientists interested in land hydrology, water re- • Photospheric, chromospheric and coronal mag- sources and the global wa ter cycle either from ob- netic field measurements – techniques, interpreta- servations or hydrological models – or both –. Two tion, capabilities and limitations main issues will be addressed: (1) promote the use • Coronal magnetic field models – Potential Field in combination of space observations for monitoring Source Surface models and beyond and the exten- water storage changes in river basins worldwide, sion to the heliosphere and (2) use the space data in hydrological modeling • Heliospheric magnetic field measurements either through data assimilation or as external con- • Magnetoconvection as a mechanism for creating straints. An important perspective for the latter topic fine scale structure, sunspots, turbulent fields (local is to account as far as possible for direct anthro- dynamo) pogenic forcing on land hydrology (e.g., ground • Flux emerge nce and decay, large-scale flows and water depletion, dam building on rivers, crop irriga- magnetic field transport, (meridional circulation), dif- tion, change in land use and agricultural practices, fusion, active regions evolution, polarity reversals etc.) using a variety of remote sensing and other in- • Origin and variability of the solar magnetic field, formation. Such a new generation of hydrological status and perspectives of dynamo theories (global models will be of great interest for water manage- versus local dynamos) ment objectives. They might also be used for pro- • Requirements and perspectives for solar magnetic jecting future water resources under different field measurements climate and anthropogenic forcing scenarios. The The Workshop will bring together some 38 experts Workshop will be held from 6 to 10 October 2014. in the relevant fields plus a few young scientists for the week of 12 to 16 January 2015.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 21

Integrative Study of Sea Level Budget

Providing long, accurate records of sea level (global and regional), and of the various components causing sea level changes (land ice, ocean thermal expansion, salinity changes, land water storage, etc.) is crucial for validating the climate models used for future projections. The ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program has prov ided the framework to produce consistent and continuous space-based records for several climate parameters (so called ‘Essential Climate Variables’ (ECV)); among them, sea level, glaciers, ice sheets, sea surface temperature (SST) and Ocean Colour. The objective of this Workshop is to discuss in an integrative context recent results obtained by the ESA CCI program for the sea level, glaciers and ice sheet ECVs. Improvement of these ECVs allows a better understanding of the mass contribution to sealevel rise, hence of the sea level budget. The Workshop will also address the regional variability in sea level, SST and Ocean Colour, and discuss the relative contributions of the natural/internal climate variability and anthropogenic forcing (detection/attribution) to associated spatial trend patterns. The Workshop will take place from 2 to 6 February 2015.

Dust Devils on Mars and Earth

Dust devils are convective vortices (or mini-whirl- winds) that lift dust from a planetary surface. They Impression of a Dust Devil on the Earth (Image Credit: occur on Earth and Mars and contribute to dust en- M. Patel, Open University, UK) trainment into the atmosphere on both planets. Aerosols such as mineral dust play an important role in the atmosphere, influencing the climate by reflec- knowledge of dust devils from the two planets with tion of incoming solar radiation and absorption of the aim of developing a deeper understanding of outgoing thermal radiation. In addition, they have this p henomenon. significant effects on the atmospheric energy budget In the last decade, many terrestrial field studies on as they act as cloud condensation and ice nuclei. On Earth and many orbital as well as lander studies of Earth, dust entrainment by dust devils is mainly lim- dust devils on Mars have increased our knowledge ited to semi-arid and arid regions but its significance of specific dust devil parameters dramatically. Impor- is not well constrained. At the least, they add signif- tant additional parameters have been obtained with icantly to reducing air quality in these regions . Some laboratory experiments. These include measure- estimates suggest that dust devils and convective ments of the dust flux, particle threshold, and dust plumes contribute about 35% to the terrestrial lifting mechanisms under terrestrial and Martian global amount of airborne mineral dust and even conditions. The laboratory experiments can provide more on Mars. However, the impact of dust devils important insights, especially as terrestrial and Mar- on the climate of Earth and Mars is poorly under- tian field measurements can be uncertain due to the stood. The Workshop aims to contrast and compare limited measurement frequency. Numerical modeling

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Forthcoming Workshops 22

is another powerful method to constrain the regional Earth Magnetic Field: and global dust flux on Earth and Mars. The para- Understanding Sources from the Earth's meterization of dust devil formation, activity, and Interior and its Environment dust flux for numerical models can benefit from the wealth of new data refining the existing models. The The Earth’s magnetic field results from different multidisciplinary workshop would combine for the sources: internal sources due to fluid motion in the first time the science of terrestrial field studies, Mar- Earth’s outer core and magnetized rocks in the lith- tian orbiter and lander studies, and numerical mod- osphere, and external sources due to electric cur- els of dust devil processes and their impact on the rents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. climate of Earth and Mars. The Workshop is sched- Magnetic field observations taken at ground level uled for 16 to 20 February 2015. and in space can be used to describe and interpret the various sources, e.g. regarding core field secular variation, solar-terrestrial interaction in near Earth space, and processes in the ionosphere. However, a meaningful investigation of the different processes requires their proper isolation in magnetic field observations. This Workshop aims at describing the characteristics of the different magneti c field sources with the goal to isolate them properly in magnetic field observations and to discuss suitable approaches for source characterisation. It will bring together experts on the Earth interior and on ionospheric and magnetospheric electric currents, including observations and modelling, to tackle these questions properly. The resulting book will summarize the outcome including research on problems that benefit from proper source characterisation in the magnetic field, such as: • How to define “magnetic quiet conditions” in polar and non-polar regions? Which sources are Changes in Earth’s magnetic field from January to June 2014 as measured by the Swarm constellation of satel- present during magnetically quiet conditions and lites. These changes are based on the magnetic signals what is their character? that stem from Earth’s core. Shades of red represent • What are recent modelling capabilities for predict- areas of strengthening, while blues show areas of weak- ing magnetic field contributions during magnetically ening over the 6-month period. (Image Credit: ESA/DTU inactive conditions? Space) • What is the uncertainty in specifying unwanted field contributions for a study of external currents? Especially with the advent of multi-satellite missions and an increasing number of ground stations, this book will largely contribute to a better understanding of the different sources of the Earth magnetic field. The Workshop will take place from 18 to 22 May 2015.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 International Teams 23

International Teams consist of about 4-15 external scientists, addressing a specific scientific topic in a self-organized fashion, under the responsibility of a Leader in a series of two to three one week meetings over a period of 18 to 24 months. The results of these activities are customarily reported in scientific journals. The selection of Teams results from an annual call for International Teams issued in January and from the subsequent review and prioritization done by the Science Committee.

Listed are Teams that had a meeting at ISSI in the pe- th riod of the 19 business year. A rationale is given Team Meeting on “Heating of the Magnetic Chromo- only for the selected teams in 2013; for the others sphere: Confronting Models with Observations” led by see the previous Annual Reports. Bart De Pontieu and Scott McIntosh.

Teams selected in 2010 Teams selected in 2011 Critical Assessment and Standardized Reporting of Vertical Filtering and Error Propagation in the Data Processing Algorithms of the NDACC Coronal Heating – Using Observables (flows Lidars and emission measure) to Settle the Question Team leader: Thierry Leblanc, JPL-Table Mountain of Steady vs. Impulsive Heating Facility, Wrightwood, USA Team leaders: Stephen Bradshaw, Department of Session: 16-20 September 2013 Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, USA, and Helen E. Mason, Department of Applied Mathema- The Methane Balance – Formation and tics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Destruction Processes on Planets, their Satellites United Kingdom and in the Interstellar Medium Session: 4-6 March 2014 Team leader: Wolfgang Geppert, Stockholm Univer- sity, Sweden Heating of the Magnetic Chromosphere: Session: 2-4 October 2013 Confronting Models with Observations Team leaders: Bart De Pontieu, LMSAL, USA, and Plasma Entry and Transport in the Plasma Sheet Scott McIntosh, High Altitude Observatory, USA Team leader: Simon Wing, The Johns Hopkins Uni- Session: 25-28 February 2014 versity, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA Updating The Lunar Chronology and Strati- Session: 15-18 October 2013 graphy: New Laboratory and Remote Sensing Data, and New Approaches to the Inter- pretation of Old Data Team leader: Vera Assis Fernandes, Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Inst. für Evolutions- und Biodi- versitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germa ny Session: 5-7 August 2013

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 International Teams 24

Aerosol Remote Sensing from Space Team leader: Alexander Kokhanovsky, Bremen Uni- versity, Germany Session: 15-19 July 2013

An Assessment of the Accuracies and Uncertainties in the Total Solar Irradiance Climate Data Record Team leader: Greg Kopp, University of Colorado, USA Session: 2-3 June 2014

Spatial and Temporal Studies of the Heliospheric Interaction with the Local Interstellar Medium from SOHO/SWAN UV, IBEX Neutral Atom, and ACE and STEREO The Crab Pulsar, a city-sized, magnetized neutron star Pickup Ion Observations spinning 30 times a second, lies at the center of this Team leaders: Dimitra Koutroumpa, Service tantalizing wide-field image of the Crab Nebula. This picture combines optical survey data with X-ray data d'Aeronomie du CNRS, France, and Vlad Izmodenov, from the orbiting Chandra Observatory. The innermost Space Research Institute (IKI), Moscow, Russia ring structure is about a light-year across. With more Session: 2-6 June 2014 mass than the Sun and the density of an atomic nu- cleus, the spinning pulsar is the collapsed core of the Characterizing Stellar and Exoplanetary massive star that exploded, while the nebula is the ex- Environments via Observations and Advanced panding remnant of the star's outer layers. The super- Modeling Techniques nova explosion was witnessed in the year 1054. (Image Team leader: Helmut Lammer, Austrian Academy of Credit: NASA, Chandra X-ray Observatory, SAO, DSS) Sciences, Graz, Austria Session: 10-13 December 2013 Multi-point Studies of the Auroral Acceleration Region using Cluster Generation of Climate Data Records of Sea- Team leader: Colin Forsyth, UCL Mullard Space Surface Temperature from Current and Future Science Laboratory, United Kingdom Satellite Radiometers Session: 8-12 July 2013 Team leader: Peter J. Minnett, University of Miami, USA Flow-driven Instabilities of the Sun-Earth System Session: 12-16 May 2014 Team leader: Claire Foullon, Uni versity of Warwick, United Kingdom Deriving Physical Parameters of Atmosphere- Session: 5-9 May 2014 less Bodies in the Solar System by Modeling their Thermal Emission Zonal Jets and Eddies – Planetary Science and Team leader: Hans Rickman, University of Uppsala, Satellite Oceanography at the Crossroads Sweden Team leader: Boris Galperin, University of South Sessions: 19-21 November 2013 and 13-15 May Florida, USA 2014 Session: 10-14 March 2014 Comparative Jovian Aeronomy Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling during Team leader: Tom Stallard, University of Leicester, Stratospheric Sudden Warmings United Kingdom Team leader: Larisa Goncharenko, MIT Haystack Session: 1-5 July 2013 Observatory, USA Session: 14-18 October 2013

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 25

Teams selected in 2012

Atmospheric Gravity Waves in Global Climate Prediction and Weather Forecasting Applications Team leader: Joan Alexander, Colorado Research Associates (CoRA) Division, USA Session: 31 March - 4 April 2014

Planetary Population Synthesis: Interpreting Present and Future Space Data Team leaders: Yann Alibert, University of Bern, Switzerland, and Douglas Lin, University of California Santa Cruz, USA Session: 23-27 June 2014 The first signal received from the Rosetta spacecraft ESA’s Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany on 20 Self-Organized Criticality and Turbulence January 2014. Rosetta had woken up 807 million km Team leader: Markus Aschwanden, Lockheed Martin from Earth after 31 months of deep-space hibernation. Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, USA Rosetta is chasing Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Session: 16-20 September 2013 (Image Credit: ESA, J. Mai)

Thermonuclear Bursts: Probing Neutron Stars Atmospheric Research, USA and their Accretion Environment Session: 10-14 March 2014 Team leader: Andrew Cumming, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Towards an Integrated Retrieval of Antarctic Session: 10-13 June 2014 Sea Ice Volume Team leaders: Petra Heil, University of Tasmania, Aus- Nonlinear Force-Free Modeling of the Solar tralia, and Stefan Kern, University of Hamburg, Ger- Corona: Towards a New Generation of Methods many Team leaders: Marc DeRosa, Lockheed Martin Solar Sessions: 22-26 July 2013 and 23-27 June 2014 and Astrophysics Laboratory, USA, and Michael S. Wheatland, The University of Sydney, Australia Characterizing Diurnal Variations of Ozone for Session: 13-16 January 2014 Improving Ozone Trend Estimates Team leader: Klemens Hocke, Institute of Applied Polar Cap Arcs: Understanding Magnetosphere- Physics and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Ionosphere Coupling and Magnetospheric Research, University of Bern, Switzerland Topology during Periods of Northward IMF Session: 12-16 May 2014 Team leaders: Robert Fear, University of Leicester, United Kingdom, and Romain Maggiolo, Belgian The Evolution of the First Stars in Dwarf Galaxies Ins titute for Space Aeronomy, Belgium Team leader: Pascale Jablonka, École Polytechnique Session: 21-25 October 2013 de Lausanne EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland Sessions: 29-31 October 2013 and 18-20 December Observations and Modeling of Flare 2013 Chromospheres Team leader: Lyndsay Fletcher, University of Glas- Modeling Cometary Environments in the Context gow, United Kingdom of the Heritage of the Giotto Mission to Comet Session: 7-10 April 2014 Halley and of Forthcoming New Observations at Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko Coronal Magnetometry: Building Tools for Team leader: Monio Kartalev, Bulgarian Acade my Discovery of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria Team leader: Sarah E. Gibson, National Center for Session: 20-24 January 2014

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 International Teams 26

X-ray and Radio Diagnostics of Energetic Dusty Plasma Effects in the System Earth–Moon Electrons in Solar Flares Team leader: Sergey Popel, Institute of Physics of the Team leader: Eduard P. Kontar, University of Glas- Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia gow, Glasgow, United Kingdom Session: 28 October - 1 November 2013 Session: 24-28 March 2014 Understanding Solar Jets and their Role in Heavy Ions: Their Dynamical Impact on the Atmospheric Structure and Dynamics Magnetosphere Team leaders: Nour-Eddine Raouafi, The Johns Team leader: Elena Kronberg, Max-Planck-Institute Hopkins University, USA and Etienne Pariat, LESIA, for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, France Germany Session: 17-21 March 2014 Session: 14-18 October 2013 Particle Acceleration at Plasma Jet Fronts in The Induced Magnetosphere of Mars: Physical the Earth’s Magnetosphere Processes and Consequences Team leader: Alessandro Retino, Laboratoire de Team leaders: Mark Lester, University of Leicester, Physique des Plasmas - CNRS, France Leicester, United Kingdom and Hermann Session: 18-22 November 2013 Opgenoorth, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Up- psala, Sweden Solar Wind Charge Exchange Soft Xray Session: 26-30 August 2013 Imaging in the Solar System Team leaders: David Sibeck and Michael R. Collier, Quantifying Hemispheric Differences in Particle NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA Forcing Effects on Stratospheric Ozone Session: 21-25 October 2013 Team leader: Daniel Marsh, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA Vesta, the Key to the Origins of the Solar Session: 28 Apri l - 2 May 2014 System Team leader: Diego Turrini, Italian National Astro- Unified View of Stellar Winds in Massive X-ray physics Institute (INAF), Rome, Italy Binaries Session: 25-29 November 2013 Team leader: Silvia Martinez Nunez, University of Alicante, Spain Dawn-Dusk Asymmetries in the Coupled Solar Session: 17-21 February 2014 Wind-Magnet osphere-Ionosphere System Team leaders: Andrew Walsh, ESTEC, The Nether- MHD Oscillations in the Solar Corona and lands, and Stein Haaland, University of Bergen, Nor- Earth’s Magnetosphere: Towards Consolidated way Understanding Session: 30 September and 4 October 2013 Team leaders: Valery Nakariakov, University of War- wick, Coventry, United Kingdom and Viacheslav Magnetic Activity of M-type Dwarf Stars and Pilipenko, Space Research Institute, Russia the Influence on Habitable Extra-Solar Planets Session: 9-13 December 2013 Team leader: Sven Wedemeyer-Böhm, University of Oslo, Norway Large-scale Vortices and Zonal Winds in Plane- Session: 5-9 May 2014 tary Atmospheres/Ionospheres: Theory versus Observations Magnetosphere and Ionosphere as a Coupled Team leader: Oleg Pokhotelov, Institute of Physics of System: Theory and Observations the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Team leader: Andrew Wright, University of St. Session: 2-6 June 2014 Andrews, United Kingdom Session: 5-9 August 2013

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 27

Teams selected in 2013

Slow Solar Wind Sources and Acceleration Mechanisms in the Corona Team leaders: Lucia Abbo, INAF-Osservatorio di Torino, Italy, and Leon Ofman, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA Session: 3-7 March 2014 Scientific Rationale: The main goal of the team is to merge observational and numerical modeling knowledge and expertise in order to investigate the sources of the Slow Solar Wind, the physical mechanisms at the base of its acceleration and the key role of the topology of the coronal magnetic field.

Partially Ionized Plasmas in Astrophysics (PIPA) Team leader: José Luis Ballester, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain Session: 27-31 January 2014 Scientific Rationale: The primary goals of the team are to exchange ideas, establish collaborative links and develop joint strategies for tackling current problems related with solar and astrophysical par- This is the galaxy known as NGC5548. At its heart, tially ionized plasmas. The team members discuss the though not visible here, is a supermassive black hole be- latest developments in these fields, to interpret ex- having in a strange and unexpected manner. The ISSI isting ground- and space-based observations, and team led by M. Cappi and J. Kaastra worked on this decide modelling strategies to be carried out be- topic. (Image Credit: ESA/Hubble and NASA) tween the meetings. The expected outcome of the research is a better understanding of the different logy, and the examination of the surface at high spa- astrophysical environments in which partially ionized tial scales, sets this mapping apart from previous plasmas play a significant role, and the establishment work. The team includes members with cross-cutting of scientific links between different astrophysical expertise such as formal planetary mapping tech- communities. niques and impact crater chronology, and experts in spectral dataset analysis to help understanding sur- Mapping the Northern Plains of Mars: Origins, face composition. The cartographic and topical sci- Evolution and Response to Climate Change ence results will enhance the community’s Team leader: Matthew Balme, The Open University, understanding of the geologic evolution of this re- Milton Keynes, United Kingdom gion of Mars. Session: 4-6 December 2013 Scientific Rationale: The team aims to detail the geo- Deciphering AGN out Ows: Multi-Wavelength logic and stratigraphic character of the martian Monitoring of NGC5548 northern plains, with particular regard to the role Team leaders: Massimo Cappi, Istituto di Astrofisica that near-surface ice has played in their evolutionary Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica INAF, Bologna, Italy, and J. history. The goal is to produce new geomorpho- Kaastra, SRON, Utrecht, the Netherlands logical maps of the northern plains of Mars, and to Sessions: 9-13 December 2013 and 19-23 May 2014 identify not only the range of geologically recent, Scientific Rationale: The team study project aimed at ice-related landforms, but also their association with deciphering the outflow properties of the bright subtl y-expressed geological units. The focus on lati- Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC5548. The team work is based tudinal and longitudinal variations in surface geo- on an ambitious multi-wavelength campaign on

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NGC5548 for which the team were approved in year Early Universe: Research On Plasma 2012 a Large Program (14×50 ks) with XMM-New- Astrochemistry ton, 12 joint HST/COS orbits, 41×1.5 ks with SWIFT Team leader: Carla M. Coppola, University of Bari, and 245 ks of Chandra/HETGS. Simultaneous hard Bari, Italy X-ray observations with Nustar are also foreseen. The Session: 24-28 February 2014 campaign started before the Summer 2013 (Swift Scientific Rationale: The team extends the studies started in May 17th, XMM in June 22nd) and lasted into the formation of the first structures, including for >80 days in total. The main scientific goa l of this extremely metal-poor stars (EMPs). The recent dis- large project is to determine unambiguously the lo- covery of a low-mass star of almost pristine chemical cation, geometry and physical properties of the var- composition (Caffau et al. 2011) has opened a new ious absorption (wind/outflow) and emission pathway to investigate observationally the properties (accretion disc, corona) components in this source. of the first stellar generations. Of similar impact is The team covers the whole range of expertise the identification of gas clouds without any trace of needed for such a study: data reduction (at all wave- heavy elements or with metallicities consistent with lengths, from the optical-UV to the hard X-ray band), enrichment by primordial stars. It is clear that the ob- data analysis, data interpretation and theoretical sim- servational effort to peer into these remote epoch of ulations/modeling. The goal is to discuss the obser- the evolution of the Universe is becoming possible vational results, their possible interpretations, as well thanks to the availability of dedicated instruments, as to define, coordinate and plan the writing of sev- such as UVES and X-shooter at the VLT (or similar eral scientific papers expected to result from the spectrographs on Keck) and (sub)mm interferome- above campaign. ters such as ALMA. The goal consists in bringing together a group of ex- Massive Star Clusters Across the Hubble Time perts from different scientific communities (theoret- Team leader: Corinne Charbonnel, University of ical chemists and physicists, theoretical astro- Geneva, Switzerland physicists, observational astrophysicists) in order to Session: 13-17 January 2014 make use of these opportunities and to build up a Scientific Rationale: The team gathers specialists consistent approach for the modeling and compari- working on stellar and interstellar matter magneto- son with observational data. hydrodynamics, multi-dimensional numerical simulations, galactic chemical evolution, star and planet Unveiling Multiple AGN Activity in Galaxy formation, spectroscopic analysis, and N-body sim- Mergers ulations. The developments optimize the exploitation Team leader: Alessandra De Rosa, INAF – Istituto di of large cutting-edge surveys with both ground- Astrofisica Spaziale, Rome, Italy based telescopes and the ESA and NASA space mis- Session: 17-21 March 2014 sions GAIA, Herschel, and HST. They prepare the Scientific Rationale: Over the last decade, several ground for future observations with ALMA and later nearby dual and multiple Active Galactic Nuclei SKA and JWST that open the possibility to resolve (AGNs) on kpc scales have been found serendipi- super star clusters and to study their relation to glob- tously in local interacting galaxies. Although a sig- ular clusters, as well as with the next ESO multi-ob- nificant number of candidates have been ject spectroscopic facility being foreseen to become pre-selected so far only a few of them have been operational by 2018-19. The latter, especially, repre- confirmed unambiguously. The team work is focused sents the ideal machine to follow-up on the results on the detection and study of dual and multiple of this project, being able to target hundreds of ob- SMBHs. It aims at investigating the physical proper- jects simultaneously in any given field, thus mapping ties of multiple AGN candidates in interacting/dis- chemically, kinematically, and dynamically globular turbed systems from both an observational and a clusters. theoretical point of view. The scientists study a sample of 12 dual AGNs, supplied by an extensive set of multiwavelength observations, both proprietary and already available in the optical/X-ray/radio archives. These data are interpreted within the most common

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From 400 km above Earth ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst took this picture of the Nile river as the International Space Station flew by at 28 800 km/h. (Image Credit: ESA/NASA) theoretical scenarios with the final aim of improving Greenhouse Gasses such as CH4 and N2O. Earth Sys- our knowledge about black hole history, demogra- tem Models (ESMs) are our current mathematical phy and black hole-galaxy coevolution mechanisms. tools of the Earth and its climate. Over the past decades, the number of processes represented in ESMs has considerably increased and in- Integrating Earth Observation Data the dividual process representation has matured to the Description of Land Management Practices into extent that representing interactive carbon cycles Global Carbon Cycle Models within ESMs is a central part of IPCC scenarios and Team leader: Han Dolman, University of Amsterdam, analysis. But inclusion of land-use information in the Netherlands these simulations has not delivered the advances Session: 17-19 February 2014 hoped for because most aspects of anthropogenic Scientific Rationale: Terrestrial ecosystems and soi ls effects i.e. land management, urbanization, constitute a key component of the global carbon drainage, canalization and river damming remain cycle. They constitute both a significant forcing of poorly represented in ESMs. Improving representa- climate (historically about 30% of CO2 emissions tions of land management effects in Earth System come from direct land-use change) and a strong Models is hampered by a lack of suitable, harmo- feedback to it. While changes in climate (e.g. shifts nized global datasets of current and past land man- of climate zones) will have an impact on how the agement practices and missing concepts of how to current terrestrial sink will develop in the future, a incorporate land management information into the second and perhaps more decisive factor is the direct model framework and evaluate model projections. and indirect anthropogenic impact on terrestrial The input and need of EO data is obvious. In addi- ecosystems. tion, future land management scenarios need to be An increasing world population and its demand for established in order to understand the impact of land wood, food, fiber and renewable energy drive this. management on the land CO2 sink, regional and In addition, a large fraction of the world’s forests are global climate. This was highlighted as one of the already heavily managed for forestry products. Many key priorities at the ISSI Forum “Assessing Require- of these land management practices modify the ments for a Carbon Model Reference Validation stored carbon pools, their turnover rates and other Framework” held in January 2012.

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imum Mission (SMM), and explore possibilities to or- ganize similar observations from particle and plasma instruments on current (STEREOA/ B, Wind, ACE, MESSENGER) and future (Solar Orbiter, Bepi- Colombo, Solar Probe Plus, and possibly Interhelio- zond/Russia) missions in the inner Heliosphere.

Non-Equilibrium Processes in the Solar Corona and their Connection to the Solar Wind Team leaders: Elena Dzifcakova, Academy of Sci- ences of the Czech Republic, Ondrejov, Czech Re- public, and Helen E. Mason, University of Cam- A magnetic filament of solar material erupted on the bridge, United Kingdom sun in late September 2013, breaking the quiet condi- Session: 2-5 December 2013 tions in a spectacular fashion. The 200,000 mile long fil- Scientific Rationale: The focus of the team is to study ament ripped through the sun's atmosphere, the these complex non-equilibrium processes, with em- corona, leaving behind what looks like a canyon of fire. phasis on their observational signatures in remote (Image Credit: NASA/Solar Dynamics Observatory) sensing measurements of the EUV and X-ray radiation. In particular, the members investigate whether these signatures can be linked to the in-situ measurements of the solar wind, and whether these sig- Exploration of the inner Heliosphere - what we natures can be distinguished from the effects of have learned from Helios and what we want to plasma inhomogeneities. To tackle these questions, study with Solar Orbiter the team brings together experts on diverse fields, Team leader: Wolfgang Droege, University of ranging from atomic physics and spectroscopic ob- Würzburg, Germany servations to solar wind modeling. The scientists con- Session: 10-14 February 2014 tribute to the international development of future Scientific Rationale: The team intends to reach an as- space missions for an advanced study of the coronal sessment of the progress in the fields of dynamic dynamics and associated non-equilibrium processes, processes in the solar wind plasma, and the interac- and pave the way e.g. for the interpretation of the tion of energetic particles with shocks/CMEs which future Solar Orbiter observations. was obtained from the evaluation of 1975-1983 He- lios. The goal is to bring togethe r scientists who are still familiar with the analysis of Helios data and the Multidisciplinary Search for Preservation subtleties of the corresponding instruments, those Windows of Biomolecules in Modern and who have in the past decade contributed to ad- Ancient Terrestrial Analogs as a Proxy for vances in the theoretical understanding and model- Ancient Deposits of Mars ing techniques of heliopheric processes which were Team leader: David C. Fernandez Remolar, Centro de not available in the Helios era, and those who are Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain now working on instrumentation for future missions Scientific Rationale: The team is composed of mul- which will explore the inner Heliosphere. As several tidisciplinary scientists to optimize an integrated de- of the envisioned Team members are co-investigators tection strategy for ancient signatures of life on of particle and plasma instruments for the ESA/NASA Mars. The teams provides an integrated framework Solar Orbiter mission, the outcome of the team ef- for searching for traces of life at different scales, fort could result in valuable input to the planning of which is achieved via the synthesis of planetary re- science objectives of that mission and allow a fine- mote-sensing and rover-based datasets with infor- tuning of some instrument capabilities. The team mation collected from terrestrial analog also takes a second look at the evaluation of multi- environments. This framework emerges via the pur- point observations from IMP8, ISEE-3, the Solar Max- suit of the following major objectives:

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1) selection of potential preservation windows at different outcrops on Mars by using sedimentary, petro- logic, mineralogic and geochemical studies of specific regions (e.g., Terra Sirenum, Aram Chaos or Gale Crater), 2) study of molecular preservation in terrestrial materials that are analogous to those present at the targeted Mars areas (e.g., sulfates, chlo- rides, perchlorates, nitrates) and, 3) comparative study of the preservation potential of different biomolecules in selected terrestrial analog deposits over time. After analyzing all information of the three objectives, the identification of resistant biomolecules bearing robust biological information under Mars- like extreme conditions will be the major, and final accompl ishment. Such information will be also used to identify the best instrumentation and procedures for detecting microbial activity versus contamination in potential future sample return missions from Mars.

Effects of Interplanetary Disturbances on the Modeling climate’s complexity. This image, taken from a larger simulation of 20th century climate, depicts several Earth’s Atmosphere and Climate aspects of Earth’s climate system. Sea surface tempera- Team leader: Katya Georgieva, Bulgarian Academy tures and sea ice concentrations are shown by the two of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria color scales. The figure also captures sea level pressure Session: 24-28 March 2014 and low-level winds, including warmer air moving north Scientific Rationale: The aim is to summarize the on the eastern side of low-pressure regions and colder present level of knowledge and to critically discuss air moving south on the western side of the lows. new ideas about the effects of interplanetary distur- (Image Credit: Gary Strand, NCAR) bances on the Earth’s atmosphere and climate, and the mechanisms by which these influences are trans- Energy Transformation in Solar and Stellar mitted from the top to the bottom of the atmos- Flares phere. An output is a review paper to compre- Team leader: Louise Harra, University College Lon- hensively and critically present and discuss the vari- don, Surrey, United Kingdom ous mechanisms and effects that the charged envi- Session: 24-28 February 2014 ronment has upon the neutral atmosphere and Scientific Rationale: The team takes advantage of the climate. One of the novelties not covered in any ear- new understanding of solar flares from Hinode and lier reviews is to take into account the possibly dif- SDO, alongside the statistics and spectral detail avail- ferent affects of the above mentioned two main able from XMM-Newton, SWIFT, Kepler and Chan- solar wind drivers. The core team consists of experts dra. The idea for this team was developed from the covering a versatile range within solar-terrestrial sci- ISSI forum on the state of solar activity and the po- ences, including heliospheric physics, observations tential for future development of the subject held in of energetic particles and the properties of the at- November 2012. The overarching theme for the mosphere at different altitudes, as well as modeling team is to understand the chain of energy transfor- of atmospheric chemistry, dynamics and climate, as mati ons from magnetic energy to particle accelera- well as modeling of atmospheric chemistry and cli- tion and kinetic energy, and finally to heat and mate. radiation in solar and stellar flares. Scientists covering both solar and stellar flare spectroscopy areas alongside modelling expertise will be brought together to address the four science goals.

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From 2D Mesoscale Surface Expressions to 3D Upper Ocean Dynamics Team leader: Johnny A. Johannessen, Nansen Envi- ronmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Nor- way Session: 24-27 March 2014 Scientific Rationale: There is ample evidence that the mesoscale to sub-mesoscale variability in the ocean is still not adequately resolved nor is its impact fully accounted for in the present ocean and coupled ocean-biological models, in particular in the upper ocean layers. The decay of mesoscale structures is generally too fast, and turbulent fluxes of tracer are systematically underestimated, especially in the vertical. These processes typically occur at horizontal spatial resolutions from order 100 m to several kilo- meters, but their ranges of influence are propagating To be launched in 2020, Euclid's 1.2 m-diameter tele- to coarser spatial scales (20-50 km). The optimum scope and two scientific instruments will map the shape, use of high-resolution satellite sensor synergy is brightness and 3D distribution of two billion galaxies covering more than a third of the whole sky and looking therefore vital to improve the understanding of back over three-quarters of the history of the Universe. processes at these finer scales (order kilometer), as (Image Credit: ESA) adequate in-situ observations resolving these scales are usually rare, and key recent theoretical and numerical results provide novel perspectives.

The Science of Near-Sun Comets Understanding Intrinsic Galaxy Alignments Team leader: Geraint H. Jones, University College Team leader: Benjamin Joachimi, University College London, Surrey, United Kingdom London, London, United Kingdom Session: 3-7 March 2014 Sessions: 18-22 November 2013 and 30 June - 4 July Scientific Rationale: The knowledge of comets is pri- 2014 marily based on observations of these bodies when Scientific Rationale: The apparent distortions and they are one astronomical unit or more from the alignments of faint galaxy images due to the gravi- Sun. However, most known comets have reached tational lensing effect by the large-scale structure of perihelion much nearer to the Sun, experiencing ex- the Universe is one of the potentially most powerful treme insolation conditions, and, in the case of sun- probes of cosmology. This so-called cosmic shear ef- grazers, often undergoing complete destruction. The fect maps the matter distribution at different epochs team brings together experts in complementary and is thus sensitive to both the expansion history areas of cometary science, in solar and heliospheric and the growth of structure. Forthcoming cosmic physics, as well as in the instrumentation and data shear surveys such as the ESA Euclid mission will en- analysis techniques associated with those fields, to able unprecedented insight into the properties of better our understanding of comets when inside the dark matter and dark energy, and test the validity of orbit of Mercury as well as their effects on the near- general relativity on cosmological scales. Sun environment. The meetings bring together leading observational, theoretical, and numerical expertise on intrinsic alignments, with the goal to decisively advance the understanding of this astrophysical effect.

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Sub-arcsecond Observations and Interpretation of the Solar Chromosphere Team leaders: Lucia Kleint, BAER Institute, Palo Alto, USA and Alberto Sainz, Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, Palo Alto, USA Session: 27-31 January 2014 Scientific Rationale: The team combines the knowledge of the experts who interpret chromospheric spectropolarimetric data and of the experts developing and using inversion codes, especially for the chromosphere. With the combined experience the team makes progress in explaining the unexpected signatures that can be seen in the polarimetric data and advances the tools necessary to study this important solar layer. This is especially important, considering that future missions and telescopes Artist's concept of our Heliosphere as it travels through (SOLAR-C, ATST, EST) will include chromospheric our Milky Way galaxy. (Image Credit: NASA/Goddard/ spectropolarimeters, whose data currently cannot be Walt Feimer) used without a large effort for the analysis. The Nature of Coronal Bright Fronts Team leaders: David Long, University College Lon- don, Surrey, United Kingdom and Shaun Bloom- Towards a Self Consistent Model of the Thermal field, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Structure of the Venus Atmosphere Session: 20-24 January 2014 Team leader: Sanjay S. Limaye, University of Wiscon- Scientific Rationale: The goal of the team is deter- sin, Madison, USA mining the true nature of Coronal bright fronts Sessions: 5-7 November 2013 and 16-18 June 2014 (commonly called “EIT waves”). Achieving this goal Scientific Rationale: Nearly three decades ago, an in- requires the use of a combination of observational ternational effort led to the adoption of the Venus and simulated data to extract physical characteristics International Reference Atmosphere (VIRA) was pub- of these coronal disturbances and compare them to lished in 1985 after the significant data returned by the predictions of competing theories and models. the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Probes and the earlier The team consists of experts in the observation, sim- Venera missions (Kliore et al., 1985). The vertical ulation, and theory of “EIT waves” and has been thermal structure is one component of the reference chosen to provide a suitable balance between the model which relied primarily on the three Pioneer wave and pseudo–wave interpretations of this phe- Venus Small Probes, the Large Probe profiles as well nomenon. as several hundred retrieved temperature profiles from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter radio occultation data collected during 1978-1982. The scientists con- Study Group on the Added-value of Chemical sider primarily the thermal structure of the atmos- Data Assimilation in the Stratosphere and phere of Venus with a goal to arrive at an integrated Upper-troposphere model from the different measurement approaches Team leaders: Richard Ménard, Air Quality Research that is not only self-consistent, but also consistent Division, Gatineau QC, Canada and Quentin Errera, with the observed clouds/aerosols from the available Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique, Bruxelles, observations. The effort will probably identify areas Belgium where further observations may be needed to re- Session: 31 March - 4 April 2014 solve any inconsistencies in the available observa- Scientific Rationale: The team consists of multidisci- tions. plinary scientists in observation studies, chemical modeling and processes (all of which are familiar

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Specification of Ionization Sources Affecting Atmospheric Processes Team leader: Irina A. Mironova, St. Petersburg State University, Russia Session: 31 March - 4 April 2014 Scientific Rationale: This team is built on the membership from a previous ISSI team, but inviting new experts working with electrons models, atmospheric models and data. The team meetings address to progress the two streams of work identified as 1. long-term balloon observations of ionizing particles in the atmosphere and 2. to the development of atmospheric ionization model including all known pre- cipitating energetic particles.

Probing Deep into the Neutron Star Crust with Transient Neutron-Star Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries Team leader: Dany Pierre Page, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico Session: 9-13 September 2013 Scientific Rationale: The outer region of a neutron star, called the crust, is predicted to host novel states In the disk of our Milky Way Galaxy about 10 percent of of matter containing exotic neutron-rich nuclei visible matter is in the form of gas, called the interstellar (which in the inner crust are highly deformed), rela- medium (ISM). The ISM is not uniform, and shows tivistic electrons, and a superfluid of neutrons. Re- patchiness even near our Sun. It can be quite difficult to cently, transiently accreting neutron-star low-mass detect the local ISM because it is so tenuous and emits so little light. This mostly hydrogen gas, however, ab- X-ray binaries have emerged as unique laboratories sorbs some very specific colors that can be detected in to study thermal and transport processes in these ex- the light of the nearest stars. (Image Credit: NASA, treme environments and phases encountered in the Goddard, Adler, U. Chicago, Wesleyan) crust. During a long period of accretion, years to decades, the crust is heated out of thermal equilibrium with the stellar core. When accretion ends, the with data assimilation) to work with experts of subsequent thermal relaxation can, and has been, chemical data assimilation. One of the host Institute, observed in detail. Mode ling these events has been the Belgium Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA), fairly successful, but with the introduction of "fudge have developed one of the best stratospheric chem- parameters" which mask our current ignorance ical data assimilation system known, and which can about the interesting physics of heat transport, nu- handle the assimilation of both long-lived and short- clear reactions, and neutron superfluidity at these lived species. The assimilation system implemented fairly extreme densities. It is now timely to bring to- at BIRA is based on the most advanced techniques gether a team of X-ray observers, theoretical astro- in the field, namely 4D Var and the ensemble physicists, and theoretical physicists to interpret and Kalman filter. These systems can not only assimilate guide observations of thermal relaxation with a view long-lived species, but also provide error estimates, to learn about fundamental processes and phases of and be adapted to improve knowledge of parameter matter encountered at these extreme densities. of the model. Several scientific areas of research have been identified, which are either promising or have Modes of Radial Plasma Motion in Planetary shown already scientific value with less comprehen- Systems sive assimilation systems. Overall, the result of the Team leaders: Christopher Paranicas, The Johns Hop- work will help reduce the gap of uncertainties and kins University, Paranicas, USA, Caitriona Jackman, enhance our knowledge of the stratosphere. University of Southampton, United Kingdom, and

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Nick Sergis, Academy of Athens, Greece Session: 22-25 October 2013 Scientific Rationale: The team has extensive knowledge of the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn, with decades of experience in the analysis of the relevant particles-and-fields data. The group also includes a wealth of imaging (both magnetospheric and auroral) and simulation experience. Themes of this work include bringing together the observational evidence of transport processes from different types of instruments and making more precise the physical picture of transport in different regions of a magnetosphere. This work is particularly timely given the wealth of Cassini data available, the upcoming arrival of the Juno spacecraft at Jupiter, and the in- volvement of several of our team members in the future JUICE mission to the Jovian system.

Ion and Electron Bulk Heating by Magnetic Reconnection Team leader: Tai Phan, University of California Berke- ley, USA Session: 7-11 October 2013 Earth’s magnetic field is thought to be generated largely Scientific Rationale: Magnetic reconnection is a uni- by an ocean of superheated, swirling liquid iron that versal plasma process that converts magnetic energy makes up Earth’s outer core 3000 km under our feet. into plasma jetting and plasma (thermal and Acting like the spinning conductor in a bicycle dynamo, it generates electric currents and thus the continuously suprathermal) heating. The process is important in changing electromagnetic field. (Image Credit: ESA/AOES many space and laboratory contexts. While plasma Medialab) jetting is well established, both theoretically and observationally, the mechanisms whereby bulk (ther- Heliosheath Processes and Structure of the mal) plasma heating occurs in a collisionless plasma Heliopause: Modeling Energetic Particles, remain poorly understood. Since such heating is an Cosmic Rays, and Magnetic Fields important aspect of the overall reconnection process, Team leaders: Niko lai V. Pogorelov, University of Al- there is a need to explore its sources and manifesta- abama in Huntsville, USA, and Horst Fichtner, Ruhr- tions in detail. The team uses a combination of Universität Bochum, Germany plasma simulations and in-situ spacecraft observa- Session: 13-20 January 2014 tions over a range of plasma conditions to system- Scientific Rationale: The team members anticipate atically study bulk ion and electron heating. producing new results which will be of importance Specifically, the scientists focus on the following key for heliospheric physics (observation-based plasma unanswered questions: model with pickup ions treated kinetically, particle (1) What plasma parameter regimes or inflow acceleration, cosmic ray transport, magnetic recon- boundary conditions determine the degree of ion nection, turbulence, heliopause instabilities, etc.) and and electron thermal heating in reconnection ex- physics of the local interstellar medium. The numer- hausts? ical codes are used to perform multi-component (2) What are the characteristics (e.g., anisotropy and MHD simulations, kinetic modeling based on the spatial profiles) of the ion and electron thermal heat- Boltzmann and Fokker-Planck equations, and parti- ing and how do they change with inflow conditions? cle-in-cell (PIC) computations. Modeling results will (3) Where are the key heating sites for ions and elec- be compared with the spacecraft measurements and trons? What is the nature of the exhaust boundaries used for the predictions of what Voyagers may ex- for different inflow boundary conditions? pect when the y cross the heliopause.

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nity of the knowledge fusion to make breakthrough in the understanding the coupling process between atmosphere of our planet and space environment.

Kinetic Turbulence and Heating in the Solar Wind Team leaders: Fouad Sahraoui, CNRS-Ecole Polytech- nique, Palaiseau, France, and David Sundkvist, Uni- versity of California Berkeley, USA Session: 17-21 February 2014 Scientific Rationale: The team aims at studying Ki- netic Turbulence and Heating in the Solar Wind mechanisms of energy dissipation. The scientists use a multiple approach that combines in-situ fields and particles data available from the multispacecraft missions, and numerical simulations to model the complex behavior of turbulence cascade at kinetic scales Simulated views of the glory phenomena on Venus (left) where it is dissipated. The observations using mainly and Earth (right), without considering any effects of haze or background cloud brightness. Glories occur data from the Cluster and Themis satellites, which when sunlight shines on cloud droplets – water particles offer a unique chance to identify and to characterize in the case of Earth, sulphuric acid particles for Venus. three-dimensional (3D) spatial plasma structures. (Image Credit: C. Wilson/P. Laven) Moreover, their high time resolution E and B measurements makes it possible to probe into the smallest scales ever explored in the SW. The simulation work Multi-instrument Space-Borne Observations and will be done using different codes, Hall-MHD, PIC Validation of the Physical Model of the and Vlasov, available in the group. Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere- Magnetosphere Coupling Sulfur Dioxide Variability in the Venus Team leaders: Sergey Pulinets, Russian Academy of Atmosphere Sciences, Moscow, Russia, and Dimitar Ouzounov, Team leaders: Anne Carine Vandaele, Belgian Insti- Chapman University, USA tute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium, and Session: 20-24 January 2014 Oleg Korablev, Space Research Institute (IKI), Scientific Rationale: The team makes an investigation Moscow, Russia of the near-Earth space plasma dynamics and elec- Sessions: 4-6 November 2013 and 18-20 June 2014 tromagnetic environment by multiparameter analysis Scientific Rationale: The team activity is timed to take from variety of space-based missions and creation advantage of a planned scientific observing cam- of physical model of the coupling between litho- paign focusing on measurements of SO2 and related sphere, atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetos- sulfur cycle compounds, which was scheduled to phere which are linked by the chain of processes take place in autumn 2013. Several of the key sul- initiated by atmospheric boundary layer modification fur-oxide family species will be directly observed in- by air pollution (dust aerosols, nuclear disaster) and cluding: SO2, SO, OCS, H2SO4 and aerosols. The modification of boundary layer by major natural di s- coordinated observation campaign provides an un- asters: earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes/typhoons precedented opportunity for comparisons among and volcanoes. The intention is to find from experi- the observational and theoretical modeling tech- mental data and their detailed analysis the key niques involved in defining the past and current vari- processes in atmosphere, which modify the Earth ability of SO2 and related gases. plasma environment system under various geophysical conditions including natural and anthropogenic disasters. The team, including leading world experts in different disciplines, provides the unique opportu-

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 37

Improved Understanding of Venus Clouds Scientific Rationale: Collisionless shocks are ubiqui- Team leaders: Colin Wilson, University of Oxford, tous in various astrophysical, heliospheric (or solar- United Kingdom, and Emmanuel Marcq, LATMOS, terrestrial), and even laboratory phenomena. The Guyancourt, France aim of this team is to formulate a common under- Sessions: 6-8 November 2013 and 16-18 June 2014 standing regarding the latest knowledge about the Scientific Rationale: The team brings together scien- initial stage of the particle acceleration (or injection) tists from each of the relevant Venus Express inves- process at collisionless shocks. tigation teams as well as from previous missions, as Recent gamma-ray and X-ray observations of super- well as those developi ng computational and analy- nova remnants have provided the detailed spatial tical models of clouds and hazes. The aims of the and spectral structure of high-energy particles accel- project are (1) to create self-consistent reference erated at astrophysical shocks, enabling to discuss cloud/haze models which capture not only a mean particle acceleration processes there. The injection cloud structure but also its main modes of variability; problem in the diffusive shock acceleration scenario and (2) to bring together modelers and observers, to is one of the important outs tanding issues. In order reach an understanding of clouds and hazes on to understand the injection mechanism(s) at colli- Venus which matches all observables and is physi- sionless shocks, the team gathers the knowledge of cally consistent. the latest observations, simulations, and theory, not only on astrophysical and heliospheric shocks but Deter mination of the Global Conductance also on laboratory shocks. Pattern and its Influence on the Dynamics of Geospace Superdiffusive Transport in Space Plasmas and Team leader: Michael Wiltberger, National Center for its Influence on Energetic Particle Acceleration Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA and Propagation Session: 28-31 January 2014 Team leaders: Gaetano Zimbardo, Università della Scientific Rationale: Recent work has shown that in Calabria, Italy, and Horst Fichtner, Ruhr-Universität order to fully understand the dynamic behavior of Bochum, Germany geospace we must treat the ionosphere and magne- Session: 10-14 February 2014 tosphere as a fully coupled system. Extensive net- Scientific Rationale: In the last few years it has been works of all-sky imagers, photometers, spectro- demonstrated, both by data analysis and by numer- graphs, and riometers enable inferring the regional ical simulations, that the transport of energetic par- conductance structure that can be compared with ticles in the presence of magnetic turbulence can be the results of our global reconstruction. Together superdiffusive rather than normal diffusive (Gauss- with recent advances in global modeling these ob- ian). The term ‘superdiffusive’ refers to the mean servational capabilities can lead to major break- square displacement of particle positions growing throughs in our understanding of how the superlinearly with time, as compared to the normal magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere system linear growth. The so-called anomalous transport, operates as a whole. In particular, the team can ad- which in general is comprising both subdiffusion and dress numerous fundamental questions including the superdiffusion, has gained growing attention during global conductance distribution’s role in regulating the last two decades in many fields including labo- the state of magnetospheric evolution, polar cap sat- ratory plasma physics, but its serious appreciation in uration, and connections between Joule heating and space physics is relatively recent. ionospheric outflow. The team gathers a number of experts on energetic particle transport, with a focus on what could be the Physics of the Injection of Particle Acceleration main influence of superdiffusion on fundamental at Astrophysical, Heliospheric, and Laboratory processes like diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) and Collisionless Shocks solar energetic particle (SEP) propagation from the Team leaders: Ryo Yamazaki, Aoyama Gakuin Uni- Sun to the Earth. Heliospheric, astrophysical, and versity, Sagamihara, Japan, and Shuichi Matsukiyo, laboratory plasmas are considered, and both the the- Kyushu University, Kukuoka, Japan oretical approach and data analysis are carried out. Session: 17-21 March2014

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 International Teams approved in 2014 38

The Teams below have been selected for implemen- Analysis of the Circumnuclear Gas and Dust tation from the proposals received in response to the Coma of Comet 67P, the Rosetta Target, on the 2014 Call for International Teams: Basis of 3D and 3D+t Model Fits to Data Collected from Part of the Orbiter Payload SZ Clusters in the Planck Era Team leader: Marco Fulle (IT) Team leaders: Nabila Aghanim and Marian Douspis (FR) Asteroids and Self Gravitating Bodies as The Extreme Physics of Eddington and Super Granular Systems Eddington Accretion onto Black Holes: A Team leader: Daniel Hestroffer (FR) Comprehensive Study of the "Eddington Limit" Across Mass Scales Improving the Reliability of Solar Eruption Team leaders: Diego Altamirano (UK) and Omer Predictions toFacilitate the Determination of Blaes (US) Targets-of-Opportunity for Instruments with a Limited Field-of-View Implications for Coronal Heating and Team leaders: Paul Higgins (IRL) and Manolis Geor- Magnetic Fields from Coronal Rain goulis (GR) Observations and Modelling Team leader: Patrick Antolin (JP) Adding Value to Soil Mois ture Information for Climate Studies Analysis of Cluster Inner Magnetosphere Team leader: William Lahoz (NO) Campaign Data, in Application the Dynamics Constraining the Dynamical Timescale and of Waves and Wave-particle Interaction within Internal Processes of the Saturn System from the Outer Radiation Belt Astrometry Team leader: Michael Balikhin (UK) Team leader: Valéry Lainey (FR)

Field-Aligned Currents: Their Morphology, LargeAmplitude Oscillations in Solar Evolution, Source Regions and Generators Prominences Team leaders: Yulia Bogdanova (UK) and Hermann Team leader: Manuel Luna (ES) Lühr (DE) Contemporary Regional and Global Sea Level Anisotropy and Intermittency in Solar Wind Rise: Assessment of Satellite and In-situ Turbulence (ISSI - ISSI-BJ Team) Observations and Climate Models Team leaders: Christopher Chen (UK) and Jiansen He Team leader: Benoit Meyssignac (FR) (CN) There it Spins: the Hunt for Black Hole Spins Solving the Exo-Cartographic Inverse Problem Team leaders: Sara Elisa Motta (ES) and Tomaso Team leader: Nicolas Cowan (US) Belloni (IT)

Scenarios of Future Solar Activity for Aeronomy of Terrestrial-sized Bodies (ISSI - ISSI- Climatemodelling BJ Team) Team leader: Thierry Dudok de Wit (FR) Team leader: Ingo Mueller-Wodarg (UK)

Small Scale Structure and Transport D uring Facing the Most Pressing Challenges to Our Magnetopause Magnetic Reconnection: from Understanding of the Heliosheath and its Outer Cluster to MMS (ISSI - ISSI-BJ Team) Boundaries Team leader: Malcolm Dunlop (UK) Team leaders: Merav Opher and Matthew E. Hill (US)

Magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere The Disk-magnetosphere Interaction Around Coupling: Differences and Similarities between Transitional Millisecond Pulsars the Two Hemispheres Team leader: Alessandro Papitto (ES) Team leaders: Matthias Foerster (DE) and Ingrid Cnossen (UK) ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 39

The anisotropies of the Cosmic microwave background (CMB) as observed by Planck. The CMB is a snapshot of the oldest light in our Universe, imprinted on the sky when the Universe was just 380 000 years old. It shows tiny temperature fluc- tuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today. (Image Credit: ESA and the Planck Collaboration - D. Ducros)

A Three-Dimensional Ground-to-Space Under- Magnetic Waves in Solar Flares: Beyond the standing of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings “Standard” Flare Model through a Combination of Numerical Models, Team leaders: Alexander Russell and Lyndsay Fletcher Satellite and Ground-Based Observations (UK) Team leader: Nicholas Pedatella (US) Solar Heliospheric Lyman Alpha Profile Effects Climatological Aspects of Water Vapour and (SHAPE) Wet Tropospheric Correction Covering the Team leader: Martin Snow (US) Altimetry Era Team leader: Bruno Picard (FR) Extension and Improvement of the Mean Sea Level Estimation in the Arctic Regions Using Towar ds a Global Unified Model of Europa's Space Altimetry Data Exosphere in View of the JUICE Mission Team leaders: Pierre Thibaut (FR) and Eero Rinne (FI) Team leader: Christina Plainaki (IT)

Bayesian Modeling of the Galactic Magnetic Understanding Energetic Particle Injec tions and Eld Constrained by Space and Ground-based their Effect on Earth’s Outer Radiation Belt Radio-millimetre and Ultra-high Energy cosmic Electrons using Multipoint Observations Ray Data Team leaders: Drew L. Turner and Geoffrey Reeves Team leader: Jörg Rachen (NL) (US)

Coordinated Numerical Modeling of the Global Magnetic Helicity Estimations in Models and Jovian and Saturnian Systems Observations of the Solar Magnetic Field Team leaders: Licia C. Ray and Japhet Yates (UK) Team leaders: Gherardo Valori and Etienne Pariat (FR)

The Effect of Dense Environments on Gas in Improving the Analysis of Solar and Stellar Galaxies over 10 Billion Years of Cosmic Time Observations Team leader: Gregory Rudnick (US) Team leader: Harry P. Warren (US)

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Visiting Scientists 40

Edward Cliver, Emeritus Astronomer at the National Individual Scientists are invited for extended Solar Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico, an- periods to work on scientific subjects at the swered a few questions about his work as Visiting forefront in areas of interest to ISSI. The results Scientist and the collaboration with ISSI: of this research are to be published as books or in major scientific journals, with appropriate Why you have chosen ISSI for your short stay in ack nowledgement to ISSI. Bern? E. Cliver: Since 2010, I have been to ISSI for two workshops (cosmic ray modulation; solar cycle) and The following scientists worked at ISSI in the course as a member of two international teams (extreme of the nineteenth business year: solar events; long-term solar wind reconstruction) André Balogh, Space and Atmospheric Physics, Im- and have very much enjoy ed the supportive and col- perial College London, UK, working period: 6.- legial atmosphere at the Institute. So I immediately 23.11.2013. thought of ISSI as the place to take a mini-sabbatical for focused research via the visitor program. For sev- Edward Cliver, National Solar Observatory Sunspot, eral years I have been interested in the problem of New Mexico, USA, working period: 26.5.-6.6.2014. the origin of the slow solar wind and the fact that Rudolf von Steiger is an expert on solar wind com- Len Fisk, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and position made the prospect of a visit to ISSI to ex- Space Sciences College of Engineering, University of plore this topic especially attractive. Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA, working period: 16.- 27.6.2014. On which projects did you work during your stay at ISSI? Ken McCracken, IPST, University of Maryland, Col- E. Cliver: I examined the idea that there might be a lege Park, USA, working period: 20.4.-23.5.2014. floor in the solar wind magnetic field strength and that such a floor might give insight into the origin of Götz Paschmann, Max-Planck-Institute for Extrater- the slow solar wind. During 2009, at the end of the restrial Physics, Garching, Germany, working period: recent extended solar minimum, the Sun was free of 7.-23.3.2014. spots for ~260 days and the solar polar fields were weaker than at any time during the space age, giving Mario J. Pinheiro, Department of Physics, Instituto us our best glimpse yet of conditions during the Superior Tecnico, Lisboa, Portugal, working period: Maunder Minimum (a period of low sunspot activity 9.-28.6.2014. from ~1650-1700). In the near absence during 2009 Alessandro Ridolfi, Department of Physics, Univer- of high speed streams from low-latitude coronal sity of Rome "La Sapienza", Italy, working period: holes and coronal mass ejections from active regions, 9.-17.4.2014. Earth was bathed in slow solar wind ~70% of the time. Extrapolating to the weaker polar fields which Paul Shearer, Department of Mathematics, Univer- must have existed during the Maunder Minimum in- sity of Michi gan, Ann Arbor, USA, working period: dicates that the slow solar wind was even more pre- 5.-14.6.2014. dominant at that time as the Sun approached its minimal magnetic state. This in turn suggests that at Bengt Sonnerup, Thayer School of Engineering, least some of the slow solar wind originates in the Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA, working period: weak fields of the quiet Sun rather than in coronal 10.-21.3.2014. holes or active regions. For two weeks in Bern, I had the luxury of giving uninterrupted thought to this Thomas Zurbuchen, Department of Atmospheric, topic which I am continuing to pursue in Sunspot. Oceanic & Space Sciences College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA, working periods: 3.10.-17.10.2013 and 5.-16.6.2014.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 International Space Science Institute Beijing 41

The International Space Science Institute in Beijing (ISSI-BJ) was jointly established by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) and the National Space Science Center (NSSC) with the support of the Inter- national Cooperation Bureau and the Space Science Strategic Project of the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS). ISSI-BJ is a close cooperation partner of ISSI. Both institutes share the same Scienti fic Committee, the same study tools, and other information of mu- tual relevance and interest. However, both use independent operational methods and different funding sources. More information can be found on its website: www.issibj.ac.cn.

The International Space Science Institute Beijing (ISSI- BJ) was officially inaugurated on July 16, 2013. The first Executive Director of ISSI-BJ, Maurizio Falanga, was elected by the Board of Trustees of ISSI-BJ. The Around 40 scientists from all over the world attended institute’s facilities are located in the NSSC building, the Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry Forum in in Haidian, the university district of Beijing. Since the September 2013. Inauguration Ceremony, ISSI-BJ is successfully establishing an interdisciplinary and international platform Picture left showing the cover of for the scientific community addressing all topics of first edition of the newly created space sciences. ISSI-BJ magazine. TAIKONG As part of the institute’s program, ISSI-BJ organizes means outer space in mandarin and encapsulates Chinese a series of eight forums to discuss the science and developments in Space Science. related technology to achieve the scientific goals for future candidate missions within the Space Science Strategic Pione er Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. During the first business year ISSI-BJ successfully organized five of them: X-ray Timing and Polarization in June 2013, Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry in September 2013, Magnetosphere, invited to give lectures in English on scientific topics Ionosphere and Thermosphere in October 2013, to increase awareness of today’s accomplishments Solar Polar Orbit Telescope in March 2014 and Ex- in space research. Around 50 people attended the ploring the dynamic X-ray Universe in May 2014. first Understanding Science lecture of ISSI-BJ on May One of the ISSI-BJ aims is to make the forum discus- 8, 2014 and engaged in a lively discussion after- sions and its conclusions accessible to the broad sci- wards. entific communities and the public. Therefore, the At the beginning of 2014, ISSI and ISSI-BJ released knowledge and insight gained from these forums are – for the first time – a joint Call for Proposals for In- published in the ISSI-BJ TAIKONG Magazine. The first ternational Teams in Space and Earth Sciences. In re- five forums have been published in this newly cre- sponse to this call ISSI-BJ received ten team pro- ated magazine and can be found on the ISSI-BJ web- posals. Six of them have been selected by the Sci- site www.issibj.ac.cn. ence Committee, and they will hold a series of two ISSI-BJ extended his activities also to an outreach one-week meetings at the institute in Beijing. Three program for young students as a member of the out of these six teams will share the meetings be- “Understanding Science” seminars at Bridge Café in tween Bern and Beijing. Beijing. These informal seminars are organized in cooperation with the British Royal Society of Chemistry and the Institute of Physics. High-level speakers are

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Events and ISSI in the media at a glance 42

Events TV Documentary “Blazing a trail in search of the secrets of comets” including Interviews with R.-M. 30 October 2013: Pro ISSI talk "How Space Obser- Bonnet and N. Thomas, ESA Euronews, 20 Decem- vations and Super Computers have made Global ber 2013. Weather Prediction possible" by Lennart Bengtsson. Radio Feature “Wie klingt Musik im Weltall?” with 30-31 October 2013: Meeting of the Science R. von Steiger by T. Beyer, Swiss Radio SRF 2, 3 Jan- Committee. uary 2014.

1 November 2013: Meeting of the Board of Article “No Pause in Global Sea Level rise” with A. Trustees and ISSI Dinner. Cazenave by Ch. Mars hall and Climate Wire, Scien- tific American, 26 March 2014. 20 March 2014: Pro ISSI talk "Surprises in the Hard X-ray Sky" by Thierry Courvoisier. Interview “Zu Beginn stehen DNA-Codes oder Pro- teine” with R. von Steiger, interviewed by H. Liechti, 14 May 2014: Pro ISSI talk "Vulkanismus im Son- Der Bund, 27 March 2014. nensystem oder wie werden Planeten und Monde ihre Wärme los" by Ralf Jaumann. Interview “Das All ist voller Klänge” with R. von Steiger, Norient Magazine, 28 March 2014. 26-28 May 2014: Meeting of the Science Committee. Radio Feature “Conversation with Curiosity: Wie Daten vom Mars zu Musik werden” with R. von 25 June 2014: Meeting of the Board of Trustees. Steiger by T. Beyer, Swiss Radio SRF 2, 28 March 2014.

Article “Wissenschaft and Politik des Klimawandels” comment by L. Bengtsson, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 15 ISSI in the media April 2014.

Article “Solar storms could raise surface air tempe- Article “Le niveau des océans ne cesse d’aug- rature in Europe” with M. Calisto by N. Anscombe menter” with A. Cazenave, Le Figaro, 22 April 2014. in Environmental Research Web, 15 November 2013. TV Documentary “Europe's 50-Year Space Odyssey” TV Interview “Cosmic Front” featuring R.-M. Bon- including an Interview with R.-M. Bonnet, ESA Eu- net, R. Sagdeev and others, celebrating the Giotto ronews, 24 April 2014. Flyby of Comet Halley in 1986, by NHK Productions, 28 November 2013. Interview “L'Europe en Chasse d'autres Terres” with R.-M. Bonnet, Sciences et Avenir, 806, April 2014. Radio Feature “Outside Source” with J. Zarnecki, BBC World Service Radio, 13 December 2013. Article “Sicher ist nur die Ungewissheit” comment by L. Bengtsson, Die Weltwoche, 28 May 2014. TV Interview “Crossover: UK expert on China’s first soft landing on the moon” with J. Zarnecki, CCTV America, 14 December 2013.

TV Interview “China moon landing - the science and the politics” with J. Zarnecki, Channel 4 News, 14 December 2013.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 43

Alpbach Summer School students and mentors. (Image Credit: Michel A. Jakob, FFG)

ISSI and the Alpbach Summer School 2013

The topic of the 2013 Summer School (the 37th of teams and tasked to designing their own space mis- the series, with ISSI as a partner of FFG and ESA), sion, with the support and the assistance of the lec- was ”Space Weather: Science, Missions and Sys- turers and tutors. tems”. Sixty students from European countries gath- The titles of the four projects were: ered for two weeks, from 16 to 25 July 2013. ISSI • Coronal Analysis Reporting to Earth To Allow Keep- support to the School was first through the partici- ing Everything Running (CARETAKER), pation of André Balogh and Roger-Maurice Bonnet • Photospheric And Chromospheric and Coronal to the Program Committee and during the School Magnetic field Analyser (PAC2MAN), through Silvia Wenger who provided administrative • Observatories of Solar Corona and Active Regions assistance, André Balogh, who assisted the Head (OSCAR), Tutor as Scientific Coordinator and participated in • Atmospheric Drag, Occultation ‘N’ Ionospheric the Jury, which was chaired by Roger-Maurice Scintillation (ADONIS) Bonnet. The first part of the School was devoted to introduc- On the last day of the School, each team was al- tory lectures, reviewing and summarizing what is lowed one hour to present its project to the audi- Space Weather and why it is important to study, un- ence and to the Jury composed with André Balogh, derstand and forecast in view of the risks incurred Wolfgang Baumjohann, Peter Falkner, Head Tutor, by different application satellites and ground based Anik de Groof, Juha-Pekka Luntama, Hugo Maree, systems, as well as manned spaceflight. Scientific as- Harald Posch, FFG, Chairman of the Program Com- pects of the causes and effects of space weather mittee, Jean-Yves Prado, and Günther Reitz. At the were covered, in particular Solar Storms and Coronal end of their deliberations, the Jury granted a set of Mass Ejections (CME), Magnetospheric and Radia- so called “Oscars” to PAC2MAN for the best scien- tion Belts dynamics. Together with technical instru- tific case, as well as for the best quality of the pres- mentation as well as ground segment data entation, OSCAR for the best technical case, ADONIS management related topics, these lectures provided for proposing the most competitive mission, and a foundation for the usual workshops of the School, CARETAKER got the Head Tutor Oscar for offering during which the students are divided into four the best improvement and development case.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Staff Activities 44

Listed are activities in which ISSI staff scientists participated between 1 July 2013 and 30 June 2014. This includes presentations given, meetings attended, honors received, and chairmanships held.

9 October 2013 – A. Cazenave: Ocean from space, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.

24 October 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: André Lebeau, l’Ami, Post Mortem Célébration of André Lebeau, Institut Français d’Histoire de l’Espace, Paris, Franc e.

8 November 2013 – M. Falanga: INTEGRAL and the millisecond X-ray pulsars; a love story since 10 years, ESA/ESTEC, RSSD seminar programme, Noordwijk, the Netherlands.

Roger-Maurice Bonnet speaking during the ISSI SPORT 12 November 2013 – A. Cazenave: The climate of the Forum at ISSI Beijing, China, in November 2013. Earth, COSPAR Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand. 18 November 2013 – M. Falanga: The fundamental IN- Presentations TEGRAL contributions to advance the millisecond X-ray pulsars research fields and ISSI-Be ijing to facilitate inter- 12 July 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: A Fresco of 50 years World national collaboration, Beijing University, Beijing, China. Leadership in Space Research, Keynote Speech, 50th Birth- day Celebration of Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial 21 November 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: ISSI SPORT Forum Physics, Garching, Germany. 2010 Outcome, Introduction to the ISSI-BJ SPORT Forum, Beijing, China. 12 July 2013 – M. Calisto: Influence of a Carrington-like event on the atmospheric chemistry, temperature and cli- 25 November 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: Summary Conclu- mate, Davos Atmosphere and Cryosphere Assembling sions, ISSI-BJ SPORT Forum, Beijing, China. DACA-13, Davos, Switzerland. 25 November 2013 – M. Falanga: General Relativistic Flux 9 September 2013 – J. Zarnecki: Comets and Asteroids: Modulation from Disk Instabilities in Sgr A* and ISSI-Bei- Time capsules, space hazards or mineral resources, Euro- jing to facilitate international collaboration, National As- pean Planetary Science Congress (EPSC) 2013, UK House tronomical Observatory, CAS, Beijing, China. of Commons, Westminster, London, UK. 27 November 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: International Coop- 18 September 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: A European Perspec- eration in Space Research, Keynote Speech, NSSC, Bei- tive on International Cooperation in Science. Lessons jing, China. Learnt, Space VLBI ISSI-BJ Forum, Beijing, China. 2 December 2013 – R. von Steiger: Das ISSI in Bern und 3 October 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: LESIA, l’Espace en Per- seine Tätigkeiten, Talk at Kiwanis Club Bern, Switzerland. spective, 50th Birthday Celebration of LESIA, Meudon Ob- servatory, France. 9-13 December 2013 – R. von Steiger: Solar wind abun- dances from Ulysses SWICS, Fall Meeting of the AGU, 4 October 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: Mars, Mars the Next San Francisco, USA. Frontier, 12th Algerian Festival in Popular Astronomy, Con- stantine, Algeri a. 6-10 January 2014 – A. Cazenave: The Earth observed from Space, series of lectures, Institut Français and Tunis 5 October 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: 50 Années d’Exploration: University, Tunis, Tunisia. Nouveaux Visages de l’Univers, Mars the Next Frontier, 12th Algerian Festival in Popular Astronomy, Constantine, 16 January 2014 – M. Falanga: The fundamental INTE- Algeria. GRAL contributions to advance the millisecond X-ray pul-

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 45

sars research fields & ISSI-Beijing to facilitate international Meetings collaboration, IHEP, CAS, Beijing, China. 8-12 July 2013 – M. Calisto: Davos Atmosphere and 29 January 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: Past and Future Cli- Cryosphere Assembling DACA-13, Davos, Switzerland. mates, Astronomical, Solar and Anthropogenic Forcing Strategies for Future Space and Modeling Research, Vari- 16 July 2013 – R. Rodrigo: What can be learnt from Mars’ ability in the Sun and Climate over the SORCE Mission, Missions, National Space Science Centre, Beijing, China. SORCE Science Meeting, Cocoa Beach, Florida, USA. 24-25 July 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: Alpbach Summer School 11 February 2014 – R. von Ste iger: Vom Urknall bis heute Jury, Austria. – die Entstehung der Erde, Talk at Naturforschende Gesellschaft Bern, Switzerland. 9-25 September 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: Visit to NSSC and attendance to the ISSI-BJ Space VLBI Forum, NSSC, Bei- 4 March 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: The exciting Jupiter Sys- jing, China. tem, Opening Speech, VSV Planetary Exploration Sympo- sium, Delft Technical University, the Netherlands. 9-13 September 2013 – A. Cazenave: ESA Living Planet Symposium 2013, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. 4 March 2014 – A. Cazenave: Sea level and climate change, French Academy of Sciences, Paris, France. 3 October 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: LESIA 50th Anniversary, Meudon Observatory, France. 11 March 2014 – A. Cazenave: Sea level rise, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden. 3-6 October 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: 12th Algerian Festival in Popular Astronomy, Constantine, Algeria. 18 March 2014 – A. Cazenave: The use of space observations for climate change studies, Seminaire de prospec- 15-18 October 2013 – M. Falanga: Conference on "INTE- tive scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, La GRAL's journey through the high energy sky", Rome, Italy. Rochelle, France. 16-18 October 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: Association of Uni- 24-27 March 2014 – N. Champollion: Effect of Snow Sur- versities Inc., Board of Trustees, Albuquerque, NM, USA. face Change on L-Band Observations at Dome C, Antarc- tica, Meeting presentation at MicroRad conference, 24 October 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: Hommage to André Pasadena, California, USA. Lebeau, IFHE, Paris, France.

30-31 March 2014 – R. von Steiger: Introduction to con- 5 November 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: Alpbach Summer certs of the Sinfonietta Basel, Stadtcasino Basel, Conver- School 2014 Program Committee, Vienna, Austria. sation with Curiosity, based on data from the Mars rover Curiosity, Dampfzentrale Bern, Switzerland. 11-15 November 2013 – A. Cazenave: Planetary Systems of our Sun and other Stars, and the Future of Space As- 10 April 2014 – N. Champollion: Snow surface evolution tronomy, The 1st COSPAR Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand. in Antarctica, Lecture for university students, Valence, France. 18-30 November 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: NSSC Visit and Attendance to the ISSI-BJ SPORT Forum, Beijing, China. 7 May 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: Einstein Probe (in) Competi- tion, Forum “Exploring the Dynamic X-Ray Universe”, ISSI 9-13 December 2013 – A. Cazenave and R. von Steiger: Beijing, China. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA.

7 May 2014 – M. Calisto: Influence of a Carrington-like 10 December 2013 – R.-M. Bonnet: ESA Solar Orbiter event on the atmospheric chemistry, temperature and dy- Contamination Review, ESTEC, the Netherlands. namics: revised (Poster Presentation), 5th International HEPPA Workshop in conjunction with SPARC/SOLARIS- 9-10 January 2014 – R. Rodrigo: IAA Heads of Space HEPPA, Baden-Baden, Germany. Agencies Summit, Chairman of the Session: “Technical Factors: Enabling Technologies/Common Requirements”, 8 May 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: Playing with Earth Climate. Washington DC, USA. How long will we Survive?, Bridge Coffee “Understanding Science”, ISSI Beijing, China.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Staff Activities 46

27 April - 2 May 2014 – A. Cazenave: European Geo- sciences Union, General Assembly 2014, Vienna, Austria.

1-2 May 2014 – M. Falanga: Astronomy & Astrophysics Journal Board or Directors meeting, Helsinki, Finland.

5-9 May 2014 – M. Calisto: 5th International HEPPA Work- shop in conjunction with SPARC/SOLARIS-HEPPA, Baden- Baden, Germany.

4-17 May 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: Visit to NSSC, Beijing, China.

21 May 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: Solar Orbiter Contamina- tion Review, ESTEC, the Netherlands.

Beside the scientific activities, the ISSI cafeteria offers the 2 June 2014 – R. von Steiger: Editorial Committee of oppurtunity to have an informal chat about all themes Space Science Reviews, New York, USA. around science. Pictured are form left to right: Johannes Geiss (Honorary Director), Vittorio De Falco (ISSI PHD Stu- 19-20 June 2014 – R.-M . Bonnet: Association of Univer- dent), and Rafael Rodrigo (Executive Director). sities Inc. Board of Trustees, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

15 January 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: Alpbach Summer School 30 June - 4 July 2014 – M. Falanga: Chair of a Session 2014 Program Committee, Vienna, Austria. on “The European Week of Astronomy and Space Science (EWASS) 2014”, Geneva, Switzerland. 22 January 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: First Editorial Meeting of “Our Space Environment”, Swiss Space Office, Bern, Switzerland. Chairman- and Memberships

28-31 January 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: 10th SORCE Science R.-M. Bonnet: Meeting, Cocoa Beach, Florida, USA. - Administrateur de l’Association Française d’Astronomie - Vice-President of Institut Français d’Histoire de l’Espace 13-14 February 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: Association of Uni- - Member of the Association of Universities Inc. Board of versities Inc. Board of Truste es, Arlington, VA, USA. Trustees - President of the Alpbach Summer School Jury 2014 26 February 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: Comité de la Recherche - Expert and Consultant to the ESA Director General and Spatiale, Académie des Sciences, Paris, France. the Director of Science and Robotic Exploration for the ESA ExoMars Mission and the Contamination control of 3-4 March 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: VSV Planetary Explo- the ESA Solar Orbiter ration Symposium, Technical University of Delft, Delft, the - Co-President of the ESA Solar Contamination Review of Netherlands. the Solar Orbiter Mission - Senior Advisor to the NSSC Director General for ISSI-BJ 7 March 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: 10th Anniversary of Mars matters Express Launch, ESTEC, the Netherlands. A. Cazenave: 18 March 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: Board of Trustees of As- - Scientific coordinator of the ‘Sea Level’ project (Phase sociati on Française d’Astronomie, Paris, France. 2) of ESA (European Space Agency) ‘Climate Change Ini- tiative’ 25 March - 6 April 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: Visit to NSSC, - Member of Joint Science Committee of World Climate Beijing, China. Research Program (WRCP) - Invited editor of PNAS (Proceedings of the National 7 April 2014 – R.-M. Bonnet: Board of Trustees of Associ- Academy of sciences) ation Française d’Astronomie, Paris, France. - Chair, scientific council of MeteoFrance

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 47

-Vice-chair ‘Conseil Superieur des Programmes’, French Honors Ministry of Education - Member ‘Conseil d’Administration’, Centre National de A. Cazenave: la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - Elected foreign member of the Royal Academy of Bel- - Member of the scientific council of the Ecole Polytech- gium, June 2014 nique J. Zarnecki: M. Falanga: - Elected Foreign Member of the Polish Academy of Arts - Member of the Astronomy & Astrophysics Journal Board & Sciences, 2013 of Directors & Executive Committee, Swiss representative - Awarded Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, since 2011 2014 - Member of the Editorial Board for Advances in Astron- omy Journal

R. Rodrigo: Miscellaneous - Member of the Arecibo Observatory Science and Man- agement Advisory Committee - Member of the Board of Trustees of the International R. von Steiger – Visiting Research Scientist, University of Academy of Astronautics Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA (6-17 January and 24 February - Participation in the Swiss Scientific and Economic Mis- - 7 March 2014) sion to Beijing - Co-Investigator of the Instrument “Giada” on the ESA Mission Rosetta for the exploration of minor bodies in the Solar System - Spanish Lead Scientist of the “Osiris” instrument of the ESA Mission Rosetta for the exploration of minor bodies in the Solar System - Co-Investigator of the BepiColombo Laser Altimeter of the ESA Mission BepiColombo to planet Mercury - Co-Investigator of the Instruments Janus and Gala of the ESA Mission JUICE for the exploration of the Jovian system

R.von Steiger: - Review of an FP7 Space Research Project, Brussels, December 5, 2013 - Member of Editorial Committee of Space Science Reviews

J. Zarnecki: - Elected to the Council, Institute of Physics, UK - Appointed Chair of the European Space Agency’s Solar System & Exploration Working Group - Appointed member of European Space Agency’s Space Science Advisory Committee - Member of European Space Agency’s Human Explo- ration and Science Advisory Committee - Co-Investigator of the Instrument “Giada” on the ESA Mission Rosetta for the exploration of minor bodies in the Solar System

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Staff Publications 48

and A.S. Unnikrishnan, 2013: Sea Level Change. In: Cli- Listed are all papers written or co-authored by ISSI mate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribu- staff that were submitted or that appeared between tion of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report 1 July 2013 and 30 June 2014. of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P. M. Midgley Bernardini, F., D. de Martino, K. Mukai, M. Falanga, I. An- (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United druchow, J.-M. Bonnet-Bidaud, N. Masetti, D.H.G. Buitra- Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2014. go, M. Mouchet, G. Tovmassian, On the nature of the hard X-ray sources SWIFT J1907.3-2050, IGR J12123- Della Corte, V., A. Rotundi, M. Accolla, R. Sordini, P. 5802 and IGR J19552+0044, MNRAS, 435, 2822, 2013. Palumbo, L. Colangeli, J.J. Lopez-Moreno, J. Rodriguez, F.J.M. Rietmeijer, M. Ferrari, F. Lucarelli, E. Mazzotta Epi- Bonnet R.-M., 2014 General Assessment of the First four fani, S. Ivanovski, A. Aronica, M. Cosi, E. Bussoletti, J.F. Large Missions of the Chinese CAS Program for 2015- Crifo, F. Esposito, M. Fulle, S. Green, E. Gruen, M.L. Her- 2020, NSSC internal report, 13 May 2014. ranz, J.M. Jeronimo, P. Lamy, A. Lopez Jimenez, J.A.M. Bonnet R.-M., Manno, V., International Cooperation in McDonnell, V. Mennella, A. Molina, R. Morales, F. Space Research, Chinese Edition, Beijing, 2014. Moreno, E. Palomba, J.M. Perrin, R. Rodrigo, P. Weissman, V. Zakharov, J.C. Zarnecki, GIADA: its status after the Bozzo, E., P. Kretschmar, M. Audard, M. Falanga, C. Fer- Rosetta cruise phase and on-ground activity in support of rigno, Physics at the Magnetospheric Boundary, Geneva, the encounter with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Switzerland, edited by E. Bozzo, P. Kretschmar, M. Audard, J. Astron. Instrum., 3, 1, 1350011, 2014. M. Falanga, C. Ferrigno, EPJ Web of Conferences, 64, id.00001, 2013. Dieng, H.B., A. Cazenave, B. Messignac, O. Henry, K. von Schuckmann, J.M. Lemoine, Effect of La Niña on the Calisto, M., I. Usoskin, E. Rozanov, Influence of a Carring- global mean sea level and north Pacific ocean mass over ton-like event on the atmospheric chemistry, temperature 2005-2011, J. Geodetic Sciences, 4, 19-27, 2014. and dynamics: revised, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 045010, 2013. Duplessis, J-C., R-M. Bonnet, et al., Recommandations du Calisto, M., D. Folini, M. Wild, L. Bengtsson, Cloud radia- Comité des Sciences de l’Environnement et du Comité de tive forcing intercomparison between fully coupled CMIP5 la Recherche Spatiale de l’Académie des Sciences des- models and CERES satellite data, Ann. Geophys., 32, 793- tinées au Séminaire de Prospective Scientifique Spatiale 807, 2014. du CNES, 26 février 2014.

Cazenave A., La Terre et l’environnement observés depuis Geiss, J., A.P. Rossi, On the Chronology of Lunar Origin l’espace, in the series “Leçons inaugurales du Collège de and Evolution, Implications for Earth, Mars and the Solar France”, Collège de France/Fayard, 2013. System as a whole, Astron. Astrophys. Rev., 21, 68, 2013.

Cazenave, A., Anthropogenic global warming threatens Geiss, J., M.C.E. Huber, A.P. Rossi, Giant Impact: Accretion world cultural heritage, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 051001, and Evolution of the Moon: Implications for Earth, Mars 2014. and the Solar System as a whole, Europhysics News, 45/4, 24-30, 2014. Cazenave, A., G. Le Cozannet, Sea level rise and its coastal impacts, Earth's Future, 2, 2, 15-34, 2014. Gilbert, J.A., D.J. Gershman, G. Gloeckler, R.A. Lundgren, T.H. Zurbuchen, T.M. Orlando, J. McLain, R. von Steiger, Cazenave, A., H.-B. Dieng, B. Meyssignac, K. von Schuck- Background noise in space-based time-of-flight sensors, mann, B. Decharme, E. Berthier, The rate of sea-level rise, Rev. Sci. Instr., in press, 2013. Nature Clima te Change 4, 358-361, 2014. Henry, O., M. Ablain, B. Meyssignac, A. Cazenave, D. Church, J.A., P.U. Clark, A. Cazenave, J.M. Gregory, S. Masters, S. Nerem, G. Garric, Effect of the processing Jevrejeva, A. Levermann, M.A. Merrifield, A. Glenn, A. methodology on satellite altimetry-based global mean sea Milne, R.S. Nerem, P.D. Nunn, A.J. Payne, W.T. Pfeffer, D. level rise over the Jason-1 operating period, J. of Geodesy, Stammer, A.S. Unnikrishnan, Sea-Level Rise by 2100, Sci- 88, 4, 351-361, 2014. ence, 342, 6165, 1445, 2013. Hussmann, H., et al. (incl. R. Rodrigo), The Ganymede Church, J.A., P.U. Clark, A. Cazenave, J.M. Gregory, S. Laser Altimeter (GALA) as part of the JUICE payload: in- Jevrejeva, A. Levermann, M.A. Merrifield, G.A. Milne, R. strument, science objectives and expected performance, S. Nerem, P.D. Nunn, A.J. Payne, W.T. Pfeffer, D. Stammer European Planetary Science Congress 2013, EPSC Ab- stracts, 8, EPSC 2013-428, 2013. ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 49

Hussmann, H., et al. (incl. R. Rodrigo), Investigation of the Peng, D., H. Palanisamy, A. Cazenave, B. Meyssignac, Sea Galilean Moons with the Ganymede Laser Altimeter level change and variability in the South China Sea over (GALA), Japanese Geosciences Union Meeting, 28 April - 1950-2009, Marine Geodesy, 36, 2, 164-182, 2013. 2 May 2014, Yokohama, Japan, April 2014. Rodrigo, R., La Era espacial, contribution In: “25 años de Falanga, M., J.M. Bonnet-Bidaud, et al., The ephemerides Repsol en Bolsa: 1989-2014”, p. 19, 2014. ISBN 978-84- and orbital decay of 10 eclipsing HMXB, Astron. Astro- 15888-74-1. phys., submitted, 2014.

Ferrigno, C., E. Bozzo, A. Papitto, N. Rea, L. Pavan, S. Schönherr, G., F.-W.; Schwarm, S. Falkner, T. Dauser, C. Ferrigno, M. Kühnel, D. Klochkov, P. Kretschmar, P.A. Campana, M. Wieringa, M. Filipović, M. Falanga, L. Stella, Becker, M.T. Wolff et al., Formation of phase lags at the Hiccup accretion in the swinging pulsar IGR J18245-2452, cyclotron energies in the pulse profiles of magnetized, ac- Astron. Astrophys., 567, 77, 2014. creting neutron stars, Astron. Astrophys., 564, 8, 2014. Franchi, F., A.P. Rossi, et al., Geometry, stratigraphy and ev- idences for fluid expulsion within Crommelin crater deposits, Shearer, P., R. von Steiger, J.M. Raines, S.T. Lepri, J.W. Arabia Terra, Mars, Planet. Space Sci., 92, 34-48, 2014. Thomas, J.A. Gilbert, E. Landi, T.H. Zurbuchen, The Solar Wind Neon Abundance Observed with ACE/SWICS and Lammer, H., M. Blanc, W. Benz, M. Fridlund, V. Coudé du ULYSSES/SWICS, Astrophys. J., 789, 60, 2014. Foresto, M. Güdel, H. Rauer, S. Udry, R.-M. Bonnet, M. Falanga, D. Charbonneau, R. Helled, W. Kley, J. Linsky, L.T. Sierks, H., et al. (incl. R. Rodrigo), Early results on Elkins-Tanton, Y. Alibert, E. Chassefière, T. Encrenaz, A.P. 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko observed by Rosetta Hatzes, D. Lin, R. Liseau, W. Lorenzen, S.N. Raymond, The /OSIRIS, Conference abstract Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, Science of Exoplanets and their Systems, Astrobiology, 13, 12th ACM Conference, Helsinki, 2014. 9, 793-813, 2013. Stammer, D., A. Cazenave, R. Ponte, M. Tamisiea, Con- Le Cozannet, G., M. Garcin, L. Petitjean, A. Cazenave, et temporary regional sea level changes, Annual Review Ma- al., Exploring the relation between sea level rise and rine Sciences, 5, 21–46, 2013. shoreline erosion using reconstructions: an example in French Polynesia, J. Coastal Research, Special Issue No. Sterken, V., A.J. Westphal, N. Altobelli, E. Grün, et al., 65, 2013. Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination X: Impact Lorenz, R.D. , M.R. Leese , B. Hathi, J.C. Zarnecki, et al., speeds and directions of interstellar grains on the Stardust Silence on Shangri-La: Attenuation of Huygens acoustic dust collector, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, doi: signals suggests surface volatiles, Planetary and Space Sci- 10.1111/maps.12219, in press, 2014. ence, 90, 72-80, 2014. von Steiger, R., Space Physics – Grand Challenges for the Meyssignac, B., J.M. Lemoine, M. Cheng, A. Cazenave, P. 21st Century, Frontiers in Space Physics, doi: 10.3389/ Gegout, P. Maisongrande, Interannual variations in de- fphy.2013.00006, 20 August 2013. gree-two Earth’s gravity coefficients C2,0, C2,2 and S2,2 reveal large-scale mass transfers of climatic origin, Geo- Westphal, A. et al., Evidence for interstellar origin of seven phys. Res. Lett., 40, 1-6, doi:10.1002/grl.50772, 2013. dust particles collected by the Stardust spacecraft, Sci- ence, 345, 6198, 786-791, 2014. Palumbo, P., et al. (incl. R. Rodrigo), JANUS: The visible camera onboard the ESA JUICE mission to the Jovian sys- Woppelmann, G., G. Le Cozannet, M. de Michele, D. Rau- th tem, 45 Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, LPI coules, A. Cazenave, et al., Is land subsidence increasing Contribution No. 1777, 2094, 2014. the exposure to sea level rise in Alexandria, Egypt? Geo- Palanisamy, H., A. Cazenave, B. Meyssignac, et al., Re- phys. Res. Lett., vol 40, 1–5, doi:10.1002/grl.50568, gional sea level variability, total relative sea level rise and 2013. its impacts on islands and coastal zones of Indian Ocean over the last sixty years, Global and Planetary Change, Zacharias, P., An independent and critical review of exist- 116, 54-67, 2014. ing Total Solar Irradiance records, Surv. Geophys., 35, 4, 897-912, 2014. Papitto, A., C. Ferrigno, E. Bozzo, N. Rea, L. Pavan, L. Bur- deri, M. Burgay, S. Campana, T. di Salvo, M. Falanga, et al., Swings between rotati on and accretion power in a binary millisecond pulsar, Nature, 1310, 7784, 2013.

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Blackman, E.G., Magnetic Helicity and Large Scale Mag- Listed are all papers written or co-authored by ISSI netic Fields: A Primer, Space Sci. Rev., doi: 10.1007/s1121 visitors, with acknowledgement to ISSI, that ap peared 4-014-0038-6, in press, 2014. or were accepted for publication in refereed journals between 1 July 2013 and 30 June 2014. Brucker, L., E.P. Dinnat, G. Picard, N. Champollion, Effect of Snow Surface Metamorphism on Aquarius L-Band Ra- diometer Observations at Dome C, Antarctica, Geoscience Albert, J., Radial diffusion simulations of the 20 Septem- and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, in press, 2014. ber 2007 radiation belt dropout, Ann. Geophys., 32, 925- 934, 2014. Borovikov, S.N., N.V. Pogorelov, Voyager 1 near the heliosheath, Astrophys. J., 783, L16, 2014. Alm, L., G.T. Marklund, T. Karlsson, A. Masson, Pseudo altitude: A new perspective on the auroral density cavity, J. Boynton, R.J., S.A. Billings, O.A. Amariutei, I. Moiseenko, Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 118, 7, 4341-4351, 2013. The coupling between the solar wind and proton fluxes at GEO, Ann. Geophys., 31, 1631-1636, 2013. Aschwanden, M.J., J. Zhang, K. Liu, Multi-Wavelength Observations of the Spation-Temporal Evolution of Solar Browning, P., A. Lazarian, Notes on Magnetohydrodynam- Flares with AIA/SDO. I. Universal Scaling Laws of Space ics of Magnetic Reconnection in Turbulent Media, Space and Time Parameters, Astrophys. J., 775, 1, 23, 2013. Sci. Rev., 178, 2-4, 325-355, 2013.

Aschwanden, M.J., T. Shimizu, Multi-Wavelength Obser- Brun, A.S., M.K. Browning, M. Dikpati, H. Hotta, A. Stru- vations of the Spation-Temporal Evolution of Solar Flares garek, Recent Advances on Solar Global Magnetism and with AIA/SDO. II. Hydrodynamic Scaling Laws and Thermal Variability, Space Sci. Rev., doi: 10.1007/s11214-013- Energies, Astrophys.J., 776, 2, 132, 2013. 0028-0, 2013.

Aschwanden, M.J., A Macroscopic Description of a Gen- Bykov, A.M., D.C. Ellison, S.M. Osipov, A.E. Vladimirov, eralized Self-Organized Criticality System: Astrophysical Magnetic Field Amplification in Nonlinear Diffusive Shock Applications, Astrophys. J., 782, 54, 2014. Acceleration Including Resonant and Non-Resonant Cos- mic-Ray Driven Instabilities, Astrophys. J., 789, 137, 2014. Aschwanden, M.J., N.B. Crosby, M. Dimitropoulou, M.K. Georgoulis, S. Hergarten, J. McAteer, A.V. Milovanov, S. Canet, E., C.C. Finlay, A. Fournier, Hydromagnetic quasi- Mineshige, L. Morales, N. Nishizuka, G. Pruessner, R. geostrophic modes in rapidly rotating planetary cores, Sanchez, A.S. Sharma, A. Strugarek, V. Uritsky, 25 Years Physics of the Earth and planetary interiors, 229, 1-15, of Self-Organized Criticality: Solar and Astrophysics, Space 2014. Sci. Rev., in press, 2014. Cargill, P.J., Active region emission measure slopes and im- Avinash, K., G.P. Zank, B. Dasgupta, S. Bhadoria, Instability plications for nanoflare heating, Astrophys. J., 784, 49, of the heliopause driven by charge exchange interactions, 2014. Astrophys. J., in press, 2014. Clavel, M., R. Terrier, A. Goldwurm, M.R. Morris, G. Ponti, Battaglia, M., L. Fletcher, P.J.A. Simoes, Where is the chro- S. Soldi, G. Trap, Echoes of multiple outbursts of Sagittar- mospheric response to conductive energy input from a ius A⋆ revealed by Chandra, Astron. Astrophys., 558, hot pre-flare coronal loop? Astrophys. J., in press, 2014. A32, 2013.

Bazilevskaya, G.A., V.S. Makhmutov, A.K. Svirzhevskaya, Cliver, E.W., A.G. Ling, A. Belov, and S. Yashiro, Size Dis- N.S. Svirzhevsky, Y.I. Stozhkov, Charged particle fluxes in tributions of Solar Flares and Solar Energetic Particle the near-ground atmosphere, Bulletin of the Russian Events, Astrophys. J. Lett., 756, L29, 2012. Academy of Sciences: Physics, 77, 5, 575-577, 2013. Cliver, E.W., W.F. Dietrich, The 1859 space weather event Berchem, J., R. Richard, P. Escoubet, S. Wing and F. Pitout, revisited: limits of extreme activity, J. Space Weather Space Dawn-dusk asymmetry in solar wind ion entry and dayside Clim. 3, A31, 2013. precipitation: Results from large-scale simulations, J. Geo- phys. Res. Space Physics, 119, 3, 1549-1562, 2014. Cliver, E.W., A.J. Tylka, W.F. Dietrich, A.G. Ling, On a Solar Origin for the Cosmogenic Nuclide Event of 775 a.d., As- trophys. J., 781, 32, 2014.

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Collier, M.R., S.L. Snowden, M. Sarantos, M. Benna, J.A. Fritz, J., B. Bitsch, E. Kührt, A. Morbidelli, C. Tornow, K. Carter, T.E. Cravens, W.M. Farrell, S. Fatemi, H. Kent Hills, Wünnemann, V.A. Fernandes, J.L. Grenfell, H. Rauer, R. R.R. Hodges, M. Holmstrom, K.D. Kuntz, F.S. Porter, A. Read, Wagner, S.C. Werner, Earth-like habitats in planetary sys- I.P. Robertson, S.F. Sembay, D.G. Sibeck, T.J. Stubbs, P. tems, Planet. Space Sci., 98, 254, 2014. Travnicek, and B.M. Walsh, On Lunar Exospheric Column Densities and Solar Wind Access Beyond the Terminator from Fu, H.S., Y.V. Khotyaintsev, A. Vaivads, A. Retinò, M. ROSAT Soft X-ray Observations of Solar Wind Charge Ex- André, Energetic electron acceleration by unsteady mag- change, J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 119, 7, 1459-1478, 2014. netic reconnection, Nature Physics, 9, 426-430, 2013.

Delva, M., C. Bertucci, K. Schwingenschuh, M. Volwerk, Fueten, F., J. Flahaut, R. Stesky, E. Hauber, A.P. Rossi, N. Romanelli, Magnetic pileup boundary and field draping Stratigraphy and mineralogy of Candor Mensa, West Can- at Comet Halley, Planet. Space Sci., 96, 125-132, 2014. dor Chasma, Mars: Insights into the geologic history of Valles Marineris, J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 119, 2, 331- Dimitropoulou, M., H. Isliker, L. Vlahos, M.K. Georgoulis, 354, 2014. Dynamic data-driven integrated flare model based on self- organized criticality, Astrom. Astrophys., 553, A65, 2013. Galperin, B., R.M.B. Young, S. Sukoriansky, N. Dikovskaya, P.L. Read, A.J. Lancaster, D. Armstrong, Cassini observa- Dröge, W., Y.Y. Kartavykh, N. Dresing, B. Heber and A. tions reveal a regime of zonostrophic macroturbulence on Klassen, Wide longitudinal distribution of interplanetary Jupiter, Icarus, 229, 295-320, 2014. electrons following the 7 February 2010 solar event: Ob- servations and transport modeling, J. Geophys. Res. Space Ganushkina, N.Y., M.W. Liemohn, O.A. Amariutei,D. Physics, in press, 2014. Pitchford, Low-energy electrons (5–50 keV) in the inner magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res.: Space Physics, 119, 1, Dubinin, E., M. Fraenz, J. Woch, T.L. Zhang, Y. Wei, A. Fe- 246-259, 2014. dorov, S. Barabash, R. Lundin, Toroidal and poloi-dal magnetic ﬁelds at Venus. Venus Express observations, Planet. Geller, M.A., M.J. Alexander, P.T. Love, J. Bacmeister, M. Space Sci., 87, 19-29, 2013. Ern, A. Hertzog, E. Manzini, P. Preusse, K. Sato, A. Scaife, and T. Zhou, A comparison between gravity wave mo- Erkaev, N.V., C. Farrugia, A.V. Mezentsev, R.B. Torbert, mentum fluxes in observations and climate models. J. Cli- H.K. Biernat, Slow Mode Structure in the Nightside Mag- mate, 26, 6383-6405, 2013. netosheath related to IMF draping, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 2, 1121-1128, 2014. Goncharenko, L., J.L. Chau, P. Condor, A. Coster, L. Benkevitch, Ionospheric effects of sudden stratospheric Erkaev, N.V., H. Lammer, P. Odert, Y.N. Kulikov, K.G. warming during moderate-to-high solar activity: case Kislyakova, M.L. Khodacehnko, M. Güdel, A. Hanslmeier, study of January 2013, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 19, 4982– H.K. Biernat, XUV exposed non-hydrostatic hydrogen-rich 4986, 2013. upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets. Part I: Atmos- pheric expansion and thermal escape, Astrobiology, 13, Grygorczuk, J., A. Czechowski, S. Grzedzielski, Why are 1011-1029, 2013. the magnetic field directions measured by Voyager 1 on both sides of the heliopause so similar? Astrophys. J. Lett., Erkaev, N.V., H. Lammer, L. Elkins-Tanton, P. Odert, K.G. 789, L43, 2014. Kislyakova, Y.N. Kulikov, M. Leitzinger, M. Güdel, Escape of the martian protoatmosphere and initial water inven- Guarrasi, M., F. Reale, S. Orlando, A. Mignone, J.A. Klim- tory, Planet. Space Sci., in press, 2014. chuk, MHD modeling of coronal loops: the transition region throat, Astron. Astrophys., 564, A48, 2014. Farrugia, C., F.T. Gratton, G. Gnavi, R.B. Torbert, L.B. Wil- son III, A Vortical Dawn Flank Boundary Layer for near ra- Guennou, C., F. Auchère, J.A. Klimchuk, K. Bocchialini, S. dial IMF: Wind observations on 24 October 2001, J. Parenti, Can the Differential Emission Measure Constrain Geophys. Res., 119, 6, 4572-4590, 2014. the Timescale of Energy Deposition in the Corona?, As- trophys. J., 774, 31, 2013. Fichtner, H., R. Stern, F. Effenberger, Numerical Modeling of Anomalous Transport of Cosmic Rays, in: Numerical Haaland S., J. Gjerloev, On the relation between asymme- Modeling of Space Plasma Flows, Astronum 2013, N.V. tries in the ring current and magnetopause current, J. Pogorelov, E. Audit, and G.P. Zank (Eds.), Astron. Soc. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 118, 12, 7593-7604, 2013. Conf. Ser., 488, 17-22, 2014.

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Hegglin, M.I., S. Tegtmeier, J. Anderson, L. Froidevaux, R. Lyman-alpha intensity maps, J. Geophys. Res. Space Fuller, B. Funke, A. Jones, G. Lingenfelser, J. Lumpe, D. Physics, 118, 6, 2800-2808, 2013. Pendlebury, E. Remsberg, A. Rozanov, M. Toohey, J. Urban, T. von Clarmann, K.A. Walker, R. Wang, K. Weigel, Katushkina, O.A., V.V. Izmodenov, B.E. Wood, D.R. Mc- SPARC Data Initiative: Comparison of water vapor clima- Mullin, Neutral Interstellar Helium Parameters Based on tologies from international satellite limb sounders, J. of Ulysses/GAS and IBEX-Lo Observations: What are the Rea- Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 11,824–11,846, 2013. sons for the Differences?, Astrophys. J., 789, 80, 2014.

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Special Issue

The Mass Profile of Galaxy Clusters

in SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS

Guest Editors: Stefano Ettori and Massimo Meneghetti

Volume 177, Numbers 1-4, 2013

Special Issue resulting from the ISSI Team no. 191 on “Astrophysics and Cosmology with Galaxy Clusters: the X-ray and Lensing View” led by S. Ettori

Table of Contents

Preface S. Ettori and M. Meneghetti

Internal Cluster Structure M. Bartelmann, M. Limousin, M. Meneghetti, R. Schmidt

Arc Statistics M. Meneghetti, M. Bartelmann, H. Dahle, M. Limousin

Masses of Galaxy Clusters from Gravitational Lensing H. Hoekstra, M. Bartelmann, H. Dahle, H. Israel, M. Limousin, M. Meneghetti

Mass Profiles of Galaxy Clusters from X-ray Analysis S. Ettori, A. Donnarumma, E. Pointecouteau, T.H. Reiprich, S. Giodini, L. Lovisari, R. Schmidt

The Three-Dimensional Shapes of Galaxy Clusters M. Limousin, A. Morandi, M. Sereno, M. Meneghetti, S. Ettori, M. Bartelmann, T. Verdugo

Outskirts of Galaxy Clusters T.H. Reiprich, K. Basu, S. Ettori, H. Israel, L. Lovisari, S. Molendi, E. Pointecouteau, M. Roncarelli

Scaling Relations for Galaxy Clusters: Properties and Evolution S. Giodini, L. Lovisari, E. Pointecouteau, S. Ettori, T.H. Reiprich, H. Hoekstra

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Space Sciences Series of ISSI (SSSI) 58

Published Volumes

These volumes may be ordered directly from Springer or for a substantially reduced price through ISSI. If you are interested in buying our books, please contact [email protected]. More information is provided on the websites www.issibern.ch (go to ‘Publications’) or www.springer.com.

Volume 1: The Heliosphere in the Local Interstellar Medium R. von Steiger, R. Lallement, and M.A. Lee (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in November 1995, published in October 1996. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 78, No. 1-2, 1996. ISBN 0-7923-4320-4.

Volume 2: Transport Across the Boundaries of the Magneto sphere B. Hultqvist, and M. Øieroset (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in October 1996, published in October 1997. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 1-2, 1997. ISBN 0-7923-4788-9. This volume is out of print.

Volume 3: Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere L.A. Fisk, J.R. Jokipii, G.M. Simnett, R. von Steiger, and K.-P. Wenzel (eds.), two ISSI-Workshops held in September 1996, March 1997 respectively, published in May 1998. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 83, No. 1-2, 1998. ISBN 0- 7923-5069-3.

Volume 4: Primordial Nuclei and Their Galact ic Evolution N. Prantzos, M. Tosi, and R. von Steiger (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in May 1997, published in August 1998. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 84, No. 1-2, 1998. ISBN 0-7923-5114-2.

Volume 5: Solar Composition and its Evolution — From Core to Corona C. Fröhlich, M.C.E. Huber, S.K. Solanki, and R. von Steiger (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in January 1998, published in December 1998. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 85, No. 1-2, 1998. ISBN 0-7923-5496-6.

Volume 6: Magnetospheric Plasma Sources and Losses B. Hultqvist, M. Øieroset, G. Paschmann, and R. Treumann (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in October 1997, published in Sep- tember 1999. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 88, No. 1-2, 1999. ISBN 0-7923-5828-7.

Volume 7: Corotating Interaction Regions A. Balogh, J.T. Gosling, J.R. Jokipii, R. Kallenbach, and H. Kunow (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in June 1998, published in January 2000. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 89, No. 1-2, 1999. ISBN 0-7923-6080-3.

Volume 8: Composition and Origin of Cometary Materials K. Altwegg, P. Ehrenfreund, J. Geiss, and W.F. Huebner (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in September 1998, published in January 2000. Reprinted from Space Scienc e Reviews, Vol. 90, No. 1-2, 1999. ISBN 0-7923-6154-7.

Volume 9: From Dust to Terrestrial Planets W. Benz, R. Kallenbach, and G. Lugmair (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in February 1999, published in October 2000. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 92, No. 1-2, 2000. ISBN 0-7923-6467-8.

Volume 10: Cosmic Rays and Earth J.W. Bieber, E. Eroshenko, P. Evenson, E.O. Flückiger, and R. Kallenbach (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in March 1999, published in December 2000. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 93, No. 1-2, 2000. ISBN 0-7923-6712-X.

Volume 11: Solar Variability and Climate E. Friis-Christensen, C. Fröhlich, J.D. Haigh, M. Schüssler, and R. von Steiger (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in June 1999, published in December 2000. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 94, No. 1-2, 2000. ISBN 0-7923-6741-3.

Volume 12: Chronology and Evolution of Mars R. Kallenbach, J. Geiss and W.K. Hartmann (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in April 2000, published in September 2001. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 96, No. 1-4, 2001. ISBN 0-7923-7051-1.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 59

Volume 13: The Astrophysics of Galactic Cosmic Rays R. Diehl, E. Parizot, R. Kallenbach, and R. von Steiger (eds.), two ISSI-Workshops held in October 1999, May 2000 respectively, published in February 2002. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 99, No. 1-4, 2001. ISBN 1-4020-0107-9.

Volume 14: Matter in the Universe Ph. Jetzer, K. Pretzl, and R. von Steiger (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in March 2001, published in June 2002. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 100, No. 1-4, 2002. ISBN 1-4020-0666-7.

Volume 15: Auroral Plasma Physics G. Paschmann, S. Haaland, and R. Treumann (eds.), three ISSI-Workshops held in October 1999, March and December 2000, published in April 2003, 2nd edition in April 2005. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 103, No. 1-4, 2002. ISBN 1-4020-0963-1.

Volume 16: Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements R. Kallenbach, T. Encrenaz, J. Geiss, K. Mauersberger, T. Owen, and F. Robert (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in January 2002, published in July 2003. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 106, No. 1-4, 2003. ISBN 1-4020-1177-6.

Volume 17: Earth Gravity Field from Space — From Sensors to Earth Scienc es G. Beutler, R. Rummel, M.R. Drinkwater, and R. von Steiger (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in March 2002, published in November 2003. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 108, No. 1-2, 2003. ISBN 1-4020-1408-2.

Volume 18: Mars’ Magnetism and its Interaction with the Solar Wind D. Winterhalter, M. Acuña, and A. Zakharov (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in October 2001, published in June 2004. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 111, No. 1-2, 2004. ISBN 1-4020-2048-1.

Volume 19: The Outer Planets and their Moons T. Encrenaz, R. Kallenbach, T. Owen, and C. Sotin (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in January 2004, published in June 2005. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 116, No. 1-2, 2005. ISBN 1-4020-3362-1.

Volume 20: Outer Magnetospheric Boundaries: Cluster Results G. Paschmann, S. Schwartz, C.P. Escoubet, S. Haaland (eds.), two ISSI-Workshops held in March and November 2003, published in June 2005. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 118, No. 1-4, 2005. ISBN 1-4020-3488-1, ISSI price Euro 65.40.

Volume 21: Coronal Mass Ejections H. Kunow, N. Crooker, J. Linker, R. Schwenn, and R. von Steiger (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in March 2004, published in 2006. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 123, No. 1-3, 2006. ISBN 978-0-387-45086-5, ISSI price Euro 83.97.

Volume 22: Solar Dynamics and its Effects on the Heliosphere and Earth D. Baker, B. Klecker, S. Schwartz, R. Schwenn, and R. von Steiger (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in April 2005, published in 2007. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 124, No. 1-4, 2006. ISBN 978-0-387-69531-0.

Volume 23: Solar Variability and Planet ary Climates Y. Calisesi, R.-M. Bonnet, L. Gray, J. Langen, and M. Lockwood (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in June 2005, published in 2007. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 125, No. 1-4, 2006. ISBN 978-0-387-48339-9.

Volume 24: Geology and Habitability of Terrestrial Planets K.E. Fishbaugh, P. Lognonné, F. Raulin, D. des Marais, and O. Korablev (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in September 2005, published in September 2007. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 129, No. 1-3, 2007. ISBN 978-0-387-74287-8.

Volume 25: Strategies for Life Detection O. Botta, J.L. Bada, J. Gomez-Elvira, E. Javaux, F. Selsis, and R. Summons (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in April 2006, published in August 2008. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 135, No. 1-4, 2008. ISBN 978-0-387-77515-9.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Space Sciences Series of ISSI (SSSI) 60

Volume 26: Mercury A. Balogh, L. Ksanfomality, and R. von Steiger (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in June 2006, published in May 2008. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 132, No. 2-4, 2007. ISBN 978-0-387-77538-8.

Volume 27: The Composition of Matter - Symposium honouring Johannes Geiss on the occasion of his 80th birthday R. von Steiger, G. Gloeckler, and G.M. Mason (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in September 2006, published in November 2007. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 130, No. 1-4, 2007. ISBN 978-0-387-74183-3.

Volume 28: Origin and Early Evolution of Comet Nuclei H. Balsiger, K. Altwegg, W. Huebner, T. Owen, and R. Schulz (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in October 2006, published in October 2008. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 138, No. 1-4, 2008. ISBN 978-0-387-85454-0.

Volume 29: Comparative Aeronomy A.F. Nagy, A. Balogh, T.E. Cravens, M. Mendillo, and I. Müller-Wodarg (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in June 2007, published in January 2009. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 139, No. 1-4, 2008. ISBN 978-0-387-87824-9.

Volume 30: Planetary Atmospheric Electricity F. Leblanc, K. Aplin, Y. Yair, G. Harrison, J.P. Lebreton, and M. Blanc (eds.), ISSI- and Europlanet-Workshop held in July 2007, published in October 2008. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 137, No. 1-4, 2008. ISBN 978-0-387- 87663-4.

Volume 31: From the Outer Heliosphere to the Local Bubble J. Linsky, E. Möbius, V.V. Izmodenov, and R. von Steiger (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in October 2007, published in May 2009. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 143, No. 1-4, 2009. ISBN 978-1-4419-0246-7.

Volume 32: The Origin and Dynamics of Solar Magnetism M.J. Thompson, A. Balogh, J.L. Culhane, A. Nordlund, S.K. Solanki, and J.-P. Zahn (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in January 2008, published in May 2009. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 144, No. 1-4, 2009. ISBN 978-1-4419-0238-2.

Volume 33: Planetary Magnetism U.R. Christensen, A. Balogh, D. Breuer, and K.-H. Glassmeier (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in September 2008, published in October 2010. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 152, No.1-4, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4419-5900-3.

Volume 34: Probing the Nature of Gravity – Confronting Theory and Experiment in Space C.W.F. Everitt, M.C.E. Huber, R. Kallenbach, G. Schäfer, B.F. Schutz, and R.A. Treumann (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in October 2008, published in June 2010. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 148, No. 1-4, 2009. ISBN 978-1- 4419-1361-6.

Volume 35: Satellites of the Outer Solar System – Exchange Processes Involving the Interiors O. Grasset, M. Blanc, A. Coustenis, W.B. Durham, H. Hussmann, R. Pappalardo, and D. Turrini (eds.), ISSI- and Europlanet- Workshop held in November 2008, published in December 2010. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 153, No. 1-4, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4419-7438-9.

Volume 36: Terrestrial Magnetism G. Hulot, A. Balogh, U.R. Christensen, C. Constable, M. Mandea, and N. Olsen (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in March 2009, published in January 2011. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 155, No. 1-4, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4419-7954-4.

Volume 37: The Plasma Environment of Venus, Mars, and Titan K. Szego (eds.), ISSI- and Europlanet Workshop held in November 2009, published in February 2012. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 162, No. 1-4, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4614-3289-0.

Volume 38: Multiscale Physics in Coronal Heating and Solar Wind Acceleration D. Burgess, J. Drake, E. Marsch, M. Velli, R. von Steiger, and T.H. Zurbuchen (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in January 2010, published in January 2013. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Vol. 172, No. 1-4, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4614-6460-0.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 61

Volume 39: Large-Scale Magnetic Fields in the Universe R. Beck, A. Balogh, A. Bykov, R.A. Treumann, L. Widrow (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in March 2010, to be published in January 2013. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews Vol. 166, No. 1-4, and Vol. 169, No. 1-4, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4614- 5727-5.

Volume 40: The Earth’s Cryosphere and Sea Level Change L. Bengtsson, S. Koumoutsari s, R.-M. Bonnet, E.-A. Herland, P. Huybrechts, O.M. Johannessen, G. Milne, J. Oerlemans, A. Ohmura, G. Ramstein, P. Woodworth (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in March 2010, published in October 2011. Reprinted from Surveys in Geophysics, Vol. 32, No. 4-5, 2011. ISBN 978-94-007-2062-6.

Volume 41: Observing and Modeling Earth’s Energy Flows L. Bengtsson, S. Koumoutsaris, R.-M. Bonnet, R.P. Allan, C. Fröhlich, J. Heintzenberg, P. Ingmann, R. Kandel, N.G. Loeb, B. Soden, K.E. Trenberth (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in January 2011, published in September 2012. Reprinted from Surveys in Geophysics, Vol. 33, No. 3-4, 2012. ISBN 978-94-007-4326-7.

Volume 42: Dynamic Coupling between Earth's Atmospheric and Plasma Environments T. Bösinger, J. LaBelle, H.J. Opgenoorth, J.-P. Pommereau, K. Shiokawa, S.C. Solomon, and R.A. Treumann (eds.), ISSI- Workshop held in September 2010, published in January 2013. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews Vol. 168, No. 1-4, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4614-5676-6.

Volume 43: Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere – Temporal and Spatial Variations B. Heber, J. Kóta, and R. von Steiger (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in April 2010, published in September 2013. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews Vol. 176, No. 1-4, 2013. ISBN 978-1-4614-9199-6.

Volume 44: Quantifying the Martian Geochemical Reservoirs M. Toplis, J. Bell III, E. Chassefière, C. Sotin, T. Spohn, and M. Blanc (eds.), ISSI- and Europlanet Workshop held in April 2011, published in June 2013. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews Vol. 174, No. 1-4, 2013. ISBN 978-1-4614-7773-0.

Volume 45: Particle Acceleration in Cosmic Plasmas A. Balogh, A. Bykov, R.P. Lin, J. Raymond, and M. Scholer (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in May 2011, published in January 2013. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews Vol. 173, No. 1-4, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4614-6454-9.

Volume 46: The Earth’s Hydrological Cycle L. Bengtsson, R.-M. Bonnet, M. Calisto, G. Destouni, R. Gurney, J. Johannessen, Y. Kerr, W.A. Lahoz, and M. Rast (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in February 2012, publ ished in July 2014. Reprinted from Surveys in Geophysics, Vol. 35, No. 3, 2014. ISBN 978-94-017-8788-8.

Volume 47: Microphysics of Cosmic Plasmas A. Balogh, A. Bykov, P. Cargill, R. Dendy, T. Dudok de Wit, and J. Raymond (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in April 2012, published in February 2014. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews Vol. 178, No. 2-4, 2013. ISBN 978-1-4899-7412-9.

Volume 49: The Physics of Accretion onto Black Holes M. Falanga, T. Belloni, P. Casella, M. Gilfanov, P. Jonker, and A. King (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in October 2012, published in October 2014. Reprinted from Space Science Reviews Vol. 183, No. 1-4, 2014. ISBN 978-1-4939-2226-0.

Forthcoming Volumes

Volume 48: Helioseismology and Dynamics of the Solar Interior L. Culhane et al. (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in September 2012, to be published in 2015.

Volume 50: Giant Planet Magnetodiscs and Aurorae K. Szego et al. (eds.), ISSI- and Europlanet Workshop held in November 2012, to be published in 2015.

Volume 51: Multi-Scale Structure Formation and Dynamics in Cosmic Plasmas A. Balogh et al. (eds.), ISSI-Workshop held in April 2013, to be published in 2015.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 ISSI Scientific Reports Series (SR) 62

Published Volumes Electronic copies are available from the website www.issibern.ch (go to ‘Publications’). Hard copies of volumes 1-8 are available from www.spacebooks-online.com (go to ‘ESA-sponsored Publications’). Volumes 9-11 can be ordered on www.springer.com.

Volume 1: Analysis Methods for Multi-Spacecraft Data G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly (eds.), Results of an ISSI-Work ing Group, published in July 1998. ISBN 1608-280X.

Volume 2: The Radiometric Calibration of SOHO A. Pauluhn, M.C.E. Huber, R. von Steiger (eds.), Results of an ISSI-Working Group, published in August 2002. ISBN 1608- 280X.

Volume 3: The Solar System and Beyond – Ten Years of ISSI J. Geiss, B. Hultqvist (eds.). Published on the occasion of ISSI’s ten-year anniversary in June 2005. ISBN 1608-280X.

Volume 4: Heat and Gas Diffusion in Comet Nuclei W.F. Huebner, J. Benkhoff, M.-T. Capria, A. Coradini, C. De Sanctis, R. Orosei, D. Prialnik (eds.), Results from an ISSI-Team, published in August 2006. ISBN 1608-280X.

Volume 5: The Physics of the Heliospheric Boundaries V.V. Izmodenov, R. Kallenbach (eds.), Results from an ISSI-Team, published in 2006. ISBN 1608-280X.

Volume 6: Planetary Systems and Planets in Systems S. Udry, W. Benz, R. von Steiger (eds.), Results of an ISSI-Workshop, published in 2006. ISBN 978-92-9221-935-2.

Volume 7: Calibration of Particle Instruments in Space Physics M. Wüest, D.S. Evans, R. von Steiger (eds.), Results of an ISSI-Working Group, published in December 2007. ISBN 987- 92-9221-936-9.

Volume 8: Multi-Spacecraft Analysis Methods Revisited G. Paschmann, P.W. Daly (eds.), Results of an ISSI-Working Group, published in April 2008. ISBN 987-92-9221-937-6.

Volume 9: Observing Photons in Space – A Guide to Experimental Space Astronomy M.C.E. Huber, A. Pauluhn, J.L. Culhane, J.G. Timothy, K. Wilhelm, A. Zehnder (eds.), Results of an ISSI-Working Group, published in September 2010, ISBN 978-92-9221-938-3. Second Edition published in 2013, ISBN 978-1-4614-7803-4.

Volume 10: Monit oring Atmospheric Water Vapour – Ground-Based Remote Sensing and In-situ Methods N. Kämpfer (eds.), Results of an ISSI International Team, published in 2012. ISBN 978-1-4614-3908-0.

Volume 11: Towards Understanding the Climate of Venus – Applications of Terrestrial Models to Our Sister Planet L. Bengtsson, R.-M. Bonnet, D. Grinspoon, S. Koumoutsaris, S. Lebonnois, D. Titov (eds.), Results of an ISSI-Working Group, published in 2012. ISBN 978-1-4614-5063-4.

Volume 12: Physics of Collisionless Shocks – Space Plasma Shock Waves A. Balogh, R.A. Treumann, published in 2013. ISBN 978-1-4614-6098-5.

Volume 13: Cross-Calibration of Far UV Spectra of Solar System Objects and the Heliosphere E. Quémerais, M. Snow, R.-M. Bonnet (eds.), Results of an ISSI-Working Group, published in 2013. ISBN 978-1-4614- 6383-2.

Forthcoming Volumes

Volume 14: Space Instrumentation for Space Physics A. Balogh et al. (eds.), Results of an ISSI-Working Group.

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 Pro ISSI SPATIUM Series 63

The SPATIUM magazine containing the lectures of the Association Pro ISSI in a form that is easily understandable by using attractive visual information. For hard copies of the SPATIUM volumes please contac t [email protected]. Electronic editions in PDF format can be downloaded from www.issibern.ch under ‘Publications’.

No. 1: Die ersten Minuten und das weitere Schicksal des Uni versums, by Johannes Geiss, published in April 1998. No. 2: Das neue Bild der Sonne (out of print), by Rudolf von Steiger, published in November 1998. No. 3: Birth, Age and the Future of the Universe, by Gustav Andreas Tammann, published in May 1999. No. 4: Kometen als Schwerpunkt der europä ischen Welt raum forschung, by Kathrin Altwegg, published in October 1999. No. 5: Earth, Moon and Mars (out of print), by Johannes Geiss, published in June 2000. No. 6: From Dust to Planets, by Willy Benz, published in October 2000. No. 7: In Search of the Dark Matter in the Universe, by Klaus Pretzl, published in May 2001. No. 8: Sun and Climate, by Jürg Beer, published in November 2001. No. 9: The Fourfold Way Through the Magnetosphere: The Cluster Mission, by Götz Paschmann, published in June 2002. No. 10: Satellite Navigation Systems for Earth and Space Sciences, by Gerhard Beutler, published in June 2003. No. 11: Cosmic Rays, by Hansjörg Schlaepfer, published in November 2003. No. 12: Ten Years Hubble Space Tele scope, by Roger-Maurice Bonnet, published in June 2004. No. 13: Woher kommen Kohl enstoff, Eisen und Uran?, by Rudolf von Steiger, published in October 2004. No. 14: Grundlagen der Physik im extraterrestrischen Test, by Martin C.E. Huber, published in June 2005. No. 15: Titan and the Huygens Mission, by Nicolas Thomas, published in November 2005. No. 16: Astrobiology, by Oliver Botta, published in July 2006. No. 17: The Heliosphere: Empire of the Sun, by André Balogh, published in October 2006. No. 18: Einstein in Bern: The Great Legacy, by Thomas H. Zurbuchen, Rudolf von Steiger, and Brian Grimm, published in February 2007. No. 19: 4440: A Secret Number in Astronomy,by Giovanni Fabrizio Bignami, published in August 2007. No. 20: What the Universe Consists of: From Luminous to Dark Matter and Quintessence, by Uwe-Jens Wiese, published in November 2007. No. 21: The Earth’s Ozone Layer, by Yasmine Calisesi, published in February 2008. No. 22: Solar Magnetism – Discovery and Investigation, by Eugene Parker, published in August 2008. No. 23: Meteorites, by Beda Hofmann, published in February 2009. No. 24: Cosmic Vision, summary of a talk by David Southwood edited by Hansjörg Schlaepfer, published in February 2010. No. 25: Climate Change, by Thomas Stocker, published in July 2010. No. 26: Spaceship Earth, by Roger-Maurice Bonnet, published in May 2011. No. 27: Science First, by Hansjörg Schlaepfer, published in September 2011. No. 28: How Black are Black Holes?, by Maurizio Falanga, published in December 2011. No. 29: Mysterious Mercury, by Peter Wurz, published in May 2012. No. 30: Planets and Life, by Tilman Spohn, published in October 2012. No. 31: Earth Gravity From Space, by Reiner Rummel, published in May 2013. No. 32: Mirages in the Universe, by Georges Meylan, published in November 2013. No. 33: Pluto and Its Cohorts, by Hermann Boehnhardt, published in March 2014. ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 ISSI Publications in the 19th Business Year 64

The Earth’s Hydrological Cycle edited by Lennart Bengtsson, International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland Roger-Maurice Bonnet, International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland Marco Calisto, International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland Georgia Destouni, Stockholm University, Sweden Robert Gurney, Environmental Systems Science Centre, UK Johnny Johannessen, Nansen Environmenta l and Remote Sensing Center, Norway Yann Kerr, Center for the Study of the Biosphere from Space, France William A. Lahoz, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Norway Michael Rast, ESA-ESRIN, Frascati, Italy

Volume 46 resulting from an ISSI Workshop, published in 2014, Space Science Table of Contents Series of ISSI (SSSI), ISBN 978-94-017-8788-8.

Foreword; L. Bengtsson Stammer, L. Bertino, O.B. Andersen, N. Serra, N. Koldunov Sea Surface Salinity Observations from Space with the GENERAL SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW SMOS Satellite: A New Means to Monitor the Marine Review of Understanding of Earth’s Hydrological Cycle: Branch of the Water Cycle; N. Reul, S. Fournier, J. Boutin, Observations, Theory and Modelling; M. Rast, J. Johan- O. Hernandez, C. Maes, B. Chapron, G. Alory, Y. Quilfen, nessen, W. Mauser J. Tenerelli, S. Morisset, Y. Kerr, S. Mecklenburg, S. Del- Challenges and Opportunities in Water Cycle Research: wart WCRP Contributions; K.E. Trenberth, G.R. Asrar Role of Ocean in the Variability of Indian Summer Mon- soon Rainfall; P.V. Jos eph ATMOSPHERE Physically Consistent Responses of the Global Atmos- METHODS AND PROCESS STUDIES pheric Hydrological Cycle in Models and Observations; Perspectives in Modelling Climate–Hydrology Interactions; R.P. Allan, C. Liu, M. Zahn, D.A. Lavers, E. Koukouvagias, S. Hagemann, T. Blome, F. Saeed, T. Stacke A. Bodas-Salcedo Downscaling Satellite Precipitation with Emphasis on Ex- Quantifying and Reducing Uncertainty in the Large-Scale tremes: A Variational ℓ1-Norm Regularization in the De- Response of the Water Cycle; G.M. Martin rivative Domain; E. Foufoula-Georgiou, A.M. Ebtehaj, S.Q. Zhang, A.Y. Hou LAND SURFACES Global Snow Mass Measurements and the Effect of Strati- Connecting Satellite Observations with Water Cycle Vari- graphic Detail on Inversion of Microwa ve Brightness Tem- ables Through Land Data Assimilation: Examples Using the peratures; M. Richardson, I. Davenport, R. Gurney NASA GEOS-5 LDAS; R.H. Reichle, G.J.M. De Lannoy, B.A. Glaciers in the Earth’s Hydrological Cycle: Assessments of Forman, C.S. Draper, Q. Liu Glacier Mass and Runoff Changes on Global and Regional Initialisation of Land Surface Variables for Numerical Scales; V. Radic, R. Hock Weather Prediction; P. de Rosnay, G. Balsamo, C. Albergel, Observing Global Surface Water Flood Dynamics; P.D. J. Muñoz-Sabater, L. Isaksen Bates, J.C. Neal, D. Alsdorf, G.J.-P. Schumann Closing the Gaps in Our Knowledge of the Hydrological Cycle over Land: Conceptual Problems; W.A. Lahoz, APPLICATIONS G.J.M. De Lannoy Arctic Climate and Water Change: Model and Observa- OCEANS tion Relevance for Assessment and Adaptation; A. Bring, Toward Improved Estimation of the Dynamic Topography G. Destouni and Ocean Circulation in the High Latitude and Arctic Irrigation Effects on Hydro-Climatic Change: Basin-Wise Ocean: The Importance of GOCE; J.A. Johannessen, R.P. Water Balance-Constrained Quantification and Cross-Re- Raj, J.E.Ø. Nilsen, T. Pripp, P. Knudsen, F. Counillon, D. gional Comparison; S.M. Asokan, G. Destouni ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 65

Microphysics of Cosmic Plasmas

edited by

André Balogh, Imperial College London, London, UK Andrei Bykov, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia Peter Cargill, Imperial College London, London, UK Richard Dendy, Euratom / UKAEA Association, Abingdon, UK Thierry Dudok de Wit, LPC2E/CNRS–University of Orleans, France John Raymond, Harvard-Smthsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA

Volum e 47 resulting from an ISSI Workshop, published in 2014, Space Science Series of ISSI (SSSI), ISBN 978-1-4899-7412-9. Table of Contents

Microphysics of Cosmic Plasmas: Background, Motivation Kinetic Structure of Current Sheets in the Earth Magne- and Objectives; A. Balogh, A. Bykov, P. Cargill, R. Dendy, totail; A. Artemyev, L. Zelenyi T. Dudok de Wit, J. Raymond Mechanisms of Spontaneous Reconnection: From Mag- Microphysics in Astrophysical Plasmas; S.J. Schwartz, E.G. netospheric to Fusion Plasma; L. Zelenyi, A. Artemyev Zweibel, M. Goldman Topics in Microphysics of Relativistic Plasmas; M. Lyutikov, Solar Wind Turbulence and the Role of Ion Instabiliti es; A. Lazarian O. Alexandrova, C. H. K. Chen, L. Sorriso-Valvo, T. S. Hor- bury, S. Bale Plasma Diagnostics of the Interstellar Medium with Radio Astronomy; M. Haverkorn, S.R. Spangler Solar Surface and Atmospheric Dynamics; V. Martínez Pillet Microphysics of Quasi-parallel Shocks in Collisionless Plas- mas; D. Burgess, M. Scholer Astrophysical Hydromagnetic Turbulence; A. Brandenburg, A. Lazarian The Dynamic Quasiperpendicular Shock: Cluster Discov- eries; V. Krasnoselskikh, M. Balikhin, S.N. Walker, S. Microphysics of Cosmic Ray Driven Plasma Instabilities; Schwartz, D. Sundkvist, V. Lobzin, M. Gedalin, S.D. Bale, A.M. Bykov, A. Brandenburg, M.A. Malkov, S.M. Osipov F. Mozer, J. Soucek, Y. Hobara, H. Comisel Nonclassical Transport and Particle-Field Coupling: from Collisionless Shocks in Partly Ionized Plasma with Cosmic Laboratory Plasmas to the Solar Wind; D. Perrone, R.O. Rays: Microphysics of Non-thermal Components; Dendy, I. Furno, R. Sanchez, G. Zimbardo, A. Bovet, A. Fa- A.M. Bykov, M.A. Malkov, J.C. Raymond, A.M. Kras- soli, K. Gustafson, S. Perri, P. Ricci, F. Valentini silchtchikov, A.E. Vladimirov Collisional and Radiative Processes in Optically Thin Plasmas; Electron-Ion Temperature Equilibration in Collisionless S.J. Bradshaw, J. Raymond Shocks: The Supernova Remnant-Solar Wind Connection; Recent Evolution in the Theory of Magnetic Reconnection P. Ghavamian, S.J. Schwartz, J. Mitchell, A. Masters, J.M. and Its Connection with Turbulence; H. Karimabadi, Laming V. Roytershteyn, W. Daughton, Y.-H. Liu Methods for Characterising Microphysical Processes in Notes on Magnetohydrodynamics of Magnetic Reconnec- Plasmas; T. Dudok de Wit, O. Alexandrova, I. Furno, L. Sor- tion in Turbulent Media; P. Browning, A. Lazarian riso-Valvo, G. Zimbardo Microphysics of Cosmic Plasmas: Hierarchies of Plasma In- Laboratory astrophysics: Investigation of planetary and as- stabilities from MHD to Kinetic; M.R. Brown, P.K. Brown- trophysical maser emission; R. Bingham, D.C. Speirs, B.J. ing, M.E. Dieckmann, I. Furno, T.P. Intrator Kellett, I. Vorgul, S.L. McConville, R.A. Cairns, A.W. Cross, A.D.R. Phelps, K. Ronald In-Situ Observations of Reconnection in Space; G. Paschmann, M. Øieroset, T. Phan ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 ISSI Publications in the 19th Business Year 66

The Physics of Accretion onto Black Holes edited by Maurizio Falanga International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland Tomaso Belloni INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy Piergiorgio Casella INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy Marat Gilfanov Max Planck Institute for Astrophy sics, München, Germany Peter Jonker SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands Andrew King Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

Volume 49 resulting from an ISSI Workshop, published in 2014, Space Science Series of ISSI (SSSI). ISBN 978-1-4939-2226-0.

Table of Contents

Foreword; M. Falanga, L. Stella Measuring the Masses of Supermassive Black Holes; B.M. P eterson Searching for Black Holes in Space; K. Pounds Measuring Black Hole Spin Using X-Ray Reflection General Overview of Black Hole Accretion Theory; O. Blaes Spectroscopy; C.S. Reynolds

Fast Variability from Black-Hole Binaries; Black Hole Spin via Continuum Fitting and the Role of Spin T.M. Belloni, L. Stella in Powering Transient Jets; J.E. McClintock, R. Narayan, J.F. Steiner Modelling Spectral and Timing Properties of Accreting Black Holes: The Hybrid Hot Flow Paradigm; An Overview of Jets and Outflows in Stellar Mass Black J. Poutanen, A. Veledina Holes; R. Fender, E. Gallo

Current Status of Simulations; P.C. Fragile X-Ray Observations of Powerful AGN Outflows; K. Pounds

Observational Tests of the Picture of Disk Accretion; Outflow Launching Mechanisms; K. Ohsuga, S. Mineshige T.J. Maccarone Energe tic and Broad Band Spectral Distribution of Emis- Observational Appearance of Black Holes in X-Ray Binaries sion from Astronomical Jets; A. Pe’er and AGN; M. Gilfanov, A. Merloni Jet–Environment Interactions as Diagnostics of Jet Physics; Scaling Relations from Stellar to Supermassive Black Holes; S. Heinz E. Körding The Supermassive Black Hole – Galaxy Connection; Menus for Feeding Black Holes; B. Kocsis, A. Loeb A. King

Massive Binary Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei and Their Path Multi-Wavelength Variability; P. Uttley, P. Casella to Coalescence; M. Colpi Black Hole Studies: Overview and Outlook; T.J. Maccarone Mass Measurements of Stellar and Intermediate-Mass Black Holes; J. Casares, P.G. Jonker

ISSI Annual Report 2013 | 2014 International Space Science Institute ISSI Hallerstrasse 6 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland Tel. +41 31 631 48 96 www.issibern.ch [email protected]