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19720016258.Pdf - , /J7o_.2 39,_ NASA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NASA TM X-64627 COPY, SPACE AND PLANETARYENVIRONMENT CRITERIA GUIDELINES FOR USE IN SPACE VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT 1971 Revision Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory November 15, 1971 NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center _arshal! Space Flight Center, Alabama MSFC - Form 3190 (Rev June 1971) TECHNICA REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE "i" .. REPORT NO, 12. GOVERNMENT ACCESSION NO, 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NO. TM X-64627 I 4. TITLE AND SUBTIFI F 5. REPORT DATE Space and Planetary Environment Criteria Guidelines for November 15, 1971 Use in Space Vehicle Development (1971 Revision) 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR (S] Robert E. Smith, editor 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT 9. mERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NO. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812 3. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS Technical Memorandum National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D. C. 20546 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Prepared by Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory, Science and Engineering 1B _EST_&CT This document contains a consolidation of natural environment data for use as design criteria guidelines in space and planetary exploration vehicle development programs. In addition to information in the disciplinary areas of aeronomy, radiation, geomagnetism, astrodynamic constants, and meteoroids for the earth's environment above 90 kilometers, interplanetary space, and the planetary environments the upper atmosphere model currently recommended for use at MSFC is discussed in detail. This document supersedes all previous editions of NASA TM X-53957, entitled "Space Environment Criteria Guidelines for Use in Space Vehicle Development, 1969 Revision." 17. KEY WORDS 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Unclassified-unlimited E. D. Geissler Director, Aero-Astrodynamics Laborator 19. SECURITY CLASSIF. I'of thie report) 20. SECURITY CLASSIF. (of thla l:_ge) Unclassified Unclassified 21. NO. 372OF PAGES 22. $6.00PRICE MSFC - Form 3292 (May 1969) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY ....................................... INTRODUCTION .................................... SECTION I. INTERPLANETARY SPACE ENVIRONMENT ........ i-i 1.1 Definition ............................... i-I I. 2 Gas Properties ........................... i-i 1.2.1 Kinetic Gas Temperature ............. i-i 1.2.2 Gas Pressure ..................... i-i i-i i.2.3 Density ......................... i-i 1.2.4 Composition ...................... I. 3 Radiation Environment ...................... i-I 1.3.1 Galactic Cosmic Radiation .............. 1-2 1.3.2 Solar Cosmic Radiation ................ 1-2 1.3.3 Radiation Properties of the Sun (Thermal) . 1-6 1.3.4 Solar Radio Noise .................... 1-15 1.3.5 Additional Information ................. 1-17 1.4 Meteoroids, Asteroids, and Comets ............. 1-17 1.4.1 Cometary Meteoroids ................. 1-17 1.4.2 Asteroidal Meteoroids ................. 1-21 1.4.3 Additional Information ................. 1-23 I. 5 Geomagnetic Environment .................... 1-23 I. 5.1 Magnetic Field ...................... 1-23 i. 6 Astrodynamic Constants ..................... 1-23 General Constants ................... 1-23 Gravitational Constants and Mass Ratios .... 1-24 REFERENCES ..................................... 1-25 SECTION II. TERRESTRIAL SPACE ....................... 2-1 .°° Ul TABLEOFCONTENTS(Continued) Page 2. i Definition .................. ............ 2-i 2.2 Neutral Gas Properties ...................... 2-1 2.2.1 Variations ......................... 2-2 2.2.2 2500- to 65 000-km Altitude ............. 2-5 2.2.3 Additional Information ...... ........... 2- 5 2.3 Ionosphere .............................. 2- 5 2.3.1 Basic Concepts ..................... 2-6 2.3.2 Ionospheric Parameters ............... 2- 6 2.3.3 Spacecraft Interaction with the Ionosphere . 2-13 2.3.4 Communications ...................... 2-17 2.4 Radiation Environment ...................... 2-19 2.4.1 Galactic Cosmic Radiation .............. 2-19 2.4.2 Trapped Radiation ................... 2-20 2.4.3 Solar Particle Events ................. 2-27 2.4.4 Solar Cosmic Radiation ................ 2-29 2.4.5 Thermal and Albedo Radiation (Earth) ...... 2-30 2.4.6 Radiation Properties of the Sun (Thermal) . 2-33 2.4.7 Solar Cycle Predictions • • • • • • • • . • • 0' • • 2'33 2.4.8 Dose Rate Calculation ................. 2-33 2.4.9 Additional Information ............... 2-33 2.5 Meteoroid Environment ...................... 2-33 2.5.1 Average Total Meteoroid Environment ...... 2-34 2.5.2 Sporadic Meteoroids .................. 2-36 2.5.3 Stream Meteoroids ................... 2-37 2.5.4 Additional Information ............ ..... 2-39 2.6 Geomagnetic Environment .................... 2-39 Magnetic Field ...................... 2-39 Temporal Variations .................. 2-43 iv TABLEOFCONTENTS(Continued) Page Magnetic Field at Geosynchronous Altitudes . 2-43 Models of the Earth's Magnetic Environment ....................... 2-43 2.6.5 Additional Information .................. 2-43 2-44 2.7 Astrodynamics Constants ..................... Earth Constants (Epoch 1960.0) .......... 2-44 Gravitational Potential Function for the Earth ............................ 2-44 2.7.3 Geodetic Models ..................... 2-47 2.8 Winds ................................. 2-47 Theoretical Models of the Wind Field ....... 2-47 Winds in the Lower Thermosphere -- 90 to 150 km ........................... 2-48 2.8.3 Winds Above 150 km .................. 2-55 2.8.4 Vertical Winds ...................... 2-57 2.8.5 Anomalous Strong Winds ............... 2-57 2.8.6 Design Criteria ..................... 2-57 2-60 REFERENCES ..................................... BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................... 2-63 SECTION III. CISLUNAR SPACE ........................ 3-1 3.1 Definition ............................... 3-1 3-1 3.2 Gas Properties ........................... 3.3 Radiation Environment ...................... 3-1 3.4 Meteoroid Environment ...................... 3-1 3.4.1 Average Total Meteoroid Environment ...... 3-1 3-1 3.4.2 Sporadic Meteoroids .................. 3.4.3 Stream Meteoroids ................... 3-4 3.4.4 Additional Information ................. 3-5 V TABLEOFCONTENTS(Continued) Page 3.5 Geomagnetic Environment .................... 3-5 REFERENCES ..................................... 3-6 SECTION IV. MOON ................................ 4-1 4.1 Atmospheric Environment .................... 4-1 4.1.1 Gas Properties ..................... 4-1 4.1.2 Radiation Environment ................ 4-2 4.1.3 Meteoroid Environment ................ 4-3 4.1.4 Geomagnetic Environment .............. 4- 9 4.1.5 Astrodynamic Constants ............... 4-9 4.2 Surface Environment ....................... 4-11 4.2.1 Physical Properties .................. 4-12 4.2.2 Morphologic Subdivisions ............... 4-12 4.2.3 Topography ........................ 4-13 4.2.4 Block and Crater Frequencies ........... 4-23 4.2.5 Soil Characteristics .................. 4-27 4.2.6 Thermal Properties .................. 4-31 4.2.7 Optical Properties ................... 4-40 4.2.8 Dielectric Constant .................. 4-45 4.2.9 Lunar T rafficability .................. 4-48 REFERENCES ..................................... 4-50 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................... 4- 56 SECTION V. MERCURY ............................. 5-1 5.1 Atmospheric Environment .................... 5-1 Definition ......................... 5-1 Gas Properties (Surface to 1000 km Altitude s) ......................... 5-1 vi TABLEOFCONTENTS(Continued) Page 5.1.3 Gas Properties (i000 to 20 000 km Altitude) .......................... 5-7 5.1.4 Ionosphere and Charged Particles ......... 5-10 5.1.5 Clouds . , ......................... 5-10 5.1.6 Circulation ............ , ........... 5-10 5.1.7 Electromagnetic Radiation .............. 5-10 5.1.8 Meteoroid Environment ................ 5-19 5.1.9 Geomagnetic Environment .............. 5-20 5.1.10 Astrodynamic Constants (Epoch 1960.0) .... 5-21 5-22 5.2 Surface Environment ........................ 5.2.1 Surface Features .................... 5-23 5.2.2 Physical Conditions .................. 5-23 5.2.3 Electromagnetic Properties..... • • • • • • • • 5-31 5.2.4 Temperature and Thermal Properties ...... 5-31 5.3 Satellites ............................... 5-36 REFERENCES ..................................... 5-37 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................... 5-44 SECTION VI. VENUS ................................ 6-1 6-1 6.1 Atmospheric Environment .................... Definition • $ • • • $ • • • # • $ • # • $ • $ * $ $ • * • * 6-1 Gas Properties (Surface to 1000 km Altitude) • * • * • • • # • * • $ * • * * • • * • • • • • • • 6-1 6.1.3 Gas Properties (1000 to 20 000 km Altitude) • $ • $ • • • • • • • • * • • • • • * • • • • • • $ 6-4 6.1.4 Ionosphere • • $ $ • • • • • • • * * $ • • $ * • • • * • • 6- 8 6.1.5 Clouds • $ • • • • • • • • • $ • • • • • * $ • $ * • • • • • 6- 8 6.1.6 Circulation . $ , . • • $ • . * $ $ • • • • 6 9 6.1.7 Radiation Environment • • • * • • • • # * * $ • • • • 6-9 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 6.1.8 Meteoroid Environment ................ 6-11 6.1.9 Geomagnetic Environment .............. 6-13 6.1.10 Astrodynamic Constants (Epoch 1960.0) .... 6-13 6.1.11 Additional Information ................. 6-13 6.2 Surface Environment ........................ 6-14 6.2.1 Temperature ....................... 6-14 6.2.2 Features .........................
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