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Der Mathematiker Emanuel Lasker

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Der Mathematiker Emanuel Lasker joachim rosenthal der mathematiker emanuel lasker (Buchauszug) Kapitel 9 aus „Emanuel Lasker: Denker, Weltenbürger, Schachweltmeister“, hrsg. von Richard Forster, Stefan Hansen und Michael Negele. Exzelsior Verlag, Berlin 2009. Copyright © 2009 Autoren, Herausgeber und Verlag Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Emanuel Lasker: Denker, Weltenbürger, Schachweltmeister Herausgegeben von Richard Forster, Stefan Hansen und Michael Negele im Exzelsior Verlag, Berlin, im Auftrag der Emanuel Lasker Gesellschaft. 2009. XVI + 1079 S., mit über 500 Abb., 1600 Diagrammen und 700 Partien. Gedruckt auf säurefreiem und alterungs- beständigem Papier. Großformat, in Leinen gebunden mit Prägedruck. Mit Beiträgen von Wolfgang Angerstein, Jesús Bayolo Gonzalez, Ralf Binnewirtz, John Donaldson, Jürgen Fleck, Tony Gillam, Bernd Gräfrath, John Hilbert, Robert Hübner, Peter de Jong, Karl Kadletz, Wolfgang Kamm, Viktor Kortschnoi, Thomas Lemanczyk, Isaak Linder, Wladimir Linder, Tomasz Lissowski, Roberto Mayor Gutiérrez, Egbert Meissenburg, Michael Negele, Susanna Poldauf, Toni Preziuso, Joachim Rosenthal, Raj Tischbierek, Robert van de Velde, Hans-Christian Wohlfarth und einer Einleitung von Paul Werner Wagner. Verlag und Vertrieb: Exzelsior Verlag, Leuschnerdamm 31, D-10999 Berlin Telefon (0 30) 61 07 62 85, Telefax (0 30) 61 07 62 87 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.zeitschriftschach.de ISBN 978-3-935800-05-1 Konzeption und Satz: Art & Satz · Ulrich Dirr, München Internet: www.art-satz.de Satzherstellung · Web-Design · Grafik & Bildbearbeitung · Schrift & Veröffentlichungen m m joachim rosenthal der mathematiker emanuel lasker einleitung Karten- und zum Brettspiel behandeln schließlich mathema- tische Fragestellungen in der Spieltheorie3 –rund15Jahrevor Unter den Schachspielern von Weltruhm war Emanuel Las- dem klassischen Werk von Morgenstern und von Neumann,4 ker ohne Zweifel der bedeutendste Mathematiker. Er hat et- das allgemein als Ausgangspunkt der mathematischen Spiel- wa ein Dutzend wissenschaftliche Artikel publiziert, und ein theorie gilt. wichtiger Satz der höheren Algebra trägt heute seinen Na- Lasker, Mitglied der American Mathematical Society (ab men. 1906) und der Kant-Gesellschaft (ab 1913),5 stand über die Laskers mathematische Begabung hatte sich schon in sei- Jahre in brieflichem Kontakt mit verschiedenen führenden ner Kindheit gezeigt,1 undimGymnasiuminLandsbergan Mathematikern seiner Zeit. Mit der Familie des jung verstor- der Warthe wählte er Mathematik als ein Schwerpunktfach. benen Holländers Pierre Joseph Henry Baudet (1891–1921) Die Aufgaben seiner Abiturprüfung im März 1888 machen verband ihn eine enge Freundschaft.6 Und Edmund Landau deutlich, dass Lasker sich schon als Gymnasiast gute mathe- (1877–1938), Mathematikprofessor in Göttingen, teilte mit matische Kenntnisse erworben haben musste: Lasker und Baudet nicht nur das Interesse für Schach, son- 1. In eine Kugel den größten, um sie den kleinsten Kegel zu dern auch für Go und Laska;7 ein Gratulationsschreiben zu legen. Laskers 60. Geburtstag zeugt vom freundschaftlichen Kon- 2. Zu einer Ellipse und einer konzentrischen Hyperbel von takt der beiden. derselben Achsenlänge die gemeinsamen Tangenten fin- David Hilbert (1862–1943), Adolf Hurwitz (1859–1919) und den. Otto Toeplitz (1881–1940) waren weitere bekannte Mathema- 3. Ein Dreieck zu konstruieren und trigonometrisch zu be- tiker, die Lasker offenbar zu seinem Bekanntenkreis zählte.8 rechnen aus der Grundseite c = 273, der zugehörigen Hö- he h = 156, und der Differenz der beiden anderen Seiten a − b = d = 91. 4. Die zwei Brüche 7x2 + 7x − 176 5x3 − 11x2 + 5x + 4 1. Vgl. Hannak, Lasker,S.15 und 3 − 2 + + ( − )4 2. WSZ, September/Oktober 1908, S. 278. Zu Laskers Abitur vgl. ferner x 9x 6x 56 x 1 S. 11–14 in diesem Band. 3. Lasker, Kartenspiel, S. 23–32, und Lasker, Brettspiele, S. 170–203 in Partialbrüche zu zerlegen. 4. von Neumann/Morgenstern, TheoryofGames(1944); vgl. aber auch von Neumann, Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele (1928), ein Beitrag, den Lasker mit Sicherheit zur Kenntnis genommen hatte. Offensichtlich sind dies keine leichten Abituraufgaben. Las- 5. Science, Bd. 24, 1906, S. 654 und Dreyer/Sieg, Lasker,S.30 ker benötigte nur zwei der zur Verfügung gestellten fünf 6. Vgl. S. 107–109 in diesem Band. Zum Mathematiker Baudet siehe auch Stunden und löste die Prüfung mit Bravour. Sein Mathema- Soifer, The Mathematical Coloring Book, S. 320–346 (speziell S. 338–340 und 345 mit Bezug auf Lasker). tiklehrer zeigte sich ebenso verblüfft über Laskers Schnellig- 7. In einem Brief an seine Frau Martha vom März 1912 berichtet Lasker keit wie seine Mitschüler.2 von seinem Besuch bei Landau in Göttingen, von ihrem Go-Spiel und Noch im selben Frühling 1888 nahm Lasker in Berlin das seiner Vorführung des Laska-Spieles. Laskers Meinung zu Landau als Studium der Mathematik auf. Extensive Reisen und eine aus- Mathematiker ist bemerkenswert: »(…) und wir haben eine große Menge Mathematik gesprochen. Es war mir sehr interessant, seine Ansichten zu giebige Schachtätigkeit führten immer wieder zu Unterbre- hören. Nur ist er ein Spezialist, weiß fast gar nichts als Theorie der Prim- chungen. Nach Stationen in Göttingen und Heidelberg ge- zahlen. Trotz der Riesen-Bibliothek. Dabei arbeitet er viel und intelligent, lang ihm schließlich in Erlangen 1900 mit der Promotion ein aber jedenfalls beschränkt sich sein Interesse auf die eine Sache und er ist berufsqualifizierender Abschluss. nun schon zu einseitig geworden.« (Quelle: Autographen-Sammlung der Cleveland Public Library, Ohio). Vgl. auch S. 325. Lasker war ein produktiver und vielseitiger Mathematiker. 8. Brief an Otto Toeplitz, 27. August 1911 (Kramer, Letters of Emanuel Seine Hauptarbeit Zur Theorie der Moduln und Ideale (1905) Lasker, Nr. 134), darin auch Erwähnung von Hilbert; ebenso im Brief an gehört ins Gebiet der Algebra, doch daneben hat er auch Martha Lasker aus Lugano, 5. April 1916 (Kramer, Letters of Emanuel mehrere Arbeiten über geometrische Fragestellungen publi- Lasker, Nr. 192), worin neben Hilbert auch Hurwitz erwähnt wird. Ferner: Brief von Adolf Hurwitz an Emanuel Lasker aus Zürich, 1. Mai 1904 ziert, und seine Dissertation ist der Analysis zuzuordnen. (Archiv Jurgen Stigter, Amsterdam). Zu diesen und anderen jüdischen Seine in den Jahren 1929 und 1931 publizierten Werke zum Mathematikern vgl. auch Bergmann/Epple, Jüdische Mathematiker (2009). 213 m m Art & Satz • Ulrich Dirr Seite »213« 2 von 20 Forster/Hansen/Negele, Emanuel Lasker Rosenthal.tex Rev.2.7, 18.10.2009 18:37:47+02 [22.10.2009 15:18] m m 214 kapitel 9 joachim rosenthal: der mathematiker emanuel lasker Lasker hielt als »Alter Herr« dem Mathematischen Verein der Universität Berlin die Treue. Der hier angekündigte Vortrag wurde 1915 unter dem Titel »Ueber das mathematisch Schöne« in den Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Blättern veröf- fentlicht. Dabei stellte sich ihm auch wiederholt die Frage nach ei- ner eigenen akademischen Karriere als Mathematiker. Wohl hatte er 1902 eine akademische Anstellung in Manchester, doch Versuche in Missouri (1903) und Pittsburgh (1904) so- wie weitere Anläufe in den dreißiger Jahren blieben erfolglos. Edmund G.H. Landau, 1901 an der Berliner Universität habili- Seine akademischen Leistungen, besonders seine Disser- tiert, kannte den neun Jahre älteren Lasker sicherlich schon tation und seine Arbeit zu den Moduln und Idealen von aus dessen Berliner Jahren. 1909 wurde Landau in Göttingen 1905, wären sicherlich Grundlage genug gewesen, ihm nach Nachfolger des früh verstorbenen Hermann Minkowski. Im 1905 eine Professur an einer guten Universität anzubieten. In Herbst 1933 musste er unter dem politischen Druck der Nazis Deutschland fehlte ihm allerdings die Habilitation, während emeritieren. in England und den Vereinigten Staaten viele akademische Stellen primär lectureships waren, also Stellen, welche mit ei- Was halte ich von Emanuel Lasker? ner großen Lehrbelastung und mit wenig Zeit zum Forschen Gratulationsschreiben von Edmund Landau zum 60. Ge- und Reisen einhergingen, was für Lasker kaum attraktiv war. burtstag Umgekehrt war sein mathematischer Leistungsausweis wohl zu wenig ausgeprägt, um sich erfolgreich auf eine der weni- Bei Lasker liegt einer der seltenen Fälle in der Geschich- gen Stellen an den amerikanischen Spitzen-Universitäten zu te des Geistes vor, dass ein Mann in mehr als einem bewerben, was gewiss schon damals sehr attraktiv gewesen Wissensgebiete Grosses, Unvergängliches geschaffen hat. wäre. Emanuel Lasker hat im Schach Grösstes geleistet, ich Im Folgenden wird Laskers Werdegang als Mathemati- bin stolz darauf, die Entwicklung des Weltmeisters von ker etwas näher nachgezeichnet und der Stellenwert seiner seinem ersten Aufstiege an miterlebt zu haben. Und in Arbeiten erklärt. Dabei soll besonders das Lasker-Noether- der Mathematik hat er in wenigen Abhandlungen Be- Theorem wegen seiner großen Bedeutung auch auf techni- deutendes geliefert. Wahrscheinlich wird ihm von den scher Ebene näher skizziert werden, um so einem breiteren Vertretern anderer Wissenschaften, in denen ich Laie Publikum zu erlauben, seinen Inhalt und seine Wichtigkeit bin, ähnliches Lob gespendet werden. nachzuvollziehen und zu schätzen.9 Göttingen, 7.11.28 Quelle: Lasker Scrapbooks, Cleveland Public Library, 9. Zur Würdigung Laskers als Mathematiker siehe auch Thesing, Zum mathematischen Werk von Emanuel Lasker (1999); M. Lang, »Laskers Ohio. ›Ideale‹ und die Fundierung der modernen Algebra« in: Dreyer/Sieg, Las- ker, S. 93–111, und
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