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12_British_Monarchs.txt 3/26/2010

While speaking at the defunct Dowlais Iron and Steel works, this man’s comment “Something should be done,” was interpreted as an attack on the current Conservative government’s economic policies. In his most significant post he made a rare radio address from Fort Belvidere. The British Foreign Office objected to this man’s plan to tour aboard the yacht of Swedish magnate Axel Wennergren, considered a close friend of (*) Herman Goering’s. Also a former of Wuttermberg advised the FBI that this noble’s wife was likely engaged in an affair with the German ambassador, von Ribbentrop, and his 1937 visit to Nazi Germany were all seen as evidence of his pro-Nazi stance. Succeeded by George VI, in part due to Stanley Baldwin’s unwillingness to accept this man’s morganatic nuptial with Wallis Simpson, for 10 points, name this king who abdicated the throne of the United Kingdom in 1936 Answer: Edward VIII [accept Duke of Windsor prompt on partial answer] (09PB)

One of this ruler’s first official actions was to retroactively declare himself King and charge his opponents with , although he spared the Earl of Lincoln, eventually leading to the Battle of Stoke. He destroyed all copies of the and. his reign saw the signing the Treaty of Etaples, abandoning his invasion plans for France, in exchange for a large payment, as well as France’s promise no longer support a revolt following those by Stafford and Lovell and (*) . He joined with the Earl of in his position as to win a victory after landing at Milford Haven, defeating Richard III at the . After the death of his son Arthur, this monarch arranged for to marry his younger son, who succeeded him. FTP, identify this English King who Wars of the to found the Tudor , the father of VII. Answer: Henry VII of (09Terrapin)

Innocent VIII issued a papal bull after this king forcibly removed the Stafford brothers from after their abortive rebellion with Lord Lovell. One of his first actions was to repeal the Titulus Regius. This king greatly improved wool exports by signing the with various European powers. This king ended his invasion of France with the Peace of Etaples, and at the Battle of Stoke Field defeated John (*) de la Pole and the kitchen servant Lambert Simnel. This king’s Chancellor used a namesake “fork” to increase his treasury, and while not a Stuart, this king used the Treaty of Medina del Campo to marry his son Arthur to a Spanish princess. FTP, name this king who later married another of his sons to Catherine of Aragon after defeating Richard III at Bosworth to become the first Tudor monarch, the predecessor of Henry VIII. Answer: Henry VII (TXTerrapin)

This monarch attempted to fine all Englishmen for missing his , and John Hampden famously opposed one of his monetary schemes, which collected ship tax during peace time. His enactment of a Forced Loan program eventually prompted the Five Knights case, which prompted a backlash against his troop quartering policies that eventually became the (*) . This king was embarrassed at the Treaty of Ripon ending the Second Bishops' War, while the death of George Villiers prompted a period known as “personal rule” which ended shortly before the passing of the Triennial Act and the Grand Remonstrance. His reign saw the Short Parliament, which was dissolved by this husband of who was aided by Prince Rupert of the Rhine at the Battle of Naseby. FTP, identify this Stuart monarch who was defeated by Oliver Cromwell during the , the successor of James I. Answer: Charles I (09Terrapin)

The Battle of Dunsinane happened after this grandson of Richard the Fearless ordered Siward, Earl of , to lead an invasion of that led to the overthrow of King Macbeth, whom this man replaced with Malcolm III. At one point, this man declared Edward the Exile as his heir. This son of (*) and brother of Alfred Aetheling was the last king to pay the Danegeld, and was constantly bedeviled by his rebellious advisor Godwin, whose son attempted to succeed this man despite his alleged promise to . For 10 points, name this penultimate Saxon king of England, whose nickname refers to his religious piety. Answer: [prompt on partial answer; if Edward III is answered, prompt for something that distinguishes him as “Edward III of Wessex” or something, as opposed to the Plantagenet Edward III of England who ruled in the fourteenth century] (09PB)

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He was guided to power and advised early in his life by Bishop Aethelwold of Winchester and later took the Bishop Wulfstan of Worcester as another advisor. His laws at Wantage are sometimes credited with introducing the Scandinavian jury system to England. This monarch fled for Normandy after inciting Sven Forkbeard's raids on the English coast with the St. (*) Brice's Day Massacres. He later regained the throne, which he had taken in the first place after the murder at of his brother Edward the Martyr. For 10 points, name this baptismal-font-befouling kingwho got his epithet for foolishly taking the advice of the Witan. Answer: Aethelred the Unready [or Aethelred II; prompt on Aethelred] (09PB)

In his youth, this man's eduction was directed by Mary of Hungary, whose nephew this man allegedly shook violently while yelling “you, you, you!” He prompted the Perpetual Edict from the successor of Luis de Zuniga shortly after he had founded a major university in celebration of defeating a siege by flooding the enemy camp. His more famous actions were preceded by an alliance with Phillip of Montmorency against Cardinal Granvelle and Margaret of (*) Parma. Famously standing against the Council of Blood under the Duke of Alba, this victim of Balthasar Gerard oversaw the Act of Abjuration against Phillip II that led to his country's freedom after victories by Maurice of Nassau. Organizing the Battle of Heiligerlee, FTP, identify this Prince of Orange with a reserved epithet, considered the father of the for beginning the Eighty Years War, whose second namesake joined his queen Mary in the . Answer: William I of Orange or William the Silent (prompt on “William” or “William of Orange”) (09Terrapin)

This man married Eadgyth, the widow of one of his military rivals, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn of Gwynned, whom this man fought a series of border skirmishes against. After becoming the Earl of East Anglia, this man was briefly exiled due to his father’s insubordination regarding a fight in Dover, leading this man to spend time in Ireland in the court of King Dermont of Leinster. After being imprisoned at Beaurain by Count Guy of (*) Ponthieu, this man supposedly swore an oath to a foreign noble that he would not accept a certain English title. The victor over his brother Tostig and King Harald Hardrada at Stamford Bridge, FTP, name this successor of Edward the Confessor, who lost the crown and his life to William the Conqueror at Hastings. Answer: Harold II or Harold Godwinson (TXTerrapin)

This king let Anselm return from exile to be , issued the , and seized the Royal Treasury at Winchester while his brother, whom he later imprisoned in after the Battle of Tinchebray, was on a crusade. The son of this “Lion of Justice” died in the disaster, which left only his daughter Matilda in line for the throne and allowed Stephen of Blois to usurp her power. FTP, identify this lamprey- crazed English monarch, the son of William the Conqueror who succeeded his brother, William II. Answer: Henry I (prompt on Henry) (08HFT)

During the reign of this husband of , a zealous judge named Jeffreys sentenced many people to death or exile to Barbados in an event known as the Bloody Assizes, which was in reaction to a rebellion against this king led by the Duke of Monmouth. A political controversy ensued when he dropped an important object into the Thames, but Parliament ruled that the Royal Seal was not needed since this man’s escape constituted an abdication. FTP, name this Catholic monarch replaced by William and Mary in the Glorious Revolution. Answer: James II (or James VII) (08HFT)

He pardoned the youth who killed him with a crossbow during his campaign against French King Philip II. He also came into conflict with Leopold V, whose men recognized him despite his pilgrim’s disguise by his insistence on eating roast chicken. He had thrown Leopold’s flag off the walls of Acre, a city he had reconquered in 1191, and Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI demanded a ransom equal to the amount he had raised in the Saladin Tithe, which had funded his expedition to the Holy Land. FTP, identify this English crusader king nicknamed “Lionheart.” Answer: Richard I (accept Richard the Lionheart before the last word, but prompt on Richard) (08HFT)

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This king’s wife, , controversially built a Catholic chapel at Somerset House. This king wrote a treatise on the dangers of tobacco use, and defended absolutism in his pamphlet “The Trew Law of Free Monarchy.” Along with his chief advisor, the , this king controversially tried to find a Spanish bride for his son in a scandal known as the “Spanish Match”. The Pilgrims left England during this king’s reign, and he lent his name to a settlement in Virginia ruled by John Rolfe. For 10 points, name this Scottish king from the who succeeded as King of England and has a namesake version of the Bible. Answer: James I [or James VI of Scotland] (09HFT)

The lands of one king with this name and number were unsuccessfully partitioned at the Hague Conference. Another king with this name and number was advised by Lord Clarendon, as well as by the “ Ministry” and signed the Treaty of Dover with Louis XIV. That ruler was the alleged target of the Rye House and Popish Plots and was tutored by Thomas Hobbes while in exile in Belgium during the Commonwealth. For ten points, give this name and number shared by the last Habsburg king of Spain and the Stuart King of England who began the Restoration. Answer: Charles II (09HFT)

The Epiphany Plot was led against an English king with this name and number. The French king with this name and number was advised by the Duc de Sully. The English king with this name and number was the son of , was the father of “,” and defeated the Hotspur Uprising. The French king of this name and number was assassinated by the religious fanatic Francois Ravaillac and said “ is worth a mass.” For 10 points, give this name and number shared by an English king named “Bolingbroke” who overthrew Richard II and the first Bourbon ruler of France, a king from Navarre. Answer: Henry IV (09HFT)

This ruler was opposed by the Exeter . He executed Henry Courtenay and Edmund de la Pole and faced a rebellion led by Franics Bigod and Robert Aske that was known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. A crisis in the cloth trade following the Battle of Pavia led to the downfall of his advisor Cardinal Wolsey, while Thomas Cromwell helped this ruler pass the Act of Supremacy and establish the . For 10 points, name this king who sought annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and notably had five other wives. Answer: Henry VIII [prompt on Henry] (HSAPQ4)

One king of this name married Alexandra of Denmark and was the son of Prince Albert and . The son of of this name was known as “the Elder,” and the brother of Ethelred the Unready was known as “the Martyr.” The sixth king of this name was the son of , and the fourth king of this name fought Henry VI in the . For 10 points, give this British name common to “Longshanks” and “the Confessor.” Answer: Edward (HSAPQ4)

The youngest son of Henry II, this man became heir to the throne after the capture of his nephew, Arthur. His marriage to a woman betrothed to Hugh de Lusignan and his subsequent failure to appear before Philip II led his country to war. He was excommunicated for refusing to appoint Stephen Langdon as Archbishop of Canterbury, and he received the epithet “Lackland.” This monarch was also forced by a collection of nobles to sign a document at Runnymede. For 10 points, name this English king who was forced to sign the in 12** Answer: John I [or John Lackland before mention; prompt on John] (HSAPQ4)

One person of this name took the throne despite the existence of fifty more appropriate relatives, as no Catholic was allowed to take the throne, and was an instrumental figure in the formation of the Quadruple Alliance. The Delhi Durbar of the fifth of these was the only one attended by the person being honored, requiring the creation of a special crown. The sixth one of them was the last emperor of India, in addition to being the final king of Ireland. For 10 points, give the common name of these men, the third of whom ruled England during the American Revolution.

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Answer: King George [or equivalents, such as kings of England named George] (HSAPQ4)

He patronized scholars like Grimbald and John the Saxon. He also won an unlikely victory ending in the siege of Chippenham, which he concluded by signing the Treaty of Wedmore with Guthrum, allotting the Danish invaders the region of East Anglia. The legal code he promulgated suggests that a just government ought to doom everyone equally and was called the Dome Book. For 10 points, identify this king of Wessex, the first to consider himself king of all the English. Answer: Alfred the Great (HSAPQ2)

During his reign, this man received homage from Malcolm III. With the aid of Ranulf de Glanvill, this man established the superiority of royal courts over private jurisdiction. One of the most notable events of his reign was sparked by the Constitutions of Clarendon, and his sons Richard and John both rebelled against him. The founder of the Plantagenet line, for 10 points, name this English king who feuded with both Thomas à Becket and his own wife . Answer: Henry II (HSAPQ2)

This person would have come to power earlier had the Wyatt Rebellion succeeded, and her eventual rule saw the passage of the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion. Thanks to the spying of her agent Francis Walsingham, the Throckmorton, (*) Ridolfi, and Babington plots all failed in their attempts to replace this ruler with the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots. She also declared that she had the “heart and stomach of a king” while rallying resistance to the Spanish Armada. For 10 points, name this “virgin queen” of sixteenth-century England. Answer: Elizabeth I [prompt on Elizabeth] (HSAPQ3)

This man worked to defeat John Fox’s East India Bill and worked against Catholic emancipation. John Wilkes was arrested for criticizing this man’s speech from the throne in the periodical North Briton, and this man subsidized the King’s (*) Friends faction in Parliament. His wife Charlotte Sophia cared him after he went insane, possibly from porphyria, and his ministers included George Grenville and Lord North. For 10 points, name this Hanovarian monarch, the king of Great Britain during the American Revolution. Answer: George III (HSAPQ3)

After leading a siege of Chippenham, this ruler negotiated the conversion of King Guthrum in the Treaty of Wedmore. That treaty established an eastern boundary on his territory at Watling Street, separating this man’s kingdom from the Danelaw, the (*) Viking territory that once fought his kingdom of Wessex. Bishop Asser chronicled such achievements in the reign of this man, who also translated The Consolation of Philosophy into Old English. For 10 points, name this ninth-century Anglo-Saxon king who earned his epithet “the Great” by unifying England. Answer: Alfred the Great (HSAPQ3)

This man murdered his rival John Comyn at Dumfries, and, after defeat at the Battle of Methven, this man took refuge on the island of Rathlin. He gained new followers with his 1307 victory at Loudon Hill. Upon his death, his heart was given to (*) James Douglas to be buried in Jerusalem. He achieved independence for his country in the 1328 Treaty of Northhampton, and he was declared a traitor by Edward I. For 10 points, name man who won the Battle of Bannockburn and served as king of Scotland from 1306 to 132** Answer: Robert I [or Robert the Bruce] (HSAPQ3)

Margaret of is excluded from most productions of this play; in the 1993 film version, her character is merged with the Duchess of . Those murdered include the Earl of Rivers, the Queen's brother, and Lord Hastings, after the title character marries , the widow of the Prince of . After the of the Earl of Clarence, he uses the assistance of the Duke of Buckingham to undermine the of Edward IV's children and gain the throne. Concluding with the victory of the Earl of Richmond at Bosworth Field, for 10 points, name this 1591

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Shakespeare play that begins with the line "Now is the winter of our discontent/ made glorious summer." Answer: Richard III (08CC)

He oversaw the issuing of the Statute of Rhuddlan and tried to marry his son off to a Norwegian princess named Margaret for political reasons. Though he successfully occupied Snowdonia, his military accomplishments abroad were less glorious, with the failures that were the Eighth and Ninth , and he was not numbered the fourth, though he was the fourth English king of his name. Creating for his son the now-traditional title of , for 10 points, identify this man whose military victories include the Battle of Falkirk against William Wallace. Answer: Edward I [or Edward Longshanks; prompt on Edward] (HSAPQ1)

This king’s success at the Battle of Spurs during the War of the League of Cambrai led his brother in law James IV of Scotland to invade, only to be defeated at Flodden Field. This man met with Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, which accomplished nothing as his minister Cardinal Wolsey declared war on France soon after. He removed Wolsey from power after failing to receive an annulment with his wife, Catherine of Aragon. For 10 points, name this Tudor Monarch from 1509 to 1547 who had six wives. Answer: Henry VIII [prompt on Henry] (HSAPQ1)

He married Caroline of Anspach, and he would found the University of Gottingen. Under his rule, his country would adopt the Gregorian calendar, and earlier in life, his House residence would be a prime venue for those who opposed his father, like Charles Townshend. Prime Minister Pelham served under him until his death, and the earl of Wilmington was another of his prime ministers. At Dettingen, he was the last British monarch to command troops in battle, and previously, he had fought in the vanguard during the battle of Oudenaarde. His reign saw the War of Jenkin's Ear, against the wishes of Robert Walpole, as well as the suppression of the last Jacobite rebellion at Culloden Moor in 174** The first monarch to employ Pitt the Elder, for 10 points, name this British sovereign, a Hanoverian whose throne passed to his mentally unstable grandson in 1760. Answer: George II (08CC)

One abbot chronicler described “Fountains flowing with blood” and “infinite calamities to the maritime places” as features of this man's reign. A prime donor to , he held the thrice-annualy, which his former general Robert of Mowbray decided once to boycott as a prelude to a rebellion against him. Served by Ranulph Flambard and known for two unsuccessful invasions of Wales, he reached a concordat with Urban II after holding the council at Rockingham, which failed to reign in his nemesis Saint Anselm. This man defeated Odo of Bayeaux, the leader of rebels loyal to this man's brother Robert Curthose. While hunting with Walter Tirel in the New Forest, this man was killed by an arrow that pierced his lung. For 10 points, name this unpopular Norman king, the successor to his father William the Conqueror. Answer: William Rufus [or William II] (08CC)

During the battle of Lincoln, this man was captured by William de Cahaigne and afterwards imprisoned on the orders of his cousin. After the death of his son Eustace, this man signed the which would settle his succession once and for all. His claim to power was made possible by his brother Theobald's lack of interest, and got Innocent II's papal blessing. His wife, Matilda of Boulogne, was an important ally, and she managed to have him released by exchanging him for Robert, Earl of , his cousin's most prominent general. His mother, Adela, was a daughter of William the Conqueror, which gave him a claim on the throne. He further claimed that Henry I had appointed him as successor on his deathbed, with led to struggle with the , known as . FTP, who was this last Norman king of England, predecessor of Henry II? Answer: Stephen (or Stephen of Blois) (08CC)

Philip of Cognac was the only and illegitimate son of this man, who is buried at the Abbey of Fontevraud. His

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engagement with Alix, countess of the Vexin did not result in marriage, as allegedly his own father took her as mistress; he married Berengaria of Navarre instead. That marriage took place in Limassol after this man conquered Cyprus from Isaac Comnenus. He came to the rescue of his sister, Queen Joan, in Sicily, and forced Tancred to release her and reinstate her dowry. Leopold V of Austria imprisoned him in Durnstein, and both his brother and Philip II of France plotted to him prisoner; instead, he was released on a huge ransom and returned to England. He died in 1199, allegedly in the arms of his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine. FTP Name this son of Henry II and brother of King John, leader of the 3rd crusade? Answer: Richard I or Richard the Lionhearted (08CC)

Aymer de Valence led a group that mediated between this ruler and Thomas of Lancaster, who would be defeated by this ruler at Boroughbridge and executed. This ruler's son was married to , and this ruler himself was forced to abdicate by the Parliament of Westminster. Though he wasn't John, this ruler was forced by barons to sign a document known as the Ordinances, which required the banishment of his favorite and possible lover Piers Gaveston. Born at Carnarvon, this king became the first Prince of Wales, and his attempt to prevent Scottish independence led to his defeat at Bannockburn by Robert the Bruce. In 1326 his wife Isabella and her lover Roger had him deposed and imprisoned. Ruling England from 1307 to 1326, for ten points, identify this son of Edward Longshanks. Answer: Edward II (accept Edward of Carnarvon before mention) (09EFT)

One account of this man’s baptism suggested that he defecated in the font, causing doomful prophecy to surround his birth. Wulfstan II was notable for promulgating copious legislation under this man’s rule, and this man was also notable for drastically improving the quality of the coin used. This man’s second wife was Emma of Normandy, while his first wife Ælfgifu bore him six sons. This man had continual problems with Danish invaders under Sweyn I, and Canute the Great was proclaimed King of England during this man’s rule, although he forced him out shortly thereafter. This man took the throne after the murder of his half-brother Edgar. This man’s sons include and Aethelstan. For ten points, identify this 10th century English king, notable for getting terrible advice from his Witan. Answer: Aethelred II (also accept Aethelred the Unready, Aethelred the Ill-Advised or synonyms thereunto) (08IO)

This man wrote a treatise on supernatural creatures entitled Demonologie and a treatise on government titled Basilikon Doron. This man was the victim of the Ruthven Raid and proposed the Great Contract between himself and Parliament, although it failed to gain support. This signatory of the Treaty of Berwick pursued the policy of the Spanish Match and had to deal with uncooperative leaders like John Pym in his continual conflicts with the Addled Parliament. During this man’s reign, Guy Fawkes attempted the , and this man married Anne of Denmark, although he may have preferred men like the Duke of Lennox and George Villiers. For ten points, identify this Stuart King, the only son of Mary Queen of Scots, whose name is given to a Bible that he authorized. Answer: James I of England (also accept James IV of Scotland) (08IO)

He started philandering at the young age of eighteen, with a Welshwoman whom he met in The Hague, but he left her to a life of prostitution. He next took up with Moll Davis, a stage actress, who was dubbed "the most impertinent slut in the world" by Samuel Pepys. He soon dumped her for others, including the Duchess of Mazarin, Barbara Villiers, and Louise de Keroualle, nicknamed "Squintabella" by her rivals. FTP, name this English monarch most famous for his affair with Nell Gwynn, but married to , the first king of the English Restoration. Answer: Charles II

The name's the same. The one of Provence raised an invasion force against rebel French barons, only to have the fleet wrecked at Sluis, Flanders. The one of Castile is supposed to have saved the life of at Acre by sucking poison from a dagger wound, though the story is evidently apocryphal. The one of is known by a better name and accompanied Louis VII of France on crusade, though the two would be estranged during the journey. She was the mother of Richard I the Lion-Heart and John of England. FTP, identify this shared name most famous for its

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Aquitaine member. Answer: Eleanor

This man was such a bad commander that his brother had to assume command from his deathbed to rescue the army from this man's incompetence. After the death of his brother and father, he became regent to the young Richard II, and retained influence within the court until his death in 1399, despite his unpopularity, and his association with John Wycliffe. FTP, name this father of Henry IV, whose nickname is taken from the Belgian city of his birth. Answer: John of Gaunt (Prompt on )

Travelling through Newark on his way to be crowned, he saw a pickpocket caught red-handed, and ordered the thief to be summarily executed. When he was informed that the accused had to be tried, he expressed dismay at the vagaries of the English . This lack of understanding caused his conflicts with the "Addled Parliament," which he dissolved after leaders like John Pym refused to grant him certain revenues known as "impositions" in 1614. FTP, name this Stuart king of England and Scotland, father of Charles I. Answer: James I Stuart (of England) or James VI Stuart of Scotland

When the fateful idea was broached to her, she promptly fainted. At a young age, she spoke both Latin and Greek, finding solace in her studies from the harsh treatment of her parents, the Marques and Marchioness of Dorset. Her marriage to Guildford Dudley secured the power of Dudley's father, the Duke of , who eventually persuaded Edward to name her his heir. After Edward's death in 1553, this woman reigned for nine days. For 10 points, name this sixteen- year-old English queen. Answer: Lady Jane Grey

After the death of his son Eustace, he signed the treaty of Winchester. With the support of nobles who disliked Geoffrey of Anjou, he seized the throne, but was troubled by Robert, earl of Gloucester, before his victory at Faringdon in 1145 secured his reign. FTP, identify this king of England, who took the crown from Matilda, the daughter of Henry I, but allowed it to pass to her son Henry II after his death, becoming the only member of the house of Blois. Answer: Stephen

The son of Frederick Louis and Augusta, he was unable to read properly until age 11, one year before becoming heir to the throne. Around his 18th birthday, he began to torment himself with thoughts of his own inadequacy. Some 20th century investigators have suggested he suffered from porphyria, producing the agonizing pain, excited overactivity, paralysis and delirium he exhibited at least four times during his life. FTP, name this man portrayed by Nigel Hawthorne in a 1994 film, the King of Hanover from 1814-20 and King of Britain for 60 years. Answer: King George III

This man's son David II succeeded him as king. As Earl of Carrick he swore fealty to England. He consolidated his power by stabbing his political rival John Comyn to death, and after being forced to flee to Ireland returned the next year to defeat the British at Loudoun Hill, but it would be another 21 years until he would be recognized as king in the Treaty of . FTP, who was this man who, with his 1314 victory at Bannockburn, established himself as KIng of the Scots? Answer: Robert the Bruce

His religious policies caused the Covenanter Rebellion led by James Montrose, and he was forced to capitulate with the Treaty of Berwick. Sir Thomas Stafford was his harshest critic, and though Stafford was acquitted of treason, he was executed anyway. Bishop of Exeter John Gauden ghost-wrote a controversial autobiographical apology for this man's reign, entitled Eikon Basilike. Ever a fan of the theatrical, he whispered his famous last words - "Remember" - to the notoriously lazy Bishop of , William Juxton. FTP, name this English monarch, who lost his head in 1649. Answer: Charles I

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He initiated the assizes of Northampton in order to combat the anarchy rampant during the reign of his predecessor, who he had earlier forced to sign the Treaty of Wellingford or Winchester making him the sole heir to the throne. Known by such monikers as Fitzempress and Curtmantle, he is best known today for conflict instigated by his Constitutions of Clerendon, in which he sought to curb the power of the church. The last years of his reign were marred by the revolts of his sons, who were encouraged by his wife, Elinor of Aquitaine. FTP, who was this first of the Angevin kings, known for his with Thomas a Becket? Answer: Henry II

Following a pilgrimage to Rome, he returned to England and completed his church at Waltham. His first wife, nicknamed "Swan-neck," bore the same name as his second wife, Ealdgyth, and he was actually married to both at the same time. His military successes included putting down a Welsh rebellion led by Gruffyd and later a Northumbrian rebellion, which resulted in his brother, Tostig's, banishment. Tostig returned with a Norwegian army commanded by King Hardraade, but this king defeated them decisively at Stamford Bridge. Alas, he would be killed four days later in a more famous battle. FTP, name this successor to Edward the Confessor who lost to William the Conqueror at Hastings. Answer: Harold II

This man's reign saw the confederation known as the . He appointed Robert Champart as Archbishop of Canterbury and was forced to choose another heir over his grandson Edgar the Ætheling. He confined his wife Edith to a monastery at Wherwell, arousing the ire of her father Godwin, Earl of Wessex, who staged a rebellion against this king. The eldest son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma, he gained the throne after the death of Hardecanute in 1042. FTP, identify this penultimate Saxon king most famous for establishing and for his 1161 canonization. Answer: Edward the Confessor

He received recognition as king through the machinations of his brother Henry, Bishop of Winchester. He alienated the Church by his persecution of Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, and succumbed to an unfavorable treaty with Geoffrey of Anjou. His cousin allied with Robert, Earl of Gloucester and the two invaded England in 1139. He signed the Treaty of Wallingford, which recognized his cousin's son as heir to the crown after he was captured at the Battle of Lincoln. The cousin of Mathilda and uncle to Henry II, FTP, name this man who ruled England from 1135 to 1154, the only member of the House of Blois. Answer: Stephen of Blois

Francis I said of her, "She hath done wondrous naughty!" after she wrote an infamous love letter to her distant cousin Thomas Culpepper. The subject of a play by Alexandre Dumas, she was a granddaughter of the 2nd and had frequent meetings with her future spouse arranged by Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester. She was married on the same day Thomas Cromwell was executed. She is best known for succeeding the position of . Executed on February 13, 1542, FTP, name this fifth queen of Henry VIII. Answer:

Humphrey Arundell led a rebellion in against this ruler. The Treaty of Greenwich arranged a marriage between this figure and someone who later became consort to Francis II, but that betrothal broke down and resulted in the War of the Rough Wooing. The real power during this man€™s reign was held by the first Duke of Somerset and John Dudley, the first Duke of Northumberland, and his reign saw the publishing of the Book of Common Prayer by Thomas Cranmer. This ruler was succeeded by his cousin Jane Grey, although she reigned for only nine days before her execution by Mary I. For 10 points, name this son of Jane Seymour and Henry VIII who reigned for six years as King of England before his death at age sixteen. Answer: Edward VI

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This man came to power after the death of his predecessor at the hands of Walter Tirel. He further solidified his position by marrying the Scottish princess Edith and by ceding lands in Normandy in the treaty of Alton. His conflict with Paschal II was settled by the Concordat of London, which also led to the return from exile of St.Anselm. This king established the Exchequer and also issued reforms in the Charter of Liberties. The death of his legitimate heir William Atheling in the White Ship Tragedy resulted in civil war between this ruler€™s daughter Matilda and his eventual successor Stephen of Blois. For 10 points name this Norman ruler, nicknamed the Lion of Justice and Beauclerc, the second of William the Conqueror€™s sons and first of his name to rule England. Answer: [prompt on Henry]

This monarch's maritime ambitions towards Indonesia led him to contest Dutch holdings by founding the French East India Company, and he maintained diplomatic ties with Islamic states first established when he had organized a failed takeover of Aragon. This man's predecessor endured the Day of the Barricades, while he governed with the aid of the Duke of Sully after defeating the Duke of Mayenne at Arques. His first wife was spurned in favor of his mistress Gabrielle d'Estrees, who bore this victim of Francois Ravaillac four children. This winner at Ivry wed Marie d'Medici, years after his marriage to Marguerite had helped trigger the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. The victor over Henry of Guise and successor of Henry III, for 10 points, identify this issuer of the Edict of Nantes, who founded the Bourbon dynasty after ending the Wars of Religion. Answer: Henry IV [or Henry of Navarre; or Henry the Great; or Henri le Grand]

He fled to Burgundy after his brother, the Duke of Clarence, rebelled and smashed his army at the Battle of Edgecoat Moor. This man accepted tribute from Lous XI in the Treaty Picquigny, pledging not to invade France, and had earlier established his claim to the throne with a victory at the Battle of . This man's lovers included London socialite , while his wife had previously been married to an enemy of this man, whose father was killed at . This man was eventually victorious at the over Richard Neville, an Earl of Warwick nicknamed "the ", and over Edward of Westminster at , ending the last Lancastrian claim to the throne. For 10 points, identify this English king during the War of the Roses whose death left his sons Edward and Richard to be locked away as the . Answer: Edward IV of England [or Edward Plantagenet]

This monarch signed the Treaty of Etaples with Charles the Affable to cut of support for a domestic rival and sponsored the construction of the first European drydock. One of this man's ministers developed a contradictory tax policy based on outward demonstration of wealth, the so-called "Morton's Fork", and he married off his eldest son in the Treaty of Medina del Campo. One of this man's rivals posed as Edward VI and spoke a laughably minimal amount of English, while another posed as the . This man overcame Lambert Simnel and , and to the throne after a military victory where he was aided by Sir William Stanley and the in putting an end to the . The victor at the Battle of Bosworth Field over Richard III, for 10 points, identify this founder Tudor Dynasty and father of Henry VIII. Answer: Henry VII [prompt on Henry Tudor]

This ruler€™s paternal grandfather married Melisende and become King of Jerusalem upon the death of Baldwin II, while his mother had previously been married to Holy Roman Emperor . Upon the death of his father, this man obtained the title Count of Maine, and he secured his right to the throne by the Treaty of Wallingford, which was agreed upon by his predecessor, Stephen of Blois. During his reign, his Assizes of Clarendon and Northampton reformed , making trial by jury more common, and his Constitutions of Clarendon set out to reduce the pope€™s power in England, which angered Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket. For 10 points, identify this last husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine, the first Plantagenet king of England. Answer: Henry II of England

This ruler concurred with ambassador Diego Sarmiento, count of Gondomar, to marry his heir to an infanta of Spain.

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This ruler summoned the brief Addled Parliament, and once kidnapped by William Ruthven, earl of Gowrie, this man escaped the regency of the earl of Morton and settled on his crown by the Treaty of Berwick. This man signed the Negative Confession in favor of Puritans, but saw the Mayflower migration during his reign. The son of Lord Darnley, this ruler took up the Duke of Buckingham as a favorite and wrote The True Lawe of Free Monarchies espousing the divine right of kings. For 10 points, name this subject of the Gunpowder Plot who succeeded Elizabeth I, and authorized a new Bible translation. Answer: James I [or James VI of Scotland]

During his reign, this man established subordinate bodies called the Triers and Ejectors to rule over clergy and teachers. Following a failed coup attempt against him led by John Lambert, he disbanded the Assembly of Saints, and this ruler mandated that Parliament follow the "four fundamentals." His rule saw the conquering of Jamaica by the British. His government, which fought for the €œGood Old Cause,€ worked to oppress sects like the Fifth Monarchy Men. One of his greatest military campaigns concluded with the Battle of Worcester, a conflict that followed his predecessor's Bishops€™ Wars. This organizer of the was succeeded by his son Richard. For 10 points, name this first of England. Answer: Oliver Cromwell

This ruler won victories at Varaville and Mortemer over Geoffrey Martel. He established Roger of Montgomery as the first , creating the . This ruler faced a rebellion from the earls of Norfolk, , and Northumberland. Another rebellion against this ruler was led by the men who had earlier lost the Battle of Fulford, Edwin and Morcar. This patron of Lanfranc of Pavia ordered the Harrying of the North. This half-brother of Bishop Odo and husband of was succeeded by his sons Roger Curthose and William Rufus. Originally known as €œthe Bastard,€ this ruler won another title by defeating Harold II. For 10 points, name this commissioner of the Domesday Book and winner of the Battle of Hastings, the first Norman king of England. Answer: William the Conqueror [or William I; or William of Normandy; accept William the Bastard before it is read]

When this ruler visited Rome at age five, Pope Leo IV dressed him in the robes and sword belt of a Roman consul. He established a new legal code with the Book of Dooms, and at the Battle of Ashdown he defeated the forces of the man with whom he would later sign the Peace of Wedmore. He personally translated from Latin works such as Bede's Ecclesiastical History and Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy. The fifth son of Aethelwulf, he defeated Guthrum's forces at Edington, pushing them back into Northumbria and East Anglia and retaking London in about 885. For 10 points, name this king of Wessex, the only "Great" English king. Answer: Alfred the Great

This ruler allied with Spain against France via the Treaty of Westminster, and he won a victory at the Battle of the Spurs during the War of the Holy League as well as a defeat of the Scottish at Flodden Field. One of his advisors secured peace among Europe's major powers through the Treaty of London, and he met with Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. His advisors included Thomas Cranmer, Cardinal Wolsey, and Thomas Cromwell, who helped this leader pass the Act of Supremacy and establish the Church of England. For 10 points, name this English king who was married to Catherine of Aragon, , and four other women. Answer: Henry VIII

This man's younger brother was made Abbot of Glastonbury and Bishop of Winchester, becoming the wealthiest churchman in the country, while this man himself encountered trouble during the first years of his rule in a period known as the Anarchy. Having been imprisoned for some time in Bristol for rashly accepting battle at Lincoln, he was exchanged for Robert of Gloucester, who had been captured after this man's wife, Matilda of Boulogne, advanced toward London. However, Matilda's son would later return to England, and, following a military draw at Wallingford, the Treaty of Westminster gave this man's second son all of his baronial lands, while recognizing that ruler of Aquitaine as his heir. Succeeding Henry I, this is, FTP, which English monarch, the last of the ?

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Answer: Stephen of Blois

The death of this ruler would later allow her widower to enter into a marriage that sealed a treaty signed after the battles of St. Quentin and Gravelines, and this ruler once rallied support against a rebellion by giving a speech at Guildhall. Pope Paul VI canceled this ruler's appointment of Reginald Pole to be Archbishop of Canterbury, and this ruler's reign saw the repeal of the Act of Supremacy. Though her advisors advocated that she marry her cousin Courtenay, the earl of , this ruler declared that she would marry Philip II, resulting in Wyat's rebellion against her. Gaining her popular nickname from her persecution of Protestants, for ten points, identify queen, this daughter of Catharine of Aragon and Henry VIII, who was succeeded by her sister Elizabeth. Answer: Mary I [or Mary Tudor; prompt on "Bloody Mary"]

This ruler exiled Lord Clarendon after his country's ships were raided by Michael de Ruyter. This king unsuccessfully attempted to issue a Royal Declaration of Indulgences, and was targeted by a plot based from the home of Richard Rumbold. The Second Anglo-Dutch War occurred during the rule of this king, who ascended to the throne after issuing the Declaration of Breda. Titus Oates fabricated the against this king, who was advised by the Cabal. This ruler survived the Rye House Plot and was unprepared to deal with the Great Fire of London. For 10 points, name this Stuart king of England who was restored to the throne after the English Civil War. Answer: Charles II Stuart

One English monarch of this name issued the "Statute of the Staple," mandating which ports could ship which goods. Another king of this name is also the addressee of an anonymous poem that contains the line "Alas! For hunger I die!" written "on [his] Evil Times," and served as the British king during the Great Famine that marks the beginning of the Little Ice Age. The first English monarch of this name executed the heads of all of the Hebrew families for coin-clipping before issuing the Edict of Expulsion, kicking the Jews out of England. The fifth monarch of this name was one of the "Princes in the Tower," while the third was King at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. For 10 points, name this kingly British name, the first of whom was nicknamed "Longshanks." Answer: Edward

One king of this name abdicated from the throne of Mercia to become abbot of Bardney. Another came to the throne under a cloud of suspicion after the mysterious death of his half-brother Edward the Martyr, and his ordering of the St. Brice's Day Massacre further poisoned relations between the and the . He was forced to flee to Normandy when the Danish leader Sweyn Forkbeard was accepted by most of the Anglo-Saxon thanes. FTP, name this ineffective Anglo-Saxon ruler who fathered Edmund Ironsides and Edward the Confessor, and who is best known for his epithet "the Unready." Answer: Aethelred IIs

A person by this English name who was a canonized member of the Portuguese royal family settled a dispute between Afonso IV of Portugal and Alfonso XI of Castile, earning her the nickname "Peacemaker." Italian anarchist Lugi Leccheni killed another one, who was the to Franz Josef in Austria. Another woman of this name made the Golden Speech, put down a rebellion by her servant Robert Devereux, and mandated use of the Book of Common Prayer by the Act of Uniformity, several decades before she was targeted by the Spanish Armada. FTP, name this successor of Mary I and daughter of Henry VIII, who never married. Answer: Elizabeth (I)

The victor at Stoke, this person was strongly influenced and aided by his stepfathers Jasper of Penbroke and Lord Stanley. Weakened by the 1407 successional exclusion of the Beauforts, this noble supported the rebellion of Stafford of Buckingham in part by a promise to marry . Opposed by the Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck, this ruler created the Court of the after establishing the Tudor dynasty. FTP, name this man who became king of England in 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses.

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Answer: Henry VII Tudor of England [prompt on Henry Tudor or Henry, Earl of Richmond]

This man's father of the same name was a failed member of the First Crusade who returned home during the siege of Antioch. He renounced his hereditary claims over Chartres, passing them on to his brother, Theobald. Much of his reign was dominated by civil war, and he was unable to secure the throne for his son, Eustace, even after his defeat of a woman whose son managed to acquire Normandy and Aquitaine. This man was forced to acknowledge the aforementioned Henry of Anjou as her heir. FTP name this last Norman ruler of England, who fought with Matilda and was the sole monarch of the House of Blois. Answer: Stephen of Blois

This man's mistresses included Marion Boyd and Margaret Drummond, who may have been poisoned in a conspiracy. After coming to the throne upon his father's death at the Battle of Sauchieburn, he chartered a College of Surgeons in his capital city and abolished the Lordship of the Isles, then held by John III. He supported an invasion on behalf of the Perkin Warbeck, but later signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace and married . However, his country's involvement in the War of the Holy League led to his defeat at the hands of his brother-in-law, Henry VIII. FTP, name this Scottish king who was killed in 1513 at the Battle of Flodden Field. Answer: James IV of Scotland

This ruler allied his kingdom with Spain in the Treaty of Medina del Campo, and his chancellor John Morton raised funds from the with a namesake fork. He executed the Earl of Warwick, the last man to bear the name Plantagenet. He ended a rebellion at the Battle of Stoke, defeating Lincoln and the pretender Lambert Simnel, and he faced another rebellion from Perkin Warbeck, who claimed to be the younger son of Edward IV. He came to power with the help of Northumberland and the Stanleys, who switched allegiances at Bosworth Field. For 10 points, name this man, who overthrew Richard III and ended the Wars of the Roses, the first Tudor king of England. Answer: Henry VII [prompt on Henry Tudor]

Ranulph Flambard served as his treasurer and kept several bishoprics open so revenue would flow into royal coffers, which earned this monarch the animosity of the clerical keepers of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. His reign saw a major campaign against Robert of Mowbray, though he had to curtail it when he learned that Montgomery had been captured by the Welsh. A revolt against him was led by a group of nobles which included Geoffrey of Coutances and Robert of Mortain, who wanted to place his brother Robert Curthose on the throne. Walter Tirel killed him in a forest near Winchester in a purported hunting accident in 1100. FTP name this English monarch who succeeded William the Conqueror. Answer: William II or William Rufus

This king was nearly captured in the uprising at St. Giles Field. He signed the Treaty of Canterbury with the last Holy Roman Emperor from the House of Luxemburg, Emperor Sigismund, who promised him military aid. The older brother of the , this king ordered built a flagship named the Grace Dieu. An attempt by Henry Scrope and Richard of Conisbourgh, the Earl of , to replace this king with Edmund Mortimer was known as the . He's famous for winning a battle which saw the death of opposing commander Charles d'Albret, and after that, he forced the signing of the Treaty of , by which he married and was supposed to become king of France after Charles VI. FTP, name this English king who won the in 1415. Answer: Henry V

His large retinue of baronial knights was known by the badge: a collar of linked SS. Famous for leading the chevauchée from to Bordeaux, he acquired land and titles from his wives becoming the Earl of Richmond upon the death of his father-in-law in 1361. In 1396 he married his mistress Catherine Swynford, a member of the powerful Beaufort family. Through his second wife, Constance, he acquired a claim to the kingdom of Castile. A patron of and John Wycliffe, his most famous child came from Blanche Plantagenet. For 10 points, name this Duke of

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Lancaster, whose son, Henry Bolingbroke, became Henry IV. Answer: John of Gaunt (who, despite the opinion of the original question writer, is NOT Geoffrey the Fair)

He distinguished himself by his bravery as a soldier in the French army of the Vicomte de Turenne in the 1650s, and then defeated the Dutch at Lowestoft in 1665 as the commander of the British navy. He was forced to resign as first lord of the admiralty because of the Test Act, and his Catholic faith led to his downfall when he issued a Declaration of Indulgence two years after succeeding his brother Charles II. For 10 points - name this English king overthrown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Answer: James II of England or James VII of Scotland

It is said he acquired his heraldic motto of "Ich Dien" after seeing the body of John of Bavaria, who died at one of his earliest victories. His chivalric reputation was stained forever by the terrible atrocities he ordered at Limoges, which he directed from a litter, as he was in the grip of the malady that would kill him later that year. He had acquired that sickness three years ealier on the campaign which culminated in his victory over Henry of Transtamare and Bertrand du Guesclin at Najera in 1367, though he is perhaps better known for his defeat of du Guesclin twelve years earlier. FTP name this warrior who won his spurs at Crécy and captured Jean II at Poitiers, the son of Edward III and father of Richard II whose colorful nickname came from the armor he wore in battle. Answer: Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince (accept "Woodstock")

His studies under tutors Jean Belmain and Sir John Cheke included an essay on the horrors of war excoriating the consequences of his father's war with France and an argument in French against the papal supremacy. John Foxe imagined him as a new King Josiah, purifying the temple by the burning of idolatrous images. Kett's rebels, angered by enclosure, and the Cornish rebels angered by his religious policy were put down by force. Power during his reign was held by the Duke of Somerset, who was named Lord Protector, and John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, who attempt to secure his Protestant legacy by promoting the succession of Lady Jane Grey. FTP, name this son of Jane Seymour, the "boy king" who died, probably of tuberculosis, at the age of sixteen. Answer: Edward VI

His biographer Asser records that he first came to prominence in the service of Burgred and married Burgred's niece Ealhswith (eels-with). His military success derived largely from a defense line of earth forts known as burhs and his decision to force citizens of adequate wealth to join the thegn (thain), a mounted infantry class. He defeated the Danes at Edington in 877 and translated religious works like St. Gregory's Pastoral Care and Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy. For 10 points - name this Anglo-Saxon king who kept the Danes at bay and sponsored scholarly works like the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Answer: Alfred the Great

His uncle enraged St. Dunstan by leaving his coronation feast to cavort with his foster-mother and foster-sister. His mother Elfrida, in her quest to put him on the throne, killed his half-brother, who was later considered a martyr, and during his reign his theigns defeated the at Maldon. According to William of Malmesbury, he defecated in the font at his baptism, and he brought disaster to England on St. Brice's Day when he ordered a massacre of the Danes. In response to this, Sweyn Forkbeard launched a campaign to conquer England, but died several weeks after achieving his goal, allowing this man to retake his throne in 1014. FTP, name this father of Edmund Ironsides and Edward the Confessor, a pre-Norman English king whose epithet means "without counsel." Answer: Aethelred II, the Unraed (or Aethelred II, the Unready; accept any of the underlined parts subsequent to Aethelred if proceeded by Aethelred)

A letter found in 1878 shows that this man was not murdered, but rather escaped by killing the gate keeper, changing clothes with a servant, and living at Corfe Castle. He became heir to the throne at a young age after the death of his elder brother, Alfonso. His mother was and he drew the ambivalence of his wife after restoring the

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Despenser barons to power. She teamed up with Roger Mortimer to depose him and he was later imprisoned at Berkeley Castle. Supposedly killed by a hot copper wire inserted in his anus, this is, FTP, what Plantagenet king, the subject of a Christopher Marlowe play and the effeminate son of Edward Longshanks? Answer: Edward II (prompt on Edward)

Gaining the throne just six days after birth, this ruler was forced to appoint as regent the earl of Murray on her abdication, which resulted from the outrage stemming from her marriage to the earl of Bothwell. Originally married to the dauphin of France, she sought to reinforce her claims to the English throne by her marriage to Lord Darnley, who soon turned on her and murdered her counselor, David Rizzio. Her Roman Catholicism led to her involvement in the Throckmorton and Babington plots, forcing Elizabeth I to order her death. FTP, who was this queen of the Scots? Answer: Mary, Queen of Scots

One story surrounding this leader says that he successfully rebuked his flatterers by failing to command the tide of the sea to stop. He ended years of conflict with Wessex by murdering Edmund II and marrying Emma, widow of Æthelred the Unready, and maintained internal peace with reforms and his use of both British and Danish advisors, thus consolidating the gains of his father, Sweyn Forkbeard. FTP, who was this king of Denmark and England, the father of Hardecanute? Answer: Canute

The early years of his rule saw a revolt by Fawkes de Breauté, the French Dauphin who agreed to leave England in the Treaty of Kingston. His regents included Hugh de Burgh and William the Marshall, and he faced an alliance between the Earl of Pembroke and Llywelyn the Great of Wales. The Statute of Merton and the Battle of Evesham were among the fruits of his rivalry with the barons under Simon de Montfort, though he was forced to sign the Provisions of Oxford. FTP, name this son and successor of John who ruled England from 1216 to 1267, when his son Edward I became regent. Answer: Henry III

One English queen by this name married Richard II at the age of eight and was the elder sister of Catherine of Valois. Another, known as the "she-wolf of France," was the mistress of Roger Mortimer, opponent of the Despenser marcher lords, and conspirator in the death of her husband, Edward II. Twenty-five years of personal rule by the second queen of this name led to her deposition in the Revolution of 1868, long after her accession to the throne provoked the Carlist wars. FTP, identify the name most famously held by the Castilian wife of Ferdinand II of Aragon. Answer: Isabella

One of his advisors was the younger brother of the Duke of Newcastle, whose choice as a godfather angered his own father and led him to establish residence at Leicester House. The firt Earl of Wilmington was denied a post by this man's wife Caroline, but later served as a figurehead to Lord Carteret, who pushed him into a military conflict that included his defeating the duc de Noailles at Dettingen, making him the last British monarch to lead trips in battle. His youngest surviving son, the Duke of Cumberland, beat down Bonnie Prince Charlie at Culloden Moor, and he died in the midst of the Seven Years' War. For 10 points, name this king who succeeded his father, George I. Answer: George II

One ruler of this name succeeded his father Kresimir III and was succeeded by his son Petar Kresimir the Great, who expanded the medieval Croat state to its largest size. Another ruler of this name married Anna, the sister of Sigismund II, and led the Polish Commonwealth to victory at Pskov during the Livonian War. Yet another defeated his cousin Koppany after the death of his father Geza and was crowned king by Pope Sylvester II, while another fought The Anarchy against Empress Matilda after succeeding his uncle Henry I. For 10 points, give this name shared by the patron saint and first king of Hungary and the only British monarch from the House of Blois. Answer: Stephen I [accept Stjepan before "Anna"; note that all are Stephen I, but some were the only Stephen]

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In addition to his political role, this man was also a prominent scholar, composing such philosophical and theological works as Basilikon Doron and The Demonologie. His attempt to marry his son to the Infanta Maria Anna was he first time this king called for Parliament in a period of seven years. This monarch had the 'honor' of being the target of the Bye Plot, the and most famously, the conspiracy of Catesby and Fawkes called the Gunpowder Plot. For 10 points, name this first monarch of the Stuart dynasty, a sixteenth-century British king who lends his name to an English translation of the Bible. Answer: James I of England [or James VI of Scotland]

After a rival invaded Baden and captured and shot the Duke of Enghien, this man joined an alliance in which the British agreed to pay 1.25 million pounds per 100,000 soldiers he raised. This signer of the Treaty of Chaumont and the protocol of Troppau, tutored in his youth by La Herbe, cracked down on the University of Vilna after his forces arrested Adam Mickiewicz. Baroness von Krudener influenced his plan for a Holy Alliance, and after his death, a battle between supporters of his brothers Constantine and Nicholas led to the Decembrist Revolt. For 10 points, name this man who used a scorched-earth policy and "General Winter" to defend Russia as tsar from 1801 to 1825. Answer: Alexander I

One king of this name and number, a 14th century ruler of Navarre called "the Bad," tried to poison the king of France. Another, the Lame, was a king of Naples who fought unsuccessfully for Sicily until 1302. One known as the Mad was the slow-witted Spanish monarch whose death led to the War of Spanish Succession. The Bald was a grandson of Charlemagne who was king of France from 843-77. FTP, give the name and number these men share with the "Merry Monarch" of England from 1660-85, the Stuart king who regained the throne in the Restoration. Answer: Charles II

He was able to secure his own legitimacy by marrying Elizabeth of York, and conducted "matrimonial diplomacy" by marrying his daughter Margaret to the King of Scotland, and his daughter Mary to the Archduke Charles who later became the powerful Emperor Charles V. He weakened Parliament by finding new sources of revenue from customs dues, and expanded economic activity through commercial treaties and by hiring the Cabots to discover new markets. He also established the Star Chamber to arbitrate disputes and to establish order after the Wars of the Roses. FTP, which English "new monarch" defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field and began the Tudor line? Answer: Henry VII (prompt on "Henry Tudor")

He consolidated his continental territory by defeating one of his brothers at Tinchebray. His coronation charter contained the first English royal charter of liberties, and during his reign the offices of justiciar and royal exchequer were created. Still, nobles complained of the harshness of his rule, and he forced Saint Anselm into exile over the issue of the lay investiture of the clergy. FTP, name this fourth son of William the Conqueror who gained the throne upon the death of his brother William II in 1100, becoming the first king of his name? Answer: Henry I or Henry the First

She was said to have dressed as an Amazon to ride a white horse around Vézelay Cathedral. In her senior years, she made trips to Sicily to deliver Berengaria of Navarre and to Spain to retrieve . Her progeny married such figures as Raymond of Toulouse, Alfonso VIII of Castile and Henry the Lion of Saxony. Her alleged liaison with her uncle Raymond of Antioch contributed to the collapse of the Second Crusade and led to the annulment of her marriage to Louis VII of France. FTP, name this queen who then wed Henry II of England and became the mother of John and Richard the Lionheart. Answer: Eleanor of Aquitane [or Eleanor Of Guyenne; or Éléonore D'aquitaine; or Éléonore De Guyenne; or Aliénor D'aquitaine; or Aliénor De Guyenne; prompt on partial answer]

Medieval scholar Michael Jones claims that this man was the illegitimate son of a French archer. He became grossly fat in Burgundy as the unhappy guest of Louis de , drinking and whoring incessantly while he collected an army. After

15 12_British_Monarchs.txt 3/26/2010 a secret marriage to Elizabeth Woodville , this victor at Barnet had to deal with his angry patron Richard Neville, who rebelled and defeated him in at Edgcote. FTP, Warwick the Kingmaker was a key figure in the reign of what English monarch, whose cause was victorious at Towton and Tewksbury, and whose tumultuous reign was interrupted in 1470? Answer: King Edward IV

This ruler's reign was preserved early on by the Treaty of Alton, and he took Adela of Louvain as his second wife. He supposedly pushed Conan Pilatus off the Tower of Rouen, leading to its designation as Conan's Leap. After being victorious at the Battle of Tinchebrai, he introduced pipe rolls and the office of the justiciar, first manned by Roger Salisbury. He aimed to relieve oppression by "unjust exaction" in issuing the Charter of Liberties. Tragedy struck when his only legitimate son died on the White Ship and, despite the marriage of his daughter Matilda, he was succeeded by Stephen of Blois. Known as the "Lion of Justice," FTP, name this king of England from 1100-1135 CE succeeding William II. Answer: Henry I (prompt on partial answer and "Lion of Justice")

This man had Henry Holland refurbish Carlton House for him, and later in his life, he had the lavish Brighton Pavillion built. Almost bankrupt by an exorbitant lifestyle, he was only aided by Parliament after he gave up his relationship with the Catholic Maria Fitzherbert. After the birth of his daughter Charlotte, Princess of Wales, he effectively separated from Caroline of Brunswick, whom he targeted with the Bill of Pains and Penalties. Several times, he stood in for his father, who was suffering from porphyria. For 10 points, who was this prince-regent, brother and predecessor of William IV, the last of four consecutive kings with the same name? Answer: George IV [or George Augustus Frederick]

This man gained the throne in accordance with the Treaty of Wallingford. His northern campaigns regained Cumbria and Northumbria from Malcom IV of Scotland, but his sons conspired with Philip II Augustus to remove him from power. He more than doubled his continental holdings when he married the ex-wife of Louis VII, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and he earned the scorn of his nation after he was implicated in the assassination of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas a Becket. FTP, identify this British monarch that ruled from 1154-1189, the first of the Plantagenets. Answer: Henry II

He led a number of mildly successful campaigns in Wales but was more successful in Scotland where he compelled Malcolm IV to give up Northumberland. He was interested in judicial reforms as evident by The Assize of Clarendon and he also attempted to reassert rights over the church in his Constitutions of Clarendon. He fought intermittently with French monarchs Louis VII and Philip Augustus although the most notable event in the reign of this successor to Stephen was likely the murder of Thomas a Becket. FTP, name this English king who married Eleanor of Aquitaine and fathered John Lackland and Richard the Lionheart. Answer: Henry II

Pius V issued Regnans in excelsis officially excommunicating this monarch, who a year earlier had put down the Northern Rebellion. The duke of Alba was party to an assassination attempt against this monarch which was led by Roberto di Ridolfo, but its failure resulted in the execution of the duke of Norfolk. She was advised throughout her reign by William Cecil and Francis Walsingham, the latter of whom uncovered the Babington plot to take her life, after which she executed her cousin. FTP, name this Tudor queen, under whose rule the Spanish Armada was defeated, and who executed Mary, Queen of Scots. Answer: Elizabeth I

After struggling with Gruffydd ap Llewellyn for two years, he overran Wales with his army. Despite allegiances he had sworn after being shipwrecked, he accepted the 's election of him as king. He was promptly forced to put down an attempted led by the Norwegian king Hardraada and his own brother Tostig, which he did successfully at Stamford Bridge. However, in less than a month he took an arrow through the eye at Senlac Hill and was dead. FTP,

16 12_British_Monarchs.txt 3/26/2010 name this man who briefly rules as king of England before he was defeated at Hastings by William the Conqueror's forces. Answer: Harold II or Harold Godwinson

Educated by Richard Beauchamp, this man acceded to the throne at nine months of age in accordance with the . His regents were John of Lancaster, duke of Bedford in France, and Humphrey, in England. His reign saw the rebellion of Jack Cade and he was later opposed by Richard, duke of York, who defeated his son Edward, Prince of Wales, at Tewkesbury in 1471. Married to , FTP, identify this subject of a Shakespeare history and last British king from the . Answer: Henry VI

Peter of Blois claimed that this man's reign was a time of no blessing, and this man waited four years before selecting a successor to Lanfranc. This man sent Edgar Atheling to dethrone Donald Bane. He built a castle in the city of , which he captured after forcing King Malcom III to submit to his rule, and he also put down a rebellion by Robert of Mowbray. He pledged to cut taxes in order to stave off an earlier rebellion by Odo of Bayeux and Geoffrey of Contances, which sought to replace this man with his brother Robert Curthose. He confiscated all property belonging to his appointed archbishop St. Anselm, and he was finally killed by Walter Tirel, allowing another brother to take the throne as Henry I. For 10 points, name this second Norman King of England, who shares his name with his father, the Conqueror. Answer: William II [or William Rufus; prompt on William]

This ruler came to power after grand pensionary Johan de Witt and his brother were executed by a lynchmob, ending the Act of Seclusion that had barred him from power since the death of his namesake father. Some of his military exploits included capturing Bonn from the elector of Cologne, and forcing the English into signing the second treaty of Westminster. He would build the Het Loo palace, and with the aid of emperor Leopold I, he'd force the French into signing the treaties of Nijmegen. Partly due to his longtime mistress Elizabeth Villiers, he was invited by a group called the "Immortal Seven"; a refusal to swear oath to his rule resulted in the Glencoe Massacre. That rule would be recognized by the French in the Peace of Ryswick, ending the War of the Grand Alliance. FTP, name this victor at the Battle of the Boyne, a Dutch stadtholder who became king of England after the Glorious Revolution. Answer: William III (in Holland and England, accept William II of Scotland).

This man was captured by a knight named William de Cahagnes after his battle-axe and sword shattered on the battlefield, but was released after his brother Henry successfully defended Winchester. He fell out of favor with Pope Innocent II after alienating Roger, bishop of Salisbury and entering into an unpopular treaty with Geoffrey of Anjou. After this man's son Eustace died, the issue of succession was decided by the Treaty of Wallingford, which made Henry of Anjou heir. FTP name this English King who fought the battle of Lincoln against the forces of Robert of Gloucester and his own cousin Matilda, the only British King from the house of Blois. Answer: Stephen I of Blois

This Queen is the only royal in English history whose funeral shows a sitting figure. The daughter of Anne Hyde, early in her life she was advised in matters of the treasury by the 'duumvirs', her olds Godolphin, and corresponded with another of her favorites under the pseudonym Mrs. Morley. Later she depended heavily on the guidance of Abigail Masham and Robert Hartley whose policies eventually brought on the South Sea Bubble. The mother of seventeen children who all died before maturity, she was succeeded by the Hanovers. For 10 points name this English Queen who succeeded William and Mary and was followed by George I. Answer: Anne

This ruler launched an expedition against the Welsh prince Maredudd of Deheubarth. This ruler issued the Edict of Enham and the Edict of Bath, which recommended nation-wide fasting. Sigeric served as Archbishop of Canterbury

17 12_British_Monarchs.txt 3/26/2010 during this man’s reign, but this man’s closed advisor was the Bishop of Worcester, Wulfstan. This man’s reign saw an invasion led by Thorkhell the Tall, who this ruler had to pay off. This man’s general Byrhtnoth [burh-t-noth] defeated King Olaf Tryggvason of at the Battle of Maldon. This man’s predecessor was killed by Queen Elfrida and became known as Edward the Martyr. For ten points, name this ruler whose St. Brices Day Massacre led Sweyn Forkbeard to invade England and who once defecated into the baptismal font en route to becoming an ineffective Saxon King of England. Answer: Aethelred II [accept: Aethelred the Unready; Aethelred the Un-Counseled; Aethelred the Ill-Counseled, equivalents] (09EuroHis)

Laws passed during this man’s reign included the Statute of Uses, which unintentionally led to modern trust law. He began his reign by executing Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, two of his father’s ministers, for treason. Forces serving this monarch were defeated at the Battle of Flodden Field against the Scots, but he won in France at the Battle of the Spurs. Rebellions against this man included one led by Sir Francis Bigod in and one led by Robert Aske in . Of course, he would have never been king if not for the death of his older brother Arthur. For ten points, name this target of the Pilgrimage of Grace, a Tudor King of England famous for his many wives. Answer: Henry VIII (09EuroHis)

This man inherited the sword of Offa of Mercia after the death of his brother, a noted collector of weapons. This man's brother-in-law, Ulfcytel Snillingr, died while fighting for him. This leader was supported by a man who Thurbad the Hold would later kill, the Earl Uhtred, in a rebellion he began to avenge the executions of Morcar and Sigerferth. By marrying Ealdgyth he gained claim to the Five Burroughs, and this ruler opposed his father's advisor (*) Edric Streona. This man gave up land in the Treaty of Olney after this father of Edward the Exile was defeated at the Battle of Ashingdon by Canute the Great. For 10 points, name this man who briefly ruled England in 1016 after the death of his father Aethelred the Unready, and who received his byname due to his martial prowess. Answer: Edmund Ironside [or Edmund II] (CO09)

One man of this name and number died in a shipwreck off the coast of Wales after marrying Cecilia Haakonsdottir, and faced the rebellion of his cousin Laglan. In addition to that one, known as “The Black,” who was a king of the Isle of Mann, another man of this name and number had the Jelling Stones constructed and betrayed his ally Styrbjörn the Strong by not attending the Battle of Fýrisvellir. One man of this name won the Battle of Hafrsfjord and is the focus of Glymdrápa by his court poet Torbjørn Hornkløve. Another of this name faced the invasion of Alfred Atheling and Edward the Confessor before being succeeded by Harthacanute. For 10 Points, give the shared name and number of these kings of Denmark, Norway and England, nicknamed Harefoot, Bluetooth and Fairhair. Answer: Harald I (08MO)

This man led two unsuccessful cavalry charges against the Spanish right flank at the Battle of the Dunes. His time as the High Admiral of England saw the Dutch capture over half of the British fleet in a raid on the Medway River. Archibald Campbell led a rebellion in Scotland against this ruler, who took advantage of the decision in Godden v. Hales to dispense with the Test Act when making appointments. Forces supporting this king won the Battle of Sedgemoor to end the Duke of Monmouth's Rebellion, and the English Bill of Rights attacked his abuses of power. After retreating to Ireland, he lost the Battle of the Boyne to the forces of his successor, a ruler of the House of Orange. For 10 points, name this Stuart king of England, a Catholic who succeeded Charles II before being deposed by William and Mary in the Glorious Revolution. Answer: James II Stuart [prompt on James] (08MO)

The diplomatic ventures of this ruler included marrying off his sister Edith to Sigtrygg Caech at Tamworth, while other sisters of his were married to Charles III of France, Otto I, and Egill Skallagrimsson. Through military conquest, he set the River Tamar as the border with Cornwall and visitors at his court included Alan II of , Haakon I, and Louis IV of France. Most famously, he defeated Olaf III Guthfrithson and Constantine II of Scotland at the Battle of Brunanburh.

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Succeeded by his half-brother Edmund the Magnificent, FTP, name this king who succeeded his father Edward the Elder in 924, a grandson of Alfred who ruled until 939, and was the first to claim the title “King of All Britain.” Answer: Athelstan (Ethelstan the Glorious) (CO08)

His botched funeral saw his relatives forced to pay sixty schillings for his gravesite on the spot, and may have been marred with a fire or his bowels exploding when he was shoved into his sarcophagus. His marriage to a cousin required that they donate the “Men’s” and “Women’s” abbeys, dedicated to St. Stephen. His loyal advisers included his half- brothers Robert and Odo, who was instrumental in putting down a revolt led by Ralph de Guader. He forced the nobles of his kingdom to swear allegiance at the Oath of Salisbury, and he faced resistance from the pretender Edgar Aetheling. He elevated the Archbishop of Canterbury over York in the Accord of Winchester, put down the Revolt of the Earls, and married Matilda of Flanders. For 10 points, name this Domesday-Book-authoring, Battle-of-Hastings-winning first Norman king of England. Answer: William I [or William the Conqueror; or William the Bastard; prompt on William; do not accept “William Rufus”] (08MO)

The growing influence of the Poitevins led by Peter des Roches led the wary Archbishop of Canterbury Edmund Rich to threaten this man's excommunication, and earlier this King had dismissed his advisor Hugh de Burgh at the behest of des Roches. William the Marshal was this man's first regent. The Mad Parliament met during this man's reign, and his son Edmund was offered the Sicilian throne by the Papacy. He recognized the claims of Llewelyn and gave him the title of Prince of Wales in the Treaty of Montgomery. This man lost the Battle of Lewes to an adversary who was later killed at the Battle of Evesham. This son of King John decided to repudiate a document he'd signed in 1258, which raised the ire of Simon de Montfort and other Barons. For 10 points, identify this monarch who signed the Provisions of Oxford. Answer: Henry III [or Henry of Winchester] (09MO)

This man is depicted having a laurel handed to him by his wife in a painting by Daniel Mytens the Elder, who also depicted him alone as an elongated figure in red wearing a medallion around his neck. A painting of his “three children” was done by Peter Lely, who also did a more famous double portrait of this man with his second son. William Dobson painted this man’s wife at his tomb in one work and painted him bust-length wearing full armor in another. A more famous depiction shows this man “in Three Positions” or “from Three ” in a work known as the “Triple Portrait” and, like Dobson, the artist of that work portrayed him with Endymion Porter. He also painted him leaning on a walking stick in a black hat to the left of his white horse in one work, and painted an equestrian portrait of him wearing a black suit in another, while several artists like Rubens have depicted him as the Prince of Wales. FTP, name this man depicted “in Hunting Dress” by his court painter Anthony Van Dyck. Answer: King Charles I of England (prompt on just “Charles”) (CO08)

During this man’s reign, the castle of fell due to the betrayal of Sir Ralph Grey to one of his political rivals. Late in his reign, he executed George, the duke of Clarence, under suspicions that he had earlier allied with his rival. He solidified an alliance with Burgundy by marrying his sister Margaret to Duke , although Charles' inaction forced this monarch to sign the Treaty of Picquigny following an unsuccessful invasion of France. His army was defeated at the Battle of Edgecote Moor as part of a rebellion against him, facilitated by his secret marriage to the commoner Elizabeth Woodville. A longtime rival of Louis XI, that rebellion against his rule was led by the "Kingmaker" Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, who threw him in jail in 1469. FTP, name this British king, the victor at Tewkesbury and the father of the Princes in the Tower. Answer: Edward IV (or the ) (CO08)

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