References for Adverse Health Effects of Light and Noise Pollution

[References in bold are more recent than the DOE and or AMA documents used previously as sources.]

Adverse Effects of Blue or LED Light

Biel, Laura (2011). In Eyes, a Clock Calibrated by Wavelengths of Light, New York Times, July 4, 2011

Blue light has a dark side. (2012). Harvard Health Letter. May 2012.

European Commission’s Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks [SCENIHR 2012], Health Effects of Artificial Light.

Finally.com (2014). Is LED Technology Getting a Pass on Health Issues?, November 2014.

Holzman, DC (2010). What’s in a color? The unique human health effects of blue light. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118 (1), A22-27.

International Dark-Sky Association (2010), Visiblity, Environmental, and Astronomical Issues Associated with Blue- Rich White Outdoor Lighting.

Kennedy, D. (2015). How Blue Light Can Increase Sleep Problems. Naturally Nourishing, April 2, 2015.

Kent, Linda (2015). Health Risks of High Power LED Lights. Livestrong.com, July 29, 2015.

Kijlstra, A., Tian, Y., Kelly, E.R., & Berendschot, T. (2012). Lutein: More than just a filter for blue light. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 31, 303-315.

Lallanilla, M. (2013). LED Lights May Damage Eyes Researcher Says. LIveScience. May 13, 2013.

LED Inside (2015). Netherlands Finds Health Risks Associated with Blue LED Lights, January 29, 2015.

National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health in Canada, (2013), Health Effects of Large LED Screens on Local Residents.

NYR Natural News (2012), Melatonin disruption by ‘eco lighting’ a rising health threat (September 2012).

Shang, y. et al (2014). White Light–Emitting Diodes (LEDs) at Domestic Lighting Levels and Retinal Injury in a Rat Model. Environmental Health Perspectives, March 2014.

Adverse Effects of Light-at-Night

Anisimov, VN et al. (2012). Light-at-night-induced circadian disruption, cancer, and aging. Current Aging Science, 5 (3), 170- 177.

Falci, F. et al. (2011). Limiting the impact of light on human health, the environment, and stellar visibility, Journal of Environmental Management, 92 (10), 2714-2722.

Fonken, LK et al. (2010). Light-at-night increases body mass by shifting the time of food intake. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 107 (4), 1864-1869.

Gangwisch, J. E. (2014). Invited commentary: Nighttime light exposure as a risk factor for obesity through disruption of circadian and circannual rhythms. American Journal of Epidemiology, 180 (3), 251-253.

Haim, A. et al. (2010), Effects of chronobiology on prostate cancer cell growth in vivo. Sleep Science, 3 (11), 32-35.

Kloog et al. (2010). Light at night and breast cancer risk worldwide. Cancer Causes and Control, 21 (12), 2059-2068.

McFadden, E., Jones, M.E., Schoemaker, M.J., Ashworth, A., and Swerdlow, A.J. (2014). The relationship between obesity and exposure to light at night: Cross-sectional analyses of over 100,000 women in the Breakthrough Generations study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 180 (3), 245-250.

Spivey, A. (2010). Light pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(12), A525.

Spivey, A. (2010). Light at night and breast cancer risk worldwide. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118 (12), A525.

Stevens, RG (2009). Light-at-night: Circadian disruption and breast cancer: Assessment of existing evidence. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38 (4), 963-970.

Melatonin and Health

Figueiro, M.G., and Rea, M.S. (2010). The effects of red and blue lights on circadian variations in cortisol, alpha amylase, and melatonin. International Journal of Endocrinology. doi:10.1155/2010/829351

Figueiro, M.G. (2014). Quantifying light-dependent circadian disruption in humans and animal models. Chronobiol. Int., December 31, 2014.

Jansen et al. (2011). Melatonin for the treatment of dementia. Cochrane Reviews.

Pevet, P (2014). The internal time-giver role of melatonin: A key for our health. Review of Neurology, 170 (10), 1-5.

Stevens, R.G., Brainard, G.G., Blask, D.E., Lockley, S.W., & Motta, M.E. (2014). Breast cancer and circadian disruption from electric lighting in the modern world. CA Cancer J Clin, 64, 207-218.

Sleep and Health

Check JH. (2013). The interrelationship of sleep, biologic clocks, neurotransmitters, gonadotropins and pubertal development. Clinical Experience in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 40(1):7-14.

Lord C, Sekerovic Z, & Carrier J. (2014). Sleep regulation and sex hormones exposure in men and women across adulthood. Pathology and Biology, 62(5):302-10. doi: 10.1016/j.patbio.2014.07.005.

National Institutes of Health/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood institute (NIH/NHLBI). Workshop on pediatric sleep disturbances and their contribution to the developmental pathophysiology of cardio-metabolic risk. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/research/reports/2010-dld-ped-sleep- disturbances.html

NIH/ NHLBI Frontiers of knowledge in sleep and sleep disorders: Opportunities to improve health and quality of life. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/research/reports/2004-sleep- conference.htmI

Rakshit K, Thomas AP, Matveyenko AV. (2014). Does disruption of circadian rhythms contribute to beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes? Current Diabetes Reports, 14(4):474. doi: 10.1007/s11892-014-0474-4.

Spiegel K. (2008). Sleep loss as a risk factor for obesity and diabetes. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 3 (Suppl 2), 27-8.

St-Onge MP, & Shechter A. 2014. Sleep disturbances, body fat distribution, food intake and/or energy expenditure: pathophysiological aspects. Hormonal, Molecular, and Biological Clinical Investigations, 17(1):29-37. doi: 10.1515/hmbci-2013-0066.

Noise and Impact on Health (included because lights enable night-time play, which generates noise when children or elderly may be sleeping)

Basner et al. (2014.) Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health. Lancet, 383, 1325-32.

Evans, GW (2006.) Child development and the physical environment. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 423-51.

Evans, G & Higge, S. (2010). Noise and performance in adults and children. In Luxon, L & Prasker, D (eds.), Noise and its effects. London: Whurr Publ.

Fritschi et al. (2007). Burden of disease from environmental noise. Bonn: WHO.

Muzet, A. (2007). Environmental noise, sleep, and health. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 11, 135-42.

[Please note that there were no publications found identifying light-at-night light or noise, or impaired sleep length or quality as having neutral or positive effects on human health. There are only negative effects or uncertainty (i.e., more research needed) demonstrated.]