DOCSLIB.ORG

Critical Evaluation of Seismic Activities in Africa and Curtailment Policies – a Review Kenneth Kanayo Alaneme* and Eloho Anita Okotete

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Critical Evaluation of Seismic Activities in Africa and Curtailment Policies – a Review Kenneth Kanayo Alaneme* and Eloho Anita Okotete Alaneme and Okotete Geoenvironmental Disasters (2018) 5:24 Geoenvironmental Disasters https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-018-0116-2 REVIEW Open Access Critical evaluation of seismic activities in Africa and curtailment policies – a review Kenneth Kanayo Alaneme* and Eloho Anita Okotete Abstract The present paper discusses the seismicity of Africa and the need for the implementation of vibration control strategies in Africa, erroneously considered as aseismic. The review catalogues information on the seismicity of Africa, attesting that virtually every region in the African continent has come under the threat of some form of seismic event. The magnitudes and intensities of these seismic activities has resulted in devastations, including: loss of lives, building and civil structures collapse, displacements of people, economic losses, psychological traumatization, and grave fear. Evidences available show that most of the devastations are accentuated by tremor induced collapse of buildings and civil structures. It is thus imperative for substantive, simply implementable, and sustainable proactive measures for controlling the threats of seismic events be discussed within the African context. Current mitigation strategies in Africa include the establishment of seismic codes which govern the design of civil structures. The challenge to the implementation and the effectiveness of the existing African seismic codes was briefly discussed, and new measures which can reduce seismic risks were also highlighted The submissions of the paper is envisaged will create awareness on the budding seismic activities in Africa and awaken relevant authorities on the need for timely and practicable mitigation strategies to be in place to avert the attendant catastrophes associated with seismic occurrences. Keywords: Seismicity, Structural design, Civil structures, Mitigation strategies, Africa Introduction had devastating effects on human lives (the quality of liv- It is a common knowledge among earth scientists that dif- ing) and technological advancement in the world. ferent parts of the world experience varying intensities of Earthquake is one major disaster that has had cata- seismic related activities and natural disasters. The inten- strophic consequences in the world today. It has been sities of these events which include volcanic eruptions, reported that about 40 disastrous earthquakes have oc- landslides, earthquakes and tsunamis depend on the geo- curred in the world since the end of the twentieth century, physical and geological features of the region where they and these events claimed an estimated 1.7 million lives occur (Akpan et al. 2015). Tectonic activities occurring (Guo 2010). Earthquakes mostly occur in the oceans, and beneath the earth’s surface are the major causative factors when the quakes occur in large magnitudes, it results in of these events resulting in disturbances which have dev- tsunamis which have led to mass destruction of lives and astating effects on the earth surface (Elnashai and Sarno properties all over the world. What are referred to as con- 2008). Aside these natural factors, man’s activities such as tinental earthquakes are also prevalent: these are earth- mining, deep quarrying, hydro-geological extraction or quakes which occur on land within the earth’s crust and at fluid disposal and other underground operations have also boundaries of continental plates and active blocks, usually been known to trigger quakes and other seismic events in having relatively lower magnitudes than those occurring some parts of the world (Farahani 2014), which are in the ocean (Elnashai and Sarno 2008). Earthquake events referred to as induced seismicity. The occurrence of seis- (land or sea) occur suddenly without prior warning; hence mic events, regardless its source of manifestation, have responses to earthquake events are often delayed, chaotic, unplanned, and unscientific, thus resulting in even greater * Correspondence: [email protected] loss (Guo 2010;Shelly2010). The consequences of Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of earthquakes are long-lasting social, environmental, and Technology, Akure PMB 704, Nigeria © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Alaneme and Okotete Geoenvironmental Disasters (2018) 5:24 Page 2 of 17 economic problems. It is therefore imperative to improve of such quakes. These terms facilitate ease of under- the means and methods of responses to seismic events to standing of the event by technical and non-technical curb the extent of damage per event. Most importantly, experts. Two frequently used terms in seismic studies, there is a great need to improve mitigation strategies to are magnitude and intensity. reduce the impacts of earthquakes and other seismic ac- tivities on structures. This would save lives and reduce the Magnitude amount of economic loss incurred during such events. This is a quantitative measure which is used to compare The African continent though not always associated the size of earthquakes worldwide irrespective of geo- with seismic events, is currently considered as a seismic graphical and geological settings. The magnitude of an prone region. This is because of the rising magnitude and earthquake is therefore the logarithmic measurement of intensities of seismic activities in the continent within the the amount of energy released by an earthquake past century. For the technical experts and well informed, (Hammed et al. 2016). This parameter was established to it is an issue of grave concern and imperatively requiring provide a basis for engineering and geophysical analysis of awareness and proactive measures to improve the means earthquakes (Kanamori 1983). Richter scale was the fore- and methods of responses to curb the extent of its devas- most approach introduced for assessing the size of earth- tations. For the ill-informed or superstitious, it could be quakes and laid the foundation for development of viewed as a “malady” of the big nations/ non-African earthquake magnitude. This was derived from maximum countries. The arbitration of nature to “create a balance” amplitudes recorded at different epicentral distances from between the well-organized advanced nations with pros- the point of rupture within the earth crust (Richter 1935). perous economies and poor African nations characterized The Richter magnitude also known as local magnitude with a history of poor governance and deadly health epi- ML, is thus a number characteristic of the earthquake, demics. Thus when seismic events happen within some and independent of the location of the recording station. African communities, non-scientific, superstition-laden Later, body-wave magnitude (mB), was introduced to ad- root causes may be advanced as reason for the occurrence. dress the inadequacies of ML. mB is computed from the Worrisome also is the tendency for proffered solutions to amplitude and the period of seismic body and its main ad- follow similar lines of thought. No matter how they are vantage is the applicability for both shallow and deep seis- construed, the fact remains that these events have had ter- mic events (Kanamori 1983). Body wave magnitude is rible effect on the citizens and economies of the affected denoted by mB for long period body wave magnitude and African nations, and consequently it has become neces- mb for short period body wave magnitudes (Liu et al. sary for greater awareness of the seismicity of Africa to be 2007). Another magnitude for shallow and distant earth- brought to the fore. quakes, is surface wave magnitude Ms. Moment magni- This review intends to provide detailed evidence of the tude scale (M W), is a relatively new scale which has the reality of seismic activities in Africa; highlight some of advantage of being used for measurement of larger the underlying factors responsible for their occurrence; earthquakes, unlike the Richter amplitude based scales report the level of intervention by various governments (Baruah et al. 2012). to address the issues of seismic activities in their do- main; and recommend pro-active, cost effective and Intensity technically implementable structural design schemes The effect of an earthquake on the Earth’s surface is which could be applied within Africa to reduce the called the intensity. It is a qualitative measure of the effects of earthquakes and other seismic activities in the actual shaking at a location during an earthquake, and is continent. The intention is to boost awareness of seismic assigned with Roman Capital Numerals (Hammed et al. activities in Africa, using a language that even 2016). Intensity scales were originally developed to non-technical experts can easily comprehend, as from extract observation data from an earthquake event. The hindsight, such people are better positioned in Africa first record scale is the Rossi-Forel scale which used ten than earth science experts to influence government degrees to describe earthquake effects in a place commitment and policies to issues related to seismic (Musson et al. 2010). The intensity scale consists of a threats and curtailment. Presently, there are sparsely
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Egyptian
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Egyptian Urban Exigencies: Space, Governance and Structures of Meaning in a Globalising Cairo A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Global Studies by Roberta Duffield Committee in charge: Professor Paul Amar, Chair Professor Jan Nederveen Pieterse Assistant Professor Javiera Barandiarán Associate Professor Juan Campo June 2019 The thesis of Roberta Duffield is approved. ____________________________________________ Paul Amar, Committee Chair ____________________________________________ Jan Nederveen Pieterse ____________________________________________ Javiera Barandiarán ____________________________________________ Juan Campo June 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis committee at the University of California, Santa Barbara whose valuable direction, comments and advice informed this work: Professor Paul Amar, Professor Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Professor Javiera Barandiarán and Professor Juan Campo, alongside the rest of the faculty and staff of UCSB’s Global Studies Department. Without their tireless work to promote the field of Global Studies and committed support for their students I would not have been able to complete this degree. I am also eternally grateful for the intellectual camaraderie and unending solidarity of my UCSB colleagues who helped me navigate Californian graduate school and come out the other side: Brett Aho, Amy Fallas, Tina Guirguis, Taylor Horton, Miguel Fuentes Carreño, Lena Köpell, Ashkon Molaei, Asutay Ozmen, Jonas Richter, Eugene Riordan, Luka Šterić, Heather Snay and Leila Zonouzi. I would especially also like to thank my friends in Cairo whose infinite humour, loyalty and love created the best dysfunctional family away from home I could ever ask for and encouraged me to enroll in graduate studies and complete this thesis: Miriam Afifiy, Eman El-Sherbiny, Felix Fallon, Peter Holslin, Emily Hudson, Raïs Jamodien and Thomas Pinney.
    [Show full text]
  • Seismic Hazard Evaluation of Regular and Vertical Irregular R.C. Buildings in EGYPT, for Different Ground Motion Characteristics
    Seismic Hazard Evaluation of Regular and Vertical Irregular R.C. Buildings in EGYPT, for Different Ground Motion Characteristics M. M. ELASSALY Fayoum University, Egypt SUMMARY: The implementation of seismic regulation in the design process of R.C. buildings, in Egypt, is rather a new procedure. The seismic risk awareness started following the destructive earthquake that hit Cairo in 1992. The accumulated experience in the construction field, regarding the structural seismic hazard and the corresponding damage, is rather limited. Accordingly, the existing building stock in Egypt is considered highly vulnerable. The seismic performance of regular and vertical irregular R.C. building are assessed for different earthquakes, having various intensities and frequency contents. The model of the vertical irregular R.C. building, investigated herein, represents the most common type of irregular buildings, employed in Egyptian building environment; this type of buildings is distinguished with its varying first floor height. The seismic hazard evaluation is carried out through exploring damage indices, drift ratios and capacity curves of model buildings. Nonlinear dynamic analyses are performed on 2-dimensional model of R.C. building. Keywords: Seismic hazard - vertical irregularity - ground motion characteristics - damage indices - drift ratios. 1. INTRODUCTION In countries of low to moderate seismic activities such as Egypt, earthquakes are considered infrequent phenomenon. The occurrence of an earthquake may caught the Egyptian people and the governmental authorities unprepared. Prior to the 1992 Cairo earthquake, there were no specific articles, designated for the seismic design of R.C. buildings, in the Egyptian standards. Following that event, the Ministry of Housing, had enforced the implementation of seismic regulation in the design process of R.C.
    [Show full text]
  • I the American University in Cairo from Text to Screenplay Gendering
    The American University in Cairo From Text to Screenplay Gendering the Nation in Mariam Naoum’s Literary Adaptations A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts By May Nizar Serhan Under the supervision of Dr. Samia Mehrez September 2017 i Acknowledgments To my dear friend and teacher, Dr. Samia Mehrez. Thank you for always pushing me beyond the limits I set for myself, for all the opportunities you have given me, and for your unwavering support; All the love, gratitude and respect. To my sister Nermin Serhan for setting me on this path, way back when I had a love for literature and did not really know what to do with it. To my husband Wael Omar, thank you for your patience. It has been taxing with two children born during this process. I could not have done it without you. Finally, to the most amazing kids, Zein and Nadia. You might be too young to understand now, but you have provided me with the strongest impetus and a relentless drive to complete what I set out to do. May it shine before you as a reminder to always be curious, passionate, and dedicated to the things you love. ii ABSTRACT Mariam Naoum’s literary adaptations to television in the aftermath of the 2011 Egyptian uprising have carried wide cultural, political and literary implications, especially where the “woman question” is concerned. With Islamism and militarism both threatening to exclude a wide sector of women from the historical narrative of the uprising and the subsequent nation-building process, and with a male-dominated literary establishment that systematically relegates women to secondary roles, Naoum’s writing re-affirmed gendered agency both on the level of social engagement and authorship.
    [Show full text]
  • An Updated Seismic Source Model for Egypt
    Chapter 1 An Updated Seismic Source Model for Egypt R. Sawires, J.A. Peláez, R.E. Fat-Helbary, H.A. Ibrahim and M.T. García Hernández Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58971 1. Introduction Since the pioneering work of Cornell [1], it is clear that seismic hazard assessment depends on several models, among them perhaps one of the most significant, and usually poorly under‐ stood, is the delineation and characterization of the seismic source model for a particular region. Identification and characterization of the potential seismic sources in any region is one of the most important and critical inputs for doing seismic hazard analysis. In fact, the characterization of seismic source zones depends on the interpretation of the available geological, geophysical and seismological data obtained by many tools such as tectonic studies, seismicity, surface geological investigations and subsurface geophysical techniques [2]. In addition, the characterization depends on the definition of different surface and sub-surface active faults. Modern investigations on Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) for any region at any scale, requires that the study region should be subdivided into different seismic sources. The issue of seismic source delineation and characterization is often a controversial one in the practice of seismic hazard analyses, both deterministic and probabilistic, as the information available relating to geology and seismotectonics can vary from region to another region. It has been common practice since the development of PSHA by Cornell [1] and McGuire [3], to utilize areal source zones of seismic homogeneity [4 and 5].
    [Show full text]
  • An Inter-State War in the Post-Cold War Era: Eritrea-Ethiopia (1998-2000)
    LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE An Inter-state War in the Post-Cold War Era: Eritrea-Ethiopia (1998-2000) Alexandra Magnolia Dias A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations 2008 UMI Number: U501303 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U501303 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 v \& & > F 'SZV* AUTHOR DECLARATION I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Alexandra Magnolia Dias The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without prior consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I understand that in the event of my thesis not being approved by the examiners, this declaration will become void.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Neglect the Egyptian State in Cairo, 1974-98
    THE POLITICS OF NEGLECT THE EGYPTIAN STATE IN CAIRO, 1974-98 W. Judson Dorman A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PHD) SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES (SOAS) UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2007 DECLARATION The work presented in this thesis is my own. All sources used are indicated in the footnotes and the References section, and all assistance received has been gratefully noted in the Acknowledgements. Any errors of fact, interpretation and presentation remain my own. W. Judson Dorman Date 2 ABSTRACT This thesis examines state-society relations in Egypt, and the logic of durable authoritarianism since 1952. It does so, through an examination of the Egyptian state’s neglectful rule, from the 1970s through the 1990s, of its capital Cairo. In particular, the thesis focuses on state inaction vis-à-vis Cairo’s informal housing sector: those neighbourhoods established on land not officially sanctioned for urbanization. Since the early 1990s—when Islamist militants used them to launch attacks on the Mubarak government—such communities have been stigmatized in Egyptian public discourse as threats to the nation’s social, moral and political health. Western scholars, by contrast, have valorized them as exemplifying popular agency. The central research question of the thesis is to explain why the Egyptian state has been unable to intervene effectively in these informal neighbourhoods—despite the apparent challenges they pose, the authoritarian state’s considerable unilateral power and the availability of western assistance. The short answer to the question, is that the very factors which sustain the authoritarian political order constrain the Egyptian state’s ability to intervene in its capital.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Aspects of Community Involvement in Sustainable Forest Management in Eastern and Southern Africa
    ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA Hezron Mogaka, Gacheke Simons, Jane Turpie, Lucy Emerton and Francis Karanja March 2001 This publication, and the research upon which it is based, was made possible by a grant funded under the Forestry Research Programme of the United Kingdom Department for International Development for the benefit of developing countries. Project Number R7477/ZF0114: Community involvement in forest management: an analysis of key opportunities and constraints to the responsible involvement of communities and rural people. The findings, interpretations and conclusions in this publication are those of the authors and participants at the workshop. They do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, NRI or DFID. Published by: IUCN — The World Conservation Union Copyright: © 2001, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non- commercial purposes is authorised without prior permission from the copyright holder, providing the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of the publication for resale or for other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. Citation: H. Mogaka, G. Simons, J. Turpie, L. Emerton and F. Karanja, Economic Aspects of Community Involvement in Sustainable Forest Management in Eastern and Southern Africa. IUCN — The World Conservation Union, Eastern Africa Regional Office, Nairobi ISBN: Produced by: IUCN — The World Conservation Union, Eastern Africa Regional Office Available from: IUCN Eastern Africa Regional Office, PO Box 68200, Nairobi, KENYA Tel: ++254 2 890 605-12 Fax: ++254 2 890 615/407 Email: [email protected] POLICY BRIEF POLICY BRIEF This study investigates the extent to which communities have been provided with economic incentives to become involved in sustainable forest management in Eastern and Southern Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing a New Methodology to Deal with Gentrification in Urban Neighborhoods: Case Study of Fatimid Cairo and Heliopolis
    Introducing a New Methodology to Deal with Gentrification in Urban Neighborhoods: Case study of Fatimid Cairo and Heliopolis Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften von der KIT-Fakultät für Architektur des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) genehmigte Dissertation von Muhammad Salah Eldaidamony Ahmad Hauptreferent: Prof. Dr. Barbara Engel Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17.09.2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………………………i List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………………….v List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………………...viii List of Boxes …………………………………………………………………………………………..ix List of Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………..x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH BOUNDARIES……………………. 1-20 1. Introduction ……………………………..………………………………………..……….1 1.1 The Research Problem …………………………………………………….……………..2 1.2 The Research Objectives ……………………..…………………………….……………4 1.3 The Research Questions and hypothesis …………………………………….…………...5 1.4 The Theoretical Scope ……………………………………………………….…………..6 1.5 Research Methodology …………………………………………………………………..7 1.5.1 The Research Strategy ………………………………………….……………..8 1.5.2 The Research Methodology Approach ………………………………………..8 1.5.3 Study Population ………………………………………………………………8 1.5.4 The Fieldwork Constraints and Limitations …………………………………...9 1.6 Conducting the Case Study: Collecting the Evidence ………………………………….10 1.7 Data Validity and Reliability ………………………………………………….……….12 1.8 Data Analysis Procedures …………………………………………………..…………13
    [Show full text]
  • Fragmenting a Metropolis Sustainable Suburban Communities from Resettlement Ghettoes to Gated Utopias
    OPEN ACCESS http://www.sciforum.net/conference/wsf3 Article Fragmenting a Metropolis Sustainable Suburban Communities from Resettlement Ghettoes to Gated Utopias Wael Salah Fahmi1,* 1 Department of Architecture, University of Helwan, 34, Abdel Hamid Lofti Street, Giza, 12311, Egypt; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +2 02 33370485 ; Fax: + 2- 02- 3335 1630 Received: 23 September 2013 / Accepted: 28 October 2013 / Published: 01 November 2013 Abstract: The paper examines the impact of the Greater Cairo Master Plan and New Towns Policy on urban housing crisis through some case studies focusing especially on New Cairo City, to the east of downtown Cairo. The empirical research attempts to qualitatively examine the complex reasons for the failure of various policies and implementations in meeting housing needs of middle and low-income people. This has resulted in the emergence of nearly empty new towns, and the increasing fortification of the affluent nouveaux riche within exclusive desert condominiums and gated communities, a phenomenon which aggravated social injustice and housing inequality. These communities’ global architectural styles and marketing strategies are linked to neo-liberal economic policies and private entrepreneurial urban governance related to individualised rights of seclusion, privacy and consumption. Influenced by expatriates in the Gulf monarchies, these desert enclaves are located in Greater Cairo's western desert (6th October City: Dream Land, Gardenia and Beverly Hills) and in the eastern suburbs (New Cairo City: Katameya Heights, Golf City, Al Rehab City, Mirage City, Arabella). Surrounded by golf courses, recreational and commercial facilities, these luxurious residential districts tend to be exterritorial with their construction, maintenance and economies, being largely controlled by international property development firms, whilst locally underlining the ever- sharper social disparity between rich and poor.
    [Show full text]
  • Algemeen Ambtsbericht Eritrea/Maart 2006
    Algemeen ambtsbericht Eritrea/maart 2006 Directie Personenverkeer, Migratie en Vreemdelingenzaken Afdeling Asiel- en Migratiezaken Den Haag 070-3484517 29 maart 2006 Inhoudsopgave Pagina 1 Inleiding 4 2 Landeninformatie 5 2.1 Basisgegevens 5 2.1.1 Land en volk 5 2.1.2 Geschiedenis 5 2.2 Politieke ontwikkelingen 9 2.3 Veiligheidssituatie 12 2.4 Staatsinrichting 15 2.5 Wetgeving 16 2.5.1 Nationaliteitswetgeving 16 2.6 Economische situatie 18 3 Mensenrechten 23 3.1 Inleiding 23 3.2 Waarborgen en Toezicht 23 3.3 Naleving en Schendingen 25 3.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting en persvrijheid 26 3.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering 28 3.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst 32 3.3.4 Bewegingsvrijheid 40 3.3.5 Rechtsgang 41 3.3.6 Arrestaties en detenties 43 3.3.7 Mishandeling en foltering 46 3.3.8 Verdwijningen 47 3.3.9 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden 48 3.3.10 Doodstraf 48 3.4 Posities van specifieke groepen 48 3.4.1 Ethiopiërs 48 3.4.2 Vrouwen 51 3.4.3 Etnische groepen en minderheden 55 3.4.4 Dienstplichtigen 56 3.4.5 Homoseksuelen 62 4 Migratie 62 4.1 Inleiding 62 4.2 Opvang binnenlands ontheemden en terugkerende vluchtelingen 62 4.3 Minderjarigen 70 4.4 Activiteiten van internationale organisaties 75 4.5 Beleid andere landen 77 5 Samenvatting 80 Bijlage(n) 83 I Literatuurlijst 83 II Landkaart 87 III Eritrese Nationaliteitsverordening (Eritrean Nationality Proclamation)[21/1992] 88 IV Beschrijving van de relevante artikelen inzake dienstweigering en desertie in de National Service Proclamation 82/1995 en de Eritrean Transitional Penal Code (ETPC) 89 V Documenten 90 VI Politieke organisaties 92 Algemeen ambtsbericht Eritrea | 1 Inleiding In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de huidige situatie in Eritrea beschreven voorzover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit Eritrea en voor besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Eritrese asielzoekers.
    [Show full text]
  • Source Parameters of the Significant Earthquakes in Egypt, 1992–1998 Inferred from the P-Waves Magnitude Spectra of Teleseismic Seismograms
    GEOFIZIKA VOL. 25 No. 1 2008 Original scientific paper UDC 550.34 Source parameters of the significant earthquakes in Egypt, 1992–1998 inferred from the P-waves magnitude spectra of teleseismic seismograms H. M. Hussein and K. M. Abou Elenean Seismology Department, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Egypt Received 3 September 2007, in final form 5 March 2008 Using the P-wave magnitude spectra of the vertical component of tele- seismic broadband seismograms, average source parameters have been re- trieved for five significant earthquakes of Mw ≥ 5.7 occurring in Egypt namely, 1992 Cairo earthquake, 1998 Alexandria earthquake and three events which occurred in the Gulf of Aqaba region between 1993 and 1995. The magnitude spectrum represents the velocity amplitude density spectrum at the earth- quake source, scaled in magnitude units. The maximum of the magnitude spectrum along with the period at which the maximum occurs are used to es- timate the source parameters. For precise determination of the source param- eters, two different methods for deriving the corner periods are applied. The obtained source parameters were compared with those derived in previous studies. The results show that within the moment magnitude range 5.5 ~ 7.2, the corner periods are 1.29 ~ 11.6 s, length of the fault ruptures are 5.5 ~ 50 km and the stress drops are 0.5 ~ 4.8 MPa. The derived stress drop shows an in- creasing trend with the seismic moment for the three Gulf of Aqaba earth- quakes. The 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake of Mw = 7.2, the largest earth- quake to have occurred in Egypt in the last century is characterized by a higher complexity compared to the other events, that are much simpler.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground Motion Prediction from Nearest Seismogenic Zones in and Around Greater Cairo Area, Egypt
    Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 1495–1511, 2010 www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/10/1495/2010/ Natural Hazards doi:10.5194/nhess-10-1495-2010 and Earth © Author(s) 2010. CC Attribution 3.0 License. System Sciences Ground motion prediction from nearest seismogenic zones in and around Greater Cairo Area, Egypt Abd El-Aziz Khairy Abd El-Aal National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt Received: 6 October 2009 – Revised: 27 April 2010 – Accepted: 31 May 2010 – Published: 9 July 2010 Abstract. This paper reviews the likely source characteris- general, buildings in Egypt are not designed to resist earth- tics, focal source mechanism and fault patterns of the nearest quakes, therefore relatively small events can be the source effective seismogenic zones to Greater Cairo Area. Further- of huge socio-economic disasters. The event of 12 October more, Mmax and ground accelerations related to the effective 1992 is an example of a small but damaging earthquake in seismic events expected in future from those seismogenic Egypt. Protection of strategic structures like nuclear power zones are well evaluated. For this purpose, the digital wave- plants, dams and big populated cites, in Egypt, from all kinds form of earthquakes than ML=3 that occurred in and around of hazard, particularly earthquakes, is actually the essential Greater Cairo Area from 1997 to 2008 which have been mission of the seismologists and civil engineers in the present recorded by the Egyptian National Seismological Network, and the future. are used to study source characterization, focal mechanism The economic and social effects of earthquake disasters and fault pattern of the seismogenic zones around Greater can be reduced through a comprehensive assessment of seis- Cairo Area.
    [Show full text]