The Cultural Influence and Artistic Patronage of Queen Bona Sforza In

CEU eTD Collection The cultural influence and artistic patronage of Queen Bona Sforza in Sforza Bona Queen of patronage artistic and influence The cultural In partialfulfillment oftherequirements forthedegree of early 16 CentralEuropean University Wojciech Szymon Rothbard th century Poland-Lithuania. century History Department Budapest, Hungary Master ofArts Submitted to Second Reader: Prof. LászlóKontler Supervisor: Prof. György Endre Sz 2010 By Ę nyi CEU eTD Collection instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author.” the of permission written the without be made not may instructions form mustof such copiesmade.a part copiesany Further made such in accordance with Central Library.European University may Details be from obtained librarian.the This page part, may be made only in accordance with instructionsthe given by Authorthe andlodged at the “Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or Statement ofCopyright ii CEU eTD Collection SOURCES CITED CONCLUSION: Chapter 4 – Bona’s effect on her son; the poetry and the music at Bona’s court. Chapter 2 – The contextual setting: Bona, Renaissance Poland and the Jagiellonians. 1–A Chapter Historiographical review. INTRODUCTION Abstract: Table ofContents: 3 – 3: Tapestries, jewels and painting – Bona’s and Zygmunt’s interest in the high arts. 3 –2: The culture, behaviour andcourt dress at 3 –1: Bona and herinfluence oncuisine andonhygiene. Chapter 3 – Bona, Zygmunt and their artistic patronage. 2 –6: Italians in Poland during the Renaissance andprevious Queen-consorts. 2 –4: 16 2 – 3: The family of Bona and Zygmunt. 2 -2: The search for aproper husband andBona’s wedding Zygmunt to Stary. 2 –1: Bona’s early life,family origins and education. th century in context. century Poland a broader iii 102 101 36 73 62 57 53 45 92 33 30 24 24 10 6 4 CEU eTD Collection culture in early in culture early 16 and the royal family itis hopedpatronized, this thesis provides a picture coherent of courtly customs at court, as well as an examination of many fields of artistic quite is still sparse. endeavor In the end, which by Renaissance examiningBona Polish the theon effect that Bona and scholarship her Italian entourage hadEnglish-language on socialthat fact the highlights legendary. This thesisis based primarily on sources; Polish itand through this, also ZygmuntAugust,whose interests – especially in from tapestries Flanders –remains andpatronizemusicians poets All atcourt. thisof had aninfluence upontheir son,King well as as medallions andjewelry acquire money tapestries, sums to of considerable spend forandJagiellonian higharts the the hadconsiderable passion were willing they to Zygmunt King husband, her and Bona both in fact, –that literature secondary in –even isevidence considerable limited, werethere interests andcultural Bona’s artistic Queen of Bona Sforza Poland-Lithuania While (1494-1557). some claim scholars that This thesis thevariousexamines aspects of artistic and patronage influence cultural of Abstract: th century century Poland. 4 CEU eTD Collection shortcomings of this present text. present this of shortcomings fullpraiseworthy of –andIalone work forthis aspects accept responsibility all Warsaw. during to trip my host research were always reliable friends. Thanks are also due myto cousin, Jakub Siuta, was a gracious they helped understand metobetter alot of historical concepts.Mostimportantly, they countlessdiscussions, school. and Through University outsidewell asatthe Toronto of is currently musicology teaching at the University of Aucklandin Zealand).New Fedorowicz as well Also,as my long-time I friendcannotthe andhistory correspondent, failofhave neverpursuedfurther studies. Also, I must thank him for suggestion the examineto Bona Dr. Allan Sforzato Badley mentionsupport wasinstrumental in my overall intellectual development. Withouthis – help, Iwould (theI can latter only hope uponmeimparted love a great for all Renaissance. Moreimportantly,things his on-going the that support this he student, undergraduate an when un-certain A I was decade ago, Bartlett. Kenneth Prof. thesis willthat meet I withhave hishave me taught herein Budapest. approval.receivedtremendously from their teachingsin and advice;Ottawa and also, I thank all the other professorsfrom who Dr. Jan Professors György Endre Sz Endre György Professors pursue graduate studies. This thesis wouldhave become never reality without their help. Yvonne Cuéllar. partner my as well as Jacek brother my Rothbard; They Janusz and Zofia allparents, have sacrificed more than words can express in supporting my desire to Of course, it must be stated that all these people contributed to the positive and positive the to contributed people all these that bestated mustit Of course, Finally, I want to acknowledge the debt that I owe to my friends at both the CEU as Back in Canada, at the history department of the University of Toronto, Imust thank At the CEU, I must foremost thank my thesis withFirst, supervisorgreat thanks, Iwouldlike todedicate this thesis tomyfamily my– and the secondAcknowledgments: reader -- Ę nyi and László Kontler respectively. I have benefited have I respectively. Kontler László and nyi 5 CEU eTD Collection (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. PolishStudies Center and Dept. of Slavic Language and Literatures, 1988), p.X. 2 Cornell University Press, 1989), pp.1-16. artistic interests of the Jagiellonian royal court during the first half of the 16 impactlifesheupon cultural andthe the that had anddemonstrate Bona Sforza asignificant of cultural patronage broad the will thesis examine this Polish Renaissance, the on materials lackredress,modestly, Seeking of however overall forgotten. English-language the to Hungarianthe Polish KingMatthias Corvinand QueenBona Sforza remainquite the such latter, of the contemporaries European Eastern figures, the were culturally-significant figureswestern European as KingCosimode Medici or Phillip II andconclude that they while itis likely many Anglophone that university students will consultbiographies such of Thus, historicalEurope. figures Eastern of important of casestudies biographical with as well as history cultural of fields in the apparent isequally problem This visible. quite generation later,slightprogress on fronthas that been achieved,butthe disparity remains was scant– anditwas his intellectualsaddress would begin hope that this imbalance. to Renaissance Polish the of topic multi-faceted the on scholarship English-language that point volume Fiszman offurtherthe emphasized Segel’s a bySamuel edited publication, essays humanism. of revival cultural in the participants active much 1 Polish, Hungarian, Bohemian and Croatian scholars of the 15 factthat the to and attention credit giveadequate not do Western academics as aresult, that hashistorical study been perceived sodeeply as a uniquely western-European phenomenon history of Renaissance Poland, Harold Segel indicated that the Renaissance as INTRODUCTION a period of “Introduction” by Samuel Fiszman, in Fiszman, ed., Harold Segel, Harold In 1989, inIn 1989, his introduction the to monographEnglish-language on literary the Renaissance Culture inPoland: The of Rise Humanism, 1470-1543. The Polish Renaissance inits European context 6 th 1 and 16 Only a few months before (Ithaca and London: th centuries were very were centuries th century. . 2 A CEU eTD Collection 4 arrival in Bona’s contextualize early 16 3 into the country. of traits somethese or of ‘importer’ initiator the considerher asthe arrival wecannot and in before Bona’s Poland already present were culture many of Renaissance that aspects fact the high wemustbeawareof culture, and European Italian Renaissance in propagating as “Kulturträger”.a In other words, while wecan be certain that Bona had a prominent role besheis nottreated to that biographers: recent successful most by Bona’s of one statement the acknowledge must we if even Renaissance, Italian the of styles and notions the especially at court. This analysis high-culture, Polish on effect hadapositive thequeen in fact, that demonstrate is to here will demonstrate that Bonaexhaustive helped to propagate rehabilitation some of or re-evaluation of Bonathings”Bona supposedly that brought toPoland. and all her activities forin all “bad in the War hercatafalque Bari wanted retribution to vandalize World II in Poland, the aim withinmany society general so centuries Polishfighting over that soldiers inItaly during active on manyso fronts. Yet, the negative image of Bona was propagated with such vigour few – if any – of the women who occupied the post after her,poison are remembered foragainst being so her detractors,history. Despite the ‘black legend’ of Bona as someone truly evil, deceitful and ready useto she was a pioneering queen: none of her predecessors, and thesis and whichanalysis of majorthe texts, all secondary sources, which were used in the preparation of this are cited throughout the present work. Multiple constraints made it Maria Bogucka, Marceli Kosman, Marceli While it isWhile neither it ofthis possiblenordesired within give the scope thesis an to Queen Bona, however, remains one of the most controversial figures of Polish This is dividedfourwork into main The chapters. oneis first ahistoriographical Bona Sforza Królowa Bona. 4 This latter point will be further discussed in chapter 2, seeking to . (Warszawa:. Ossolineum, 1998), p.76. (Warszawa:Ksi th century century Poland. ąĪ ka i Wiedza, 1971), p.10. 7 3 CEU eTD Collection this matter yieldedthis matter significantfruit: her soninherited royal estates furnishedthat himwith in policies her respect, in this work her admire to possible not now is it if even Yet, her. to were accorded that estates centralize the to seeking reformer, economic tireless and adamant she wasan how here Idiscuss model herqueenship: create of own to hadchosen Bona play.And final then, of the precisely chapterwill be this point connected with ideathat the to better understand what role she was expected to play – orwhat role she, in fact, refused to soas throne the on Bona preceded who queens somethe of analyze itwill contexualization: connections with Italy and willThe latter highlight city’s the and cultural pre-existing continuous and economic the rest of Europe. Anotherof the Polish-Lithuaniansub-section analysis critical is a there Thereafter, Stary. Zygmunt willmonarch, state Jagiellonian the helpto wedding in furtherthis era aswith well as a discussion brief biographicalfocusing sketch, on Bona and herearly years in Italy as herwell as 1518 about the city of Kraków.is a there start, Atthe here. isprovided topics key several on information andcontextual materials, each discussing book’s strengths and weaknesses. source the of several between contrast and compare will chapter first the Accordingly, study the and appreciation of Bona inhistoricalSforza scholarship, first of all,in Poland. inprovide mainly to concentrate historiographical view of questions order adiachronic on with some figureforgotten lesser-known by mainstream history. Ihave Thus, decided to not monarch a – and with we aredealing fact that the more given plausible seems all the This archives. Italian or Polish ineither would beaccessible that with Bona connected documents primary extant the all through read have already historians seasoned more that state to logical is also it1, inchapter further discussed are this for reasons of the some from 16 materialsthe and sources consultarchival primary to impossible The second chapter will consist of background majorThe second will Broad of consist sub-sections. several chapter 8 th century. While century. CEU eTD Collection made a significant contribution to the Polish Renaissance. the other nobles frequentlycultural patronage (as well as her influencepresent upon the cultural tastes of atZygmunt Augustcourt) and negativehasthe blacklegendthat toBona’s been nameforattached somany her centuries, should be appreciated because as a whole, 16 late it it shouldnot be dismissed, because itis upon this base that the more significant examples of topic, this about information scant is rather there although that demonstrate will examination musical at the mainis look here Thisinterest the August, to of Bona’s culture court. Zygmunt young the affected court Bona’s how of analysis some contain will chapter analysis. consumption took place almost sections aswell– all althoughthem of demonstrating that exclusivelysuch luxuryandhigh art at the royal court, sub- has several chapter hygiene. This and as culture culinary such matters impact on it certainly is worth a closertheir heritage as well as their legitimacy, demonstrate to products andusedsuch new tapestries ordered makers, jewelry patronized a portion of the third chapter will Jagielloniansdiscuss itinto a true RenaissanceBona’s court. Besides looking at how Bona and Zygmunt well husband her soughttoculturally Zygmunt) as modernize theWawel and the by examining several key examples through which itand passions had that been implanted into him by hiswill strong-willedrather mother. be possible to statesignificantly that higher revenues. Therefore,she he could fulfill(as more amply the cultural desires th In conclusion, this multi-thematic analysis seeks to demonstrate that regardless of regardless that demonstrate to seeks analysis multi-thematic this conclusion, In final Although this three. chapter as topic overall same 4will the continue Chapter The third chapter, the heart of this thesis, will address the cultural influence of Bona century century Polish music develop. 9 CEU eTD Collection some cases, scholars writing even in the first few years of years21 fewthe of first inthe even writing scholars cases, some in is that first the here: mentioned be must which notions other several are there said, being sources, essentially all scholars produce high havethese been able to Thatquality works. despite the difficulties of studying from impressionrecentpublications, even made is 2006. The general bythesesources that a distant era for which written before duringthere or World WarIIand published still in are 1940s.Otherbooks the are at times scant archival couldmadeliterature secondary additionsextant havepresentexamination. tothe useful research, this thesispretend doesnot tobe exhaustive andacknowledges even that other Polish Renaissance culture. Though all have madeattempts been very toconduct thorough history and historiography as it Bona, the pertains to Jagiellonian dynasty and thehistory of essentially all from the secondand which are cited halfthroughout this work. The aim here is assessofto the level of thescholarship, 20 Chapter 1 –AHistoriographical review. archival materials to modern methods of enquiry, present-day scholars must rely that much must rely that scholars present-day enquiry, modernof methods to archival materials primary subjecting facedof impossibility with the Therefore, in WarII. World destroyed havinginlongerbeen no 1930s–are 1920s were consulted byascholar extant, or the certain that significantis it inciting areobvious literature, there such almost andsignificant drawbacks dated amounts of archivalalso substantial of amounts citations tomaterials published intheinter-war period. While materials on a wholefootnote citations toarticles or books which werepublished range nearly a century ago. There are of issues – which Almost all the texts are in Polish, and publications dates vary: some books were books some vary: dates publications and Polish, in are texts the all Almost This first chapter of the thesis examines the scholarly sources that were consulted 10 th century, with respect toPolish Renaissance st century century providewill CEU eTD Collection National Library in National a Warsaw,Ilocated Library by text Halina publishedinin Auderska, Warsaw reasons for the discrepancy mentioned on the first page of this thesis. May 2010, hislatest text, Henry Kamen. In fact, the latterscholar has published extensively onvarious topics in Spanishhistory history;of Spain has been and instudied particularly well by English-language historians such asJ.H. Elliott and 2004 published a monograph entitled Painting Spain,in 1500-1700 5 fortunate. more much been has Spain and In Europe. andthis Renaissancehistory of countries likeItaly, respect,the culture France Eastern on Commonwealth writing origin fewor US, UK been of scholars relatively forobviousthe geo-political as linguisticwell reasonsas during the 20 praiseworthy and they are discussed below. However, at this point, it is important to state are by F.W. Carter Segel topics texts and history, Harold in Renaissance Polish Poland. While inEnglish areonly there a handful of monographs specializing on particular of start 21 the the at thePolishRenaissance on scholarship Mieczys Bogucka, thisevident: body is of work heavily-cited bymanysubsequentscholars such as Maria century. is leastof Theresultthis aquarter at for mid-1950sthe andremainedactive is engagedgroups resultinbegan in research thatthese two significant that and publication The historians. research capable of very generation anewpost-war –educated interference ideological of scholarswhosurvivedwere someexcellent Communist and–regardless any are impossible ignore. shortcomings that to while the works of theseinter-war researchers is valuable, it contains several significant more heavily on the results produced by the older generation of academics. In the end, Yale University Press has an entire series of monographs with titles such as Jonathan Brown’s 1998 text Also, itmust be stated that over the course of my research for this thesis at the Polish Equally, mustgivea small one duecredit to of Anglophonegroup of historians While many weknowthat professors perishedPolish World during War there II, á aw Morka and Wojciech Tygielski – all of whom published first-rate published whom of –all Tygielski Wojciech and Morka aw The Escorial: Art andPower the in Renaissance . There are similar texts on French art in the same series. Rosemarie Mulcahy in Mulcahy Rosemarie series. same the in art French on texts similar are There . Philip II of Spain, Patron of the Arts 5 To a great extent, this last sentence explains the 11 st century. was published. . During the last 50 years, the th century, there have there century, CEU eTD Collection of Bona. of :á Bona in a negative way as an evil queen, but that in the end, she opted to present Bona through the prism of 7 6 literary theory and philology. in a background thereof, oreven aportion require would morein-depth text, of this analysis a necessary in of not (if a deepknowledge history matter), the passing interest Renaissance would Auderska’s book would averagePolish with besome valuetothe seem reader of a given. are matter the on precise details no However, astrologers. forvisited is having young noted Renaissance the the queen example era –inone particular of activities common with associated are that tasks performing are described herself, Bona such as maincharacters, Also, the by author. the aftersomeresearch historical was written book the itis that However, clear the text. of accuracy historical assess more broadly the to impossible it made difficulties These titles. chapter lacked text this Equally issues. specific the novel genre, this book did not have an index, thus it was notpossible to consultit on any historicallike presentedand inthisthesis.using the Regrettably, persons and events prose see how it hadcreateddialogwas interestingof this to course pages, several author dozen but over the in read this 500pages), its(over entirety possibleitlimitations, not text to was Bona) entitled book, Auderska’s incarnation), first intheir dissertations doctoral were which asthose (such monographs scholarly purely not were they analysis, solid and information useful very contained they (by such Wójcik-Góralskaauthors as Joanna inDanuta or sense Olkiewicz) while that the academic” “popular called be might that thesis this for consulted books of number a while mustclearlythat be previousbut course decade.It stated the of over 1989, that written Maria Bogucka, in herbook Halina Auderska. adys was even more unique: it was a novelof historical fiction. Duetoobvious á aw Pociecha – the first authorwho has done his best to“rehabilitate” the image and historical veracity Smok w Herbie: Królowa Bona. Bona Sforza Smok w Herbie: Królowa Bona(Dragon onthecrest: Queen 7 , pp.243-244, indicates that Auderska initially sought to portray (Warszawa:Ksi 12 ąĪ ka i Wiedza, 1989), p.8. 6 In conclusion, while it CEU eTD Collection detail, one must remember that the formulation of opinions such as the one above were above one as the such of opinions formulation the that mustremember one detail, vastdiscuss topic of 19 the into thesis this prominent place in Polish historiography for a very long time. long a very for historiography in Polish place prominent interpretation, basedonthe viewBona’s that helped actions weaken to hada royal power, Poland’s initial causeof as‘moral the principle Bona’s supposedcorruption’ century, heconsidered eventual decline and ruin. As Bogucka makes clear, this over-simplified 8 the time that the historian Micha were un-founded, suchopinions causedBona’s damagereputation such significant thatby rumours about Bona begandark thesis, this of chapter to spreadin another indicated be As will while society. general in as well she was still alive. Though we know that Polish history as throughout academic and was ‘black legend’of propagated Bona created they negative the how an of examination is to devoted chapter last entire the Bona, rehabilitate her clearly aim states monograph the was not to Bogucka her of of text, paragraph book attestits overall to historiographical value. popularity and wouldedition statein was issued 2009.It seem threethat editionsto reasonable of such a in consulted inof preparation printed this thesis mostwas recently, 1998 –and ahard-cover wasinitiallybiography inof Bona Thisbook Sforza. 1989;thesecond published edition, having written (during the late 1980s) most the concise yetand most the lucidmonograph is early Renaissance Polandsince andEarly credited with 1950s, Bogucka Modern the of historian as a Active Bogucka. Maria of works the about adiscussion with assessment Maria Bogucka. On an historiographical itancillary note, indicatedbe should in thatalthough last the beginitis the to prudent Sforza, Bona scholarship concerning historical In of terms Bona Sforza, p.235. á Bobrzy Ĕ ski wrote his works in the last quarter of the 19 th century century historiography inPolish adequate any 13 8 Although it is not possible is not it Although th CEU eTD Collection Krupski i S-ka, 1996), p.9. 1996), S-ka, i Krupski 10 1992), p.6. particular about Polish Renaissance royalty. Polish Renaissance about particular in and – Renaissance Polish the about materials English-language of scarcity current the offset to help would book this of translation English an that hesitation without state can discussed below). Thus, while there are some minor issues with Bogucka’s monograph, one 9 queen. the is book opinion a of balancedandprovides assessment of Bogucka’s realistic this scholar, the In August). Zygmunt son, Bona’s of biography the of author (the Sucheni-Grabowska further Anna point; by citingbook canbe appraisal positive of Bogucka’s and the supported minor a is really Yet,this treatment. moreprovide comprehensive a as to so welcome been particular subject or topic too quickly – afew more extra lines of discussion would have very much a part of chapter 5 of the book (and are amply cited in this thesis). are latter life. These court of details cultural neglect not the does Also, Bogucka editions. major criticisms of andsurely reason text; this it isthe has this gone why several through in good coherence. flow There to analysis thematic the andallows islogical division chapter the sub-sections, chapter are relatively have not itdoes while style few and approachable ina clear, is itwritten Moreover, end-notes). significant flaws claim is herbook solidly if that comprehensive,isorit even only270 longpages (including errors that could justify surely felt some obligation to explain such a state of affairs. influenced by factthe not Polandexist did asa sovereign country and positivist historians Marek Wrede. Marek Anna Sucheni-Grabowska. One critique of Bogucka’s monograph is that at afew points she finishes analyzing a beingThat matters Bogucka’s said, further inclusion only these of substantiates the 10 The implied contrast here is to the text of W of text the is hereto contrast Theimplied Królowa Bona: Mi Zygmunt August: Król Polski I Wielki Ksi Ċ dzy W á ochami a Polsk 14 ą . (Warszawa: Zamek Królewski w Warszawie, Królewski Zamek (Warszawa: 9 ąĪ e Litewski,1520-1572. á adys á aw Pociecha (who is (who aw Pociecha (Warszawa: CEU eTD Collection stylistically-approachable and useful. thus stylistically-approachable and scholarly-informative between balance findaproper mentioned above titles Bogucka such imply quality books and doesnotcertainly as the however,quantity automatically royalty,itwriteis multi-volume to possible biographies minute examiningvery details; written informative. oneshouldand given Moreover, note peoplethat important such as and betweenterms both are well- quality texts book this Bona the biography of overall – of in difference is noapparent There court. the at atmosphere the and princess young to the consulted inordertoseeif it supplementary informationBonacontained as about a mother King, Stefan Bathory). The first portions of this secondmonograph by Bogucka were thesecondelected Polish before 53,shemarried young andjust turning marry woman; as a actual name of the person in name question person of actual the is title the book the daughters: of Bona’s onone a monograph she written also that has the way to ordinary members of society. is clear that it seeks giveto voice to the history and experience of women from the queen all countryan important Fromin Eastern Europe. consulted the sections of it monograph,this analysis ofhow women lived and tosociety contributed during the 16 European Background entitledbook women, Bogucka’s in the UK 2004.Given ininterest risingthe feminist historiography andin history the of by hasleast other book in one been published since at Bogucka unreasonable – especially seem history not of does students) European scholarsinterest (and possibly only Bogucka’s furtherinterestBogucka’s in history the of iswomen by Polish demonstrated fact the The suggestion monograph Bogucka’s that be translated, it even though would is certainly a welcome addition since it provides easily easily accessible it provides since isaddition a welcome certainly Women in Early-Modern Polish Society, Polish againstthe Women inEarly-Modern Anna Jagiellonka 15 (who actually had not been able to able been not had actually (who th to 18 to th centuries in CEU eTD Collection seemed quite odd. It appears seemed ItPociecha odd. quite that and wasableto provide precise dates details for format) end-note (in fewhavevery citations to appears the text that The matter work. reader even this lastfact does not appear to be themost significant problem with Pociecha’s discuss the last 17 yearsvolumes fails to 1500 pagesmassive four runningover about text, Pociecha’s Therefore, of Bona’s presencePociechanot able was todiscuss history the Bona in of Poland after yearthe 1539. in Poland in any that informed are detail. we activities, Bona’s about details with replete andwhile manner; Yet, to the modern in ahagiographical Pociecha’s was written that text stated Bogucka were consulted. relevant or helpful to this thesis. However, several chapters, especially from volume 2, 19 late of foundin Bogucka as well as inmany books other consulted here.Reading allfour volumes the end, from 1949 1958,to four volumes were published; and citationsfrom his text can be manyon his years biography before Bona continuedtaskduring thewar.In 1939and the The first of these is the magnum opus of W Wrede. andMarek Wójcik-Góralska Danuta Kosman, Marceli Cioffari, Pociecha, Gerrardo Renaissance. important acentrally- been has Bogucka Maria is clearthat it Thus, scholar appreciation. and study closer on Bona3 of this thesis), Sforza, that Bona’s role in inchapter cited indicates (as also andthe in she that text; thecollection Bogucka’s essay opens culturalthe history historyof the Polish Renaissance deservesof Polish women as well as the Polish 11 volume entitled an edited Maria Bogucka, Królowa Bona(1494-1557) th Five other biographical monographs on Bona Sforza were consulted: W wereconsulted: BonaSforza monographs on biographical Five other Finally, we should also mention that Bogucka contributed a short essay,inmention contributed Finally, ashort 2004,to we should also Bogucka that and early20 and Bona Sforza th centuries, would have been a major undertaking not necessarily not undertaking amajor have been would centuries, , p.248. Arty , written in an academic Polish prose still harking back to the to back harking still prose Polish academic in an written , Ğ ci w á oscy w Polsce (Italian artists in Poland). á adys 16 á aw Pociecha. This scholar started working In fact, á adys á aw 11 CEU eTD Collection general, his work lacks adequate acknowledgment ofsources?) acknowledgment adequate lacks work his general, important question: would he have provided adequate citations equally forsuch documents another pose given can the one fact that in existed, actually documents such that pre-supposition problematic Pociecha’s with we agree if even Moreover, scholars. post-1945 than them to available ofmaterials amount greater WarII. Itstands to reason thatin terms of quantity, and he his generation of historians would have a had much claim is itself problematic, especially when coming from a scholar who had access to archives prior to archivalWorld documents – which would shed much fuller light on the activities of Bona’s court – are lost. This page 131 of the second volume of 12 professional historian, suchcensure was warranted. from stating criticism of her – even in cases and episodes where through the assessment of a refrain to him Bona caused imageof negative entrenched the correct to desire Pociecha’s estimation, in Also, Bogucka’s archives. asforeign Polish aswell Pociechascoured that –although clarifies for anotherus Bogucka book or from item an source archival data of the source of this information. Thus, one cannot know whetherto as Pociechaindication no obtainsgive yet a certain characters, minor obscure truly of names or events minor very be by better-served a translation book. of Bogucka’s is althoughthat book wouldwithoutmight state merit, general some Italian not this readers often many sourcesdatingeven Pociecha the mid-19cites aswell as to Cioffari very (2000), dateofthis text publication despite that recent the cannote fact, one In interpretations. fresh be any offering appearto not does said,Cioffari That being there. mainstream Italian task: be to abasic biography Italianof an ex-patriot isand surelyforgotten by who someone historiography a few remarks– on this text. Thedespite book very much accomplishes what surely must beitsmain the fact make is basic,Iam in to able ability While my Italian inBari. active reading cleric thatCatholic Bona returned to Italy and died cannot) dismiss Pociecha’s text, it must be used with caution. published in a pocket-book formatpublishedandfor it non-specialist inapocket-book although the runs reader, 340 Op.Cit., p.240. (Atthis point, it isalso important and appropriate to record bizarrea admission found on Marceli Kosman’s book Kosman’s Marceli Gerrardo Cioffari appears to be the only Italian biographer of Bona – and he is a Królowa Bona(1494-1557) Królowa Bona 17 is interesting in the sense that it was : Pociecha here states that a whole series of series awhole that states here Pociecha : 12 Therefore, while one should not (and th century. Thus, one CEU eTD Collection (Italians in Poland during the16 (Italians inPoland during also weighty, volumes. Tygielski’s 2005 book entitled the most useful, although none of them should be read in exclusivity. in of terms a biographical monograph, Bogucka’s analysis of Bona beshould considered as end, the in Thus, examinations. and explanations plausible very other some disregards and light. In the end, while a clarifications byWrede’s it given Bona toshow text, attempts more in a much negativecritical approach is healthy,appeal to the Wrede’s same audience book as Kosman. is simply While there too are severe some timely citations andas three or souseful lines of information about each ones of them. This list is very useful. words, a list of all the major personalitiespoint of connectedthis book is that with at theBona end of andthe thevolume, royal it gives consulted but by no author, precise the footnotes. However, thecourt onevery commendable a “dramatis as well personae” – in other wearegiven text, sources avery despite of well-structured informative and a bibliography monograph entitled monograph book is interesting an introductory read. the overall, but quality; of in terms Bogucka below notch” “one are analysis and prose style, Kosman’s that state to permitted be might One context. European broader a within Bona portray to seeks of Bogucka, very muchlikethat His text, image. legend” “black deserves a atleastdispel Bona reading thebroader idea public–or to light for positive that the length as Bogucka’s book.pages. Thus, given differentpagesize,the itwould appeartoberoughly about samethe Kosman also has a clear aim: to present Bona in a somewhat The two most recent Polish-language publications used in this thesis are worthy, if in most thesisareworthy, used recentPolish-language publications this The two Wrede’s biography isBona, publishedof in seeking shorttext, another 1992, to Very Very besimilar opinionscan expressed Danuta Wójcik-Góralskaabout 1987 Niedoceniania Królowa th and17 18 (The Un-appreciated Queen) (The Un-appreciated th centuries) :á osi w Polsce XVI-XVII Wieku isimpressive and quite . Here, again, . Here, CEU eTD Collection 16 15 14 Bibilioteka “Wi quality is– andit actually squarely-relevantto ouranalysis: wearetold that there wasno its of demonstration final a as suffice will book Tygielski’s from lifted fact more One state). the of integrity the thereby and authority royal strengthen to seeking faction the led actually Bona situations, political in many that know we fact, (in fact in basis no has belief 13 country. adoptive her about care not did who foreigner a always was she that belief popular the strengthened further Poland in years 38 after Italy to return hadto Bona fact chosen that the that states vein, same Tygielski the In country. European relative obscurity ofbeinginstead topic ofhistorical a incenturies-long controversy alarge to relegated been have might she family, ducal Italian other some into married she had left theirnative country. Indeed, one might even speculate that this was the case with Bona: are essentiallyfigures forgotten in Italy. 16 late of artificially-planned the architect (the Morando (who worked Berrecci Bartolomeo the architects in as such Poland, deeply mostcherished scholars andon the Wawel by thisand scholar are worthy of citation here: we are told, quite correctly, that the Italianthe artists given points analytical Zygmunt and facts some example, of way By organization. thematic solid is chapel foradvanced academic aboutprose and style is not easy Tygielski’s to read,While itreliable. doesless no is notBona 20 of lead time the to during confusion connections years) as thereItalian-Polish or 17 the Bernardoconcerns analysis his of portion A good centuries. those during Poland and Italy connect could that sources secondary and primary extant sources) hundred different comprehensive. (whichfive- The lists Iestimate 640-pagebook bibliography this of about Maria Bogucka, Op. cit., p.193. Op. cit., p.28. WojciechTygielski. Ċ zi”, 2005), pp.647-679. Bona Sforza :á osi w Polsce XVI-XVIIWieku: Utracona Szansa na Modernizacj , p.97. 13 demonstrates that this author has consulted literally all all possible literally hasconsulted author this that demonstrates 14 Thus, in a way, they owe their fame to having 19 th century Polish town of Zamo th century, but the analysis of the of analysis the but century, 15 Today, we know that this Ċ . (Warszawa: Ğü 16 ), CEU eTD Collection there was no Italian painter indeed, that active fact the to in late Jagiellonian contributed factors Poland. difficult-to-define other as well as appreciation art fine to approach indeed, as per the Tygielski citation directly above, itis possible that different climatic conditions, a differentateliers had come toBona's court, he might have gained wider recognition,but this did not happen. Thus, However, one might be permitted to speculate projects. thatin evenengaged if an all were under-study masters top or these assistant queen, frombecame Bona any time by the of thesethat we know course, only a decade or two olderthan Bona – and that with the exceptionof Raphael, they all outlived Bona. Of 18 thesis. this throughout points points, the analysis textfrom thisit was the of parts textmany in inclusion, hard their Despite wasnotions. analytical of flow to verycoherent a avoidfacilitate useful a senseand therefore, of thematicsub-sections more should and chapter is Each of or book. the structure chapter 150pages Morka confusion.isthe to relation in citedmostly flaws significant few a has it matters, at important on many interpretations That being said, atarticles cited by manyMorka is vast. Overall, while the book is informative and otheroffers many fresh journal and especially literature listof secondary the However, andVasari. to Erasmus everything from passages Biblical texts: older however,cite he does, consultany archives – 300 small illustrations. While is thisbook itwell-researched,looks like Morka did not andpropagandanotions) “The Old”:political Zygmunta IStarego:Tre and even controversial Polish art historian over the past 25 years. His book overview of Polish-Italian contacts in the late Renaissance and Early Baroque eras. is is clear that Tygielski’smonograph book anexcellentprovidesthat a comprehensive was not able to “import” or attract any major Italian painter to Poland. to painter any major Italian attract or “import” able not to was importance. and talent secondary 17 and 17 even inPoland Italian the the during painters Vasa; III Zygmunt before nobility) and royalty the (among in Poland active painter Italian We know Titianthat (born 1477), Michelangelo (born 1475) and evenRaphael Sanzio (born 1483) were all WojciechTygielski. Mieczys á aw Morka, as we learn from the back-cover of his book, has been an active an been has book, his of back-cover the from learn we as Morka, aw :á osi w Polsce XVI-XVII Wieku: Utracona Szansa na Modernizacj Ğ ci polityczne i propagandowe (The art of the Court of Zygmunt I the Courtart of (The of polityczne i propagandowe ci 17 The important thing noteto here, of course, is that Bona 20 is 600pages, over also it although contains th and 18 th centuries were centuries of figures 18 From all of this, it this, of all From Ċ . , p.239. Sztuka Dworu CEU eTD Collection Press, 2001), p.344. 19 Renaissance. Polish the history. economic Polish of analysis in-depth more in a interested anyone for useful from 1795. Carter’s goes would hisand1500 to isanalysis book beextremely thorough in discusses matters significant and chapter period these 1257-1500 asecond the chapter Infact, one fish textiles. as metals,in or suchmaterials trade sub-sections discussing Thus,find wecan each individual product. commercial sub-section to dedicating achapter city the through trade discusses it then, and Kraków of city the of discussion contextual While this book was surely could it topicis havebeenwritten scholar. –andstrangely,on byaBritish done the only consulted forCracow geography itsoriginsto1795 of from a small portion of andthis Daniel thesis, Stone. it Carter’s gives by HaroldF.W. Carter, are books Segel English-languagethe Chiefamong these sources. an bookample tapestries. earlycourt on information providedvery useful texts latter first the of Infact, these in Kraków. other the inBari,staged was place –appropriately one in2000 took that toBona exhibits dedicated all of these texts. The same must be said fordedicated to Bona and textsthe on Renaissance catalogs music. Useful data and analysis was lifted from which detailed the two museumthe way to a all by monarchy Letkiewicz, Ewa Polish-Italian Polish about jewelry the the of a newbook Duczmal and by Ma dynasty prepared of biographical impressive Jagiellonian the dictionary collection of papers presented at a 2004 Milan conference Daniel Stone. Daniel Segel’s book, as stated by Stone, takes a “biographical approach” to the history of history the to approach” a“biographical takes by Stone, asstated book, Segel’s bemade of should analysis some sources, of overview this ending before However, Several other Polish-language texts were consulted for this project – from a very The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795. 19 Indeed, each chapter in Segel’s book isinbook Indeed,each in-depth chapter a an Segel’s analysis of Trade andurban development inPoland:Aneconomic 21 is one of the most informative books that (Seattle and London: University Washington of University London: and (Seattle á gorzata CEU eTD Collection provided general Renaissance contextual information. provided contextual general Renaissance book Jensen’s easily-readable listprovides a good of suggested further readings.Finally,it should DeLamar benoted that 20 Zygmunt. does book Bonawas35atthe hestates marriagein opposite: the time Stone’s of to 1518), tobe19 was whereas18 or inreported she was23;and24uponarriving inreality, Kraków thatinitially,know marriage the agewas negotiations, during hertrue loweredit (in Poland, we While Bona. with connected directly book in Stone’s finds one that problem minor is one there Yet, Sforza. Bona for sub-heading chapter a provides even Stone history. wouldbook course forintroductory on an beuseful Eastern European undergraduate this Clearly, navy. Polish the of discussion a brief or Jews; of history the king; particular like under a address agiven history peasants the of that sub-divisions chapter topic history. While the aim of this book is not to offer any new interpretations, it has very useful at giving an overview to the late Medieval, RenaissanceRenaissance. and Early Modern erasmonograph of Polish translations remains(English his text of thebody within quoted directly poems many Latin are there result, are theallAs a European Renaissance. of greater the apart made humanists these that this language provided).best sourceitwas that – stating importance of Latin universal the underlines Segel narrative. into the It is clearoffrom royalty to nobles as informationwell as foreigners,that such as Pope Leo X, are very wellfor inter-woven figures, –andall historical major book tothe internal coherence isa there solid therefore, those who major figure in Polish Renaissancedoabout history. In all the cases, these were humanistsnot and poets, read the Polish, culture this of the Polish Op. Cit., p.37. Daniel Stone’s book 20 This is an obvious mistake, but overall, the book remains Thisbook also but mistake, isanobvious overall, useful.It the The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795 Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery andReconciliation ofRecovery Renaissance Europe:Age 22 is a survey text aimed CEU eTD Collection provided by followingthe chapter. as information background and setting contextual theproper requires 3,one in chapter contained analysis cultural fully the more appreciate to in order However, Wawel court. the placeand took at patronage that interest the of a coherent Bona’s cultural picture construct to is possible it them, of reading acritical from However, in Polish. written mostly secondary sources on various aspects of Polish Renaissance history – though they are In conclusion to this chapter, it must be stated that there are many excellent 23 CEU eTD Collection Reconciliation. 22 Heath and Company,1992), p.69; and MarceliKosman. 21 few years earlier. become the ruler of Milan (in 1450) after the main hereditary line of the Visconti to was able diedfamily, Visconti the into his marriage due to Sforza, out Francesco a However, states. Italian other against wage war to Visconti, Milan, the of rulers tyrannical rather and previous the by mercenary a as employed been had Francesco, great-grandfather Bona’s This was the case soldiers. mercenary hired of condottiere: – those hadvery origins humble dynasty Sforza a half-centurythe Yet, Hapsburg dynasties. French amongthe and abattle peninsulaground became the before Italy the and entered army a French year ismassive 1494 also the that Quattrocento: Italian Bona’s birth. The first SforzaBona; followed by a critical examination of some aspects of early 16 duke of on information biographical basic willprovide first interests The and herpatronage. Milan, section information be inshould appreciate tobetter useful order and Bona’s understand cultural Bonabackground information andcontextual about Renaissance Poland.This aswell as andeducation. origins family life, early 2 –1:Bona’s the Jagiellonians. and Chapter 2 – The contextual setting: Bona, Renaissance Poland links were established a few generations before Bona’s birth. before Bona’s a few links were generations established dynastic these Iberia: eastern from royalty Aragonese of descendants themselves were who Maria Bogucka. De Lamar Jensen. DeLamar Bona Sforza was born in the same year that essentially marks the cultural end of the of end cultural marks the essentially year that same inthe born was Sforza Bona This second chapter will feature six main themes, all of which aim to provide Bona’s mother, Isabella of mother, IsabellaBona’s from of Aragon, haddescended a line of rulers Neapolitan , p.437. Bona Sforza 21 Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. , p.246; and De Lamar Jensen. 24 Królowa Bona. Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and , p.13. 22 Isabella was 24 when she (Lexington and Toronto: D.C. Toronto: and (Lexington th century century Poland. CEU eTD Collection 26 25 p.161. off to Bari – in southern Italy. As Duczmal states, the city of Bari had been given to the to given been had Bari of city the states, Duczmal As Italy. southern in – Bari to off in the summer of send1499, Ludovico decided to Isabella, Bona andhersiblings remaining return to Milan, perhaps realized the political risk posed by them in hisvicinity. As a result, infancy was farfrom stable secure.and from Ludovico. onorders by havemightpoison beencaused 21,1494 October on death Giangaleazzo’s in fact, sourceinforms thisusthat latter Also, housing. as clothing and adequate children’s pleadin hadBona’s mother tobeprovided such to with necessities Ludovico basic the order family considerable hardship –not the least byhaving them from removed main the city. Giangaleazzo and hiswife from Ludovico giving theimpression he that has very warm and cordial with relations 24 his early twenties, would never be an actual political rival. political actual an be never would twenties, early his even in as anadultin Giangaleazzo, hehelped toraisethat also, hisnephew such a manner 23 Ludovico by his great-uncle) out regency in (Bona’s his namewascarried uncle child. Therefore, the a been only had father Bona’s title, the to accession his of time the At power. political Milan since murderthe 1476, after Galeazzohis Maria, henever father held of any actual 25. Furthermore, itmust benoted that although Bona’sfather was officially the duke of the only he was – birth Bona’s after months eight only died who Sforza, Giangaleazzo father, gave Bona into birth near Milan, Vigevano, February on known had2, 1494.Bona her not Maria Bogucka. De Lamar Jensen. DeLamar Ma De Lamar Jensen. DeLamar á gorzata Duczmal. Ludovico il althoughMoro, initially widowpermitting Isabella the andherfamily to il Moro il Bona Sforza 26 Therefore, while Bona came from an elite family of Italian dukes, her Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. Sforza. Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. 23 , p.22. This man not only held all politicalthe in power duchy,the but 25 , another source informs us that the dictator had caused the 25 (Pozna 24 Ĕ : Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1996), Although Jensen cites a letter , p.74. , pp.74 and 299. CEU eTD Collection 30 29 28 27 in notyounghave would surelyhavebeen – aswe quoted Bona(which adiary of the do disappointment. bitter of source a become beor you shattered to can those closest connectionsandeven truly emotional with profound Italy (being moved aroundall time),the life Bonamighthave is thatrealized really tough in life of turbulence the observing and life; her from vanished one by one who siblings the even a appropriate: appears quite observation having hadbond as child,that anatural with Sforzas as a fiefdom (although there are no other details given here). of of Alexander infamousthe Pope VI. –the daughter LucreziaBorgia to family relatives were also Sforzas marriage, the through Aragon, widow the of Hungarianthe King Corvin; Matthias from and Jensen, we learn that Beatrice of to relative family a wasequally Bona we learn that source, same From this Spanish King Ferdinand theCatholic (whowasvisiting acity wasnow his that domain). one such invisit, 1506, 12-year oldlikely Bonamost met herdistantfamily the relative, Naples; andon to make visits Bonaandhermother periodic would later. Poland 16years for left she until home her as fortress crusader-like) (almost medieval very this considered Bona Bari. of castle fortress up at the residence took now mother her and Bona year, old Ippolita, in1501.Thus, died as by us,Duczmal informs springthe of followingthe eight-year sister, sole Bona’s surviving familyhereas Naples. the Tragedy well: to struck her one remaining and sister left theirmother Lombardy and headed south – not Bari,to but Bona, year, following the early Eventually, thefamily. of rest from the Francesco brother invasion andthe separation includingBona’sof older adirectFrench Milan of purposeful complications, other were leave Milan, there could family before the informs us that further Maria Bogucka. De Lamar Jensen. DeLamar Op. Cit., p.162. Ma á gorzata Duczmal. Bona Sforza Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. , p.26. 29 Besides confirming this, Bogucka makes Besides this,Bogucka an confirming 30 Even if one cannot be certain of this statement 2 6 , pp.161-162. , p.76. 27 The same author 28 CEU eTD Collection 34 pronouncements onColonna’s intellect.) negotiations on this matter. His the date finalize to of wedding death is Bona’s listed before as Poland 1539. to come also Segelwho had doespersuasion not appearof Petrarchan apoet to makeand any final informationmore of this man: Christoforo Colonna, born in1460was secretarya to the localduke of Calabria was thorough as Bona’s educator: she had mastered Latin, a good amount of literature from amount literature of Latin, agood she hadmastered educator: was as Bona’s thorough While indeed, this tutor out,was however, that he was not connected not in any way to the famous Roman Colonnaa family.famous Roman or Florentine scholar, we know that he 33 Christoforo (Christosomo?) Colonna a “mediocre” humanist. origins general humanist education unusualwas not ayoungfor from woman noble orducal education.inher a daughterwith Wrede stating only good While thata isquite correct queen thethat future havefortunate of to Poland was mothersought toprovide acaring who deeply their psyche and their outlooks on life. affected had that disappointments and hardships endure hadto they since extent greater much more complex reality – one that Machiavelli, and surely Bona as well, understood to a viewshuman nature of inany it thatdetail, suchpronouncements ignore seem a would Bona was “Machiavelli in was“Machiavelli Bona a skirt”. indeed,pronounce opinions woulddeclare whochoseto that quickly subsequent historians 32 31 by her passions –rather,she was cautiousprudent, and cynical herdue to experiences. corrupt nor nature by evil neither was Bona that state can we Thus, domain. in this engage a longgoes wayinhelpingtoexplain topolitics Bona’s attitude and towards menthe who italso it seemsexisted) However, plausible. sources had such certainly quite a document – Maria Bogucka. Ma Marek Wrede. Marek Op. Cit., p.227. á gorzata Duczmal. 32 However, if we re-focus this analysis back to Bona’s biography, then we can state Bona’sif biography, we can back to However, then analysis this we re-focus Both Bona’s contemporaries towards themid-16 Bona’s towards Both contemporaries , Duczmal is consulted source the which from only calls Bona’s tutor 1506, Królowa Bona: Mi Bona Sforza Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. , p.30. Ċ dzy W 31 á While it is not possible here to discuss Machiavelli’s discuss to here possible not is it While ochami a Polsk 27 ą . , p.5. , p.163. (Harold Segel’s book, p.205, gives us th century in Poland as well as 33 Bogucka is quick to point 34 CEU eTD Collection 38 poetry.) and prose both combined entitled epic romance of apastoral author the and talent considerable of some writer and poet of protégé a humanist as Isabellaby Bogucka stands given name outone – that of humanists, Jacobo Sannazaro. second-rate De Lamar Jensen,relatively been in have his text,would onBari p.139, states that he was a 37 36 Naplesmuch – so giventhat so, Spanishthe cultural influence in city,that she was visits be to noticedher on youngbegan to periodic facts These woman. and articulate attractive an become had Bona and passed now had childhood of years turbulent the true: her ‘moral degeneracy’. supposed is nothing in remotely ‘improper’ Bona’s upbringing that could beasconsidered arootof educated wouldteenager from, conversed have with, andlearned individuals. these in Bari. were welcomed disregardhumanist her the andresult,figures trends afewhumanistof era asa and poets andmakeappear asapragmatic sureto leader.it Equally, Isabella appears that not did areavailable that toyou and resources the buildupon consolidate and policy: constructive methodical very a as this seen have might woman young a as already Bona, taxes). from exempt improve to teachers askingthe town priors thesystem to municipal (by educational humanist scholarshipon asTuscany,Isabella in localthe 1513, levelruler as Bari of sought collective of level same the on itself pride not could Italy southern though even important: isless nomatter Thesecond curriculum. were partof Bona’s that theories political ancient on lectures balance the to a good provided This administration. machinery political of thepractical upas observing a teenager mother,her could grow to still beingclose 35 investiture as the of inruler town the of Bari 1507. finally given mother was Bona’s that first, remember: to ought one that factors other antiquity as well as even a considerable amount of theological writings. Op. Cit., p.36. Maria Bogucka. Op. Cit., p.162. Ma á gorzata Duczmal. Given all the followingthis, is from observation absolutelyBogucka there accurate: Bona Sforza Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. 37 , p.27. (It must be noted here that although most of these figures located in It stands to reason that Bona, especially once she was an 38 In fact, it would appear that the opposite is very much isvery it theopposite appear that would Infact, 28 36 , p.163. The importance of Bona, is of that this Theimportance 35 There are two Arcadia which CEU eTD Collection 41 40 Docete, 2004). (A paper presented in Milan on May 20048, at aconference dedicated to Bona), p.30. 39 means “pretty”). addressed by Spanish diminutive version the herof “Bonita” name (which appropriately century century all Spain,over Italy France. and even Spanish city of Valencia in it 1513; and had for several reprints remainder the of 16 the circawas written 1508-1512 that inspiration behind an love-story anonymous Spanish-language entitled sonnets were inspired inherpraise, byBona’sbeauty local wrote Bonawastheand poets he expires. as lips his on is name Belisena’s battle. in mortally-wounded is he also tragically, then but love interest of namedFlamino.a gentlemen However,in the end,heis only not rebuffed, is the Belisena whereby story love tragic is a plot The Noplesano. called town imaginary in an occurs action of the instead Naples, and Belisena is Bona renamed disguised: printing press, books would have to be copied by hand. As a result, amusement stories and era. Only two we shouldoris was here note that society of within revolution that taking take the atthis place three generations matter important, very rather Theother, his art. into negative emotions those channeled beforewhat Bona,many exactly he did artists was, author this andwhoever that said be even might It would outright. thus them rejected do (andbefore have done)the real the whenBona either did not return advancesthe of buddingnovelistthis – or quite simply invention their that affectionspeculate further might One in Bona. interest an had who nobleman of Italian) (possibly remainsthe unrequited: postulates story the that would havebeen mostwritten by probably some younghe Spanish remains unknown – just as the identity of the story’s author. However, Bogucka further Op. Cit., p.35. Maria Bogucka. Krzysztof Zabolicki. 41 At this same point, Bogucka informs us that the real identity of Flamino Bona Sforza 39 This matter was taken even a step further: besides the fact that minor La Regina Bona E La Sua Corte (Królowa Bonai jej dwór) , pp.34, and 253. . As Bogucka informs us, this book was As informs us, this Bogucka inpublished the 29 40 In the story, names are somewhat-poorly . (Pessano: Mimep- (Pessano: . Question deAmor th CEU eTD Collection 45 44 43 42 Medici. de Giuliano X, Leo Pope Medici the of brother younger the as well as relatives her of Sforza including some many candidates, potential husband. There were appropriate findher an theneed to arose there years, her teenage of by time the writer, Stary. Zygmunt to wedding Bona’s and husband aproper for search 2 -2:The in print. her to available some of the major books of civilization (such as Aristotle) would have already been at aroundthe ageof inBonahaveto readlargertexts, wouldbeen time 12 that taught 1506, all over Europe. movablethe typeinvented in being Germany, 1445,millions circa of hadtexts been printed are relatively well-known: the printing presswasarapid andwithin revolution years of 50 facts widely out could cheaply. points that anddistributed be printed Jensen and relatively novellas remainHowever, of would have orally-transmitted. to by1513,copies type this Maximilian, however, was also the best example of how monarchs gain power and influence (who like Bona had some Aragonese royal blood and was therefore a very distant relative.) Maximilian I Emperor Hapsburg was thatof the such court One answer. potential positive envoys (such as Bona’s tutor Christosomo Colonna) to various European courts seeking a infind trying husband to Bona agood this –and lettersto end, she as hadsent well as ‘dukethe of Nemours’ had diedin 1516. nothinghowever, informs to sinceJensen came candidate, also usthatthislatter knownas Ma De Lamar Jensen. DeLamar Ma De Lamar Jensen. DeLamar á á gorzata Duczmal. gorzata Duczmal. While above we noted that Bona had rejected the romantic advances of a nobleman of advances romantic the Bona hadrejected that noted we While above 42 Given that the Italian city-states were very keen on printing books, by by the books, printing on keen very were city-states Italian the that Given Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. 44 However, Bona’s mother was very wasvery much active Bona’smother However, 30 , p.164. , p.163 , p.307 and 441. , pp.218-222. 43 This idea, 45 CEU eTD Collection 49 Ostroróg’s official title was “Kasztelan” in Polish). 48 Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sk 47 46 toanimpressiveamounted 100,000ducats. had innoted althoughitherthat with problems full, some dowry paying daughter’s Isabella simplified, many texts possibility unitingthe of Bona and Zygmunt arosein 1516. Although here, thisis matter detail the diplomaticknowing thatZygmunt’sfirst wife, young the Barbarahad Zapolya, died 1515 inlate – the negotiations in this matter. It shouldincluding subsequent the Maximilian emperor II. also be married hadgiven Ferdinand. 15 above-mentioned Anna(1503-1547) the birth childrento Anna in daughter Ulászló’s fact, Jagiellonians: with the marriage alliances contracted and Bohemia/Hungary of II Ulászló brother his and Stary Zygmunt with in 1515, met, Charles V and Ferdinand) were the products of an alliance with Spain. Maximilian had also himconnected with wealthythe territories of Burgundy hisand (the grandsons famous timely marriages:through marriagealliance, his ascion a Hapsburg-Portuguese of own Poland. Stanis and secretaries) his of private (one Jan Konarski dispatched Zygmunt was signed and much longermuch slower. andAs in they a result, on arrived Vienna March 19 and ten later, days high culture)of items that (including possessions the of some Bona also discuss shall we chapter next broughtin the While to Poland,long. and slow rather journey the made surely it chef, own Bona’s is and humanists clearItalian few a that they only made the Bari indeparted the company of a largeretinue. This of 287 people, while group containing convoy that Naples at the insistence of Isabella on December 6, 1517. Marceli Kosman. Marceli Marceli Kosman. Marceli Ewa Letkiewicz. Ewa Op. Cit., p.54. á aw Ostroróg (the governor of the city of Kalisz) to escort the future queen back to Given that Maximilian I already had such success in arranging dynastic unions – and – unions dynastic arranging in success such had already I Maximilian that Given 48 The proxy wedding, which was to take place in Vienna, had actually occurred in place had The was totake actually occurred inVienna,proxy which wedding, Klejnoty w Polsce: Czasy Ostatnich Jagiellonów i Wazów. Królowa Bona Królowa Bona á odowskiej, 2006),pp.55-56. , pp.35-36. , p.30; and Maria Bogucka. 47 By autumn marriagethe 1517, the of contract 31 46 Bona Sforza 49 Early in the New Year, Bona , p.42. (it should be noted that (Lublin: Wydawnictwo CEU eTD Collection Colonna were the last two foreign guests to depart.) 57 pp.215-235 in Fiszman, ed., 56 (Roma: NuovaCommunicazione; Edicomp S.p.a. Editore, 2000) p.279. Sforza: Regina di Polonia E Duchessa di Bari: Catalogo della Mostra a cura di Maria Stella Calò Mariani 55 54 53 52 Bona) Italians (whoby suchillustrious was escort D’Este asCardinal specifically Ippolito asked to city the into entry upon salute 70-canon a given been had Bona that fact the despite and flames); open on cooked be with the famous Roman family: he was the viceroy of Naples.) Prosper Colonna – (this latter was neither connected with neither Bona’s former tutor nor all setup. 31field had guests, the kitchens to 51 is thatbesides drink, food, jousting,music and dancing,the wedding was an foroccasion Polishby first-rate humanists, especiallyAndrzej Krzycki. important here The thing note to history. Polish of all in again been hadnever repeated that event fact, In they were acultural truly extravagant. Habsbur know that the wedding celebrations of Zygmunt’s parents, Kazimierz and El Kazimierz and Zygmunt’sparents, of weddingcelebrations the that know arriving in Kraków were events of truly historical proportions and significance. While we 50 Polish territories near the town of O the last leg of Bona’s journey much more comfortable. made hadbeinterior pulled this Supposedly, red-velvethorses. carriageto by 8 decorated, they by morewere met Polish envoys in who Moravia brought had with anew,them gold- Maria Bogucka. Tadeusz Ulewicz. “PolishHumanism and its Italian Sources: Beginnings and Historical Development.” S Op. Cit., p.58. Maria Bogucka. Op. Cit., p.202. Ma Maria Bogucka. á awomir Rado á gorzata Duczmal. 56 Bona’s wedding to ZygmuntBona’s wedding 18,1518andher to coronationApril on subsequent upon as well as the humanists Ludovico d’Alifio(who would become her chancellor) and Ī anka in early 1454 lasted nearly anka inearly 1454 aweek Ĕ Bona Sforza Bona Sforza Bona Sforza . “Kilka Uwag na temat Dzia 53 Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. This can be attested to by the fact that simply to serve the meals meals to servethe simplyby to to the factthat Thisbe can attested 55 ThePolish Renaissance inits European context , there were no reported accidents orfires. Bona was accompanied , p.273. (As per the same source, page 63, Cardinal D’Este and Prosper , p.60. , pp.52-53. Ğ wi Ċ cim. á alno Ğ 51 54 32 ci Królowej Bony w Polsce.” pp.279-295 in Despite this (obviously a lotof meals would 52 , theproportions of were 1518events the , p.165. 50 On April OnApril entered 11, 1518,Bona . p.229. 57 These men were matched menwere These Bona Ī bieta . CEU eTD Collection 60 in Poland, but this building was destroyed in 1778 and no schematics or drawingsBakócz ofand hadseen chapel at his it Esztergom.are extant.) Infact, Eastern Eastern Europe an anti-Hapsburg worldview.Secondly, as per pages33-34 of Jan Bia Sforza, page 97, we know that Primate Primate that weknow 97, page Sforza, 59 was for the quick birth of throne. the birth quickamaleheirof to the was for wish Primate’s the so, and dynasty Jagiellonian the of monarch living last the was Zygmunt 58 pronouncement made was thatimportant that themostpostulate Latin might one beautiful poems, and alsoprovided of the Polish Primate, wedding. the celebrate to “Epithalamium” Jan also in form Latin of his as name Andreas Cricius) and wrote presented a351-verse (known Krzycki verses. commemorative write to poets humanist Polish and Italian both her maternal grandmother, who never saw her grandchildren despite setting out and having setting out herdespite grandchildren saw never who hermaternal grandmother, honour of first birth Isabella child–adaughternamed totheirJanuary (in 1519, Bona gave Zygmunt. and ofBona family 2 –3:The skillsparticipants. the of poetic andthe ceremonies and several tosimply Bogucka listing Kosman, dedicate all pages of the details the can by statement befactmere supported the of biographies thatby Bona, especially simply inarriving toaunique Poland, contributed cultural in event history. Polish This celebrations of theevents. Indeed, as stated already,same the city Krakówof was never again haveto royal wedding these of caliber.reports received had Europe of rest the them to thanks that also, but Given celebrations, this fact, one aweek. lasted is correct in stating that Bona, by Ma Maria Bogucka. Harold Segel. Harold á gorzata Duczmal. For obvious reasons, Zygmunt did not delay in consummating the union; and by , Oxford,Phaidon Press, 1976, Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470-1543. 60 Bona Sforza It is equally certain that the foreign visitors did not just enjoy the Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. , p.55. (Equally, we should note two other facts: As per Bogucka’s à aski had become a political ally of Bona since he sided heavily with heavily sided he since Bona of ally political a become had aski à aski had been afriend of the HungarianPrimate Támas 58 While the Italian humanists were not outdone not were humanists Italian the While 33 à aski ordered asimilar mausoleum be to built for him 59 , p.165. We know that Bona’s party wedding We that know á ostocki’s , p.206. à aski: it was obvious to all that The Art of the Renaissance in Bona CEU eTD Collection Muzyczne, 1988), p.11. 63 62 Towarzystwo Przyjació officially signed over to his wife the Stary wedding,Zygmunt the end,aweekafter To this incomerevenuesand staff. for herretinue that would be generated by severalgenerate to inorder andland-grants receive estates to Bona for it important was her reign, towns and of servants at a given court would disband upon the death of the monarch wouldthe of upon death the disband a givencourt of servants at court was to come from the monarch’s own purse. Therefore, while we know that the group andloyal friends of each monarch; and for the money daily the expenses andupkeep of the servants of assemblies they Rather,were state. central the of institutions not queen’ were Zwoli again, here we should note the explanations provided by the musicologist El by the provided explanations the note here should again, we atWhilecourt the Wawel. pointsthesis, in atother willbehighlighted this division this Bona. with demonstratingindeed,ininvolvementas their that profound wasnot politics aswasthecase end willbethe there At Polish queens, of someanalysis of previous chapter, this part rights in manyto take she knewthat government, people inbe would active politics. with althoughthat officially, consideredBona a“Queen-Consort” noofficial legal was andawaited long-desired son and heir: royal Zygmunt August. is factnote important to that on 1, 1520, Augustthe Bonafinally birth long-to the gave most the provideit However, to others. willing thatshewas to infact demonstrate will we chapter, next in the mother, own her from help such get to manage not did Bona 61 first toassistBona duringabandon thejourney Kraków pregnancy to to a El Marek Wrede. Marek W Ī á adys bieta G Ĕ ska. We are informed that the ‘court of the king’ and the separate ‘court of ‘courtof the separate of king’the and ‘court informedWe the that are ska. Bona, as was surely the custom all over Renaissance Europe, was to have her own her have to was Europe, Renaissance over all custom the surely was as Bona, However, at this point, it is important to cite several other facts. The first of these is á aw Pociecha. aw á uszcz-Zwoli Królowa Bona: Mi á Nauk,1949),p.107. Królowa Bona (1494-1557): Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia. Ĕ ska. Muzyka Nadworna Ostatnich Jagiellonów. Ċ dzy W á ochami a Polsk 34 ą . , p.33. (Kraków: Polskie Wydawnictwo Vol. II (Pozna 63 Ī , at the start of 61 bieta G bieta ). Although ). Ĕ : Poznanskie á uszcz- 62 CEU eTD Collection these horses as gifts by Bona’s mother). Bona’s by gifts as horses these 67 66 65 health and fertility. not provide footnotes, this sourcetells us Zygmuntwas that very happy his wife’swith good 64 decade. firstthe least at identified. easily still are Trybunalski) –Piotrków Sejm Polish the of place meeting relatively some likeRadomsko small, estates. Duczmal provides lista of these – and although even today most of these towns are gave birth to a premature infant son, who was promptly baptized as Olbracht, butdieda premature as infantbaptized Olbracht, whowaspromptly son, gaveto birth she worse, Even injuries. her of a result as infertile became she but years, 30 live another fell from induceda horse labour.– and Inthe accidentthe end, Bona survived andwould she hunting, While pregnancy. latest her of stages advanced in the was 33, at healthy very her decision pursueto this activity in September 1527 was a tragic mistake. The queen, still stallions. finest a stablethe had of hermother kept young inBari, still where do thislearned while to however, was not tolast. year, Catherine and king’sjoy in1526.Theolder his family, growingwith respect to Zofia in Bona gaverespectively), birth following Annato three daughters: other 1522, the nearby Niepo Kraków from time-to-time. The family would often go to relax at ahunting lodge located at first decade, it is logical to assume that she would still take pleasure in being able to leave Maria Bogucka. Ma W Ma á adys á á gorzata Duczmal. gorzata Duczmal. Maternal Maternal duties andBona pregnancies very kept inmuch orits Kraków vicinity for We know that Bona loved to go out hunting with falcons on horseback. She had She horseback. on falcons with hunting out go to loved Bona that We know á aw Pociecha. aw 67 Although Bona was prevented from taking any long trips to Lithuania for the á omice. Onmanyomice. Bona wouldoccasions, huntall types animalsof here, but Bona Sforza 66 Królowa Bona (1494-1557): Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia. Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. Besides IsabellaAugust andZygmunt in (born 1519 and 1520 65 , p.27. (Here we are told that evenHenry VIII of England was givensome of Indeed, although itself biographical dictionary Duczmal’s does 64 (to the south-west of the town that was usually the 35 , p.165. , p.165. Vol. II. p.107. CEU eTD Collection 69 68 within a few hours. were given such amusements as caged birds as well as chessboard during chessboard childhoods their birds aswell as as caged suchamusements were given Bona’s aregenerally in sources that foragreement were well-provided and children they the Jagiellonians); and second, she had sought to bring her dynasty into an alliance with the with alliance an into dynasty her bring to sought had she second, and Jagiellonians); the (as inHapsburg dynasticthis expansion political expenseof central and atthe came Europe slow-down was to aims:first broad the had two also Bona Internationally, source. revenue ownedbyas family more royal and thatmanormakea the estates productive were sure the aim further wasbuttress to power the of which crown the her son stood toinherit, andtotry Bona’s matters, itin can be ofinternal that reality, said a morecomplex over-simplifications are examinations following the While affairs. foreign in as well as politics domestic both in politically-active became Bona above, as stated Furthermore, serfdom. second the towards regression in socio-political a country Poland-Lithuania was demonstrate that to in order therein a discussion of Bona’s economic activities. However, the following attemptis made outline broad Polish of history of during Zygmunt Stary; reign the and also toinclude 2 –4:16 milieucultural in which she operated. and economic social, the about information general some presents activities, political one surviving male heir of the dynasty. the of extra-protective be to Bona forced born) be would son other no (that reality new the Maria Bogucka. Ma á gorzata Duczmal. It is not easy for the purposes of a chapter sub-section to summarize and analyze the The next section of this chapter, before discussing further details about Bona and her and Bona about details further discussing before chapter, this of section next The th century Poland in a broader context. a broader in Poland century Anna Jagiellonka 68 Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. In conclusion to this section, it must be stated that although all although that stated be must it section, this to conclusion In , (Wroc, á aw: Ossolineum, 1994), p.9. 36 , pp.169-170. 69 , CEU eTD Collection 73 72 71 70 monopolizeclearindustry they ableto that any were never single objectives. political their enact to able being in usually states much leaderseven of leveragehad Italian relatively-small tyrannical) greater (or nominal the that is true it era, in this significant quite still were monarch Jagiellonian While inthefollowing Bogucka is stating chapter, cited prerogatives that the of the being of eroded. the powers how crown realizewere the and to system country’s political the end, she was notsuccessful on either one of these aims. of an inter-dynasticValois marriage. solidifyFrance, hoping In through to this connection classes. noble the of powers political growing the counter-balance as to so merchants wealthier includescrown (and that actively Bona) not did and continuously alliesseek out among the Polish the is that reality the stock, Polish of not were townsfolk many that analysis of point was andrapidly importance. political losing power that society of wereasegment artisans urban and burghers in city hereis general, that note peasant labour. The noble class now sought to increase their political influence so as to so influence political increase their to sought now class Thenoble labour. peasant by The forby exporting them andtimber products. grain would agrarian beproduced profits make to great stood they that now understood latifundia of these The owners ascent. arapid on was class this of leverage political the as well as wealth economic the that know we and – nobles the of powers the partially only offset to able been have might merchants even Europe, in wealthiest the power Eastern and wealth urban economic political Maria Bogucka. Kosman. Marceli WojciechTygielski. Kosman. Marceli While below I mention the Italian merchants of Kraków; and Tygielski makes it makes Tygielski and Kraków; of merchants Italian the mention I below While arrivingafter Soon learnin Poland, wasshockedto Bona nature of the true the 73 This pointis valid, although only an to extent: after all, with the overall decline in Bona Sforza Królowa Bona Królowa Bona :á osi w Polsce XVI-XVII Wieku: Utracona Szansa na Modernizacj , p.68. , p.108. , p.107. 37 70 72 While Bogucka does make a salient 71 , the important thing to Ċ . , p.57. CEU eTD Collection earnings into further business ventures or artistic patronage closerfurther artistic earnings into businessventures patronage or home.to their actual Poland whoforwould invest would beassignedonly to of any time aspecific then period toinvest Poland Merchants choose would revenues incultural anysuperfluous projects. to reason that only a portion of foreign merchants residing for a longer period of time in work of first-rate artists as it was the case in Venice, Florence orRome. Moreover, it stands support the politicalis anystepsto thenitgreater unlikelythatthey power, could undertake would logicalifin seemquite not burgherclasses that financial the were togain a position it court, by royal the supported patronage cultural atthe look to necessity the underlines 76 ColumbiaUniv. Press, 2000), p.182. 75 Regina di Polonia E Duchessa di Bari: Catalogo della Mostra… 74 aroundwhich 74%of populationthe constituted within realm the of crown the peasantry, The principles. these to functioned according that lawinto asystem legislate as had been the case with the Italian city-states. Italian the casewith as hadbeen the develop cultural not Kraków didsystem lines along amindsetandfor the a patronage same class in merchant urban thatthe states isBogucka that interest of point other One taxes. from regular exempt have been nobility the would especially ifweremember that context, receive a monetary receive amonetary fine of 10 z reign of anoblemanZygmunt August, had of who one his peasantskilled would simply of 16 the course the over certainly peasantry, for the had been that thisgettingworse system venerableprogressively know Davies, Norman we nobleman – in some way no different from the soil terrain essentially ofservitude. becamethe property beingof the into They astate reduced which they had to till. From the collectively were now territories), within Lithuanian the percentage a greater surely even Maria Bogucka. Norman Davies. God’s Playground: A history of Poland. Vol. 1, The Origins to 1795. (New York, Krzysztof Baczkowski. “Polska i Litwa za czasów Królowej Bony Sforzy.” pp.183-191 in in Bona Sforza , p.67. á oty. 75 This was an insignificant amount in the larger 38 76 , pp.183-184. While this latter fact only further th century, to the point that under the under that point the to century, Bona Sforza: 74 (it was (it CEU eTD Collection ARGRAF, 2006), pp.13-14 argument isargument in upbynotion summed agriculture that a feudal manner, in especially a The less 2personspersquarekilometer. Lithuanian than Grandwere Duchy,there the in some areas of informed that weare Worse, figure. that double least itwas at Europe, a populationmeant less whereasdensity of persquarekilometer,17 persons than in western This proper). Poland of territories in the million 4 than more (no small quite was Stary Zygmunt of time Poland’sduring the population isthat overall thefact argument presented of the core The mediocrity. and of decline state general for the blame is itself to – serfdom second the of development the like above analysis inour factors the of some to due surely Polish society of that 16 posits the argumentactual The on evidence. Bona is simply incorrect, Morka, by citing Andrzej Wycza evidence. hard the at look to than rather Prussia, of creation the to led that dynasty Hohenzollern Bobrzy that appears 77 clear by Morka), that hehave made been appear to not it does (as onesenses However, aims life). of political all aspects to argue that Bobrzy in in-action mediocrity essentially and to byacquiescing its haddecline begun Poland that the mentionsabove-mentioned Bobrzy positivist of theanalysis historian is also location made,Morka previous statement Inthesame this where students. chapter powerful and successful country that popularly-portrayed especially to Polish high-school the was not state thePolish-Lithuanian can beimpressive, court Jagiellonian artof the the though that fact the further underlines scholars) since several other by citing he(by Morka, here notions some presentanalytical the provided of situation ofPolandcan inthisera,one Mieczys Atthis point, havingdiscussed some to extentalready decliningsocio-economicthe á 77 aw Morka. While above, we have already stated that Bobrzy that stated already have we above, While Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre Ĕ ski blames foreign elements such as Bona and especially the especially and Bona as such elements foreign blames ski 39 Ğ Ĕ ci polityczneci i propagandowe. ski’s analysis is simply emotional. It Ĕ ski, appears to be arguing a case Ĕ ski’s analysis and censure of censure and analysis ski’s th and 17 Ĕ ski (who argued ski (who (Warszawa: th centuries – centuries CEU eTD Collection policies, she sought to prevent the royal household from being a poor entity as had been the been had as entity a poor being from household royal the prevent to sought she policies, Althoughestates. resultsthe of be workcannot isit this seen clearthrough today, such that her on directly improvements and reforms some enact to managed nevertheless she idea), an such contemplated sheeven that indicate sources (no serfdom second the towards society be to show that although Bona was not able activitiesto in connectionarrest to the analysis presented above. Broadlyor speaking, reverse the aim here will the overall trend inthemes Polish to be discussed main in still three are there theroyal court, of culture the examining Thus, before patronage. this chapter. The first one her expenses,including from would cultural payforhercourt proceeds the estates these is a briefand – land of sketchgrants significant received Bona know we as ofsince activities, Bona’s political overall political interpretation of Poland’s history. Moreover, components of it can be linked with Bona’s andweakness. error chose to propagate theargument is thatidea Poland’s political elites methodicallythat led to such a state of affairs andit even was a powerful leadprosperity population in to and stability cannot chains kept essentially country insteaddomestic consumers and ultimately more willingtax-payers. Empty oflandswaths and a of seeing their seriousincrease more their thiswould provide bewouldsince seekingto population the ones value the measurement national to of mightequally such wealth. One suppose that people Urban agriculturalistspay andmotivated artisans be give the will onesto andtaxes to true 78 16 argumentthat the makes also but economy, acapitalist of benefits the highlights only not Morka by given Indeed, Wycza although inefficientpolicy. and terribly wasavery state poor Jagiellonian vastasthe country as Op. Cit., pp.14-15. One must conclude that this is quite an interesting (and indeed a very valid) very a indeed (and interesting an is quite this that conclude must One th and 17 and Ĕ ski wrote hisski textunderwrote the communist regime in citation 1973, the th century century by-passed Poland weretotally bysuch developments. 40 78 – yet, the yet, – CEU eTD Collection more peaceful than the first two decades of the 16 the of decades two first the than peaceful more converted to about 61,000 z between the 1530s and 1540s, statethe treasury was running an annual deficit of about ducats 40,000 – which estimates really only make the matter worse, but if I understood his analysis correctly, itwould seem that wholly toassumeappropriate as a that young queen, especially and one whohadadifficult stability provided a much greater sense of security than even close family bonds. Also, financial importance regrettably,money and of true the that Italy,– Bona understood it is such poormanagementcontinue to on herlands. own allow not would Bona is that itclear history, ofeconomic aspects these analysis to greater administered and therefore, of little orno economic value. While this thesis cannotgive any poorly- were they in size, significant been have would holdings the although that likely most is it tolls, levy and tax to powers insignificant relatively had and land little very held treasury.) the Teutonic Order – and the expenses of that conflict would have made it impossible to balanace the state era, he mixes up currencies such as ducats, florins and z 79 before inPoland)deficits Bonaarrived debtseven and andinby that cited state him (showing the statistics insignificantthe treasury general was theWycza While given income. from to which crown of Polish the territories the latifundia within andseveral towns 2 –5:Bona andher land estates. inwhopreceded Bona her post. queens the of biographies some briefly examine will we history, cultural Renaissance Polish in role significant Bona’s highlight and thereby asensecontrast of create to in order Finally, in impactmakecultural country. Italian Bonathe notthefirst wasindeed asignificant to connections to Poland Italian the discuss will this chapter Thereafter, his reign. of start the at Zygmunt case with before Bona’s arrival in 1518. This will substantiate the idea that Op. Cit., p.468 (Morka’s analysis is very confusing in these matters. Whenciting financial data from this There were several pragmatic reasons for this, and coming from the turbulence of from turbulence andcoming this, the for reasons several pragmatic There were It was stated several pages above, that Bona, shortly after being crowned, received á oty. The implication here, however,is the fact that these lateryears were much Ĕ ski interpretation of the Polish economy byMorka; above as cited of Polish economy the interpretation ski th century when Jagiellonians still had to wage war against war towage had still Jagiellonians when century 41 á oty. His attempts to provide some conversion 79 one might conclude that the crown the that conclude might one CEU eTD Collection 81 80 enemies. state with financial peace” the an –even“buying bribes by comingpaying of terms understanding to Bonamoney makesthathad it that novel clear hadin Auderska’s Even sphere. political the power the her mind, rational muchvery she understood to patronage. Third,connected and childhood, she would wishhaveto the opportunity indulgeto inluxuries and incultural are available estate. in each carried out and how to analysisimportant is again provided by Bogucka: Bonaordered haveto ageneral census spread the tasks more would such execute orders been have punished. equally – instructionsandhave would been passed on downtoadministrators groundthe andfailure to also to indentifyreports outlining general operations as well as problems ateachmanor. Replies with precise written receive her would secretaries whatthat be certain quite grounds,wecan actual the estate inspected or visited ever she that unlikely is it While oversight. administrative considerable with her estates Bona that hadprovided weknow economy.response, functioning In have a to in order mills and bridges have roads, to needa was there that knew Bona market, to goods needs totransport of the understanding aninherent was there Italy, where earn forenough theirbasic survival providecould not revenues. Moreover, coming from and barely grow can where peasants estates dilapidated that sheunderstood stream. Yet, Imperial title. accede tothe to in order electors the bribe to had Spain of King the Charles, that Renaissance the of students history many to isknown afact Afterit all, herof this. would accuse hercontemporaries that Maria Bogucka. Halina Auderska. While we know that Bona had received lands within Lithuanian territory as well, the revenue steady a have to sought Bona the of certain be can we said, being That Bona Sforza Smok w Herbie: Królowa Bona. 80 Due suchto opinions,some would call Bona corrupt, but itis unlikely 81 , p.194. This was done in order to find out what actual whathumanfind resources to actual out inorder wasdone This , p.37. 42 CEU eTD Collection 83 82 cases, four-fold. increased rare even and labourdivided with upmore revenuesfrom the evenly,doubledsome estates –andin not provide any specific examples, she does indicate that with such general improvements, introduced. wererotation field Andsystem measurements and precise does while Bogucka would eventually leadinefficiency. togreat convertenergy intosuch cashtrying to this aprecedentgoods introduce and wouldwhich spend time and wouldhave administrators extra to she herestate that thought suppose origin could besold,to simply have Bonawould themoneypreferred receive might– one cash in than rather kind. Obviously, while especially material goods, of those agrarian inreceive andfeudal dues would prefer to more Bona rent in that Europe, line western with repairs beinformsinfrastructure would Equally, necessary. same the us on page, Bogucka reforms. improvements as a sign these Pociecha interpreted that states Bogucka in historiography,first, of terms that Bona was truly a benevolent monarch seeking to enact rural she would not return, she had to sign away her estates and could only take with her movable her with take and only could hersign estates hadaway to she return, not she would feared everyone as healthand for reasons; was departure Bona’s Officially, toItaly.return as from well as hera long-standing disputewith now adultand reigning son –choseto is interesting:in equally agedfrom 1556,Bonanow 62–and wornout considerably politics aretreatedasinvestmentsimprovements which returns. yield The greater will second point landpurely merchants, she comingof wantedtomakesurethatsuch rational: a from simply was aim Bona’s that clear it makes Bogucka – stability political greater securing time same are popular enactpolicies inBari activities thatatmother’s anduseful – trying to the while Op. Cit., p.195. Op. Cit., p.197. Bona was also in favour of setting up new villages – and here, the three-field the here, and – villages new up setting of favour in also was Bona 83 Whilenotis it totallyBona improbable that had remembered someher of 82 There are two more facts worthy of here: mention facts worthy of more Therearetwo 43 CEU eTD Collection significant expenses to maintain her chancery and her contacts with Italy.) with contacts her and chancery her to maintain expenses significant continuous upon and costs purchasing of new estates administrative and territories to enlarge her holdings. On topof improvement, that, there would have been infrastructure on back revenues of estate portion which did happen to an extent – it is equally important to rememberBona that wouldhave spent a significant really substantial amount of money and one that should have permitted forsignificant cultural patronage – Pa Zamku Królewskim na Wawelu. 14/09 to 19/11 2000). 87 p.200. 86 85 84 marble elaborately-carved an of creating total cost the that mention weshould perspective, annual z pointrevenuesof 50,000 at one produced hadher estates we knowthat Also, suchinspections. never expected because they partially as her well as moves growingsuch intentions, noble those Despite continue. to status-quo a chaotic allow and well-managed be ownershipwanted the applied. lawof proper to revenuespurposefullynot deprive seek to anynobleman of holdings,his but she rather, simply made did Bona Bona such action, in that undertaking rather curtly states Bona of biographies One the of enemies land). of parcel a given of ownership their rightful to attesting documents adequate the amongst the fromcases, noblesinto estates buying who default went out even who not could produce nobles or – some holdings (in her estate consolidated years many of course hadthe Bona over that on of herone ofabridge estates. careful reparation the ordering wrote Bona is that a letter last As there “in herday proof, office”, her estates. in administering engaged was still years), she in herlater Warsaw had to moved Poland (she leaving before officially wouldestates become the property membersof otherthe of rulingthe dynasty, day the on haddeparture been on-goingfor weeksand assoon as she would border,the cross her this for even preparations fact that is though the however, citation, Theinteresting assets. S Danuta Wójcik-Góralska. Danuta Kosman. Marceli Op. Cit., p.204. Ĕ á stwowe w Krakowie, 2000), p.13. (It should be mentioned here that while this sum of 50,000 z awomirRado Thus, in conclusion, to this topic, we can mention the following items. We know We items. following the mention can we topic, this to in conclusion, Thus, Ĕ (authorof chapter, pages 9-27) in Królowa Bona Niedoceniana Królowa , p.159. (Warszawa:Ludowa Spó Bona Sforza: Królowa Polski, Ksi 44 (Kraków: ZamekKrólewski naWawelu/Archiwum 86 In other words, she simply did agree to á oty. 87 This is a great amount: for á dzielnia Wydawnicza, 1987), ĊĪ na Bari (Wystawa na 84 á oty is a 85 CEU eTD Collection same page, we are told that there many Genoese were active in the salt-mine leasing in thesalt-mine wereactive many Genoese there we are told that same page, with with against German interests; and that this man, Niccolò Manente, remained on such good terms counter-balance to inorder is specifically this We informed Kraków. are near Wieliczka agrees to allow a merchant from Genoa to become an official in the salt-mine town of (University Park: Penn-State Univ. Press, 1998), vol.1, pp.101-102. Poland from of reunification as early the sobefore as 1306(and us Tygielski informs that Kraków. its medieval PiastQueen-consorts. familyprevious and Renaissance the during Poland in 2 –6:Italians partitions), the future Italian inKrakówcolony and to city’s the peninsula.the connections king W introduction into next the sub-section of which chapter, this appropriately thediscusses an as serve can above Padovano of mention brief the 3, chapter in is discussed medallions Gamrat, theKraków andmonarchy, bishop central Piotr of archbishop of Gniezno. a strong of supporters and allies political greatest of Bona’s one of spot final resting as the (known Padovano) Gianmariaas Mosca by sculptor Italian Renaissance created talented the Wawel was Cathedral.found today canbeIt at in tomb question the following details: 400 z advanced andBona project; a two-year of alltheexpenses was tocover this amount fact, the materials, the commission fee of the sculptor as well as any salaries of his assistants. In 88 nave only wouldsarcophagus andanappropriate cost 940 z Anne Markham Schulz. Markham Anne à á oty upon signing this commission in September 1545. One must also state the inalso signingthiscommission state must September 1545.One oty upon okietek that in 1324, he was sent as an official envoy to the Avignon Pope. On the On Pope. Avignon the to envoy official an as sent he was in 1324, that okietek It is worthwhile to mention the Italian mercantile and intellectual connections in connections intellectual and mercantile Italian the mention to is worthwhile It likein and such tapestries interest artworks and Bona’s cultural Whereas patronage GianMaria Mosca, calledPadovano: A Renaissance Sculptor in Italy and Poland 45 á oty. 88 This price wouldinclude á adys á aw à okietek . CEU eTD Collection 94 na Zamku Królewskim na Wawelu. 14/09 to 19/11 2000). 93 92 whether thisat Wawel. the some for work was contracted member of thewas even from and active namedFlorence, GaleazzoGuicciardini inthecity – (1522-1557), family evera builder that us informs then Tygielski Yet, inPoland. interests hadsome scholar great had contacts buildingdecorated inKraków or nicely- discussions a owned family the that us informs only source one this him), than younger years on anywhile artisticBona was roughlyYet, family. Guicciardini of the of is that the name first same The Kraków. with generationcontacts orbusiness had as Francesconames family GuicciardiniFlorentine prominent very other two Poland, to connections (sheMedici besides was only 9 mention that to is imperative ithere, Renaissance, Polish tothe was crucial impact whose reign of Zygmunt August. under it increasewas relatively the andthatwould thispersons constant: somewhat amount during the reign Bona, the of Italian colony ex-patriot in Kraków would number 900 around 91 90 continued to exist into Papacy. the the first half of the 16 Medici bank inearly 15 89 capital. inthe active was who AlbizioMedici named de someone mention that is There even industry. this to connections Italian other were several there century, next of the course business under the last Piast, Kazimierz Wielki inthe middle of the 14 Tygielski, Wojciech. Tygielski, Marcin Fabia Op. Cit., p.91. Anne Markham Schulz. Markham Anne Op. Cit., p.171. WojciechTygielski. 90 Thus, while below, I discuss in some detail the one Italian humanist –Callimachus – In fact, from Anne Markham Schulz, we know that there was a branch of the 91 Ĕ Though there is no indication in this source whether this Medici office Medici this whether source inthis indication no is there Though ski (author of chapter,pages 29-45) in :á :á osi w Polsce XVI-XVIIWieku: Utracona Szansa na Modernizacj osi w Polsce XVI-XVII Wieku: Utracona Szansa na Modernizacj GianMaria Mosca, calledPadovano: th century Kraków and that it also served a role as a tax collector for it served arolealso asatax collector and that Kraków century 92 93 : one can only surmise that some distant relatives of the of relatives distant some that surmise only can one : 46 Bona Sforza: Królowa Polski,Ksi 94 th , p.41. Although in weare not source, this told century, this same author informs us that , vol.1, p.89. th century. ĊĪ Ċ Ċ na Bari (Wystawa . . , p.169. , p.230. 89 Over the CEU eTD Collection 95 remains theinformative by chapter Segel.Harold Buonaccorsi whofrom was (1437-1496), courtly culture. how of in significantly Bona Sforzaterms was different queens demonstrate Poland will of ofprevious some sketches quickbiographical Thereafter, Italian Quattrocento. link tothe important most Kraków’s was who humanist Italian great the Experiens, Callimachus of enterprise. wasaprofitable time of Sforza Bona the during in Poland merchant Italian an being that certain seems it thus customers; regular delicacies) tothe royal family. The community of would900 Italians have generated also imported itis luxury Italian (oreven would they havesupplied possible that goods Zygmunt August. in connection to therole exactly) what here un-clear (again, arole played even election hadsupposedly they operations, of Henri of Valois Poland.Whileof both Florence,them to apparentlyreturned foldingbank theirPolish as the King of leftPoland Bona year that same – the later adecade August) Zygmunt of (that service royal entered after the death ofBernardoand merchants Carlo Soderini,as and bankers, in inKraków arrived 1546 and but importantAugust, the link beboth and appearsto interesting. usthat informs Tygielski Florence. The Polish 16 republican inearly wasaprominent members, of that one their Piero, course, connection of this family appears this. to for be possibility fromtheoretical the time of Zygmunta least at exists there –and therefore, contemporaries mutual all were persons that these fact with in remains the in back Bona or with Poland, Francesco matters Italy either cultural Op.Cit., pp.143 and 158. In English, the best source on Filippo Buonaccorsi (known as Callimachus) as (known Buonaccorsi Filippo on source best the English, In Two more remainintopics contextual chapter: this is firstthe a examination quick of We family. know, of Soderini the isthat name Italian established The other 95 Given that they were commercial merchants with connections to Italy, 47 th century CEU eTD Collection 97 monarchs in acted unison. like Bona and for “intellectual someone partner” a good he was this Callimachus.respect, In by education we know humanist a of that elements given been had he that certain is quite it Kazimierz, of onson youngest some culturala tutor to the royal family.matters It should be alsoalso stated and Ficino that Marsilio while as humanists Zygmunt Florentine such (bornof 1467)(especiallya correspondent was the Jagiellonians, the tapestry in 1472. Stary) fatherthe Zygmunt of orders) both 96 death). putto certainly almost (and be arrested notto inorder quickly leaveimportant is note Buonaccorsi thingvery had to Italy learning, that the to –and new a seen hostile tothe againstPope as plot orindeed ahumanist rebellion youthful been have might a this that andpostulates of conspirators the leader was the Buonaccorsi bewe cannotthat certain it that clear makes WhileSegel Paul and Curia. the II Pope the assassinate City to in Eternal the wasaconspiracy there 1467-68, Accademia Romana. In After an ineducation he Venice, lived inRome andwas withassociated at humanists the the fugitive. a as Poland in arrived actually Florence, near Gimignano San of town Tuscan the to the highest officials at court and he became a royal secretary (to Kazimierz Jagiello Kazimierz (to and secretary hebecamearoyal court at officials highest to the introduced was Buonaccorsi Gregory, above-mentioned asthe such with people his contacts his Buonaccorsi on stayingPolish education opportunitiesof andDue to soil. the realized intercedeand behalf fugitiveon the humanist. Eventually,of hisname though cleared, was Poland, also askaninfluential hewould Gregory cleric,Bishop Polish the totry of Sanok, he to Buonaccorsi come that to suggesting Besides insalt. trader wasa above, mentioned likemerchants relativelatter, him,through another Thisprevious Arnolfo. Italian the in arrived Tedaldiand hemetarelative there, ofhis familyIstanbul – mother’s and Jacopo Op. Cit., p.55 Harold Segel. Harold Renaissance Culture inPoland: The of Rise Humanism, 1470-1543 97 For the next 20 years, he was the top diplomat of 48 ., pp.37-43. 96 Eventually, he Eventually, Ĕ czyk, CEU eTD Collection 99 she was that appears It estates. to these respect with noteworthy nothing did interests, revenues from revenues from them. QueenEl tomodernize andincreaseher sought theseholdings expenses for cultural patronage, factor to note here However,theimportant and hercourt. support the expensesqueen-consort of the clear) to is the following:made not –asthis is bystatute by or custom (either werehabitually pre-destined estates Bona, as the active Stary. Zygmunt wife of politician and withfirst as herthe brief reign during Barbara Zapolya supported then of sameterritories these considerable some informs us that even Duczmal fact, of In Bona. property later the which were towns in culture anditsmention patronage. interest of any is no there and medieval quite was her upbringing that appear itwould encyclopedia, she that know waswifea devoted mother,and caringreading biography her in Duczmal’s AlbertinelastmemberWhile lineshe surviving of Hapsburgdynasty. the we was the of interesting observations: Queen El Queen observations: interesting 98 Polish as El predecessors. immediate more significant culturaldiscussed impacthere. The upon aim queens of Poland during Renaissance. the Threeof womenthe who occupied thispostare ofPolish this section Renaissance is toitisRenaissance important togive Kraków, a quicksome overviewof of previous the demonstrate culturein active Italians at the looked having that than after and in Poland; affairs economic indeed,her as well as any of theseBona had three a much Op. Cit., p.139. Ma á gorzata Duczmal. The first of these queen-consorts is actually Zygmunt Stary’s mother, known in known mother, Stary’s Zygmunt isactually queen-consorts these of first The Finally in after this having chapter, contextual discussed years Bona’s in early Italy Ī bieta Rakuszanka (or Habsbur Rakuszankabieta (or Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. 99 Therefore, one might plausibly conclude that certain towns and towns certain that conclude plausibly might one Therefore, Ī bieta, lacking both political inclinations as well as cultural Ī bieta drew her royal income from some of same from the of some drewherroyal income bieta Ī anka). Born most Born likely anka). in circa1436, Vienna 49 98 , pp.195-212. One might also make One mightalso following the CEU eTD Collection died un-expectedly in 1501). Olbracht Jan that fact the to due – possibly realized not were plans these However, Germaine. sister, Anne’s there were plans to marry the Polish king Jan Olbracht – the brotherof bothW informs us that at the same time as W Wydawniczy. On page 274, we learn that a French princess nearly became the Queen of Poland. Jasienica Jasienica in his book his in Jasienica Poland. to the Church or Rome. In the end, though she was a loyal wife, she spent very little time in conversion consider even to refused and faith Orthodox the into born was however, Helena, spread instart not early to 1520s). Protestantism until did the Poland (assumingthat nobles she was a Catholic and so, she had been of the same faith aswas the royalthe wifehouse asof wellZygmunt’s as the predecessor, who Muscovy (circa1476-1513) know): Helena of he to hadcome woman that personally King Alexander. Although Bona was a foreigner, court. cultural the impact upon at atmosphere 100 impactupon cultural had court or the country. any the improve the efficiency of those estates. Second, itis clear that Queen El engage Bona wouldwith be in aim queento the the first a methodical re-investment to holdings within had 1519.Once Lithuanian as early territories sufficientrevenues, as she have to she sought why explains –andthis probably revenues immediate herincrease to forgrossly herAs insufficient in more shewould aresult, needs. gain order seek to estates it then Bona’s predecessors, is likely revenues the theyfurnishedthat Bona havewould been assigned support had to queen-consortthe been exploited andessentially neglected by conclude this biographical sketch with two remarks. First,if the estates that were habitually motivated Bona investto in the continual amelioration herof latifundia. One can, therefore, upbringing, she simply could not comprehend the same type of ‘capitalist’ notions that pleased Itis with revenuesthey givenquite provide. alsowould possiblewhatever her that Op. Cit., pp.245-261. (As an ancillary fact, it is interesting to note the informationprovided by Pawe Another very interesting predecessor of Bona was Zygmunt’s sister-in-law (and a (and sister-in-law Zygmunt’s ofBona was predecessor interesting very Another 100 Both this latter factor for aswell hertohave factor impossible madeit latter this Both as herorigins Polska Jagiellonów á adys , published in Warsaw 1992in by Pa the á aw/Ulászló II of Hungary planned to marry Anne de Foix-Candale, 50 á adys Ĕ stwowy Instytut á aw and Zygmunt – to Ī bieta had nomajor á CEU eTD Collection 101 her death. commemorate poem to “Deploratio” aLatin he wrote as apoet, by compiled Leszek Barszczinforms us thatQueen inKrzycki’s died Barbara hands – and hisas fact, biography Krzycki. In Andrzej secretary above-mentioned – the was herprivate byher was deeply personpassing affected her who The other and mourned passing. deeply political inclinations. She butdidhave interests or consort. not good-natured, and was pious anydeepercultural Moreover, we know that Zygmunt quiet queen-in she wasarelatively 1512.Therefore, marriagedisposition time of atthe was himself devoted DuczmalBarbara1515). makes wasyoung clearthat and really not did an develop adult to his wife 103 102 Wawel Cathedral. at chapel funerary buildfamous Renaissance monarchthe his to was posthumousZygmunt, credit.believedinduced It shockingher death,sodeeply that to cultural patronage. her albeitmodest, direct, from constitute requests in young queen the to volition response or his book. Thus, this poems. Latin small smallother collection of poems also friendship relates young Krzycki’swith that inducedwrite him respectful the to queen that Krzycki wrote either out of his own chapel, called in chapel, called Polish Berrecci nearly andit(circayears 1480-1537); 16 bebuilt:had took to Zygmunt begun theFlorentine architect Bartolomeoof achievement Itstands asthe crowning Europe. in anywhere architecture years, of specimens Renaissance is greatest 500 last oneof the Leszek Barszcz. Leszek Mieczys Harold Segel. Harold Finally, we come to Bona’s immediate predecessor, Barbara Zapolya (circa 1495- (circa BarbaraZapolya predecessor, immediate Bona’s to come Finally, we Indirectly, popular Polish historical interpretations give Barbara a significant a Barbara give interpretations historical Polish popular Indirectly, á aw Morka. Renaissance Culture inPoland: The of Rise Humanism, 1470-1543 Andrzej Krzycki: poeta,dyplomata, prymas. Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre Kaplica Zygmuntowska 102 Segel provides some of these verses and English translations in 51 , fortunate to have survived intact over the over intact survived have to fortunate , Ğ (Gniezno: Officina TUM, 2005),p.61. ci polityczneci i propagandowe. ., p.200. 101 Harold Segel , p.201. 103 This CEU eTD Collection the chapel less than a week after consecration. aweekafter less than chapel the burial herat aproper moved given coffin forBarbara, and was even remainsthough the of space a allocate not did designs initial the that – and place resting final own his was chapel heanalytical initial provided byMorka: for conclusion states Zygmunt’s that the purpose note itone is to important However, building. of the aspects and artistic architectural it is minute the adequately not fewlines in examine Therefore, possible to these contributions to Polish Renaissance culture were very profound. such honour. Yet, asisan made inthefollowing clear chapter,Bona’s and patronage time highlights same the at creation the magnificent a factsuch inspiring for credit that popular her giving Bonain Poland, – the ‘evil’ queen – was neverinterpretation is more Although even important. Barbarais Zapolya deeply not remembered a potential candidate for leavecommemorate behinda building his The to reign. secondof component possiblethis perhapstherefore, believing wouldit hisdynasty end,hemight havethought worthy to 1515, upon deathof the Barbara mighthave temporarily lost hope of re-marrying and such an analysis as well as for the initial credit given to Barbara. First, Zygmunt in late 105 104 Junepresence) on 18,1533. in on consultations this project 1516 and (in 1517–andthechapel consecrated Bona’s was Op. Cit., p.208. Op. Cit., p.203. The chapel has been the subject of countless studies and doctoral dissertations. 104 52 105 Onemight, however, see good reasons for CEU eTD Collection 107 Bia 106 tasks to earn royal favour. perform and theirhad assigned to in view,her servants Wrede’s humanists were, These two is exaggerated. JanDantyszek), (especiallyAndrzejKrzycki or atcourt, language poets fact, according even this thatBona extended author, to andsupport praise the over Latin- scholars remain divided as to the topic of Bona’s overall artistic patronage. factthat is the despite This high culture. artistic over dismissnot her patronage should littlelikely importance, we most of was ifanywider culture Polish culinary over influence actual while Bona’s that it clear shall become biographer, Bona one least of at support the with and below analysis the through fact, In cuisine. local on influence an had having in most of her Polesby give terms credit that the was tamed somewhat reputation negative fashion. social hygiene ascuisinebehaviour as personal culture and such well andclothingas court discuss artistic high culture, but the analysis begins with an examination of elements of to we aim only not Infact, here, culture. over patronage of Bona’s matter the discuss biography herof detailssplendidBona and about weddingin 1518,wecannow proceed to contextualized several aspects of Renaissance Poland; and after having presented the basic patronage. artistic their and Zygmunt – Bona, 3 Chapter Jan Bia Marek Wrede. Marek á ostocki stated that Bona had no profound interest in interest arts. Bonathe had noprofound that stated ostocki Wrede has stated succinctly that Bona cannot be considered a patron ofIn beculture. apatron considered Bona succinctlycannot that has stated Wrede It would appear that in Polish popular opinion over the past few centuries, Bona’s as sources having of havinghistoriographical well Afteroverview our as done a á ostocki. Królowa Bona: Mi The Artof the Renaissance inEastern Europe 106 Ċ In the same vein, the famous Polish art historian Jan dzy W á ochami a Polsk 53 ą . , p.41. ., p.25. 107 CEU eTD Collection 110 109 108 artwork to the ideasrespect with would exchange artist andthe patron the circumstances, in many assume that to islogical It order. highest artof the create to wereable many artists of commission behind thenature the force adeciding butrather recipient, never apassive was patron the the Renaissance, it during very makesthat clear (and Morka subjugate his originality and creative talents tothe specific tastes and demands of the patron to artist the necessitate such would terms on employment factthat Despite the era. musicians were eager and poets architects, Manypainters, artists. freelance successful an era of not this was to obtain court positions during the Renaissance secondary importance. and Early is of of people Moderngroup a smaller just or of society swath broad wasa messages such monarchs soughtto useart for political propaganda purposes. Whether audience the for notion:further his buttresses manythis makes citing it analysis, that all theorists, clear highlight power monarchs.wouldandbenevolence intellect,the Morka alsoserve of to the such from actions they this patronage, gain would that gratification emotional and aesthetic beyond any fact that the understand they would possible, because whatever extent to respect. them due –accorded of Jagiellonians the adversaries Hapsburg – of Charles Ferdinand and monarchs,other even education; humanistand that hada thorough of received them cultural patrons a scaleon monarchs, equalto of that European other know both wedo that mentioned the fact various that obstaclesboth prevented Bona and Zygmuntfrom being have already we While value. face at be taken andcannot severe areexcessively statements Op. Cit., p.129. Mieczys Anna Sucheni-Grabowska. Furthermore, the idea of an artist as a servant should not be seen in derisive termsbein as seen as aservantidea not should derisive the of artist an Furthermore, such that stated be must it opinion, nuanced more a with scholars citing before Even 108 á aw Morka. Thus, it is reasonable to state that the royal couple would patronize the high arts the patronize would couple royal state the that to isit reasonable Thus, Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre 109 Zygmunt August: Król Polski i Wielki Ksi 54 Ğ ci polityczneci i propagandowe. ąĪ e Litewski,1520-1572. 110 ), it is clear that , pp.42 and 48. and , pp.42 p.52. CEU eTD Collection Polsce XV-XVIII Wiek. XV-XVIII Polsce 115 today.) that the original design, which into Bona had an input, was significantlytold we are different from what we cansee atmosphere”, “Renaissance overall an provide does design present the that fact the despite and – coffered ceiling Wawel,at the dates from the 1920s. At that time,conservation and restoration work was done 114 the photos in question, it is difficult to see actual carved heads in the ceiling partitions. this palace – evenwith black-and-white photos –appears extremely ornate, however, given the poorquality of precisions, I can only surmise that this is one of the buildings in question. The ceiling and thehave decorationbeen able of to find a picture of the ceilings of the Palazzo Schifanoia in Ferrara. However, without further Ferrara”, published in in Schifanoia Palazzo inthe Stucchi degli Sala the of Iconography “The entitled Rosenberg M. Charles Italyin are in question andwhat sort of ceiling decoration is question.in In aSeptember1979 article by 113 112 in Fiszman, ed., although Daniel Stone does not provide any substantial discussion on the matter, he provide substantial matter, does doesnot although on the discussion any Stone Daniel 111 in of interfered his work the downright architects. supportbeing In of wehaveKing created. this, to indicate had records that Zygmunt Sebastian Tauerbach. Sebastian artisan, of a German the work heads were carved –theactual design ceiling coffers andthe assertion. input seems simply logical. Given what we know of Bona, there is no reason disputeto this her therefore, Mantua, inFerrara and palaces Italian inseveral designs hadseen similar hallwith audience famouscarvedthe heads. the of ceiling coffered the of design the during Berrecci Bartolomeo architect the role to consultative active an played had Bona that believe to reason justifiable is there that states artists in artists reads Poland fact, the sub-title of Bogucka’s under-appreciated. andcertainly maybeeven un-clear history open, cultural remains brief article contributed to a 2004 anthology them. of both with about Italian Maria Bogucka.“Z dziejów Stosunków Polsko-W Op. Cit. (Morka), p.122. (Onp.123, this same author informs us that the present state and design of the However, it must be stated that Morka at the above-stated point does not inform us precisely what palaces Mieczys Adam Mi Due to this latter fact, we can see how according to Bogucka, Bona’s role in Polish 113 á aw Morka. á ob Yet,itis equally interesting note to Berreccimostthat likely prepared only the Ċ The Polish Renaissance in its European context dzki. “Architecture under the Last Jagiellons in Its Political and Social Context”, pp.291-300 The Art Bulletin (Warszawa:Instytut Historii Sztuki UW,Wydawnictwo DiG, 2004), p.17 and 23. Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre 114 It is very possible that Bona discussed the details of this project “Spory oBon “Spory , Vol. 61, No. 3(Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3049910), I Ċ ” (Disagreements/Disputes about Bona). Also, Bona). about (Disagreements/Disputes 112 á 55 oskich: Spory o Bon According to sources Accordingsources cited by Bona to Morka, 111 However, even more important, Morka Ğ ., p.291. ci polityczneci i propagandowe. Ċ ”, pp.17-24 in Arty , p.152. Ğ ci W á oscy w 115 In CEU eTD Collection 119 Misi 118 Królewskim naWawelu. 14/09 to 19/11 2000). his youth – mostly by Bona. inhimfrom been implanted had that artisticpassions the money further satisfying andon 117 politics. so, he did not from Zygmunt August understood childhood hethat have royal would and ultimate power have a very within although much Bona very be apropercontext: was understood animal,a political profound interest in learning “the ropes” of statecraft and especially tapestry and music, particularly music,therapeutic. and particularly especially tapestry arts, he the found that emphasize scholars also, but culture, for artistic deep appreciation he wecan was raised, a fromAugust that Zygmunthis onlynot state both inherited parents in which milieu cultural the detail in greater discuss will thesis this point, later a at While wecan respects, as well assign both direct influential her. indirectcultural agency as to in some Poland, into culture Renaissance Italian advanced bringing character primary asthe betreated isnot to Bona that stated haveWhile already we of culture. patron some lacuna to extent. that of her cultural contributions.assessment solid a been not has The there Bona, two about exhibits, controversies historical the all indespite Krakówthat and Bari, were an attempt to fill stated clearly Petrus placein2000, atWawel autumn Bona took that to exhibitdedicated detailing an leastdecade. Inabook past at for the inKraków Wawel museum the Castle of director deputy whohas beenthe Petrus, is Bona’simage Jerzy re-dress to even seeking 116 influence wassignificant. Bona’s state that cultural Anna Sucheni-Grabowska. Jerzy (authorPetrus of “Introduction”) in Daniel Stone. Daniel Arrasy Wawelskie Arrasy ą g-Boche However, there is substantial evidence against those who dismiss Bona's role as a 119 Since he knew hiswas secure, could power hetherefore more spendmuch time Ĕ ska, Maria Hennel-Bernasikowa Magdalena and Piwocka). (Warszawa:Arkady, 1994), p.34. The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795. (Catalog of Wawel tapestries under the collective authorship of Jerzy Szablowski, Anna Zygmunt August: Król Polski I Wielki Ksi 117 Bona Sforza: Królowa Polski, Ksi , p.5. 56 , p.41. 116 Further supporting views, these and 118 This latter comment should also ąĪ e Litewski,1520-1572. ĊĪ na Bari (Wystawa naZamku , p.23. CEU eTD Collection know that some basic foodstuffs of Meso-American or Asian origin (such as maize or 16 meat, holidays. Thus, while we know that Bona and those at court could often enjoy roasted game wouldmake ita delicacybe only to enjoyed bytherich oronly elites certain during item food of a certain theexpense rarity thereby the and sentencestrue: isequally last two products like(such breadfrom ryeproducts wheat. andas beer) and grains beans like sources mushrooms, peas aswell protein and have of included dietwouldthe p.153. An economic geography of Cracow from itsorigins to 1795. 120 phenomenon: in the case of 16 of many this are suchabase andexamples region. there upon developed National cuisines particular that with identifiable become would it that meant item food certain society would consume almost exclusively foodstuffs of local origin. The abundance of a posit identity until isthat cultural since itrecently, inany reasonable to quite people given onhygiene. and cuisine on herinfluence and 3 –1:Bona court. to hygiene atthe Subsequently, in shall chapter only and passing, this withalso afew examine points respect heldbelief had Bona that influence significant broadeningthe upon of cuisine.Polish poetry and scholarship aswell as herlove ofmusic, weshall quickly examine the popularly- of her decoration, appreciation interior and in her medallions interests tapestries, behaviour, Marceli Kosman. Marceli Cuisine, though it is not high art like painting or music, is a very important aspect of aspect important very a is music, or painting like art high not is it though Cuisine, matters as However, Bona’sinfluencecourt such cultural before on discussing daily th century century peasants wouldPolish consume very such foods Whilesporadically. we Królowa Bona , pp.213-214; and F.W.Carter. th century century Poland Eastern Europe,weknow and staple the that 57 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1994), Trade and urban development in Poland: 120 The opposite of these CEU eTD Collection complement of little substantial value). 125 na Zamku Królewskim na Wawelu. 14/09 to 19/11 2000) 123 124 any major in role altering or enriching deeply-entrenchedthe culinary culture of 16 desserts. 122 for used mostly – society in European item food aluxury considered was rice century, 121 rice the same time, as Bogucka makes clear, there were rising numbers of Poles matriculating at matriculating of Poles numbers rising were there makes clear, asBogucka sametime, the roughly By vegetables? above-mentioned the with diets their diversify to sought never have would inthe discussed chapter, suchasKraków, previous merchants residents all of the for such compliments) seeking areward was Aretino that weknow (since eatvegetables as well to manners as Poles civilized Even if we disregard Pietro Aretino’s letter from 1539 in which he praises Bona for teaching “w Poland. to items food new several introduction of credits with the Bona popularthe that supposition repeat consulted food provisions hercourt’s transport hervegetables. Virtually –especially books all the itby that was used indicate Bona to a large will out and chest point royal apartments, topic inPolish popular culture.Wawel, through The at tour-guides leading groups the when settings. in urban especially societies multi-cultural of phenomenon broughtaboutby cheap modern transportation technology and the visible rise mass consumption of products from a distant territory and a foreign culture is a very recent as cauliflower, cabbage, celery, leeks celery, cabbage, as cauliflower, Maria Bogucka. Danuta Wójcik-Góralska. Danuta S Marceli Kosman’s text (pp.215-216) dismisses this entire idea: states he Bona simply couldnot have had Maria Bogucka,in the first chapterof biographicalher monograph on Bona (p.12) states that until the 15 á oszczyzna” 121 á awomirRado ) became known in Europe relatively in) becameitstate known long Europe remains ago, sensible regularthat to There are, however, several questions and problems that arise from assertions. such from arise that problems and questions several however, are, There That being said, issue the how Bonaof had influenced cuisine isPolish alegendary which translates as“Italianate”). translates which Ĕ (authorof chapter, pages 9-27) in Bona Sforza Niedoceniana Królowa, 122 , p.89. (Tygielski, p.192, furtherconfirms that this was just a formulaic Chief find among these we and oranges citrus fruit 124 (in Polish, this vegetable medley is popularly called popularly is medley vegetable this Polish, (in 125 p.74. , are we forced to assume that earlier Italian earlier assume that forced to we , are 58 Bona Sforza: Królowa Polski, Ksi , p.26. th century Poland. century ĊĪ na Bari (Wystawa 123 as well th CEU eTD Collection to 1795 127 126 herself mentions that the royal family sought toimport oranges raiseto their spirits at atime in Italy. universities text does appear text mentionnot intoto citrusbeing fruitbroughtPoland. this and Modern Kraków; andEarly in Renaissance andcommerce text trade on Carter’s is asimilarby confirmed merchandise distance F.W.(about 3weeks)for over transporting journey donkey-cartfresh inseveral latter andarrive timeframe Poland.of weeks This couldsurvive a woulditmake oranges refrigeration unlikely any that rather route en andequipment storemodern as well under goods transport roads astheinability to closest source for citrus16 in un-obtainable essentially be fruit would they certain would be the Balkans. Given pointthat large must distance, be taken theone lack stepfruit.citrus This not incertainly but root soil, Polish take cabbage andleekscouldeasily of further. Even if Bona celery, for Theseeds in climate. colder enjoyedthe be cultivated could that vegetables Poland oranges in Italy, supposition broad to Bona remainsof couldhave onlyintroduced onepopular culture. apart can be the fact that idea the despite theentire dismisses Kosman why is conclude reason the to this consumed them. Several texts fail beto so selective and precise; and thus one might be able we must remainimplausible and we choose toselective assign Bona some credit for enriching Polish culinary culture, both in termsItaly). of the foodjourneys backto diplomatic was senton Callimachus (since weknowthat Kraków back to items seeds necessary the bring to in opportunity ample had have would question students Polish these as well as wellbeen familiar with all these vegetables prior his to arrival in Poland, butas also, that both he as who F.W. Carter. Op.Cit., (Bogucka), p.76. ., p.107. The other matter to consider is this: even if we do not condemn the idea as totally Trade and urban development in Poland: An economic geography of Cracow from its origins 126 Thus, not only is itlogical to assume that Callimachus would have 59 th century Poland even by import. The import. by even Poland century 127 Yet, Bogucka Yet, CEU eTD Collection 132 the queen’s table were grownfrom Italian seeds right on castle grounds). Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2004), p.153. (Krzysztof Zabolicki’s text,p.39, further confirms this: vegetables for 131 129 130 128 fact. confirms this wouldinvolve candied orpickled fruit– andonly modernLetkiewicz’s clarifiestext and of emotional difficulty. used them and Poland strictly to vegetables some brought have might Bona Therefore, staff. at and kitchen own her court, but she cannother ladies-in-waiting be credited as a asdirect chef court meals, tobe possibly vegetables, using these mostly Bonaprepared served and to well as agentthose atof hersignificant court – not necessarily Zygmunt who had his on groundsof the Wawelthe (which we knowshehadcreated), inagarden them growing after vegetables atethese even regularly ifBona that can state one Moreover, Poland. to “immigrant” Italian easily-identifiable most is the she that fact in the in Poland. astraders above chapter likemight haveprocured from them were mentionedtraders Soderini the family,in who the family royal the society, of remainder vast the by un-obtainable remained delicacies costly treat for royalty occasional an considered be would they that so much so – (and high very be would honey and the magnatefruit citrus candied of cost the both that elitesreason to stands it However, qualities. atpreservative court). One might evenhoney, is which mentioned by Bogucka as a delicacy at court. state that while such separate palace rooms and servants. and rooms palace separate with courts hadseparate above,BonaandZygmunt, noted As country. already the them to they by bewould widely-eaten because Poles precisely of agencyinBona’s introducing Marceli Kosman. Marceli Maria Bogucka. Letkiewicz, Ewa. Letkiewicz, Maria Bogucka. Maria Bogucka. The reason that credit is assigned to Bona for thesematters would rest most probably Anna Jagiellonka. Anna Jagiellonka. Women in Early Modern Polish Society, Against the European Background. Królowa Bona Klejnoty w Polsce: Czasy Ostatnich Jagiellonów i Wazów. 129 One mightsupposefurther such fruits that would havebeenglazed in 128 Thus, the only plausible explanation of this matter is that this , p.208. , p.11. (Wroc 132 á From this, itis logical to suppose that Bona’s own aw: Ossolineum, 1994), p.22. 60 130 131 , p.56. Honey is known for its this would not mean that (Aldershot: CEU eTD Collection 136 135 Ludowa Spó thermal baths in Buda is also confirmed by Olkiewicz’sJoanna book, 134 133 jugs and wash-basins. largesilver-plated and several expensive possessions that Bona brought with her from Italy to Poland, there were 20 towels washing it from off one’s skin andhair. There are also records indicateto that amongmany place in took acceptance 17 the vegetables in question had arrived in Poland before Bona, butthe their that widerlikely popularmost is it conclusion, In culture. culinary Polish broader in changes use henna for cosmeticpurposes. use hennafor health. one’s dirtwas seenasendangering that away washing body.Thus, the entering diseasefrom prevent of would skin pores the the clogging dirt the that opposite: the believed they fact, in – health in decline a with hygiene famous for its bath-houses). Most Europeans at this time did not connect the idea of poor standing,bathed lessfrequently hisinthan counterpart Islamic the (which world remains social of regardless European, average the low: health werequite standards and public well in during known, that Europe the MiddleAgesand Renaissance, personal cleanliness 16 returning Poland. to swim in Danubehe the during the and continued summer; that thesebathinghabits after advantagehe that springs.he ofits would Weeven Hungary, where took thermal know in WeZygmunt takingdifferentbaths knowthis that respect. started in regular whileliving Letkiewicz, Ewa. Letkiewicz, p.63. (Wójcik-Góralska), Cit., Op. Danuta Wójcik-Góralska. Danuta Joseph P. Byrne. th century hygiene, partially because this matter can be treated only as a curiosity. It is It as only mattera curiosity. canbetreated becausethis hygiene, partially century Interestingly, the same source informs us that Bona and her ladies-in-waiting would ladies-in-waiting her and Bona that us informs source same the Interestingly, This issue passing analysisonly give thesis tothe will early royal of the couple and á dzielnia Wydawnicza, 1985. p.108). Daily life during the Black Death. Klejnoty w Polsce: Czasy Ostatnich Jagiellonów i Wazów. 134 Niedoceniana Królowa th century or later and was not connected with the queen. 135 Logically, use of this material eventually would entail would eventually material this of use Logically, , p.35. (The, fact that ZygmuntStary frequented the 61 (Westport: Greenwood2006), Press, pp.50-51. 133 Zygmunt, and most likely Bona, were 136 Polscy Medyceusze Also, while one can remain can one while Also, , pp.54-55. . Warszawa: CEU eTD Collection latter monarch’s education was very basic: it is not likely that he himself knew how to how knew he himself likely is not itthat basic: very was monarch’s education latter 138 137 infrastructure in their residences. washroom-like basic some installed had Renaissance the of middle-classes and elites regulardoubtful tothe we know as suchcleansingdo useof certainsoap or products, that but also Zygmunt’s father Kazimierz JagielloKazimierz father butalso Zygmunt’s 140 139 the case with Zygmunt Stary’sW King casethe Zygmunt grandfather, with just not This dynasty. was Jagiellonian east–inoriginsthe of the oriented a way reflecting culture. and Renaissance entertainment intellectual for thereception of laid thefoundation she this, Through behaviour. court of routines daily the modernized greatly had Bona fact, itmust historian), condemnation thisthat bestated latter isfoundation. equally without In seasoned a even for big too be would that task (a Bona rehabilitate to not is thesis present court. Kraków the intrigue to and Italian-style degeneracy foodstuffs to this partof PolesEurope, chide astheperson introducedBona moral who atcourt dress and behaviour culture, 3 –2:The vastportion of notthesociety. ideas affectthe did basic these even certain that canbequite –butone principles been some hygiene of might haveaware scant. rather are this matter his goldsmithcreate to for him some sort of an implement toclean teeth, although details on Letkiewicz, Ewa. Letkiewicz, Jensen. DeLamar Maria Bogucka. Kosman. Marceli Before the reign of Zygmunt, the broad cultural outlook of the Polish court was introducing Bona fornew opinion thatpopular accords praise Contrary the to Bona Sforza Królowa Bona Klejnoty w Polsce: Czasy Ostatnich Jagiellonów i Wazów. Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. , p.58. 138 , p.6. From all of this, it can be inferred that Bona and Zygmunt 137 Letkiewicz also informs us that Zygmunt hadinforms Zygmunt ordered usthat Letkiewicz also 62 Ĕ czyk (ruled 1447-92). czyk á adys á 139 aw Jagie aw Again, while the aim of this of aim the while Again, , p.38. , pp.115-116. áá 140 o (who died in(who died 1434), o We know that this CEU eTD Collection 146 Rinascimento Tra Italia e Polonia of this architect, Francesco della Lora, is most easily found in Gerardo Cioffari’s of the project: he was responsible forcharge in thepeople stonework. ofseveral one only was Furthermore, he that imply cites it he is sources interesting the and Morka 1516, to noteOctober in that death the Italian name Poland from Hungary on theto come requestwho had of architect Zygmunt – Florentine wasthe essentiallyFlorentczyk, Franciszek inas charge Polish in of – known Lora this entire della projectFrancesco until his 145 144 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2857160), p.59. Renaissance 143 142 141 local powerful bankers. sought asubstantial loan from infusion and cash Jan Boner, whosefamily had been both the cultural situation and the fact that the royal treasuryin Florence. Magnificent the of Lorenzo assistance was empty. He immediately fine both that hehad jewelswith direct dressesand hisElizabeth, and imported the wife, threads–and golden with wear exquisite robes loved to Kazimierz know that we However, write. of the humanists who were regularly present atcourt. modernization; thatshe by and level weknow waspleasantly highintellectual surprised the residence. Wawel new building a be spenton to was by Boner lent money the Thus, acceptable. and youth,thing now to note hereimportant the found 1507, is circa thatadministration and income Zygmunt, potential of in terms estates royal of whothe had surely design spent many years at Waweland as a child the state of the royal residence as simply un- ladies-in-waiting, these facts surely lessened the feelings of isolation in quite foreign socio- foreign inquite isolation of feelings the lessened surely facts these ladies-in-waiting, in style. modern Renaissance a now wasexecuted castle the Maria Bogucka. Op. Cit., pp. 65 and 67. (It is interesting to note here that althoughessentially all otherscholars say that Mieczys Kenneth F. Lewalski. “Sigismund I of Poland: Renaissance King and Patron”,Ewa. Letkiewicz, pp.49-72 in Daniel Stone. Daniel 141 However, as soon as Zygmunt was crowned in Kraków, he became dissatisfied with hebecamedissatisfied in Kraków, crowned was as Zygmunt assoon However, Upon Upon inarrival must Kraków,Bona have of surely note cultural taken this attempt at Thus, his interest and direct patronage of intellectualhis high and interest Thus, of directpatronage culture waslimited. á 144 aw Morka. , Vol.14 (1967). (Accessed onJSTOR 25/010/2010. Stable URL: The project took nearly a decade, 1508-1517, but the north-wing of nearlybutis north-wing Theproject1508-1517, the took what a decade, of The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795. Bona Sforza Klejnoty w Polsce: Czasy Ostatnich Jagiellonów i Wazów., Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre 143 And situation whilethis shamefulthe demonstrates inefficiency , p.77. . Bari: Centro Studi Nicolaiani; Levante Editori, 2000. p.105.) 63 , p.23. 142 Ğ 146 ci polityczneci i propagandowe. For the queen, as well as her Italian 145 p.36. Bona Sforza: Donna Del Studies of the , p.69. CEU eTD Collection the proliferation of printed materials, including texts such and previously- lovethe stories including texts as materials, proliferation the printed of andbeen aswell toread suchasmusic.With how artisticskills write havewould as taught been the daughters of well-to-do mercantile and noble Italian families. These young women an were they,Bonato extent asagroup, similar in to havetheir upbringing. Thesewould that certain quite be can one women, these of behaviour the by aghast were traditionalists matters. conversations men, frequentlyvery with intellectual, literary on even or philosophical meaningful in participate to most Italian women these of visible desire wasthe court: waiting, there were subtle, but quiteladies-in- as a her informed and resultBona of that we are thesamevisible, on page, However, changes in the daily routines secrets. asopen treated were latter thatthese seem would it – although liaisons sexual and behaviour at and largethrough entertainment food quantities andof well alcohol as as various through at court, even those of rank, were usually nearly silent; the men at court would seek pleasure frequently pardon their excesses –or maybe eventurn a blind-eye to them.) would he servants, civil solid and friends good them considered Stary Zygmunt since However, decency. these regulars at court would eatdrink and make merry to the point that itwould exceed acceptable norms of 148 147 matters. power. Therefore,her unique status – that thereBogucka’s thewas no woman twoqueen inbooks the entireprovideof realmdid thatseveral equal notto herpoints in erarankcollaborate of andtimely and analysis. their modern Italian social and cultural customs. Bona clearly with symbolicunderstood as animportant signal: anew Renaissance palace ought to beinhabitedby with a court any other linguisticimportance surroundings.women Moreover, it is possible to state that Bona took such developments in political were somehow disregarded or forgotten, Maria Bogucka, Maria Bogucka. While we must be cautious not to assume that socially-entrenched gender differences gender socially-entrenched assume to that not bemust cautious While we 148 147 While Bogucka concludes that point of of the mention concludes thatpoint While with that analysis Bogucka Moreover, Bogucka clearly states that most local (Polish or Lithuanian) women Lithuanian) or local most(Polish that states clearly Bogucka Moreover, Bona Sforza Women in Early Modern Polish Society… , p.85., (Besides Bogucka,Kosman’s text, pp.76-78, indicates that many of 64 , p.164. CEU eTD Collection Wydawniczy,1987), p.162. 151 here, he merely indicates that an entire section of his book is dedicated to the discussion of this rejection.) 150 but it is also plausible that the above-cited misunderstandings arose precisely out of the fact the of out precisely arose misunderstandings above-cited the that plausible is also it but innobles best atcourt, the Polish humanists could bring and did these out highly-educated to alimited extent. meetings several of such nobles at royalthe could court rekindle theintellectual spark only wouldlikely,books aside beset Eventually, quite soon. the even would supposethat one most so, – and inthem the intellectual contained topics heupon converse with could whom nobleman broughtsomewould have to his books manor,there wouldiffew, be any, people and his tohis return rural estates residence. Polish refinement Paris in gained by Padua or a young Polish nobleman would vanish his upon another sensible observation: in a good number of cases, the education and socio-cultural of the Sarmatian identity amongst the men of very manners backgrounds.different and cultural Poland’s elite.this Polish-Italian Stanis Wredeattributes taken aback by changeintheatmosphere. the social andwere demands misunderstandings at court,example. her follow simply would women these especiallyso – and initiator and participant soon after an discussion wouldactive havebeen Bona herself reason itthat stands to Besides, Bona’s arrival, to the 149 mentioned socio-cultural terms. modernizing in especially their anymajor and demonstrated opposition trends, clear to open factifin understood noble the of weremember the large that elites better Poland part Stanis Tygielski, Wojciech. Tygielski, Marek Wrede. Marek Now, it stands to logic that the arrival of intelligent Italian ladies as well as several as well as ladies Italian intelligent of arrival the that logic to stands it Now, such were notaccustomed many to court menat Despite theireducation, the of á aw Kot. Question deAmor Królowa Bona: Mi Polska Z 150 :á Such conservative stubbornness would lead to the eventual eventual creation the lead to would stubbornness Such conservative á osi w Polsce XVI-XVII Wieku: Utracona Szansa na Modernizacj otego Wieku A Europa: Studia iSzkice , the above-cited conclusion would appear to be quite valid. Ċ dzy W á ochami a Polsk 65 151 ą 149 . p.9. It is plausible that even if the educated These two latter statements can be . (Warszawa: Pa Ĕ stowy Instytut á aw Kot provides Ċ . , p.34. (In fact, CEU eTD Collection as too taxing and too artificial. demands cultural such saw probably others gentlemen, graceful and be well-educated to need the understood Warsaw: Interpress Publishers, 1983. Edited by Boles however, not well-received by the literate Polish nobles. (p.81 in Castiglione’s trade simply amassed great wealth. grain ofthe To highlightcharge in thisnobles the fact, that we know evident that became also the it as “adapted and translation”monarchy central the ofthan powerful more pronounced towards the end of the 16 ofthe end the towards pronounced 152 dressesand courtthe to turn a culturalthem into factor.This wassurely twofactors: due to andjewels,expensive robes Bona was introduce female firstthe queen fashionable to of changesthe thatshe had new causedwithin her environment. some to respect with behaved how herself Bona of is adiscussion The secondtopic wear. would female entourage Bonaher and that dresses andthe the fashions of concerns these firstthe Jagiellonian court: atthe incultural atmosphere significantchanges the day-to-day Italian. and in Latin king the and noblemen Polish the both with converse easily could she that fact the by pleased alreadyBona was that After wehavestated all, Colonna. Alifio Ludovico and Prosper as conversations female with well humanists the Bona’s entourage as accompanying such as to thanks intellects their sharpen as well as and court the serve to able were and from behaviour,we equally many proper that know Polandthem had welcomedof Bona to issue. beinghowever, said, weshouldposit not such a darkand broadinterpretation on this All that atpolite conversation. ‘rusty’ become rather would nobleman average activity, the whereestate he would engageinharddrinkingand perhapssome morally-questionable There could be several reasons for this, but it is most plausible that after a stint inmilieu. even that partners atas conversation women accepting had noblemen difficulty histhese manor The decline of the Polish nobility into their corrupt and rigid Sarmatian mentality became much more 152 Although above, we stated a fewAlthough obtain queens seekthat previous above, westated would to had alsoeffectuated sub-section in this discussed topics inter-connected two The last While we are aware of the fact that some of these humanist nobles nobles transgressed humanist of somethese fact that the of Whileweareaware Il Cortegiano by à ukasz Górnicki (published already Bona’safter departure from Poland) was, th century as it was clear that the noble class and their Sejm were now were Sejm their and class the noble that clear was it as century 66 á aw Klimaszewski). While some of these nobles surely An Outline History of Polish Culture . CEU eTD Collection pearls and other precious stones. Letkiewicz informs finest-qualitythe usfabrics velvets embroideredand with and decorated thatgold threads andmany even one of these dresses had remained relatively and quiet passive, sotoo, their attirenotdraw did any special attention. beyond reasonable factor notstress this must While gossip. yet we again, of un-substantiated, source negative, limits,– and becamequickly the one that weresetting aprecedent Bona andherfemale entourage one by normal era. became this extent relatively might concludeinformsin us that on Italy,quite neck-lines plunging “exposingdresses an the to bosom” that just as women at court previously 157 156 155 154 153 forefront of innovation in attire. at Italy stood more,shethe then – which already camefrom appropriately; and what’s she was aware of the fact that she was genuinely a beautiful woman and thus had to dress style that was considered quite bold by the standards of early 16 early of standards by bold the quite was considered style that Poland. such gifts for Bona already as they went tosouthern Italy to escort theirfuture queen back to and lacecloth. know that in Italy – especially finished high they that but value.of we produce alsoaesthetic would garments Moreover, in Venice and Lucca logicproduction it– and stands so, such just thatto not rollscities would export of cloth, – one could obtain highly-prized fine cloth of centers the were Florence, especially city-states, Italian the that course, silk De Lamar Jensen. DeLamar Bogucka, Kosman. Marceli Op. Cit., p.95. Jensen. DeLamar Bona, however, brought with her 21 richly ornate dress gowns made from some of Thus, we know that Bona had a long-term interest in fashionable wardrobe and a and wardrobe in fashionable interest long-term a had Bona that know we Thus, 155 Bona Sforza 154 Zygmunt Stary, aware of these facts, had instructed his envoys to procure Królowa Bona Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. , p.85. , p.34. 153 Several facts further clarify this point: the first is of 157 67 In Kraków, however, we can be certain wecanbethat InKraków, certain however, th century century Poland. , p.110. , p.109. 156 Jensen CEU eTD Collection mannermostly significant – to weightgaindue and the“aging” on effect body,the caused arrival in Poland us show a woman who had started to dress in a much more conservative household items was very important and was in itself a status symbol. and ahuge quantity bedof linens.in However, era,this the quantity such basicof the formal dress gowns: the listincludes more than a hundred undershirts, a dozen bathrobes given above amore inventory hadprovides whatPoland ample besidesof broughtto Bona table manners withassociated its use spread slowly rather into the rest of Europe. the and utensil the both Italy, in Renaissance invented was fork the while that us informs began to take root as a result of these changes. This, however, appears unlikely: Jensen 160 159 158 shortened. meals were Bona, dinner of aresult indeed,as that state to isimportant it court, eaten at already foodstuffs the Thus,whileabove wehavediscussed and entourage. her uncouth offendto reducerather queen behaviours the so asnotto suchasexcessive gluttony included, Zygmuntwouldnow have court, The objects. menat background become silent exquisitely-dressed, educatedyoung and skilled whocould women (and would not not) dozen a than more came there queen, the besides arrival: Bona’s by about brought changes also been at a high level. Given all this, one can begin to better appreciate the nature of thewaiting would have slightly gowns less-ornate and dresses, their senseof style would have the shock) even of(maybe surprise the the thus custom, KrakówItalian above-mentioned the with line in also court.surely Also, one might surmisebeen atseveral invalue.appraised ducats thousand that although Bona’s ladies-in- De Lamar Jensen. DeLamar Kosman. Marceli Ewa. Letkiewicz, Furthermore, even to fifteen of her queen years after though depictions ten the However,if we return to the issue of dress and clothing, then the Letkiewicz citation 159 Also, one might conjecture wishfully that some type of table etiquette also Królowa Bona Klejnoty w Polsce: Czasy Ostatnich Jagiellonów i Wazów., Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. , p.213. 68 158 The cut and style of these dresses was , p.116. p.54. 160 CEU eTD Collection 162 161 epilepsy.from acute suffered year who old Hungary and also thegreat-niece of Zygmunt Stary) wasashy and un-attractive rather 17- of UlászlóII of the grand-daughter (thus Ferdinand adversary long-time daughter of Bona’s in 1545 to the arrival in Poland of Zygmunt August’s first wife: Elizabeth of Hapsburg. The by Bona’s demonstrated bereaction This in best can wardrobe. fashionable a keeninterest by several pregnancies as well as the stress of political life – we know that Bona maintained and finally Pietro Patriarch.andfinally Pietro Thelastof for men these overserved Bonaandhercourt 30 Sebold Linck does notappear, but rather three Italians Maestro Stefano, Maestro Alessandro above-mentioned the that interesting is it list, this on Yet, Bona. by employed frequently most were supposedly that and seamsters tailors the namesof usthe gives text Pociecha’s of high fashion. importance symbolic forgot the never this project. elderexpensesbe no that manner,the that queenhadindicated fashionable are spared to on Sebold Linck. Although one canassume Bonathat would havedressed herchildrenin a quality andcloth four types of weretobeusedpearls Kraków, by bestseamster/tailorthe of ordered that similar now setscourt, at reared daughters her teenage of three had who Bona, response, In Vienna. of elegant gown dresses of seamsters for best by her the surely prepared which were gowns, exquisite wearing be made for eachKraków in arrived had she that of fact is the here them.note to thing important the later, Theyears highest only two deep loneliness of in astate she died and that matchmaking; European dynastic informative biographical entry on Elizabeth that she was a pawn in the great game of Maria Bogucka. Ma á gorzata Duczmal. There are other items worthy of mention with respect to this topic: the first that first the topic: to this respect mention with itemsof worthy other There are 162 This is a clear indication that Bona, even now as queen-mother in her fifties,in her as now queen-mother even Bona, that indication isaclear This Anna Jagiellonka Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny, , pp.9-10. 161 69 While it is clear from reading Duczmal’s reading from is clear it While p.219. CEU eTD Collection 164 165 Pozna had such an effect upon a segment of Polishwhen hosting gatheringsattheir residences. Itis highly any unlikely that queen previous society. In fact, one might state thatnow purchase latest fashions,justand wearsuch possiblynot whenbut royalthe at court, an acute service. Thus, it seems very manylikely young that adultof daughters Polish nobles would andBona’s gownsbe forto they this court would requireappropriately-elegant brought 1518 wouldmarry seeknowto noblemen.Polish ifunderstood we remember many that from women Bona’s original entourage Italian of best be can This Wawel. the at seen had they that examples the following wardrobes would had visitupdate women court chanceto the seek their the who own subsequently high-ranking many that assume can we expenses, such for criticism of subject the been had queen the times, at while that out point must one However, segments. social various from collateral. financial not just sufficeprevious paragraph.In1538,he said the that amountof dresses would inBona’s wardrobe for “severalBona’s wardrobelarge how of aware was Zygmunt even queens”,that seem would itwas, Interestingly, stock. German and one of hisbut statements also,possible further thatthat validatesLinck they is ifit was Even in as servingcapacity. this no Polessee that arementioned to is interesting it a thelong-term lastrepresented sentence resident areof provided theof herePoland, (for exampleroyal did itthey alsois workquite for otherwealth members certain of the royal family?), that and he was of 163 years, between 1524-1556. Ewa Letkiewicz. Ewa Maria Bogucka. W á Ĕ adys skie Towarzystwo Przyjació Towarzystwo skie Indeed, this latter statement was made by Zygmunt in response to criticisms of Bona á aw Pociecha. aw Bona Sforza Klejnoty w Polsce: Czasy Ostatnich Jagiellonów i Wazów. 164 Królowa Bona (1494-1557): Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia. 163 , p.84. á Besides the fact that no details of their actual work contracts Nauk, 1949), vol. 2, p.82. vol. 1949), Nauk, 70 165 Therefore, new ladies-in-waiting had to , p.59. Vol. II (Pozna Ĕ : CEU eTD Collection 166 scandal. rise to give faux pascould herladies-in-waiting) –andthose any perceivedof werebeingobserved or that mis-steps had brought about. She knew that as a foreigner, many of her moves and actions (as well as celery! sense fashionhigh of spread muchfaster among Polish noblewomen any than for appetite might have been members of some wealthy Italian mercantile families that had branches of branches had that families mercantile Italian wealthy some of members been have might to attract and employ young Italian women. It is quite possible that some of these women 168 167 Effrem Effrem and Stanis celebrated nearlyentourage and their20 new Polishyears husbands. In fact, aftergiven that some of theseBona’s marriages were arrival conduct.of poor in accused her with Poland associated anyone have not to needed have would obviously she court, at (as for exampleifsecond,set an Bona soughtto example of behaviour influenceproper and thereby themen that of Laura andany assistsocial situation; of out a compromising if sheneeded women these of to andpossibly herquestioned would betested of actual power extent knewthat authority, she of aperson andmonarch therefore she was although first, such a stand: for reasons ladies-in-waiting well-disciplined. her actually kept Bona that fact is the these of important most – the analysis of points interesting several such that gossip could andshe generate so, preventit. actively sought to Thus, wehave danger the knew she Italy, of lands turbulent the from coming that reason to stands actually it court, Polish the to intrigue of level new a introducing with contemporaries, her by Marceli Kosman. Marceli Op. Cit., p.84. Maria Bogucka. Bona, it seems, was aware to an extent of the changes in the court milieu that she Bogucka then provides us the names of some of these Italian women from her from women Italian these of some of names the us provides then Bogucka Bona Sforza, Królowa Bona á aw Lubomirski in 1537) p.83. , p.6; Mariaand Bogucka, 166 In fact, while Bona wrongly has been blamed, even 168 71 , one wouldBona’s, one continued that think court Bona Sforza 167 The queenmighthave had good , p.84. CEU eTD Collection this letterwas genuine.) in opinion his that conclude can one Thus, recompense. financial or a favour protection, either gain to order in queen on the light positive shedding aletter write to needed have not would he that safety personal and wealth sufficient he had that suppose can one land, inthe persons highest ofthe some with professionally connected been had and cleric a himself was he that fact the Given Bona. of enemy a clear Tomicki, Piotr chancellor 170 169 pregnancies in tohaveorder thequeen’s assistinpersonal doctors childbirth. their of end the near Wawel the to back brought are they that point the to in-waiting, justladies- her queenbehaves the that sheis also, but not properly, and caringkind towards Górski any In thisletter, is no it–andmakes there basisclear that to absolutely accusations of letter write(one Bona’s secretaries a1538 to Klemens from 1535-48), to poetthe Janicki. Stanis necessitated they that wide-spread sufficiently have been must activities Bona’s about negative rumours Evidently, contemporaries. was noticed evenBona’s that alongside some local noble ladies who would be brought to court. their enterprise in Poland. One would think that these Italian ladies would serve the queen conversation and an active interest in wardrobe fashions.in interest wardrobe active an and conversation intellectual Renaissance polite of art in the brought they opposite, the quite – Poland to andvery visible. Bonaandher intriguedid Italian compatriots introduce not andcorruption mustprofound been have court the of culture andthe she had atmosphere that the on effect who had a profound dislike of Bona wrote a personal letter in her defense, then the overall decade. for over a court who was himself a personalassociates, the important thing to note here is that the defense andof the queen came from a man political his amongst adversary itscontents would divulge this letter recipient of the that can becertain of Bona Op. Cit., p.79; and Joanna Olkiewicz. Op. Cit., p.84. The discipline stated above, however, appears to have had a positive effect –and one Thus, in conclusion to this sub-section, it stands to reason that if a man like Górski, like man if a that reason to stands it sub-section, this to conclusion in Thus, Polscy Medyceusze. Polscy 72 p.168. (Górski had been very close to vice- to close very been had (Górski p.168. 170 , yet held a position at her 169 á While one aw Górski, CEU eTD Collection 171 the of homes inthe items common becoming were of tapestries versions less-ornate some indication that is also There temperature. a more pleasant can at keep aroom that insulation essentially are they purpose: apractical serve tapestries, observer, the to message sendingPoland. servingBeyond as artworks andpotentially aspecific beingdecorative result of his mother; and extant the back tapestries arrived in in only Poland 1961. Bona’s War II, CanadaWorld during wayto ownership the all in Evacuated process. the beinglost of course, of 19 Russian Empire duringthe the over all weredispersed artistic value:they tapestriesking who ordered them. Indeed, history the these of istapestries as impressive as their pre-datesZygmunta Augusta” even her inspiringarrival tapestries attributedin valuablemostitems authentic –andthe ondisplay – awe-are the hugeand artistically to Bona’s son. In Polish, most the perhaps that theseThus, itcan be stated atmosphere. aesthetic overall the replicating tapestries are called areoriginalsapartments –inmostmodern cases, they either copies orperiod-furniture are interior. As offurniture very mention aresult, tour-guides few the inthat objects these aswell history hastaken atoll episode, as thesubsequentits Poland, Wawel of on the and barrack. be amilitary used as to destined wasnow dynasty, Swedish Vasa the of III Zygmunt king grandson, Bona’s of reign the under monarch the of seat the be to intoKraków incorporated theirThe Wawel,Austrian empire.Hapsburgs whichhadceased arts. high the in interest Zygmunt’s and –Bona’s painting and jewels 3 –3:Tapestries, Mieczys However, Zygmunt August’s life-long interest for such works of art was the direct It is common knowledge that after the final partition of the Rzeczpospolita, the á aw Morka. , implying their connection to the Franco-Flemish town of Arras and the Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre 73 Ğ ci polityczneci i propagandowe. th century some, 171 , pp.77-78. Both this “arrasy CEU eTD Collection 173 to Poland by Bona in 1518.) assume that Zygmunt’s true interest in tapestries only wecan matter, began after he ofthis saw first-rate Flemish nature examples brought ambiguous and ancillary the given Indeed, insignificant. relatively were 1507 in king became he before by Zygmunt owned works such any that clear is it case, was the if this Even Hungary. possible – though ratherun-certain – that Zygmunt himself already owned afewRenensans: Sztukatapestries iIdeologia, while living in Duchessa di Bari: Catalogo della Mostra a cura di Maria Stella Calò Mariani. 174 Duchessa di Bari: Catalogo della Mostra a cura di Maria Stella Calò Mariani. provides us with photos of the interiors at Bari castle essays of volume same in the text Another 1518. before years several items such several owned mother already herBona and that weread Here, Bona’stapestries. own about ableweaveworkers to into designs. silk delicate elaborate and gold-laced threads roll of fabric to be used adyed into wool coarse turn is it thing to one it accurate: seems quite however, reflection, by a tailor – it is another industry. Upon cloth had likeFlorence with thatcities expertise strange given the to have a specialist atelier with many important thing to note from beforeintimately Poland upresidence coming took to andwhereshe againin 1556.The these photos is that they show a very stark castle: it is not a Mossakowski,in his essay “Treentitled 16 the into well until begin not Flanders and in Italy between that trade goods luxury and era,commercial a vibrant to since attest itself would This this same author informsin QuattrocentoItaly late widespread and couldeasily bein found all majorthe palaces. us that Italian tapestry production did valued merit to a significanthistorical record. artistically or important sufficiently any were appear not of that them does it However, items. such owned have might nobility, high and clergy the of members as well as recorded here that in a footnote on page 351 citing work by a scholar indentified as “A. Bochnak”, Stanis 172 classes. urban European Maria Hennel-Bernasikowa. “Arrasy Królowej Bony.”pp.271-277 in Giuseppe Dibenedetto. “Powody Organizacji Wystawy.” Introduction in Introduction Wystawy.” Organizacji “Powody Dibenedetto. Giuseppe De Lamar Jensen. DeLamar In fact, the source cited above is where we can find the most detailed information detailed most findthe is wherewecan cited above thesource In fact, Yet, it is interesting to read from Hennel-Bernasikowa that such items were items such that Hennel-Bernasikowa from read to interesting is it Yet, Renaissance Europe: Age of Recovery and Reconciliation. 172 Warszawa:Pa Thus, it is quite possible that the previous monarchs of of thethat itis previous monarchs Poland, Thus, quite possible Ğü th century. dekoracji renesanowego pa Ĕ stowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1976,makes mention that it is 173 74 At first, this statement would seem rather would seem this Atfirst, statement 174 á acu Wawelu”,na pp.349-380 in – a building that Bona knew Bona Sforza: Regina diPolonia E Bona Sforza: Regina di Polonia E , p.XLVIII , p.274. , p.116. (It should be á aw CEU eTD Collection 178 177 176 vanished.) artistic tapestries at the Polish royal court; and Mizio them does not matter as the main two points of analysis remainequally valid: Bona was mentionsthe initiator that ofthere true were 14 tapestries brought by Bona to Poland. In the end,Artistica Dellawhether Corte Reale Di Cracovia thereNei Tempi Di were Bona Sforza 8 or 14 of 175 Misericordia giving inalms. Such of representationsknown as Italian werepopularly that they would have depicted scenes of Christian mercy and social benevolence, such as the in Brussels; andweknow sometime have1500 and1515 Tournai or between created been would likely most tapestries original these that states She facts. above-stated ofthe some includesprovides an partially heuristic, this that tapestries, analysis author interesting, and they hadfrom vanishedonly records Bona’s a yearafter death. Hennel-Bernasikowa 18,1536. WawelonOctober infire atthe lost a were works somethese of certain that states that four of these enquiry. amodern them subjectto wecannot failed therefore have tapestries went theback following page: all efforts to locateto and identifyBari these eight original tapestrieswith of Bona Bona,made with butthe finest quality silk threads. The were otherthey yarn, very gold any importantcontain not did item they toalthough note that is noted givenbeen has it on page, same Bona brought with her to Poland a total of eight Flemishand herdaughter. tapestries from Bari. much interior Isabella madesuch for more welcoming have decorativean tapestries would how cansee one bare. Therefore, and cold equally walls are The interior stone. walls of rather a but with palaceliketheAlhambra,luxurious defensivetrue thick fortress andplain Maria Hennel-Bernasikowa. “Arrasy Królowej Bony.”p.271. Ma Op. Cit. (Hennel-Bernasikowa),p.272. Maria Hennel-Bernasikowa. “Arrasy Królowej Bony.”, p.271. (Jerzy Mizio á gorzata Duczmal. Given that we have neither precise records about these works, nor actual nor the these works, about records we haveneither precise that Given We are told that beyond the silverware, the ample amounts of clothing and linens, . 178 There are two other sets of such depictions extant; and this author argues andthis author sets of extant; other such depictions Therearetwo Jagiellonowie: Leksykon Biograficzny. á ek equally confirms that all of these works have 75 , p.509. , Pessano: Mimep-Docete, 2004. on p.56, á ek, in articlehis 176 We can be quite La Cultura 175 Opere di On the 177 CEU eTD Collection more more tapestries – in 1526.) fact, Mizio While one cannot establish here whether these were distinct orders or whether there is there orwhether orders distinct were these hereestablish whether While one cannot mention indicate yearthe large 1533,butdoes a of order tapestriesin June was sent 1531. benew to made tapestries for them in Brugesand Antwerp. lost, we know that only a few Wawel inas a treasuredby some 1536and that result, artwork familyhad royal been the years earlier, (in 1533), wasafireat the there that above mentioned wehave already Although interests. artistic the royal couple sent suchhad impactthe would that have upon of Zygmunt August’s works developmentthe a request for beyondgoes even that context abroader within be presented must this The importance of value. artistic high atruly of tapestries display and systematically collect to monarch Polish Bona. Renaissance architectural lost notmore on since probably recent newher the that weknow entourage, queen and styles were only arriving factwas this that We canspeculate inurban design. of Kraków terms have resembled in Polandwould that a city depicted at they an extent, roughly to then style, a such in executed were tapestries the same time as dress and portrayal of medieval figuresthe indicates a late design. indeedIf Bona’s 181 180 179 earlier 1468-77. period: an anddatedto in at Library Brussels is Belgian National of kept the tapestries anactual set image portrayal The other theme this of atelier beaccurately the reproduced? could sothat tapestry the sentto such were is herepaintings that Perhaps theimplication 1504. dated to inAmsterdam and located now paintings small of a set isactually depictions One of these by Poland Bona. brought to actual the tapestries similarto likely most thematically they are Mieczys Maria Bogucka. Op. Cit., p.272. The key point of analysis, however, is the apparent notion that Bona was the first á á ek – see footnote 174– on p.57, provides another date at which Bona supposedlyhad ordered some aw Morka. Bona Sforza Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre 179 In both these cases, the depicted late Gothic urban the scenery, urban late Gothic depicted cases,the these Inboth , p.87. 76 Ğ ci polityczneci i propagandowe. 180 Morka’s text does not does text Morka’s , p.153. (In 181 CEU eTD Collection 183 182 tapestries. impressiveinforms collection comprised Bogucka royal bythe1530s, 114 an usthat since ateliers, of these customers frequent were monarchs Polish the that reason to stands itsbe it buyer.finishedpass beforeleave the tapestry atelierwould and deliveredto a Yet, yearswould several even and likely several seasons) (most months several least cases, at crossings in every square centimeter would require a much longer amount of time. In most possible thread intricate patternswith several dozen weaving we know that However, alarge of in paintingcomplete inamatter amatter canvas of certainly weeks. days, activity.support this shall be below, both political hadvery discussed – reasons profound andpractical –to both their artistic and rhetorical value was clearly understood by the royal family. Bona, for Flemish madeimplying significantalready that orders were inthe that tapestries 1530s, as confusion as to the precise date of this request, the important item to note here is the fact condemn all flames. tothe 114 of these tapestries Wecanfurtherbuttress decisionthis with data. butitis logicalassume to thatshe would further provide precisions if was there adequate inventory can problem tothe Bogucka only of cite applies tapestries: these number, one this owned and/or disposed of variousthrough means. items were what smaller asto details exact the concerning records inthe gaps significant Letkiewicz states giving as Infact, lost. many were them of fireandhow the before of amount tapestries the the example of jewels owned by Zygmunt Stary, there are some Ewa Letkiewicz. Ewa Maria Bogucka. Now, although rare in art history, we know that a skilled artist could realistically However, for the purposes of this present analysis, we can remain positive and not 182 The problem is that she does not make Theshe isitnot problem that does clear number to whetherthat applies Klejnoty w Polsce: Czasy Ostatnich Jagiellonów i Wazów. Bona Sforza , p.87. 77 183 It is thus very likely that the same , p.53. CEU eTD Collection too vital betoo todebate. subjected to Finally,had Zygmunt considerabletofinalize powers power to control the legislative agenda and exclude topics which the monarch considered considerable: he alone could decideposition. when to convene the Sejm. been remindedby these crests thatthe kingstill has prerogative ofhis powersbyvirtue FromEqually, the Bogucka,king had the theirand magnates powerful nobles,messages: wealth, despite have considerable would we know that the inhispresence. of those executive respect commands monarch) (in the this case, state andtheheadof court at hierarchy present is aclear powers of there everyone that to serve asareminder to have been Zygmunt would tapestries these of importance were and purpose political symbolic different: the theRenaissancewasno use. In respect, this still their govern regulations strict and symbols heraldic employ monarchies today, even that such that know 1531/1533order).We hadbeenapartdepictions know above-stated of the some tapestries with the depiction of the Sforza and the Jagiellonian coat of arms (since we as well as contracted somewhat in the following years. Among these, one surely would find expanded have would collection this and tapestries of collection significant a of possession is thecase. butthis not fact, such a be citing would here consulted scholars all major the that be wecan certain result, the previous ones, simply because it wouldrequisition of such high importance would havebeen more amplydocumented than any of entail a substantial dedication of zero.money. As a Although anew from thecollection start soasto 1536 late Bruges in to request an urgent have sent above might they then collection, entire their lost had family royal if the we that notion analytical the stated that at times records are patchy, we can posit that a Two specific groups of court visitors would have been clear targets for would such specific of visitors haveTwo groups targets clear court been were stillin andhercourt Bona 1536fire, the even after believe that Thus, wecan 78 CEU eTD Collection years later, in 1538, he came again to Poland negotiate the terms of marriage between ofmarriage the terms negotiate Poland in hecameagain later, 1538, to years He cameVilnius to in early 1517 toinduce Zygmunt Stary marry to Bona; andmore than 20 frequency: Sigismundusis von Herberstein (1486-1566) mentioned on several occasions. herequickly to Hapsburg contacts withdiscuss Jagiellonian the duringcourt era. this Milan of territory the to claim legitimate her including send, to sought sovereign duringpolitical Renaissancein the –especially power Italy.Bona’s native underline demonstrate served to and art how of examples other we canlistcountless claims. After all, she would not be the first Renaissance monarch to employ such methods: such would useartwork as tapestries tofurther ofher presstheimportance legitimacy and dynasty.itis Thus, certain beyondthat political actual demands andnegotiations, she Austrian the of herself anadversary sheconsidered since Hapsburgs, the with dealing when especially manner, in this matters saw Bona that becertain We can states. sovereign equal and two between asrelations be considered to negotiations ought and discussions diplomatic the be that would effect implied The he represented. state the grandeur of visiting the court. The tapestries would serve tohighlight the power of the monarch and the be deference. accordeddue were still to powers his and person very king’s the that magnates various to reminders gentle as served other locations, itis quite reasonable tostate that such displays of royal insignia would have 185 184 passed. debate and makehis significantimprint own on shapeand the substance bills of and laws Mieczys Maria Bogucka, 184 We know that the house of Austria sent diplomats to the Polish court with regular they message andthepolitical tapestries of Bona’s importance given the In fact, The other group who could not fail to see these crests would be foreign diplomats á Given couldbe tapestries that and taken down un-rolledeasily, transported in aw Morka. Bona Sforza Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre , p.72. 79 Ğ ci polityczneci i propagandowe. 185 , it is worthwhile it, , p.153. CEU eTD Collection 189 not the case with Bona: as Daniel Stone mentions, Bona used her wealth to create her own create to wealth her used Bona mentions, Stone as Daniel Bona: with case the not be equally as dismissive of the heraldic tapestries and theirmessage. We know that this was not the monarch’s theirgrace,would to owed rise any new who assumestaff, chancery that was not affected by the displays of royal insignia and the power implied by them, we can all sources mention that Szyd that mention sources all taken such actions, in-line protocols. they accepted While havebeen would perfectly with officials for poor performance in theirjob or treason. way to Suleiman clearthe that Zygmunt Magnificent Stary’s contemporaries in Europe – fromwere to be disgraced Henryand dismissed. Furthermore, at anotherVIII pointin– his text,of Morka makes wouldEngland all the imprisonwho would over have secretarial royal taken functions ifprevious occupants of these posts or even execute nobles wealthy humanist-educated other wereseveral weknow there that thispoint, very at highthis suggest not does Morka although sentimental: ranking as be seen to not is above comment state The effects. far-reaching with practices rather they butwere on-going consequences, negligible with incidents isolated not were becausethey matters, these aware of chancery were quite simply treasonous. simply were quite chancery 188 187 cesarza Karola V (1519-1556) did not punishdid not officials, suchasKrzysztof Szyd Stary Zygmunt why wonders even Morka ones: possible many of one just is citation latter and and Hapsburgsthe in thisera: Wijaczka that amply discusses thedetails of diplomatic and international relations betweenthe Jagiellonians of Humanism, 1470-1543 also had many paid collaborators spying for them at the Jagiellonian court. while sourcesfrequently mention other hisname and the diplomatic activities, Hapsburgs 186 August Zygmunt Elizabeth and Hapsburg. of Op. Cit., p.467. Mieczys Maria Bogucka. Maria Bogucka. á aw Morka. Bona Sforza Bona Sforza Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre ., p.171. (It should be noted here that there is a 1998 Polish monograph by Jacek Stosunki dyplomatyczne Polski z Rzesz ). , p,159. , pp.41 and 124; and Harold Segel. á owiecki was a childhood friend of Zygmunt and so perhaps he perhaps so and Zygmunt of friend childhood a was owiecki 188 Hefurther states that the king must havebecome 80 186 Furthermore, it must be remembered that á owiecki, whose actions within the royal Ğ ci polityczneci i propagandowe. 189 ą Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise Niemieck Therefore, had the Polish king Polish the had Therefore, ą w czasach panowania 187 , p.508. In fact, this In CEU eTD Collection 193 192 191 First, although there were some painters active at the court and in and early 16 court atthe active some painters were there although First, messages implied by them. allies at court (such as Bishop Gamrat) (such asBishop court at allies much the same manner as wasprincesses married andleft Poland, portions they of took collectionthis with them very the (in case with Bona in 1518). Also, we know that Bona’s 190 political faction. Bona’s on-going interest in tapestries, as well as the initial collection that she brought from brought she that collection initial the as well as in tapestries, interest on-going Bona’s parents’his inherit not did August Zygmunt above, given reasons the for actual Thus, commodities. tapestry valuable wereseen as tapestries thefactthat underline facts Both these rewards. collection. However, as the analysis above monarchs of dowries. wereparts theircollection of daughters’ elder the has demonstrated,broader importance),to their tapestries, attachment hadprofound a Zygmunt MorkaThis would be important, since although one of our sourcesinforms indicates that Bona and were forgotten which facts,these northeprocessthrough by him. areprocured, tapestries us that essentiallyprofound understanding allhaving of of theirthesefirst-hand ability tapestries familiarity toPoland –duringitstands 1530s, the to reason the that Augustteenagegrew up Zygmunt bolster thewith legitimacy bothfrom theera. aesthetic Also,theof royal given power. qualitiesthe numerous Neitherthe most of ordersthese important forworks such as works demonstrativewellhave– and must to be appear thattapestries below –itbestressed they been discussed will – andas theira subsequent and decorative deliveries art to form at the Wawel court during this Maria Hennel-Bernasikowa. “Arrasy Królowej Bony.”, p.274. Mieczys Wójcik-Góralska. Danuta Daniel Stone. Daniel Thus, in conclusion to this section, one ought to mention and reiterate several facts. several reiterate and mention to ought one section, this to conclusion in Thus, á aw Morka. The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795., 190 These men were surely respectful of the heraldic tapestries and the Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre Niedoceniana Królowa 193 were sometimes given individual tapestries as tapestries individual given sometimes were , p.73. 81 p.39. Ğ ci polityczneci i propagandowe. 191 (and surely understood their understood (andsurely th century Poland century 192 , p.153. When the When CEU eTD Collection 198 item artichoke the identifying on an clothinga modern wastheequivalentof of tag –thus that isit unlikely statementthat Morka’s except vegetable, this of symbolism tothe here as Bona. by brought Kordoban the on imprint common wasa image of artichoke an the that heposits crests, besides of analysis: point interesting leather décor. this of sections larger onto Stanis scholar, older One apartments. Wawel the inside visible prominently still are leather 196 the painter who supplied the designs for some of the vast tapestries from the Zygmunt August collection). are then upholstery. hides that wall used asdecorative 197 Ostatnich Jagiellonów i Wazów. 195 presented in Milan onMay 8, 2004at a conference dedicated to Bona.), p.61. 80 in as Polish in known is from designs she broughtwithher Wawel arriving48 sets/rolls castle: of whatthe Italy, of 194 Sanzio) Raphael of style the by influenced deeply (himself Coxcie Michael of designs tapestry half of the 16 in second the ateliers customers Flemish the of greatest became the of one August Zygmunt by several scholars, mostneglect togiverecently her due creditin this matter. Equally, we should notforget the fact (as stated Jerzynot should we collection, own MizioBona’s in and patronage her of fruits direct the were which the examinetapestries we are appreciate fact and un-ableto that Despite the patronage. Bari, had profound effects on subsequent in developments Polish cultural history and royal Mieczys Danuta Wójcik-Góralska. Danuta Stanis Daniel Stone. Daniel Jerzy Mizio Bona Sforza: Una principessa italiana sul trono di Polonia. á aw Mossakowski, very reasonably, indicates that dynastic crests had been imprinted had been dynastic crests that indicates very reasonably, aw Mossakowski, According to scholars, Bona had one other very significant impact upon impact interior the upon very scholars,significant hadoneother Bona According to 195 á aw Mossakowski. “Tre á would Wawel gracethe interiors. aw Morka. á ek. “Kultura artystyczna na dworze królewskim wKrakowie w czasach Bony Sforzy”,pp.43- th The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795 century. Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre “Kordoban” Niedoceniana Królowa, 194 , p.54. Without Bona, one can be quite doubtful that the beautiful the that doubtful be quite can one Bona, Without Ğü dekoracji renesanowego pa , which are large sheaths of specially-prepared leather specially-prepared of sheaths arelarge , which 197 p.61; and Ewa Letkiewicz. Ewa and p.61; 82 Morka (citing Pociecha) adds one further Morka(citing addsone Pociecha) á ek) that it was thanks to her influence that , p.115. (Coxcie, or alternatively spelled Coxie, was á Ğ acu Wawelu”,na p.355. ci polityczneci i propagandowe. 198 (Pessano: Mimep-Docete,2004. A paper However, there is nodiscussion there However, 196 Large sections of Kordoban Klejnoty w Polsce: Czasy , p.399. CEU eTD Collection August’s patronage of tapestry shops gave Poland some of its most treasured artwork. All artwork. gavesomeits of shops most Poland treasured of August’s patronage tapestry views, but also, she had a profoundimpact upon the artistic tastes of her son – and Zygmunt legitimize herpolitical to only shenot sought art, this useof through that of and tapestries howcollector Bonawasavid an entertainment. demonstrated Subsequently,light thesis the of and conversation polite an intellectual styles andthey introduced wardrobe atmosphere behaviour and concluded she that and herladies-in-waiting hadan impactlocal upon analysis focused Bonainfluence thequeen.Thereafter, uponcourt serve on our to them bring would haveto theirown vegetables supply of in from these royal to garden order the staff Bona’s kitchen was awayfrom palace, the court if Wawel: at the the extant of chest the unknown general the fact,to theimportance thisfurther In population. woulddemonstrate relatively still were ifthey even in Poland present already surely most were origins of Mediterranean –vegetables importance impactwas of great no Bona’s culinary culture, inof terms that has demonstrated examination above:our discussed topics the stockof take would discussinterior décor be matter necessary in detail. this to greater in-depthfurther theintroducing Wawel, décor to type thethis history research of of on Aragonese royal blood. Therefore, while itseems quite plausible to give Bona creditfor close cultural and political ties to Spain in that era. mightsuppose thatBona had Afteritin seenexamples southern of as Italy, which we knowhad all, we know that even Bona had note that the name Kordoban, asa type of décor clearly implies itsAndalusian origins. One it important isfurnish ableaprecisenot to more answer, to consultedare while thesources is we knowthatonly heart partof artichoke vegetable? edible an thisthe of In the end,the hereimplied –since did asemiotic message serve? there purpose imprintIs ultimate this the firm or atelier of origin. Yet, in this dismissal, one is not provided an answer as to what Before continuing the analysis and examining Bona’s interest in jewelry, we can we jewelry, in interest Bona’s examining and analysis the continuing Before 83 CEU eTD Collection 201 200 Bohemia and Hungary.Zygmunt ruled this principality 1500 between earlyand 1507). goldsmith namedgoldsmith Marcin Marcinek. hadZygmunt hisown From 1502, chains. largegold and purchasechose several rings to before he became King of Poland, Zygmunt was put in charge of G that G 199 byBona – employed werethey example, for men.exclusively hereon these First, available 1523 by Giovanni Battista deFonte. was rewarded by Bona with a land-grant near the town of Grodno. His post was filled fromyears,forfour first he and the served thereafter, 1518-22, Neapolitano) her known Pietro as to Poland had a succession of goldsmiths at her service. coming after Bona, here that we see Moreover, wealth. royal of demonstrations and value The first one, Pietro (perhaps high of objects alsomerely not and art fine a as jewelry see truly to monarchs Polish first the were Zygmunt and Bona that impression the with left is one book, her of sections Reading jewels of her own – and now, her collection expanded significantly. jewelry with sapphires,encrusted andpearls.diamonds, rubies of items many wife new his gave Bona, with marriage his consummating after morning the Wawel was even designated to store this wealth. Moreover, we are told thatthe Zygmunt,at room on treasury special a jewels: of collection sizable a up in building time no wasted informs us that even though we know his jewels the Polishin andLetkiewicz accession expensive pre-dated throne, purchasingto his revenues as the ruler of jewelsmakerswould interest significantofsuch the and objects.patronize Zygmunt’s own G dismissed. be cannot Poland upon Renaissance impact cultural Bona’s that itmakeclear factors these Op.Cit., pp.86-87. Op.Cit., p.41. Ewa Letkiewicz. Ewa á ogów was a province/principality of the Bohemiancrown. Today, this town is in western Poland, but The extent of some of the details provided by Letkiewicz is truly is impressive. providedbyLetkiewiczThe details truly the someof of extent Jewelry has always been a sign of wealth and rank, thus itmakes sense that a queen Klejnoty w Polsce: Czasy Ostatnich Jagiellonów i Wazów. 199 201 The same source then informs us that Zygmunt that us informs then source same The It is regrettable that there are no further details no are there that is It regrettable 84 á ogów by his older brother, W , p.37. , (It should be stated here 200 Bona, of course, had á ogów were small, he á adys á aw of CEU eTD Collection potentially for decorative purposes on the body buttheir like ear-rings),(itemspotentially body chains for on or decorative purposes the crest. Sforza the of those especially stones, precious of made designs insignia had also items jewelry and Otherrings sapphires. with and suchasdiamonds decorated precious stones had been purchase Many beenof these aroundsurprise 250rings. to had able Bona that in itBona’s termsof from annual should estates, revenue comeprudently-managed asno above (in chapter 2) of this thesis. Given some of the financial data that we examined above outlined were that policies land-consolidation and economic Bona’s of analysis the confirm 203 202 Turkey. spentlarge amounts of money on purchases of jewels from as far away as Ottoman these questions. answersto provide definitive material is Thus,to extant data. there no simply perhaps very inadequate topics contain on key several (asperarchival records pages above) several citation that herselfstated income?supplemental givenYet, all wearethese questions, reminded thatLetkiewicz for retirementconditions? didMoreover, this land itsand resources provide Pietro with revenuesufficient someone – or didin parcel by owned queen,the although itis perhapsit that possible had been from repossessed defaulthe continue – wasa first gentlemen of these land tothe granted the assume that might one Furthermore, and was the tailors/seamsters. caseof inthe above posited aswere with samequestions the essentially are grant These townsfolk? wealthy even his or givencourt at nobles the amongst clients have also they did or professionto Pietro in perpetuity and the or underland somewas merely Op. Cit., p.59. Op.Cit., p.57. 203 It is true that such small items like jewelry are for personal enjoyment and enjoyment personal for are jewelry like items small such that istrue It Yet, for those shortcomings on lifethe of a court servant, we are informed that Bona 202 On this same page, Letkiewicz provides footnote clarifications that very much very clarifications that footnote provides Letkiewicz Onthissamepage, 85 CEU eTD Collection 206 World War II. in museums possession orevenprivatehigh-rankinglostof citizens of Poland was during was which of jewelry, some items Bona’s other of that informs us Letkiewicz Regrettably, beautiful pearl is displayed by a bottom off at the of capped one them, precious have most the intaglios survived: today at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. such as Maximilian long I had understood usefulnessthe of inobjectssuch helping to monarchs, other fact form, that the despite patronize art notdid this of Zygmunt court the Although thatBona hadwe know medallions made, several informsinitially, Morka us that 205 204 wouldby be Zygmunt Augustaswell. retained he that artist aversatile such hewas fact, In Caraglio. Giacomo Poland: Gian to immigrant these works, requiring the hand Zygmunt after August Bona’s death. ofto was returned a true master, bywere Zygmunt. In fact, this onecreated ring seems to have had such a connection to thefor familyher to was given thatring much that first very the treasured itwife, Bona,was afaithful who that Bona by a Veronesejewelsis their abilityindicate to either emotional attachment gratitude. or Thus, we are told quality royalimportant most tothe such of The important equally couple. and were these – qualities has)other several had still jewelry (and also items. Of course, of such collectors –asdid alleager – sincetheywereboth Zygmunt factors Bona hadunderstood these conversation – no different than any other works of art like tapestry. One can be certain that craftsmen. Moreover, impressive orinnovative jewelry designs could equallybe topics of theydidinthe 16 require as manufacture design (today and Ewa Letkiewicz. Ewa WojciechTygielski. Op. Cit., p.60. Medallions were another form of jewelry, even if not really be worn. intended ifnot really to jewelry, form of even wereanother Medallions Bona also owned portraits of herself in miniature amulets and intaglios. Several of 206 Klejnoty w Polsce: Czasy Ostatnich Jagiellonów i Wazów. :á osi w Polsce XVI-XVII Wieku: Utracona Szansa na Modernizacj 86 205 Itis interestingnote to that afew of these 204 th century) skilled artist-like skilled century) , pp.62 and 64. Ċ . , p.241. CEU eTD Collection 208 207 Modena. yetwouldhave not developed properly). features facial youngage, theirvery their sincedueto especially meritsuch depictions, daughter, Isabellaguess might (one thethat daughterswouldother been have tooyoung to royal first the and August Zygmunt Zygmunt, Bona, representing one each – medallions 4 contain them would a setof that we aretold were ordered, pieces many individual how know to possible is not While it Padovano). (called Mosca Maria Gian later: adecade than more tomb as the Gamrat sameartist the from ofmedallions sets had Bona ordered 1532, were easy to transport and since they in this respect, alsouseful medallions were that is implication an there analysis, yet certainly not so easy monarch. the faceof the with viewer the familiarize to damage. Thus, we are told that in eventually will be discarded, the soul of the person is eternal. Is it not possible that possible not it Is eternal. is person the of soul the discarded, be will eventually (or thesoul)like by body theheart personisprotected the of and while outer the thisbody – justis protected of artichoke the Theheart vegetable. of the completely heart the protect boiling as they cannotthat isbe the one usefuleaten (and delicious) part – of theyet vegetable. Thethey leaves are to be cutserve off aboutafter the possible semiotic message of this vegetable.another Indeed,it is the heart of the artichoke above posited already idea the indicate clear Morka, nor they, neither that seems it purpose:scholars, these they of interpretation envelopin the value is there While notion. this with in agreement is he andwhether fertility. Given the fact that Morka’s own analysis here is not clear, itis difficult toestablish same page as the citation above, Morka cites scholars the On above). discussed décor leather Kordoban the to who (similar artichokes of depictions stated that this was a symbol of Op. Cit., p.397. Mieczys Only one such full set of bronze medallions is extant today – at a museum in 208 á aw Morka. The reverse of the medallion with Bona’s image, curiously enough, also has Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre 87 Ğ 207 ci polityczneci i propagandowe. From the general tone of Morka’s , pp.312-313. CEU eTD Collection 209 image anengraved a tapestry or on crest dynastic or aroyal his authority, reinforce to order in todisplay important be would monarch image of While the the created. portraits realist notseekneither have of Zygmunt amountBona nor anddidwere “photogenic” to a great painting which would only perform latter the of itthese functions),is equally thatpossible thereforethat assume might one (and above, cited and tapestries Tygielski by given are that conditions climate even and economic social, able different the besides following: the state to valid tobe also might It keep a room warmMorks informs us andthat in 1525, Bona sentdecorated 3 portraits to the court of the Emperor Charles V. for example, tapestries. Thus, weremuchlessexpensive than commissionssuch works of are a better beas gifts –and initchoice sent appearthat to would werecreated order in cases, some portraits than a forgottenHans Suess whowere Kulmbach, from even in Poland. portraits of Zygmunt and Bonathe remainfamous un-attributed Albrechtfamous or were portraitsDürer the works of portraitCharles of artists, V bysecond-rate, Tiziano suchof artists Vecellio Maximilian asof minor, German very by served also was origins. andcourt the and painters François The domestic disparitymajor significant no had is I quitebyI withsignificant:Jean Clouet realms while Jagiellonian the the art, of wefield (or in this know talent even of pomegranate),domestic their cultivating even and artists some the that Hapsburgofmuch had and Valois dynasties success inbringinggreater inItalian the major Italian painter (or even an understudy) to work for the court. Thus, while we know able bringBona any wasnot to that indicated Indeed,already wehave above, court. royal Renaissance medallions, would there not be some valuein interpretation?this understood? Whileformally Ihavenot studieda specialist theory semiotic and Iamnot on especially have medallions implied depicting royalty, couldsuch amessage with been and Mieczys The final topic of in concernspaintings and theThe finalpainters serving analysis this chapter of topic á aw Morka. Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre 88 Ğ ci i polityczne propagandowe.,pp.156-161. 209 However, we know that CEU eTD Collection Stanis 210 British Library. the is at one second the Oxford; at Library Bodleian the is at one areextant: prayer-books personal Zygmunt’s and Bona’s both that know We prayer-books. personal their decorated that those as such paintings miniature extent: limited a to clearly although patronize, mythology or the Bible. classical from scenes or crests either depicting had tapestries monarchs the attachment the explain might itEqually,painter. court significant no was there why reason the for account might above presented analysis the Thus, artist. portrait first-rate a hire to able been have have become self-conscious, even though we know that with her feudal revenues, she would might well as she short, In image. her on toll aquick taken had in politics involvement her itismultiple of possible been pregnancies asvery and thestress that attractive, considered insignia were so dear to both Zygmunt and Bona. with dynastic why be reason the Thistapestries might elderstatesman. an experienced his be be ifhe of even byvisiblewished surrounded own claim age, to reminders could to not have might he portraits, many afforded have could monarch the though Even 29. only of barely was England VIII IwasBona’sage–26,Henry Spain)20, François was Charles (andKing of was Emperor Polish the born, 53, whereas monarch was ZygmuntAugust that time the By monarchs. European contemporary his of most than older a generation first, in the case of Zygmunt, he might have realized that he was truly “old” and in fact wasreasons why both monarchs would only choose to pose infrequently for full-size portraits: valid There aresome purpose. serve thatequally well might evenacoin medallion or a on Op. Cit., p.373. á aw Samostrzelnik 1480-1541)who hadbeen (circa king’sfriend to the connected and There is, however, one type of painting and visual arts that the monarchs did the that andvisual arts typepainting is, of one however, There had and younger much was she Although shy. rather been have might Bona Also, 210 Both of them contain miniature paintings by a Polish Cistercian Monk, Cistercian Polish a by paintings miniature contain them of Both 89 CEU eTD Collection already someopening up to trends, Renaissance BonaandZygmuntwere firstPolish the Poland that since was weknow a “Kulturträger” not While court. its royal especially and Poland to trends cultural Renaissance of intensification an about brought that entity became Queen of PolanditBonainis Italian clear that Sforza,presented pages, who the preceding the princess was both a patron and supporter of the high arts as well as an bleeding depiction of of Jesus. bleeding depiction and purple velvets. His crown, symbolically,is next to his knees as he stands in front of a already been in hislate50sis shown with a youthful expression and dressedin bright red have would who monarch, the Here, Christ. from right wine/blood and bread both in is receivingcommunion depicted Zygmunt depicted ontheseminiatures, not while Bona is Infact, full brightcolours. are of miniatures theSamostrzelnik very prevalent, black) are Also, as opposed to the few of portraits monarchsthe inwhich (andindark colours fact poignant. and effective very remain they contemporary), near Samostrzelnik’s been have Italian Renaissance high than basic more much still are they and in style, Renaissance painters purely as not are Jerome (like Sandro BotticelliWhile and Raphael the Sanzio some talent. of depictions anartist was Samostrzelnik that is evident it book), in Morka’s photographs – the latter would of some figures,artist andmighthave rewarded him his (or monastery) with a payment. most notably of this results the with monarchs werepleased that the is probable it However, quite work. Christ, admire nothishadmany have people books, and theopportunity to other artist this would the Virgin Maryand until in monarch the question relinquished (usually death) their through own prayer- and Saint 211 chancellorKrzysztof Szyd Op. Cit., p.375. Thus, we have come to the end of chapter three of this thesis. From the analysis colour size full in reproduced (as Samostrzelnik of works the examines one If á owiecki. Here, of course, the art serves a strictly private purpose 211 90 CEU eTD Collection Renaissance Kraków. of atmosphere tothe contributors important nevertheless they were achievements, artistic their for internationally-significant became figures these of none while the Jagiellonian court. Both Bona and Zygmunt eagerly patronized poets and musicians and some aspects of Zygmunt August, will look at two more high art forms: poetry and music at as well as decoration. legitimacy political of purposes for them utilize and art of styles new espouse to monarchs The following besidesof andfinal chapter thesis, this aquick giving to overview 91 CEU eTD Collection 212 hismother. of court at the teenager) cultural these by affected deeply been had king future the and son Bona’s developmentsthat highlight should artists since who made an impact he uponhad the cultural spent milieu of thea royalsignificant sub-section. chapter court. In doing this, we noble rebellion be monarchy against the – couldgiven not an adequate examination within a amount of 1537 even the – or Muscovy its against wars Orderor with Teutonic the Poland’s hisconflicts time (even military history ItisPoland-Lithuaniaof duringthis period. that clear vasttopics such as as and a political actual the of here made was mention in-depth no course, of and excluded; Equally, anexamination of the doctors and diplomats who served the Jagiellonianshas been Zygmunt. or Bona either by read and purchased been have might that books of matter discuss be thatcannotcultural for includedin the example, wecannot patronage thesis: this Bona’s court. Chapter 4 –Bona’s effect on her son; the poetry and the music at surely accepted some of his mother’s inherent views that the monarchy should be beyond be should monarchy the that views inherent mother’s his of some accepted surely he classes), noble the of rise political continued the given impossible were notions (such his was political equally Whileoutlook important. he wasnot adespot an or absolute ruler reigning Jagiellonian king. andmusicians),poet should two one afew analytical here thelast provide remarksabout Anna Sucheni-Grabowska. However, here, we will undertake three more case studies – essentially three more three essentially – studies case more three undertake will we here, However, of andZygmunt’s Bona’s several are aspects there openly must bethat It stated Bona’s influencecultural onZygmuntAugustyet,was significant herinfluence – on Zygmunt August: Król Polski i Wielki Ksi 212 In fact, before examining these three artists (one 92 ąĪ e Litewski,1520-1572. , p.18. CEU eTD Collection 215 214 213 long lectures. as ayouth, hedetested that Equally, know we melodically-silent. was rarely court mother’s know ZygmuntAugust had for a musicpassion –and aswillbe analyzedhis below, matters. political or military of theories the learning from “corrupted” havingmuch spentalready too athismother’stime instead court of become would he that fearful were they Officially, monarch. their of future the about them being in the factthat several persons of 1537, werepubliclyvoicingrank concerns classes. of –even his language with those magnate subjects common the inpopular reproach many As respects. a result, at times, he foundit difficult find to a wanted that –and so,they chose voiceto their criticism by stating that the culture of Bona’s that he could become a strong and capable ruler. It is logical that they wouldnot have fearful actually therefore were excesses) considered they (which successes Bona’s against driven environment. However, it would seem that those same nobles, angry and in rebellion hispolitical is it leader, then have in they would that possible supported aresult-upbringing havehave kinginto future desired earnest strong whowouldandcharismatic a bea things about human useful very and practical many nature, learned have hewould then surroundings, his politics of analytical and administration.critically- and be observant to chose prince young if the that posit might One In machine. fact, if the nobleadministrative awell-functioning of classes operations day-to-day practical the wouldobserve to chance youngAugust present on a dailybasiswould Zygmunt court havegiven a at Bona’s the monarch,beingit reason noblesfuturethe stands weak to since that already wereseeking a Op. Cit., pp.23-24. Op. Cit., p.20. Op. Cit., p.9. Sucheni-Grabowska provides a few other interesting point of analysis, chief among chief analysis, of point interesting other few a provides Sucheni-Grabowska Yet, one might see another aspect to this above-cited criticism. It would seem that would seem It criticism. above-cited to this aspect see another might one Yet, 215 93 214 To an extent, this is true since we 213 CEU eTD Collection nature of natureyet of Krzycki: his hepurposefullychosetobalance his poeticwith endeavours multi-faceted the appreciate manyfail to first, scholars that states Leszek Barszcz English). whole dedicated chapter toKrzycki, including translations some his of Latin intopoems contains a book Segel’s mentioned that be should it (and biography Barszcz above-stated the both from facts interesting some citing after poetry Krzycki’s on remarks few a make nota literary scholar and my ability understandto poetry is only somewhat developed, Iwill – 2005 biographical in monograph (again, only Polish) byLeszekBarszcz. While I am of a new subject Krzycki hasbeen the young Barbara. Queen the to attached sodeeply been had Krzycki Andrzej who earlier already-mentioned – the discussion deserves some further culture. Polish of Renaissance aspects many other on and tapestry collection future on effect the great a greatlove highculture. for As hadinbeen mentioned this chapter, hada previous the king –something she that surely became asherson an realized himadult, she didpassonto it. could replicate not therefore despite seeing the mechanics of a successful operation, he could not fully comprehend it and protection). Therefore maternal deal of agreat privilege (and absolute into was born her however, son, of felteffort; no need to subjugate a lot resultof the was greatly country foreign in a completely ‘success’ her eventual youth – his passions to hard reason.might see here a clear difference as a resultAs of upbringing: Bona had a a turbulent andresult, difficult one acumen. Indeed, political her skillful than rather interests cultural mother’s his Italian ZygmuntIn August. end,the itZygmunt inherited would appear August that more alot of and court, surely younghave wouldsome ladies-in-waiting, of anegativeher effecton While there were several Polish poets and humanists at Bona’s court, one of them However, even if itis quite correct to state that Bona failed to groom a strong future 94 CEU eTD Collection praising Bona uponherin in arrival it Poland. Thus, be end, the can said thatwhile Krzyckia whole mentioned have above, that poem more we already wrote lines than of 300 Yet, very clear. messagewas implied the if it, when read and Bona can one guessthat only translations in his book from Latin in English.) 220 finished.” whole castle,was country the the insideafter wasruined.it went But only Cracow was beneaththe castle, dragon “When the rejection. Thesecond lines oneisjust longit two and is thus, worthy here:citation of the Sforzas. the city Krakówof – the dragon – and the serpent dragon that was found on the heraldic crest of the of icon legendary and traditional the between allegory the on plays and terse certainly is inresponsetothis episode hierarchy. poem church composed advance inthe Polish The disapproval of Queenthe versethrough – especially Bonahadwhen refused help to him 219 216 forget that he wasnotjust aprimate and politician. dedicating morehoning himself to his abilitiespoetic likewise,– and historians should not for not blame Krzycki not should scholars literary careers: political and ecclesiastical Krzycki would send her way through poems. at Bona’s court – and that the Queen would– and even with him, the phase did notlast long.very much appreciate Krzycki inthis topublictoldwas quite unique that recitation, weare expression as opposed the complimentspoetry that full erotic wouldalso write who asenior cleric figure: Renaissance Krzycki a true was still that of allegory. While it is likely that such poems were written for personal 218 217 Op.Cit., p.210 (As Harold Segel indicates in introduction,his he himself was responsible forall the Harold Segel. Harold Barszcz. Leszek Joanna Olkiewicz. Op. Cit., pp.33-35. Both Segel as well as Joanna Olkiewicz mention the fact that Krzycki was frequently 219 There were two poems that Krzycki wrote in reply to the above-stated the in to reply Krzycki wrote poems that two were There Renaissance Culture inPoland: The of Rise Humanism, 1470-1543 Andrzej Krzycki: poeta,dyplomata, prymas. Polscy Medyceusze Polscy , p.103. 220 95 218 Evidently, this is not a poem of praise and 217 However, Krzycki could equally express 216 On the next page, Barszcz informs us , p.15. ., p.209. CEU eTD Collection Nasza Przesz Prus. Prus. “Muzykana Wawelu”, pp.5-19 in Krzycki actually wrote a poem as an ode to music, implying that he had also enjoyed this form of art. Jadwiga on page 7 in a 1974 article entitled article a 1974 7in page on 224 Pa 223 Bona – on his ownfate), p.67 in although there isalthough poems) the no poem indication there clear inquestion.as to (or Krzycki havearrange had to acitation that it attempted his socould that poetry be sung– we even Latin originals, read the ableto scholars by literary its extent full to appreciated 222 221 Chapel. Zygmunt the of walls the into carved were that inscriptions Latin the of several wrote who humanist the was Krzycki honour: great a with poet this immortalized Zygmunt that know we Queen, praise have beto the Krzyckimight that composed anypoetry thatbeyond remembered occasional disagreements with Bona, his talent was very much respected. Moreover, itmust servant at court (as per Wrede’sof opinionhim andin the a newprevious monograph, chapter). appraisal Given Barszcz’s andas apoet. secretary a inchancery as both a capacity decades, Despite it is hislikely cordial andthatmanyimportanceroyal at over figurefollowing: state court Krzyckiwasa the of great indeed, he should not be seen as merely a Bona with was it than Barbara young the with better much been had relationship Krzycki’s since it was the object of a hunt by a woman of great stature. profound literary itbutPolish,appears thepooranimalthat is have pleased to been caught, verse – is a rabbit the the voice reciting –essentially apoemin themain character he which wrote example, that Bona hadrelative ease inbeing compose able to verse inLatin on some very for strange topics: caught on the hunt. The poem is rendered into very Ĕ El Mieczys Andrzej Krzycki. “Zaj Op. Cit., p.208. stwowy InstytutWydawniczy, 1962). Ī 221 bieta G , his talent was recognized and appreciated. Moreover, it would seem that he had á aw Morka. áRĞü á uszcz-Zwoli , 1974). 223 Yet, despite the fact that in modern times, his poetry can really only be Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre ą Ĕ c Upolowany Przez Królow ska. Poezje Muzyka Nadworna Ostatnich Jagiellonów. Muzyka naWawelu (Translated Polishinto by J Edwin Nasza Przesz Nasza áRĞü 96 –“Music at the Wawel” – Jadwiga Prus indicates that ą Bon , Vol.41, issue 489.Kraków: InstytutWydawniczy Ċ –O Swoim Losie.” (A rabbit caught by Queen Ğ ci polityczneci i propagandowe. 222 Ċ drkiewicz). (Warszawa: , p.33. (It can be added here that inthe end, onemustThus, 224 However, the , p.205. CEU eTD Collection 651. of the Cardinal Hippolito d’Este. Hippolito of Cardinal the service the in musician a been had he as in 1518 Poland to come had and Verona from was he person: this about is known what that here state should we First, un-answered. remain have some biographical information him,on there areequally significantvery questions that Yet, despite the fact for this thesis. consulted every book can befound in an almost capacity the as organist) that his name is so commonly-associatedreasons. First, it must be said that his name as a musician at Bona’s court (more precisely in withbePesenti.for abit several Heappearsto a problematicnamed figure of Alessandro Bona’s court, and The ashaving been Bona’s hadapresence firstof documented isat court. these anItalian we have musicians who two of –especially studies case focus on again here will discussion 1539 medallion by Caraglio. Yet, he appears to have been so central Bona’sto courtly culture that he was the subject of a appear have not him. does anentry on Music of death circa Dictionary Grove and the 1554; the lastthe many few more yearshave seen recordings. music–andRenaissance some it of during while was recorded era, certainly communist the of made Polish recordings some have been there Moreover, court. Jagiellonian the of music the on materials easily-accessible some iscertainly there journals, in Polish articles 226 Szansa na Modernizacj 225 andher husband King Zygmunt. Bona especially – Jagiellonians late the of court the at music the analysis: of theme final its indication that there was an attempt to put his words to music allows this thesis to come to Mieczys Maria Bogucka. And while thereis some very information inuseful G It must be stated that with the book by El á aw Morka. Bona Sforza Ċ Sztuka Dworu Zygmunta I Starego: Tre . , p.243. , p.86; and Wojciech Tygielski. 226 225 Morka in the index of his book, gives Pesenti’s date of gives date Pesenti’s hisbook, in of the index Morka 97 Ī bieta G Ğ ci polityczneci i propagandowe. :á osi w Polsce XVI-XVII Wieku: Utracona á uszcz-Zwoli á uszcz-Zwoli Ĕ k s el s other as well ska as Ĕ ska’s book, ska’s book, this , pp.402 and CEU eTD Collection the range necessary for certain compositions. However, one might assume that if he was at if he was that mightassume one However, compositions. for certain necessary range the had have not might instruments some since factors, two these between link a make to able no indications as to what type of instrument did Pesentispeculative. play? In fact, we mightbe purely todrawupsuch alistwould lackany attempts given of details, total the even be there were some composers of the early Renaissance writing music for the organ. However, itismusic muchmore below), developed wedoknowthat was in discussed era (and this while choral fact, In organ? the on perform didPesenti of repertoire sort what of question some point in the past). Thisextant, is not the there case withwould Pesenti. musical (inmanycreated if arelongercases, even compositions no musicmanuscripts the have However, been somethis thencircumstantial indication him having a composer –thereisno actually of thatPesenti not itwas appears raises the evidence monarch, of high cleric andthen a atacourt services oneproviding especially Renaissance, to indicate thattime it existedof his at isitlikely certainly, afewyearshebut not arrival(possibly by earlier,wasyounger than that 14 the in Poland).would havebeen around 16years of age, andtherefore, he could havebeen born circa 1502 Second, he that servicewas alreadyin by a high-ranking clericlikely of itthe is 1518, most he that although firstabove,we shouldto establish attempt then dateofbirth. hisage and possible Given quite had assume onwards his as ofdeath he remainedin from 1518 that until date Poland given peculiar forsome of these un-answered questions andhypothesize asaplausibleto answer.First, if we a musician of the so manyso of these sources – even by the musicologist G 227 independent revenue Maria Bogucka. On top of an unknown repertoire list and a lack of his own compositions, there are However, despite the fact that Bona had assured him various other sources of Bona sources other himvarious fact the despite had that However, assured Bona Sforza 227 , there are many important questions that were left un-answered by un-answered leftquestions thatwere important , therearemany , p.189. 98 á uszcz-Zwoli Ĕ ska. Thus, here, I state CEU eTD Collection Edmund Kajdasz) Recording ofBorek’s Recording 231 (Kraków: Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne, 1979). 230 was his last work and since only one other one is extant, we do not any means to create a any meanscreate wedo not oneis to andwork extant, only other since one was his last composition until near itisa work such of death? course, Of composition this possiblethat wouldleave with court royal the the contact why with of privilege a composer the ask his although would beforeone shortly death, thiswork he composed even that possible composition – is 1573. Missa TeDeumLaudamus containingBorek’s factfrom sleevethe of record the on the that however, problem arises, 229 228 1521. Chapel. smallZygmunt the at perform services in 1540to set up had ZygmuntStary that group choral Capella –anall-cleric hethe Rorantist is wasacleric with we know that active What was a composer wholeft asmall amount of extant works – one of which was even recorded. him, Whileknow thathe of Krzysztof have verylittle about Borek. information we wedo especially with respect to someone who had been at court for several decades, is puzzling. details, of lack the certainly But talents. artistic his acknowledged and him heard have must for – royallong Bona the hiscredit Zygmunt, and and atcourt surely serviceto all children him due Clearly, mustgive court. we figureBona’s at he aproblematic patronage, remains cultural Bona’s of recipient long-term and clear a is Pesenti while end, in the Thus, play anddoformusic onlyif largerchurchinstruments the mass. sacred to so requested hewould secular compositions: have organ and hewould court, then hadasmall portative Sleeve of LP-45 record LP-45 of Sleeve “Borek Krzysztof”,pages 364-365 in Vol. 1, W Jadwiga Prus. “Muzyka na Wawelu”, p.8. á adys 229 The other musician who was in Bona’s service was a Polish composer by the name by the composer a Polish was service in Bona’s was who musician other The 228 whereas the á aw Pociecha. aw Pociecha informs us that Borek’s first appearance at the royal court was in royal the court at appearance first Borek’s that us informs Pociecha Missa Te Deum Laudamus Królowa Bona (1494-1557): Czasy i ludzie Odrodzenia. Encyclopedia Muzyczna PWM Muzyczna Encyclopedia Antiquae Poloniae Opera Musica 231 Whileis it did possible that Borek live three years; extra andis it , the date provided – assuming that it providedimplies , the date – assuming date of the that Encyklopedia muzyczna PWM , performed by Cantilenathe Male Chorus directed by 99 , Label and catalog number: Veriton SXV-760. Veriton number: catalog and Label , states that he died circa 1570. . (ed. El. Vol. II, p.39. Ī bieta Dzi Ċ bowska). 230 The CEU eTD Collection this work might havethis been acquired. work when as to date the state shedoes although in Kraków, by Morales mass of a have ascore course of lastof course 450 years.the eithernever –ordocuments missingwith information recorded have this gone overthe was information that amount of isa simply significant era:there Jagiellonian music of the welltothe applies equally chapter inas cited previous the statement EwaLetkiewicz’s the is it that clear above, of Pesenti andthat Borek of theanalysis given however, Regrettably, he composed anything before early itis probable1556, quite thatBona hadit. heard if and royal court himatthe known had Bona that certain wecanbequite Borek, Krzysztof 1540s; and if this was the case, then itis entirely possible that Bona heard this work. As for mightpossible thatthis by work late-have beenperformed in Rorantists thethe mid-or 232 G however, Interestingly, structure. harmonic like –even of things insimple terms work isa superior clearly The latter from 1544. Requiem likeMorales’s music choral masterpieceRenaissance of and atrue composition comparison Borek isthe between noadequate is death there 1553).However, de Morales in wasborn (who Seville around 1500and inhis wasactive his city native until asthe Spaniardsuch composers Cristobal century,of beena have hewould contemporary as he lived Given early court secondhalf wasat into 16 1521and the that the of well as century choral work through which one can conclude that Borek was a talented composer. mid-16a first-rate is however,thisnot Inmy and craftcompositional opinion, technique. thingimportant is note music to thatBorek’s understanding shows a good of the the Wawelcourt, the music at of the picture amore comprehensive create to been useful chronology of compositions. In end,the while biographical such information would have G á uszcz-Zwoli Ĕ ska. Muzyka Nadworna Ostatnich Jagiellonów. á uszcz-Zwoli 232 Although somewhat unlikely,itis, however, 100 Ĕ ska does inform us that the Rorantists did Rorantists the that inform us ska does , p.74. th th CEU eTD Collection scholarly attention. scholarly further anditrequires –wassignificant such Krzycki as Andrzej poets Renaissance Latin of support her to way the all Padovano from medallions and Gamrat Piotr Bishop of tomb be her dismissed.Bona’s cultural cannot –from role havingpatronage the commissioned is certain: thing one history, cultural Renaissance Polish of framework the within accorded mother. his by efficient incomes securehighermanaged from were made estates landed to that productive and if fornot hehad sucha financial project the resources he havelacked importantly, would had the purchasedesires to such luxuries ifhismotherset aprecedent; hadnot and more havenot statement sonwouldhas Bona’s a tapestry This latter double-meaning: collection. fantastic a had have not would –Poland importantly more much – and un-interesting rather staple in Polish cuisine, without her, the dress-code of the social elites would have remained haveWhile aregular not madecelery might in she fieldsof culture. agency many Polish significant had Bona that is clear it since ignore, to impossible is legacy historical overall the subjects, crown’s the of number small a on effect an only had and culture artistic high were presentin Polandby 1518. While Bona’s main contributions with were connected Bona Sforza had given significantgiven fairin credit historiography,Polish itis evident quite from precedingthe analysis that impetus to some of the Renaissance whoonly has aQueen-consort Although this was notanattempttorehabilitate been recently cultural trends that cultural atmosphere ofCONCLUSION: the Polish royal court during the first half of the 16 In the end, while historians might disagree as to the extent of agency Bona is to be the upon Sforza Bona of influence the examine to was thesis present the of aim The 101 th century. CEU eTD Collection Kosman, Marceli. Kosman, Jensen, De Lamar. Jasienica, Pawe Jasienica, *á Davies, Norman. Duczmal, Ma Carter, F.W. Cioffari, Gerardo. Cioffari, Byrne, Joseph P. Joseph Byrne, Maria.Bogucka, Maria.Bogucka, Bogucka, Maria.Bogucka, Bia Barszcz, Leszek. 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(ed. g-Boche Ĕ stwowe w Ī Ĕ bieta ska, CEU eTD Collection the Cantilena Male Chorus directed by Cantilenathe directed Kajdasz. MaleChorus Edmund Recordingnumber: SXV-760. Veriton Borek’s of Sleeve andsideA of LP-45 record Sources: Music/Media Krzycki, Andrzej. “Zaj Renaissance Poetry: (Kraków: Instytut Wydawniczy(Kraków: NaszaPrzesz Prus, Jadwiga. “Muzyka na Wawelu”, pp.5-19in Journal Articles inPolish: 17/05/2010. Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/3049910) Schifanoia in Ferrara” in in Ferrara” Schifanoia “The in M.Rosenberg.SalaCharles the Iconography of degli Palazzo Stucchi the URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2857160) the Renaissance Studies of Kenneth F.“SigismundLewalski. inI of Poland: Renaissance King Patron”, pp.49-72 and Journal Articles obtainedfrom JSTOR: Bona Sforza“Unaprincipessa italianasul trono di Polonia” Conference Papers (collected intoamonograph): Instytut Wydawniczy, 1962). Polish from Latin by Edwin J caught by Queen Bona – on his own fate), p.67 in Sciences/Polish Cultural Institute office in Rome) in Mimep-Docete,(Pessano: 2004). office Institute Cultural Sciences/Polish of Academy Polish is available which booklet, this of photocopy Prof. Republic of Poland andseveral bodies.Italian government My to gratitude Jerzy of the the of Senate patronage and the under inLombardy committee May on Italy Milan, in Castle Mizio Sforza the at conference Polish-Italian 8,(Bilingual 2004. Held under the auspices of the Polish-Italian cultural „ „ ą c Upolowany Przez Królow The ArtBulletin Bona ijejdwór) Zabolicki, Krzysztof. 80. dworze królewskimw Krakowie w czasach Bony Sforzy) (KulturaCracovia NeiTempiDiBonaSforza artystycznana Mizio , Vol.14 (Accessed (1967). Stable onJSTOR 25/010/2010. á ek á ek of the University of Warsaw for sending me a , Jerzy. Antiquae PoloniaeOperaAntiquae Musica , Vol. 61,No. 3. Sept. 1979. (Accessed on JSTOR , pp.29-42. LaCulturaArtistica Della Corte RealeDi Ċ 105 drkiewicz). (Warszawa: Pa áRĞü La Regina Bona ELaSuaCorte(KrólowaLa ReginaBona , 1974) Nasza Przesz Nasza Missa TeDeum Laudamus ą Bon Ċ – O Swoim Losie.” (A rabbit áRĞü Poezje , Vol. 41, issue 489. , Label and catalog (Translated into (Translated Ĕ stwowy , performed by , pp.43-