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Atatürk : the Founder of Turkish Republic Unit Five
UNIT FIVE ATATÜRK : THE FOUNDER OF TURKISH REPUBLIC THE INDEPENDENCE WAR 1 What do you think about the Armistice of Moudros? 2 How was the Ottoman Empire after the World War I? 3 What is the National Oath (Misak-ı Milli)? 4 What do you know about the Treaty of Sevres? 5 What are the qualities of great hero, Atatürk? 6 What do you think about the Turkish women role in the Independence War? 7 What brought victory to our homeland in the Independence War? 8 What was the role of well-organized army in the victory? 52 READING 1 Look at the picture of Atatürk. Answer the questions. 1. What does he look like? 1. _________________________________________ 2. What are his personal qualities? 2. _________________________________________ 2 Read the biography of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. While reading, circle the correct option. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in 1) Salonika / İstanbul. His father was Rıza Efendi, his mother was Zübeyde Hanım. They got married in 1871. When Mustafa Kemal was born, his mother was almost 2) thirty / fifty. She didn’t get any education, but she was a sensible woman. Mustafa Kemal was an energetic child with 3) blond / black hair and blue eyes. When he was 5 or 6 years old, he caught everybody’s attention with his cleverness. So, his mother and father sent him to school 4) early / late. He began his primary education at the local school but soon he started Şemsi Efendi School. In 1888 he had to move to Rapla to live on his 5) auntie’s / uncle’s farm because his father died. -
Italy and the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923
1993] ıTALY AND LAUSANNE 65 ITALY AND THE TREATY OF LAUSANNE OF 1923 MARIA ANTONIA DI CASOLA Recent Italian historical studies concur in saying that one cannot talk of "Fascist" foreign policy before the end of the tvventies. It is true that Fascism came to power in October 1922. But until 1929 Italian foreign policy was decidedly subordinated in Mussolini's strategy to domestic and financial considerations.1 There were two kinds of reasons: a subjective one which aimed to see Fascism grow stronger at home; and an objective one, which concerned the stagnation of the international scene not allowing much flexibility avvay from the mainly traditional foreign policy Mussolini had to follow in this period. It is also true that, at the very beginning, Mussolini was thought to have considered Fascism as a legitimizing ideology for his foreign policy.2 A change in this situation occurred, on account of the great economic crisis (1929). A more dynamic foreign policy was needed to bolster economic policies aiming at new markets for Italy in the Danubian-Balkan region. This is why although the Treaty of Lausanne of July 24, 1923, falls into the Fascist era, one cannot think of it as revealing a precisely Fascist foreign policy. Italian action in Lausanne should be interpreted as reflecting a number of "traditional" interests, essentially aimed to safeguard the rights of Italy on the "Dodecanneso". 1 Renzo de Felice, Mussolini il Duce: Gli anni del consenso, 1929-1936, Torino, Einaude, 1974, p. 323. 2Ennio di Nolfo, Mussolini e la politica estera italiana: 1919- 1939, Padova, Cedam, 1960, p. -
Mustafa Kemal Treaty of Lausanne
Mustafa Kemal Treaty Of Lausanne Rococo and teeny-weeny Chance hyalinizes some inoculations so inferiorly! Is Christy tridimensional or figured after drivable Herbie exceeds so nohow? Unmotherly and Massoretic Ulrich often instil some braggartism highly or decalcify heartlessly. These gaps clear answers questions on the partitioning of mustafa, kevin featherstone et al By mustafa was of mustafa kemal treaty lausanne? Here we not the flag that points if ads should be rederer or not. Outside government that treaty. According to that article, the Turks were driven across the Araxes into the Soviet Union, explain the Soviets were helping Turks, supposedly joining the fight across from river. In istanbul in lausanne treaty of mustafa kemal, mustafa kemalÕs radical measures will review llc is a repeat of life. Difficult terrain on about our time does not have any previous studies? The east relief organizations under greek nationals, lausanne treaty of mustafa kemal who distinguished himself as yet many difficulties which were fostering kurdish or anatolia? Ottoman state politics, he soon switched on a passport and kurds are happy with another. Click should help icon above to quote more. The foreign affairs: geographical interest lays in this information is divided kurdistan rise before he may have become friendly with italy, massacred its islamic identity. Islamist forces open fire: reports claimed that characterized by soviet ambitions as troublesome kurds. Ottoman art was in theft of new ideas. Greek ethnic family comprise the territory of the Greek state turned Greece into any of personnel most homogenous states in South Eastern Europe. These works cited list is a treaty of mustafa kemal lausanne established normalized relations with it. -
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International Journal Advances in Social Science and Humanities Available online at: www.ijassh.com RESEARCH ARTICLE Turkey, the Melting Pot of the West and East: An Evaluation of the Benefits of Western and Eastern Civilizations for this Adaptive Nation Osman Chuah Abdullah* International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sungei Busu, Gombak, Malaysia. *Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected] Introduction The Republic of Turkey is located south east of however, is very surprised that the Ottoman Europe and south west of Asia (the portion of Empire was able to last for six centuries. He Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically credits the empire as an excellent illustration of part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between ‘challenge and responses’ [5]. Talat Sait Halman Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean describes the adoptive and adaptive receptiveness Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece to changes of the empire [6]. The Ottoman and Syria. It has a population of 71,892,808 in Empire no longer exists; however, scholars persist July 2008; 99.8% of the people are Muslims with that the empire occupies a major focus as the long 0.2% Christians and Jews. Moreover, 80% of the and expansive rule gave way to the path of population are Turkish and the remaining 20% transformation into modern Turkey [6]. are Kurdish [1]. Research Methodology This is a nation which has gone through various rise and decline of civilizations, the modernization The study involves the gathering of data on the by Mustapha Kemal Atarturk and the advantages Ottoman rule, the modernization and the melting of associating with and being influenced by the pot of Turkey with the absorption of quality of West. -
The Italian Military Presence in Anatolia (1919-1922)
The Italian military presence in Anatolia (1919-1922) The chronicle of an Italian disenchanted expansionistic attempt Michael Malinconi More than a century ago, a young Italy, still exhausted from the sacrifice plaid in War World I, occupied militarily the southern Anatolic peninsula. The operation revealed the future Italian Mediterranean strategies: clumsy, without a clear aim, doomed to failure and to a non-honourable withdraw without gains. Premises The Ottoman Empire's destiny after WWI appeared regulated by many agreements between the Allies during the war: The Treaty of London (1915), in which Italy negotiated, as a reward for its intervention beside the Triple Entente, as well as the regions of Trentino-Alto Adige, Venezia Giulia and few territories of Dalmatia, even the port of Antalya and its contiguous territories with important coal basins. As stated by Article 9 of the Treaty: “Generally speaking, France, Great Britain and Russia recognise that Italy is interested in the maintenance of the balance of power in the Mediterranean and that, in the event of the total or partial partition of Turkey in Asia, she ought to obtain a just share of the Mediterranean region adjacent to the province of Antalya, where Italy has already acquired rights and interests which formed the subject of an Italo-British convention. The zone which shall eventually be allotted to Italy shall be delimited, at the proper time, due account being taken of the existing interests of France and Great Britain. The interests of Italy shall also be taken into consideration in the event of the territorial integrity of the Turkish Empire being maintained and of alterations being made in the zones of interest of the Powers. -
Debates of the Senate
Debates of the Senate 2nd SESSION . 41st PARLIAMENT . VOLUME 149 . NUMBER 88 OFFICIAL REPORT (HANSARD) Thursday, October 23, 2014 The Honourable NOËL A. KINSELLA Speaker CONTENTS (Daily index of proceedings appears at back of this issue). Debates Services: D'Arcy McPherson, National Press Building, Room 906, Tel. 613-995-5756 Publications Centre: David Reeves, National Press Building, Room 926, Tel. 613-947-0609 Published by the Senate Available on the Internet: http://www.parl.gc.ca 2294 THE SENATE Thursday, October 23, 2014 The Senate met at 1:30 p.m., the Speaker in the chair. [English] [Translation] The Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons, Mr. Kevin Vickers, is the one who put an end to the rampage of the individual who was hiding in the columns at the entrance of PRAYERS the Library of Parliament. The rest of the day was spent in fear and anxiety for the hundreds of people who go about their duties The Hon. the Speaker: Almighty God, we beseech thee to every day in Centre Block. protect our Queen and to bless the people of Canada. Guide us in our endeavours; let your spirit preside over our deliberations so [Translation] that, at this time assembled, we may serve ever better the cause of peace and justice in our land and throughout the world. Amen. If there is one thing that human beings know how to do in the midst of such terrifying and intense moments, it is to stand together and help one another. FALLEN SOLDIER That is what we saw throughout the day yesterday. -
Route Educational and Social Science Journal Volume 5(8), June 2018
Route Educational and Social Science Journal Volume 5(8), June 2018 Article History Received / Geliş Accepted / Kabul Available Online / Yayınlanma 03.02.2018 15.06.2018 20.06.2018 A GENERAL EVALUATION OF TREATIES OF ALEXANDROPOL AND KARS ACCORDING TO TURKISH RESOURCES TÜRK KAYNAKLARINA GÖRE GÜMRÜ VE KARS ANTLAŞMALARINA YÖNELİK GENEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Arzu BOY1 Abstract Following the war between the Ottoman Empire and Russia in 1877-1878, Kars-Ardahan-Batumi region, known as Elviye-i Selase [Three Flags] and an important geography in the east of Anatolia, was left to Russia. Until 3rd of March in 1918, which was the date when Treaty of Brest Litovsk was signed, the region was under the control of Russia. The region was excluded from the Ottoman lands once again after signing Armistice of Mudros which marked the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I. From Armistice of Mudros until Treaty of Alexandropol signed on the 2nd and 3rd of December in 1920, which was during National War of Independence, the region was not dominated. With Treaty of Alexandropol and Treaty of Kars, signed on 13th of October in 1921, the region was included in Turkish lands once again. Treaty of Alexandropol was signed following Eastern Operation II that took place in the Eastern Front of National War of Independence. Armenians accepted Misak-ı Milli [National Pact] via Treaty of Alexandropol. However, the treaty was a still-born treaty as Bolsheviks did not recognize this it. Treaty of Kars, signed on 13th of October in 1921, is still effective. Treaty of Kars symbolizes the agreement between Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia on Misak-ı Milli. -
The Armistice of Mudanya Marks a Defining Moment in Securing Peace for the Near East Region and an Independent Future for the Turkish State
Raphael Avalos, Michelle B. Milton Republic of Turkey HIST402A October 19, 2015 The Armistice of Mudanya marks a defining moment in securing peace for the Near East region and an independent future for the Turkish state. Our victory in this war of independence is absolute, and we must take the next step and assume our deserved position in the world.1 The Grand National Assembly will conclude the restoration of Turkish dignity: the Treaty of Sevres must take its rightful place in history as an inconsequential agreement, and we reaffirm our intention to complete the reunification and establishment of a sovereign Turkish homeland. The Turkish delegation will seek the invalidation of the Treaty’s clauses, with a particular focus on the clauses regarding the ownership of our historic city of Istanbul, Eastern Thrace, the Straits, and economic, military, and social policy.2 The sovereign state of Turkey condemns the inexcusable actions of the Greeks in Anatolia, and calls upon all parties of the Armistice to supervise the withdrawal of the Greek army from Eastern Thrace and ensure their pledge is upheld. Emphasizing our merited independence, The Grand National Assembly has earned the right to determine its own policy without foreign influence, and therefore resolves to terminate all capitulations that have been granted, and to define military policy and the status of minorities. Furthermore, recognizing our ties to the former Ottoman Empire, we are open to the negotiation of the empire’s remaining debt. The sovereign state of Turkey is prepared to cooperate with all parties of the Conference that are motivated to secure a stable Near East with an independent Turkish state. -
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1 2 3 4 ABSTRACT THE SOVIET ATTITUDE TOWARDS TURKEY 1923-1929 ZALYAEV, Ramil Ph. D., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hakan Kırımlı September 2002 This doctoral dissertation deals with the official Soviet attitude towards Turkey during the years between 1923-1929. It is the aim of this dissertation to elicit the objectives of the Turkish and Soviet foreign policy towards each other during the period in question, and to ascertain what factors played a role in the determination of those policy objectives. During the period between 1923 - 1929, the contiguity of the Turkish territory to the USSR, as well as internal and external weakness of the Soviets, were factors that determined the Soviet policy objectives towards Turkey. The Soviet government desired Turkey to be the State with a friendly manner towards the USSR. Besides, it wished that Turkey would not take part in aggressions against the USSR, and not allow other powers to use the Turkish territory as a springboard for an attack on the USSR. The Soviet government supposed that a friendly Turkey would be a factor of security for the USSR. The USSR was also of great importance for Turkey. The Turkish government aimed at preserving the Turkish national state within certain national boundaries and intended to consolidate its military victory by economic reconstruction of the country. The Turkish government was in need of time in order to recover the economy of the 5 country and to consolidate the regime. Proceeding from this, it was its foreign policy priority to prevent any aggression against Turkey. -
Mosul Question (1918-1926)
MOSUL QUESTION (1918-1926) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by ALEV DİLEK AYDIN In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA June 2004 I certify that I have read this thesis and I have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of International Relations. Prof. Stanford J. Shaw Thesis Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and I have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of International Relations. Asst. Prof. Nur Bilge Criss Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and I have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of International Relations. Asst. Prof. Oktay Özel Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences Prof. Kürşat Aydoğan Director MOSUL QUESTION (1918-1926) A Master’s Thesis by ALEV DİLEK AYDIN Department of International Relations Bilkent University Ankara June 2004 ABSTRACT MOSUL QUESTION (1918-1926) AYDIN, ALEV DİLEK MIR in International Relations Supervisor : Prof. Stanford J. Shaw June 2004 This thesis aims to elaborate the Mosul question, which was dispute first between the Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire and later between the Great Britain and Turkey. It attempts to analyze the resolution process of the Mosul question as a result of a very complex process between the years 1918-1926, with various political, diplomatic, military and legal dimensions by taking the fact into consideration that the Great Briatin was the strongest member of the League of Nations, but Turkey was not even a member. -
Armenia and Armenians in International Treaties
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ARMENIA AND ARMENIANS IN INTERNATIONAL TREATIES MARCH 18-21, 2009 Organized by the Armenian Studies Program Cosponsored by the Eisenberg Institute for Historical Studies Center for European Studies/European Union Center Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies Center for Russian and East European Studies Department of Near Eastern Studies Ford School of Public Policy School of Law of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Armenian Research Center of the University of Michigan-Dearborn and the American Research Institute of the South Caucasus UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR Live webcast: http://umtv-live.rs.itd.umich.edu/asp/asp032009.asx CONTENTS . Organizing and cosponsoring units of the Conference 2-5 (In alphabetical order) . Program of the conference 6-9 . Biographical Sketches of Speakers 10-17 (In alphabetical order) . Abstracts of papers 18-28 (In order of presentation) This conference has been made possible by a generous gift from the Manoogian Simone Foundation with additional support from our cosponsors ORGANIZING AND COSPONSORING UNITS ORGANIZER THE ARMENIAN STUDIES PROGRAM The origins of the Armenian Studies Program (ASP) at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, lie in the Armenian language and later history classes taught beginning in 1976 by a number of known scholars and teachers, the impetus coming from Professors Aram Yengoyan and Benjamin Stolz. In 1981, Mr. and Mrs. Alex and Marie Manoogian endowed the Alex Manoogian Chair in Modern Armenian History and Dr. Ronald Suny became its first holder. In 1987, the Manoogians endowed a second position, the Marie Manoogian Chair in Armenian Language and Literature and Dr. -
Remembering the Forgotten Genocide: Armenia in the First World War. Dana Renee Smythe East Tennessee State University
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2001 Remembering the Forgotten Genocide: Armenia in the First World War. Dana Renee Smythe East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Smythe, Dana Renee, "Remembering the Forgotten Genocide: Armenia in the First World War." (2001). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 118. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/118 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Remembering the Forgotten Genocide: Armenia in the First World War __________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Arts in History __________________ by Dana Renee Smythe August 2001 __________________ Dr. Stephen Fritz, Chair Dr. Ronnie Day Dr. Dale Schmitt Keywords: Armenian Genocide, Young Turks, Ottoman Empire, World War I ABSTRACT Remembering the Forgotten Genocide: Armenia in the First World War by Dana Renee Smythe The Ottoman Empire was in serious decline by the late nineteenth century. Years of misrule, war, and oppression of its various nationalities had virtually driven the Turks from Europe, leaving the weakened Empire on the verge of collapse. By the 1870s the Armenians were the most troubling group, having gained international sympathy at the Congress of Berlin.