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Chapter 1 Patterns and Trends of International The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis is an interdisciplinary, nongovernmental research institution founded in 1972 by leading scientific organizations in 12 countries. Situated near Vienna, in the center ofEurope, nASA has been for more than two decades producing valuable scientific research on economic, technological, and environmental issues. nASA was one of the first international institutes to systematically study global issues of environment, technology, and development. nASA's Governing Council states that the Institute's goal is: to conduct international and interdisciplinary scientific studies to provide timely and relevant information and options, addressing critical issues of global environmental, economic, and social change, for the benefit of the public, the scientific community, and national and international institutions. Research is organized around three central themes: Global Environmental Change; Global Economic and Technological Change; Systems Methods for the Analysis of Global Issues. The Institute now has national member organizations in the following countries: Austria Japan The Austrian Academy of Sciences The Japan Committee for nASA Bulgaria Netherlands The National Committee for Applied The Netherlands Organization for Systems Analysis and Management Scientific Research (NWO) Canada Poland The Canadian Committee for nASA The Polish Academy of Sciences Czecb Republic The Czech Committee for nASA Russia The Russian Academy of Sciences Finland The Finnish Committee for nASA Slovak Republic Membership under consideration Germany The Association for the Advancement Sweden of nASA The Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research (FRN) Hungary The Hungarian Committee for Applied Systems Analysis Ukraine The Ukrainian Academy ofSciences Italy The National Research Council (CNR) United States of America and the National Commission for Nuclear The American Academy of Arts and and Alternative Energy Sources (ENEA) Sciences European Migration in the Late Twentieth Century Historical Patterns, Actual Trends, and Social Implications Editors Heinz Fassmann Austrian Academy ofSciences and Rainer Mtinz Humboldt University, Berlin Edward Elgar IIASA International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria © International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis 1994 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise withoul the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Gower House Croft Road Aldershot Hants GUll 3HR England Edward Elgar Publishing Company Old Post Road Brookfield Vermont 05036 USA British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Fassmann, Heinz European Migration in the Late Twentieth Century: Historical Patterns, Actual Trends and Social Implications I. Title II. Munz, Rainer 304.8094 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data European migration in the late twentieth century: historical patterns, actual trends, and social Implications / editors, Heinz Fassmann, Rainer MOnz. 304p. 23cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Europe-Emigration and immigration-History-20th century, I. Fassmann, Heinz. II. MOnz, Rainer, 1954­ JV7590.E962 1994 304.8'094'09045-dc20 94-21838 CIP ISBN I 85898 1255 Printed and bound in Great Britain by HannoHs Limited. Bodmin, Cornwall Contents Foreword vii Preface ix Contributors xi I Introduction 1 1 Patterns and Trends of International Migration in Western Europe 3 Heinz Fassmann and Rainer Miinz II Migration to and from Western Europe 35 2 The United Kingdom and International Migration: A Changing Balance 37 David Coleman 3 The French Debate: Legal and Political Instruments to Promote Integration 67 Catherine Wihtol de Wenden 4 Social and Economic Aspects of Foreign Immigration to Italy 81 Odo Barsotti and Laura Lecchini 5 Shifting Paradigms: An Appraisal of Immigration in the Netherlands 93 Han Entzinger v VI Contents 6 Dynamics of Immigration in a Nonimmigrant Country: Germany 113 Hedwig Rudolph 7 Economic and Social Aspects of Immigration into Switzerland 127 Thomas Straubhaar and Peter A. Fischer 8 Austria: A Country of Immigration and Emigration 149 Heinz Fassmann and Rainer Miinz III Migration to and from East-Central Europe 169 9 Emigration from Poland after 1945 171 Piotr Korcelli 10 Hungary and International Migration 187 Zoltdn Dovenyi and Gabriella Vukovich 11 Labor Migration from Former Yugoslavia 207 Janez MalaCic 12 Emigration from and Immigration to Bulgaria 221 Daniela Bobeva 13 Emigration from the Former Soviet Union: The Fourth Wave 239 Anatoli Vishnevsky and Zhanna Zayonchkovskaya 14 Migrants from the Former Soviet Union to Israel in the 1990s 261 Eitan F. Sabatello References 275 Index 285 Foreword We are currently witnessing a period in which actual and potential migration flows are changing the political, social, and economic map of Europe. These events cannot be seen out of their historical context because the past processes laid the basis for the structure ofpresent and future migrations, as well as for our perception and interpretation of these phenomena. This is the focus of the present book, which aims to provide a comprehensive scientific overview of migration flows within Europe since World War n with special emphasis on recent movements. The book is one of the outcomes of an international conference on Mass Migration in Europe organized by nASA at its Laxenburg Conference Center, together with the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna and the Institute for Future Studies in Stockholm, in March 1992. The production ofthe present volume has been the responsibility of nASA together with the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Heinz Fassmann and Rainer Miinz planned and organized the corresponding conference workshop, selected the papers, and edited the book. We are sure it will find its firm place in the rapidly increasing literature on international migration. Wolfgang Lutz Sture Oberg nASA Laxenburg, Austria January 1994 vii Preface Since the mid-1980s international migration has become a major issue in Europe. One reason is obvious. The fall of the Iron Curtain has led to the largest wave of migration the continent has seen since 1945-46. The sudden freedom oftravel and Eastern Europe's mounting economic problems and social tensions caused by the transition to market economy have been important push factors. In many cases ethnic discrimination has also played an important role; in the early 1990s the largest single wave of emigration was caused by the wars in Croatia and Bosnia­ Herzegovina. Yet in most West European countries the focus still is more on South-North migration than on East-West migration. It is important to know about the quantitative side ofthese issues, but today numbers alone cannot fully explain the impacts ofthese migrations on public opinion and the political climate in Western Europe. The symbolic side of the issue seems to be as crucial as the quantitative one. For many people in the West migration has become a synonym for social problems, and is seen as a threat to the welfare state. At the same time we should not overlook that many problems related to migration are not caused by the migrants themselves. Some are caused by the fact that most European societies are not ready to cope with the necessity to integrate immigrants. In many cases foreigners have to serve as scapegoats. This book contains both quantitative and policy-related information on international migration within and to Europe. It focuses on the main sending and receiving countries in the second half of the twentieth cen­ tm)'. Originally the chapters of the book were presented as papers at a workshop organized by the editors in March 1992 within the frame­ work of a conference in Laxenburg, Austria, on Mass Migration in Europe. The conference was organized by IIASA, Laxenburg, the Insti­ tute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, and the Institute for Future Studies, Stockholm. ix x Preface The papers included in this book have been reviewed by three refer­ ees, revised and updated by the authors, and finally edited by the editors and by IIASA's publications department. The initial workshop and this book are part ofa larger research project jointly sponsored by three Austrian federal ministries: the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, and the Ministry ofScience and Research. The project is being carried out at the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, and at the Humboldt University, Berlin. The editors would like to thank Andreas Andiel, Sarah James, Car­ men Nemeth, Ursula Reeger, Ulrike Stadler, and all others who helped to organize the workshop and to edit this book. Heinz Fassmann Rainer Miinz Vienna and Berlin January 1994 Contributors Odo Barsotti Professor ofDemography at the Department ofSocial Sciences, Univer­ sity of Pisa, Italy. Research topics: International migration, migration models, foreign immigrants, commuting and daily movements, interac­ tions between demographic and socioeconomic phenomena. Daniela Bobeva Head of the Department ofEmployment and Labor Market, Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, Sofia, Bulgaria. Research topics: Foreign investment, labor market policy, migration. David Coleman Lecturer in Demography at Oxford University since 1980. Research topics: Demography of the industrial world, including immigration and ethnic minorities. Zoltdn
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