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Lauren C. Archibald, Ph.D., Preservation Planner Betty C Lauren C. Archibald, Ph.D., Preservation Planner Betty C. Zebooker, M.A., Project Historian Ronald A. Thomas, M.A., Project Manager, Principal Investigator Submitted To: Prepared By: York County Planning Department & MAAR Associates, Inc. Virginia Department of Historic P.O. Box 655 Resources Newark, DE 19715 (302) 996-071 3 June 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS Tableofcontents .................................................... i List of Illustrations and Tables ......................................... iii Abstract .......................................................... iv Acknowledgments ................................................... v INTRODUCTION .................................................... 1 Project Purpose and Survey Goals ................................. 1 Survey Coverage and Study Area .................................. 1 SurveyMethodology ............................................ 1 Meetings ................................................ 1 BackgroundResearch ...................................... 2 On-Site Survey ........................................... 2 Project Setting .................................................3 Environmental Setting ...................................... 7 HISTORIC OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT FOR YORK COUNTY ............... 10 Civil History .................................................. 10 Parish Divisions ............................................... 11 Historic Contexts ..............................................13 DHR Historic Themes .....................................14 Contact Period (1600-1715) ................................ 14 Settlement to Society (1607-1750) ........................... 17 Colony to Nation (1750-1 789) ............................... 21 Early National Period (1789-1830) ........................... 25 Antebellum Period (1830-1 860) ............................. 25 Civil War (1861 -1 865) .....................................28 Reconstruction and Growth (1865-1 917) ...................... 29 World War I to World War 11 (1917-1945) ...................... 32 The New Dominion (1945-present) ........................... 33 REPRESENTATIVE BUILDING TYPES ......................... : ........ 34 Domestic/Residential ........................................... 34 Non-Residential Buildings and Structures ........................... 42 Government/Law/Political ......................................42 ArchitecturelCommunity Planning ................................43 Health CarelMedicine ..........................................43 RecreationIArts ..............................................43 Social ...................................................... 43 lndustrylProcessinglExtraction ...................................44 Transportation/Communication ..................................44 Technologyand Engineering ....................................45 CommerceITrade .............................................45 Religious Structures ...........................................46 MilitarylDefense ..............................................46 SubsistenceIAgricultural ........................................46 SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS .......................................... 48 SurveyFindings ...............................................48 National Register of Historic Places Criteria ......................... 48 ThreatenedProperties .......................................... 50 Previously Surveyed Properties ................................... 50 Demolished Properties ..........................................51 DHR Cultural Themes .......................................... 51 DHR Architectural Styles ........................................52 Periods of Construction .........................................52 National Register and Virginia Landmarks Commission Properties ........ 53 Properties Surveyed to the Intensive Level .......................... 54 Recommendations for Potential National Register Properties ............ 54 Recommendations for Further Research ............................ 59 Potential Contexts for Specific Property Typesrrhematic Studies ......... 60 Preservation Planning Recommendations for York County .............. 62 SOURCES CITED AND CONSULTED .................................. 67 Appendix A: List of Properties Surveyed in York County Appendix B: List of Properties Surveyed to the Intensive Level Appendix C: York County IPS-Generated Reports LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Map of Virginia Showing Cultural Regions Defined byVDHR ....................................................4 Figure 2 Map of York County Showing Present Boundaries and Magisterial District ..........................................5 Figure 3 Map of York County Showing Areas Excluded from the York County Resources Survey Area ............................... 6 Figure 4 Map Showing Early Parishes Divisions in York County ................ 12 Figure 5 John Smith's Map of Virginia ca 1612 .............................15 Figure 6 Map Showing Early Settlement Sites in the Peninsula ca.1630 ....................................................18 Figure 7 Map Showing Locus of Settlement Frontiers in Tidewater Virginia, 1700-1770 ...................................20 Figure 8 Map Showing Principal Roads in the Tidewater Region of Virginia ca.1750 ............................................ 22 Figure 9 Map Showing Principal Roads in the Tidewater Region of Virginia ca . 1770 ........................................... 24 Figure 10 Map Showing the Eastern Part of York County in 1862 ............... 26 Figure1 1 Map Showing the Western Part of York County in 1864 ............... 27 Table 1 Distribution of York County's Population by Race and Magisterial District in 1870 .................................. 30 Plate 1 Thorpland (99.5035). Facing North ............................... 34 Plate 2 Meyerhoffer House (99.5024). Facing North ........................ 35 Plate 3 Farinholt House (99.0006). Facing South ..........................36 Plate 4 Richard Byrd (Shields) House (99.5161). Ruins. Facing Southeast .............................................36 Plate 5 WornomlBurcher House (99.5065). Facing Southwest ................ 37 Plate 6 House on Dare Road (99.5050). Facing Southeast ................... 38 Plate 7 House on Calthorp Neck Road (99.5036). Facing Southeast ............ 38 Plate 8 Two-bay house in Tabb (99.5038). Northeast Elevation ............... 39 Plate 9 W . W . Sparrer House (99.5032). Facing Northeast ................... 39 Plate 10 Property on Cook Road (99.5013). Facing Northwest ................. 40 Plate 11 Carmines House (99-5133). Facing Northeast ....................... 40 Plate 12 Eclectic House (99.5162). Facing North ...........................41 Plate 13 Harwood Mills Motel Court (99.5149). Facing Southwest ............... 41 Plate 14 Williamsburg Water Filtration Plant (99.5167). Facing North ............ 42 Plate 15 Grafton Polling Building (99.5155). Facing Southeast ................. 42 Plate 16: York Drive-in Theater. Facing North ............................... 43 Plate 17 Redmen Hall (99.5022). Facing West .............................43 Plate 18 Dawson's Crab Packing Plant (99- 51 12). Facing North ...............44 Plate 19 Smith Marine Railway (99.5079). Facing North ......................44 Plate 20 Wainwright Store (99.0025). Facing Southwest ...................... 45 Plate 21 Bethel Baptist Church (99.5044). Facing Northwest ..................46 Plate 22 Samuel Major Farm. Barn. Facing Southeast .......................47 Plate 23 Historic Photograph of lronmonger House ..........................65 Abstract Beginning in late 1998, and extending to late 1999, a comprehensive survey of histcric structures within 45,000 acres of York County, Virginia was undertaken on behalf of the York County Planning Office and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources. During the execution of this survey, a MAAR Associates, Inc. research staff surveyed a total of 212 historic properties located throughout within York County (including eight updates of previously surveyed properties). Of these structures, 21 were recorded to the Intensive level and 193 were recorded to the Reconnaissance level. In addition, hundreds of structures over the age of 50 years were circled on topographic maps, but not recorded on IPS forms. Seventeen architectural sites were recommended as eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, as was a single historic district, Seaford. Recommendations for further study and for preservation planning in York County are also presented. Acknowledgments Principal Investigator and Project Manager for the survey project was Ronald A. Thomas, President of MAI. Dr. Lauren C. Archibald, Preservation Planner, was in charge of all data gathering, and research and survey activities. Mr. Thomas and Dr. Archibald were assisted by Betty C. Zebooker, who was the author of the historic overview for this report. Architectural survey personnel included Jerome D. Traver and Lauren C. Archibald. Ms. Mary Ruffin Hanbury, Architectural Historian, was our project liaison from the Portsmouth Regional Office of the DHR. Margaret T. Peters, Survey Manager, also assisted us from the DHR offices in Richmond. Ms. Susan Horner and Suzanne K. Durham, Archivist, also from the DHR, provided assistance on this project. Adam R. Kinsman, Planner with York County's Planning Division was the county liaison and afforded continuous assistance throughout the survey project. Adam A. Frisch, Chief, Computer Support Services, kindly provided the
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