Ayers, Jackie
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Prometheus Bomb: the Manhattan Project and Government in the Dark / Neil J
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and University of Nebraska Press Chapters 2016 The rP ometheus Bomb Neil J. Sullivan Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples Sullivan, Neil J., "The rP ometheus Bomb" (2016). University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters. 348. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples/348 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Nebraska Press at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Buy the Book Buy the Book The Manhattan Project and Government in the Dark NEIL J. SULLIVAN Potomac Books AN IMPRINT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS Buy the Book © 2016 by Neil J. Sullivan All illustrations are from Wikimedia Commons. All rights reserved. Potomac Books is an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press. Manufactured in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Sullivan, Neil J., 1948– author. Title: The Prometheus bomb: the Manhattan Project and government in the dark / Neil J. Sullivan. Description: Lincoln: Potomac Books, An imprint of the University of Nebraska Press, 2016. Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2016020649 isbn 9781612348155 (cloth: alkaline paper) isbn 9781612348902 (epub) isbn 9781612348919 (mobi) isbn 9781612348926 (pdf) Subjects: lcsh: Manhattan Project (U.S.)— History. | Atomic bomb— United States— History. | Atomic bomb— Government policy— United States— History. | United States— Military policy. | Science and state— United States. -
The Making of an Atomic Bomb
(Image: Courtesy of United States Government, public domain.) INTRODUCTORY ESSAY "DESTROYER OF WORLDS": THE MAKING OF AN ATOMIC BOMB At 5:29 a.m. (MST), the world’s first atomic bomb detonated in the New Mexican desert, releasing a level of destructive power unknown in the existence of humanity. Emitting as much energy as 21,000 tons of TNT and creating a fireball that measured roughly 2,000 feet in diameter, the first successful test of an atomic bomb, known as the Trinity Test, forever changed the history of the world. The road to Trinity may have begun before the start of World War II, but the war brought the creation of atomic weaponry to fruition. The harnessing of atomic energy may have come as a result of World War II, but it also helped bring the conflict to an end. How did humanity come to construct and wield such a devastating weapon? 1 | THE MANHATTAN PROJECT Models of Fat Man and Little Boy on display at the Bradbury Science Museum. (Image: Courtesy of Los Alamos National Laboratory.) WE WAITED UNTIL THE BLAST HAD PASSED, WALKED OUT OF THE SHELTER AND THEN IT WAS ENTIRELY SOLEMN. WE KNEW THE WORLD WOULD NOT BE THE SAME. A FEW PEOPLE LAUGHED, A FEW PEOPLE CRIED. MOST PEOPLE WERE SILENT. J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER EARLY NUCLEAR RESEARCH GERMAN DISCOVERY OF FISSION Achieving the monumental goal of splitting the nucleus The 1930s saw further development in the field. Hungarian- of an atom, known as nuclear fission, came through the German physicist Leo Szilard conceived the possibility of self- development of scientific discoveries that stretched over several sustaining nuclear fission reactions, or a nuclear chain reaction, centuries. -
Wahlen, R. K. History of 100-B Area
WHC-EP-0273 History of 100-B Area R. K. Wahlen Date Published October 1989 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Assistant Secretary for Management and Administration w Westinghouse P.O. Box 1970 0- Hanford mpany Richland, Washington &I352 Hanford Operations and Engineering Contractor for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-ACO6-87RLlOg30 WHC-EP-0273 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In August 1939, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Roosevelt that informed him of the work that had been done by Enrico Fermi and L. Szilard on converting energy from the element uranium. He also informed President Roosevelt that there was strong evidence that the Germans were also working on this same development. This letter initiated a program by the United States to develop an atomic bomb. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the Department of Defense, was assigned the task. The program, which involved several locations in the United States, was given the code name, Manhattan Project. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company (Du Pont) was contracted to build and operate the reactors and chemical separations plants for the production of plutonium. On December 14, 1942, officials of Du Pont met in Wilmington, Delaware, to develop a set of criteria for the selection of a site for the reactors and separations plants. The basic criteria specified four requirements: (1) a large supply of clean water, (2) a large supply of electricity, (3) a large area with low population density, and (4) an area that would cover at least 12 by 16 mi. -
The Hanford Laboratories and the Growth of Environmental Research in the Pacific Northwest
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF D. Erik Ellis for the degree of Master of Science in History of Science, presented on December 17,2002. Title: The Hanford Laboratories and the Growth of Environmental Research in the Pacific Northwest. 1943 to 1965. Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: William G. Robbins The scientific endeavors that took place at Hanford Engineer Works, beginning in World War II and continuing thereafter, are often overlooked in the literature on the Manhattan Project, the Atomic Energy Commission, and in regional histories. To historians of science, Hanford is described as an industrial facility that illustrates the perceived differences between academic scientists on the one hand and industrial scientists and engineers on the other. To historians of the West such as Gerald Nash, Richard White, and Patricia Limerick, Hanford has functioned as an example of the West's transformation during in World War II, the role of science in this transformation, and the recurring impacts of industrialization on the western landscape. This thesis describes the establishment and gradual expansion of a multi-disciplinary research program at Hanford whose purpose was to assess and manage the biological and environmental effects of plutonium production. By drawing attention to biological research, an area in which Hanford scientists gained distinction by the mid 1950s, this study explains the relative obscurity of Hanford's scientific research in relation to the prominent, physics- dominated national laboratories of the Atomic Energy Commission. By the mid 1960s, with growing public concern over radiation exposure and changes in the government's funding patterns for science, Hanford's ecologically relevant research provided a recognizable and valuable identity for the newly independent, regionally-based research laboratory. -
Mflfihflttflfi PROJECT
MflfiHflTTflfi PROJECT U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY The Hanford Site began as part and the reactor stack are the ofthe United States Manhattan only facilities that remain. Project to research, test and build atomic weapons during World War II. Today, the U.S. Department The original 670-square mile ofEnergy (DOE) Richland Hanford Site, then known as Operations Office offers escorted the Hanford Engineer Works, public access to B Reactor along a was the last ofthree top-secret designated tour route. The National sites constructed in order to Park Service (NPS) is studying produce enriched uranium and preservation and interpretation plutonium for the world's first options for sites associated with nuclear weapons. the Manahattan Project. A draft is expected in summer 2009. A final report will recommend whether B Reactor, located about 45 the B Reactor, along with other miles northwest ofRichland, Manhattan Project facilities, should Washington, is the world's first be preserved, and ifso, what roles full-scale nuclear reactor. the DOE, the NPS and community Not only was B Reactor a first partners will play in preservation of-a-kind engineering structure, and public education. it was built and fully functional in just 11 months. Eventually, the shoreline of the Columbia River in south eastern Washington State held nine nuclear reactors at the height ofHanford's nuclear defense production during the Cold War era. The B Reactor was shut down in 1968. During the 1980's, the U.S. Department ofEnergy began removing B Reactor's support facilities. The reactor B Reactor operating in 1945 building, the river pumphouse 2 ! N 200 West 200 East Area Area _1-+....&+04.01 B Reactor today, looking west with Umtanum Ridge in the background MRNHI\TTI\N ~~~.,". -
Hanford B Reactor and Beyond
How DOE and the Tri Cities Community are Working to Redefine Hanford’s Post‐Cleanup Future Colleen French DOE Richland Operations Office Government Programs Manager Hanford • Hanford was created in 1943 as part of the top secret Manhattan Project • 586 square miles • Production of plutonium increased during Cold War (peaking between 1959‐1965) • Hanford produced 2/3 of the nation’s plutonium between 1945‐1985 • Home to the first full‐scale nuclear producon reactor ― B Reactor Complex during operations (1940s‐1960s) the B Reactor, now a National Historic Landmark 2 The Hanford Site • Fuel fabrication and irradiation in nuclear reactors along the Columbia River • Chemical separations in canyon facilities to dissolve fuel and extract plutonium in the Central Plateau • Liquid and solid wastes disposed of in Central Plateau • Eventually, 9 reactors were built and Hanford operated for defense production through 1988 3 Hanford Cleanup Overview Two Department of Energy Offices Office of River Protection • Tank Waste Richland Operations Office • River Corridor • Central Plateau Cleanup Work • Treat contaminated groundwater • Demolish facilities • Move buried waste, contaminated soil away from Columbia River • Isolate contamination from environment on Central Plateau • Treat underground tank waste Workforce • 8,500 total Department of Energy and contractor employees 4 www.em.doe.gov HANFORD SITE CLEANUP 859 waste sites BY THE NUMBERS have been remediated SIX of Hanford’s nine reactors have been “cocooned” 12K cubic meters of underground waste have been removed more reactors will be TWO cocooned in the coming years 49K visitors have toured the B Reactor percent of the site’s spent National Historic fuel has been moved to dry Landmark 100 storage 10 billion gallons of buildings have been demolished contaminated 743 groundwater have been treated 5 What are Hanford’s “Assets”? 6 Hanford Site Post 2015 Cleanup Controlled Access Vision for Access and Use to Some of the Cleaned-up River Shoreline Natural Resource Preservation 1. -
Hanford Site Cleanup Hanford Site Employment*
The U.S. Department of Energy is responsible for one of the largest nuclear Hanford Site Cleanup cleanup efforts in the world, managing the Examples of Before Cleanup Began (1989) legacy of five decades of nuclear weapons Cleanup Work Completed production. At its peak, this national 586-square-mile footprint of • 82-square-mile footprint of active weapons complex consisted of 16 major active cleanup cleanup remaining facilities, including vast reservations of land in the States of Idaho, Nevada, South 2,300 tons of spent nuclear fuel • COMPLETED: Moved all spent fuel Carolina, Tennessee, and Washington. stored near the Columbia River to dry storage Nowhere in the DOE Complex is cleanup more challenging than at the Hanford Site 20 tons of leftover plutonium in • COMPLETED: Stabilized and in southeastern Washington. Hanford the Plutonium Finishing Plant shipped plutonium off-site made more than 20 million pieces of uranium metal fuel for nine nuclear •977 waste sites remediated, reactors along the Columbia River. Five 1,012 waste sites, 522 facilities, 428 facilities demolished, 18 million tons soil/debris removed huge plants in the center of the Hanford 9 plutonium production reactors Site processed 110,000 tons of fuel from near the Columbia River • 6 reactors cocooned (associated the reactors, discharging an estimated 450 facilities demolished) billion gallons of liquids to soil disposal 1 preserved sites and 56 million gallons of radioactive waste to 177 large underground tanks. More than 100 square miles of • 15.6 billion gallons treated, 306 Plutonium production ended in the late groundwater contaminated tons contamination removed 1980s. Hanford cleanup began in 1989, when a • Pumpable liquids and 2 million landmark agreement was reached between 56 million gallons of waste in 177 gallons of solids transferred to DOE, the U.S. -
Annual Report 2013.Pdf
ATOMIC HERITAGE FOUNDATION Preserving & Interpreting Manhattan Project History & Legacy preserving history ANNUAL REPORT 2013 WHY WE SHOULD PRESERVE THE MANHATTAN PROJECT “The factories and bombs that Manhattan Project scientists, engineers, and workers built were physical objects that depended for their operation on physics, chemistry, metallurgy, and other nat- ural sciences, but their social reality - their meaning, if you will - was human, social, political....We preserve what we value of the physical past because it specifically embodies our social past....When we lose parts of our physical past, we lose parts of our common social past as well.” “The new knowledge of nuclear energy has undoubtedly limited national sovereignty and scaled down the destructiveness of war. If that’s not a good enough reason to work for and contribute to the Manhattan Project’s historic preservation, what would be? It’s certainly good enough for me.” ~Richard Rhodes, “Why We Should Preserve the Manhattan Project,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 2006 Photographs clockwise from top: J. Robert Oppenheimer, General Leslie R. Groves pinning an award on Enrico Fermi, Leona Woods Marshall, the Alpha Racetrack at the Y-12 Plant, and the Bethe House on Bathtub Row. Front cover: A Bruggeman Ranch property. Back cover: Bronze statues by Susanne Vertel of J. Robert Oppenheimer and General Leslie Groves at Los Alamos. Table of Contents BOARD MEMBERS & ADVISORY COMMITTEE........3 Cindy Kelly, Dorothy and Clay Per- Letter from the President..........................................4 -
Junior Ranger Book Is for All Ages
National Park Service Manhattan Project U.S. Department of the Interior National Historical Park NM, TN, WA Manhattan Project National Historical Park JUNIORat Hanford, RANGERWashington Turn the page to accept this mission Welcome friends! My name is Atom U235 Fission. I will be your guide as we explore the Hanford site of the Manhattan JR JR RANGER Manhattan a Project N Project National Historical Park G SITE, WA ER together. This project was So big it changed the world! How to earn points This junior ranger book is for all ages. You may find some activities harder than others. That’s okay. You choose what activities to complete by earning enough points for your age. 4 points —— ages 6-8 Points needed 6 points —— ages 9-11 to earn a badge 8 points —— ages 12-14 10 points —— ages 15 and older ACTIVITIES POINT VALUE YOUR POINTS Complete activities in 1 activity = the Junior Ranger Book. 1 pt Join a docent tour or 1 pt ranger program. Total: Watch a park film. 1 pt Download the park’s app. Learn about our other locations. 1 pt This QR code will take you to the free National Park Service app. Once you have the app, search for the Manhattan Project to explore the entire park including sites in New Mexico, Tennessee, and Washington. WHEN FINISHED: Return your book to the visitor center and be sworn in as an official junior ranger. PARENTS: Participate with your aspiring junior ranger to learn about this park as a family. NEED MORE TIME? Mail your book to Manhattan Project National Historical Park, 2000 Logston Blvd. -
Chicago Pile-1 - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Chicago Pile-1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Chicago Pile-1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates : 41°47′32″N 87°36′3″W Main page Contents Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) was the world's first nuclear Site of the First Self Sustaining Nuclear Featured content reactor to achieve criticality. Its construction was part of Reaction Current events the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort to create atomic U.S. National Register of Historic Places Random article bombs during World War II. It was built by the U.S. National Historic Landmark Donate to Wikipedia Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory at the Wikipedia store Chicago Landmark University of Chicago , under the west viewing stands of Interaction the original Stagg Field . The first man-made self- Help sustaining nuclear chain reaction was initiated in CP-1 About Wikipedia on 2 December 1942, under the supervision of Enrico Community portal Recent changes Fermi, who described the apparatus as "a crude pile of [4] Contact page black bricks and wooden timbers". Tools The reactor was assembled in November 1942, by a team What links here that included Fermi, Leo Szilard , discoverer of the chain Related changes reaction, and Herbert L. Anderson, Walter Zinn, Martin Upload file D. Whitaker, and George Weil . It contained 45,000 Drawing of the reactor Special pages graphite blocks weighing 400 short tons (360 t) used as Permanent link a neutron moderator , and was fueled by 6 short tons Page information Wikidata item (5.4 t) of uranium metal and 50 short tons (45 t) of Cite this page uranium oxide. -
Matters of Gravity
MATTERS OF GRAVITY The newsletter of the Division of Gravitational Physics of the American Physical Society Number 49 June 2017 Contents DGRAV News: we hear that . , by David Garfinkle ..................... 3 DGRAV student travel grants, by Beverly Berger .............. 4 Research Briefs: The Discovery of GW170104, by Jenne Driggers and Salvatore Vitale ... 5 Obituary: Remembering Vishu, by Naresh Dadhich and Bala Iyer ........... 8 Remembering Cecile DeWitt-Morette, by Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat ..... 13 arXiv:1706.06183v2 [gr-qc] 22 Jun 2017 Remembering Larry Shepley, by Richard Matzner and Mel Oakes ...... 15 Remembering Marcus Ansorg, by Bernd Br¨ugmannand Reinhard Meinel . 16 Conference Reports: EGM20, by Abhay Ashtekar ......................... 18 Editor David Garfinkle Department of Physics Oakland University Rochester, MI 48309 Phone: (248) 370-3411 Internet: garfinkl-at-oakland.edu WWW: http://www.oakland.edu/?id=10223&sid=249#garfinkle Associate Editor Greg Comer Department of Physics and Center for Fluids at All Scales, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103 Phone: (314) 977-8432 Internet: comergl-at-slu.edu WWW: http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/physics/profs/comer.html ISSN: 1527-3431 DISCLAIMER: The opinions expressed in the articles of this newsletter represent the views of the authors and are not necessarily the views of APS. The articles in this newsletter are not peer reviewed. 1 Editorial The next newsletter is due December 2017. This and all subsequent issues will be available on the web at https://files.oakland.edu/users/garfinkl/web/mog/ All issues before number 28 are available at http://www.phys.lsu.edu/mog Any ideas for topics that should be covered by the newsletter should be emailed to me, or Greg Comer, or the relevant correspondent. -
Internet Links and Further Reading
Internet Links Folkart, Burt A. “Leona Marshall Libby Dies; Sole Woman to Work on Fermi's 1st Nuclear Reactor.” Los Angeles Times, November 13, 1986. http://articles.latimes.com/1986-11-13/local/me-24930_1_nuclear-reactor Herzenberg, Caroline L. “Women Scientists of the Manhattan Project.” http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/courses/teachers_corner/31784.ht ml Kotulak, Ronald. “25 Years Ago: Atom Age Dawns.” Chicago Tribune, November 26, 1967. http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/11/26/page/1/article/25-years-ago- atomage-dawns/index.html Melissa Block Interview with Cynthia Kelly. "National Park Would Memoralize Manhattan Project." All Things Considered (NPR)Newspaper Source Plus, December 16, 2014. http://www.npr.org/2014/12/16/371253668/national-park-would- memoralizemanhattan-project “National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark Hanford B-Reactor.” https://www.asme.org/getmedia/90b37c36-6806-4b74-9610- 19ad7371575f/14Hanford-B-Ractors.aspx “Dr. Leona Libby, 67, Worked on Atom Bomb.” the New York Times, November 12, 1986. http://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/12/obituaries/dr-leona- libby-67-worked-onatom-bomb.html Silent Footage of Hanford from the Time Period. Uploaded by Manuscript, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB_dgw53Xvg Strickland, Jeffrey. “The Women of Manhattan.” September 27, 2014. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140927133528-92256333-the-women- ofmanhattan “This Month in Physics History: November 10, 1986: Death of Leona Woods Marshall Libby.”