Matters of Gravity
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Wahlen, R. K. History of 100-B Area
WHC-EP-0273 History of 100-B Area R. K. Wahlen Date Published October 1989 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Assistant Secretary for Management and Administration w Westinghouse P.O. Box 1970 0- Hanford mpany Richland, Washington &I352 Hanford Operations and Engineering Contractor for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-ACO6-87RLlOg30 WHC-EP-0273 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In August 1939, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Roosevelt that informed him of the work that had been done by Enrico Fermi and L. Szilard on converting energy from the element uranium. He also informed President Roosevelt that there was strong evidence that the Germans were also working on this same development. This letter initiated a program by the United States to develop an atomic bomb. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, under the Department of Defense, was assigned the task. The program, which involved several locations in the United States, was given the code name, Manhattan Project. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company (Du Pont) was contracted to build and operate the reactors and chemical separations plants for the production of plutonium. On December 14, 1942, officials of Du Pont met in Wilmington, Delaware, to develop a set of criteria for the selection of a site for the reactors and separations plants. The basic criteria specified four requirements: (1) a large supply of clean water, (2) a large supply of electricity, (3) a large area with low population density, and (4) an area that would cover at least 12 by 16 mi. -
The Hanford Laboratories and the Growth of Environmental Research in the Pacific Northwest
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF D. Erik Ellis for the degree of Master of Science in History of Science, presented on December 17,2002. Title: The Hanford Laboratories and the Growth of Environmental Research in the Pacific Northwest. 1943 to 1965. Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: William G. Robbins The scientific endeavors that took place at Hanford Engineer Works, beginning in World War II and continuing thereafter, are often overlooked in the literature on the Manhattan Project, the Atomic Energy Commission, and in regional histories. To historians of science, Hanford is described as an industrial facility that illustrates the perceived differences between academic scientists on the one hand and industrial scientists and engineers on the other. To historians of the West such as Gerald Nash, Richard White, and Patricia Limerick, Hanford has functioned as an example of the West's transformation during in World War II, the role of science in this transformation, and the recurring impacts of industrialization on the western landscape. This thesis describes the establishment and gradual expansion of a multi-disciplinary research program at Hanford whose purpose was to assess and manage the biological and environmental effects of plutonium production. By drawing attention to biological research, an area in which Hanford scientists gained distinction by the mid 1950s, this study explains the relative obscurity of Hanford's scientific research in relation to the prominent, physics- dominated national laboratories of the Atomic Energy Commission. By the mid 1960s, with growing public concern over radiation exposure and changes in the government's funding patterns for science, Hanford's ecologically relevant research provided a recognizable and valuable identity for the newly independent, regionally-based research laboratory. -
Hanford B Reactor and Beyond
How DOE and the Tri Cities Community are Working to Redefine Hanford’s Post‐Cleanup Future Colleen French DOE Richland Operations Office Government Programs Manager Hanford • Hanford was created in 1943 as part of the top secret Manhattan Project • 586 square miles • Production of plutonium increased during Cold War (peaking between 1959‐1965) • Hanford produced 2/3 of the nation’s plutonium between 1945‐1985 • Home to the first full‐scale nuclear producon reactor ― B Reactor Complex during operations (1940s‐1960s) the B Reactor, now a National Historic Landmark 2 The Hanford Site • Fuel fabrication and irradiation in nuclear reactors along the Columbia River • Chemical separations in canyon facilities to dissolve fuel and extract plutonium in the Central Plateau • Liquid and solid wastes disposed of in Central Plateau • Eventually, 9 reactors were built and Hanford operated for defense production through 1988 3 Hanford Cleanup Overview Two Department of Energy Offices Office of River Protection • Tank Waste Richland Operations Office • River Corridor • Central Plateau Cleanup Work • Treat contaminated groundwater • Demolish facilities • Move buried waste, contaminated soil away from Columbia River • Isolate contamination from environment on Central Plateau • Treat underground tank waste Workforce • 8,500 total Department of Energy and contractor employees 4 www.em.doe.gov HANFORD SITE CLEANUP 859 waste sites BY THE NUMBERS have been remediated SIX of Hanford’s nine reactors have been “cocooned” 12K cubic meters of underground waste have been removed more reactors will be TWO cocooned in the coming years 49K visitors have toured the B Reactor percent of the site’s spent National Historic fuel has been moved to dry Landmark 100 storage 10 billion gallons of buildings have been demolished contaminated 743 groundwater have been treated 5 What are Hanford’s “Assets”? 6 Hanford Site Post 2015 Cleanup Controlled Access Vision for Access and Use to Some of the Cleaned-up River Shoreline Natural Resource Preservation 1. -
LIGO Detector and Hardware Introduction
LIGO Detector and Hardware Introduction Virtual Open Data Workshop May 2020 LIGO-G2000795 Outline • Introduction 45W • Interferometry 40W 1.6kW 200kW Locking Optical cavities • Hardware • Noise Fundamental Technical • Commissioning/Observation Runs • Future Detector Plans • Bibliography Gravitational Waves • Metric tensor perturbation in GR = + 2 polarization in GR Scalar and other possible waves ℎ • Free falling masses • Change in laser propagation time • Phase difference in light ∝ ℎ • Interferometry detects phase difference ∝ ℎ • Astronomical Sources Modeling Modeled Unmodeled /Length Modeled vs Unmodeled Short Inspirals (BBH, Bursts Short vs Long BNS, BH/NS) (Supernova) Long Continuous Waves Stochastic Known vs Unknown (Pulsars) Background Sensitivity Estimate • Strain from single photon: = 10 2 • Need strain 10 � −10 ℎ ≅ • Shot noise SNR− 22 = 10 improvement,∝ � 10 photons At1 1002 Hz equivalent to power24 of 20 MW • • With 200 W of input laser power, 45W 200kW 40W 1.6kW requires power gain of 100,000 Total optical gain in LIGO is ~50,000 Ignores other noise sources Gravitational Wave Detector Network GEO 600: Germany Virgo: Italy KAGRA: Japan Interferometry • Book by Peter Saulson • Michelson interferometer Fringe splitting • Fabry-Perot arms Cavity pole, = ⁄4ℱ • Pound-Drever-Hall locking 45W 200kW 40W 1.6kW Match laser frequency to cavity length RF modulation with EOM • Feedback and controls Other LIGO Cavities • Mode cleaners Input and output 45W 200kW 40W 1.6kW Single Gauss-Laguerre mode • Power recycling Output dark -
Hanford Site Cleanup Hanford Site Employment*
The U.S. Department of Energy is responsible for one of the largest nuclear Hanford Site Cleanup cleanup efforts in the world, managing the Examples of Before Cleanup Began (1989) legacy of five decades of nuclear weapons Cleanup Work Completed production. At its peak, this national 586-square-mile footprint of • 82-square-mile footprint of active weapons complex consisted of 16 major active cleanup cleanup remaining facilities, including vast reservations of land in the States of Idaho, Nevada, South 2,300 tons of spent nuclear fuel • COMPLETED: Moved all spent fuel Carolina, Tennessee, and Washington. stored near the Columbia River to dry storage Nowhere in the DOE Complex is cleanup more challenging than at the Hanford Site 20 tons of leftover plutonium in • COMPLETED: Stabilized and in southeastern Washington. Hanford the Plutonium Finishing Plant shipped plutonium off-site made more than 20 million pieces of uranium metal fuel for nine nuclear •977 waste sites remediated, reactors along the Columbia River. Five 1,012 waste sites, 522 facilities, 428 facilities demolished, 18 million tons soil/debris removed huge plants in the center of the Hanford 9 plutonium production reactors Site processed 110,000 tons of fuel from near the Columbia River • 6 reactors cocooned (associated the reactors, discharging an estimated 450 facilities demolished) billion gallons of liquids to soil disposal 1 preserved sites and 56 million gallons of radioactive waste to 177 large underground tanks. More than 100 square miles of • 15.6 billion gallons treated, 306 Plutonium production ended in the late groundwater contaminated tons contamination removed 1980s. Hanford cleanup began in 1989, when a • Pumpable liquids and 2 million landmark agreement was reached between 56 million gallons of waste in 177 gallons of solids transferred to DOE, the U.S. -
Junior Ranger Book Is for All Ages
National Park Service Manhattan Project U.S. Department of the Interior National Historical Park NM, TN, WA Manhattan Project National Historical Park JUNIORat Hanford, RANGERWashington Turn the page to accept this mission Welcome friends! My name is Atom U235 Fission. I will be your guide as we explore the Hanford site of the Manhattan JR JR RANGER Manhattan a Project N Project National Historical Park G SITE, WA ER together. This project was So big it changed the world! How to earn points This junior ranger book is for all ages. You may find some activities harder than others. That’s okay. You choose what activities to complete by earning enough points for your age. 4 points —— ages 6-8 Points needed 6 points —— ages 9-11 to earn a badge 8 points —— ages 12-14 10 points —— ages 15 and older ACTIVITIES POINT VALUE YOUR POINTS Complete activities in 1 activity = the Junior Ranger Book. 1 pt Join a docent tour or 1 pt ranger program. Total: Watch a park film. 1 pt Download the park’s app. Learn about our other locations. 1 pt This QR code will take you to the free National Park Service app. Once you have the app, search for the Manhattan Project to explore the entire park including sites in New Mexico, Tennessee, and Washington. WHEN FINISHED: Return your book to the visitor center and be sworn in as an official junior ranger. PARENTS: Participate with your aspiring junior ranger to learn about this park as a family. NEED MORE TIME? Mail your book to Manhattan Project National Historical Park, 2000 Logston Blvd. -
Foundation Document Manhattan Project National Historical Park Tennessee, New Mexico, Washington January 2017 Foundation Document
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Foundation Document Manhattan Project National Historical Park Tennessee, New Mexico, Washington January 2017 Foundation Document MANHATTAN PROJECT NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK Hanford Washington ! Los Alamos Oak Ridge New Mexico Tennessee ! ! North 0 700 Kilometers 0 700 Miles More detailed maps of each park location are provided in Appendix E. Manhattan Project National Historical Park Contents Mission of the National Park Service 1 Mission of the Department of Energy 2 Introduction 3 Part 1: Core Components 4 Brief Description of the Park. 4 Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 5 Los Alamos, New Mexico . 6 Hanford, Washington. 7 Park Management . 8 Visitor Access. 8 Brief History of the Manhattan Project . 8 Introduction . 8 Neutrons, Fission, and Chain Reactions . 8 The Atomic Bomb and the Manhattan Project . 9 Bomb Design . 11 The Trinity Test . 11 Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan . 12 From the Second World War to the Cold War. 13 Legacy . 14 Park Purpose . 15 Park Signifcance . 16 Fundamental Resources and Values . 18 Related Resources . 22 Interpretive Themes . 26 Part 2: Dynamic Components 27 Special Mandates and Administrative Commitments . 27 Special Mandates . 27 Administrative Commitments . 27 Assessment of Planning and Data Needs . 28 Analysis of Fundamental Resources and Values . 28 Identifcation of Key Issues and Associated Planning and Data Needs . 28 Planning and Data Needs . 31 Part 3: Contributors 36 Appendixes 38 Appendix A: Enabling Legislation for Manhattan Project National Historical Park. 38 Appendix B: Inventory of Administrative Commitments . 43 Appendix C: Fundamental Resources and Values Analysis Tables. 48 Appendix D: Traditionally Associated Tribes . 87 Appendix E: Department of Energy Sites within Manhattan Project National Historical Park . -
Nuclear Facility Decommissioning and Site Remedial Actions
LOCKHEED MARTI ES/ER/TM-227/Pt2 ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION PROGRAM Nuclear FacUity Decommissioning and Site Remedial Actions: A Selected Bibliography, Vol. 18 Part 2. Indexes This document has been approved by the East Tennessee Technology Park Technical Information Office for release to the public. Date: 9'/<Z"?7 ENERGYSYSTEMS MANAGED BY LOCKHEED MARTIN ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. FOR THE UNITED STATES ER DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY UCN-17560 (8 8-95) Information International Associates, Inc. contributed to the preparation of this document and should not be considered an eligible contractor for its review. This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available from the Remedial Action Program Information Center, 138 Mitchell Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830-7918, phone: 423-576-6500, fax: 423-576-6547, e-mail: [email protected]. ES/ER/TM-227/Pt2 Nuclear Facility Decommissioning and Site Remedial Actions: A Selected Bibliography, Vol. 18 Part 2. Indexes D8TOUHON OF THJS DOCUMENT IS Date Issued—September 1997 Prepared by Remedial Action Program Information Center and Information International Associates, Inc. Oak Ridge, Tennessee under subcontract 70K-GAM66 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management under budget and reporting code EW 20 LOCKHEED MARTIN ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. managing the Environmental Management Activities at the East Tennessee Technology Park Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant Oak Ridge National Laboratory under contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. -
A Brief History of Gravitational Waves
Review A Brief History of Gravitational Waves Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota 1, Salvador Galindo-Uribarri 1 and George F. Smoot 2,3,4,* 1 Department of Physics, National Institute for Nuclear Research, Km 36.5 Carretera Mexico-Toluca, Ocoyoacac, Mexico State C.P.52750, Mexico; [email protected] (J.L.C.-C.); [email protected] (S.G.-U.) 2 Helmut and Ana Pao Sohmen Professor at Large, Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. 3 Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire APC-PCCP, Université Paris Diderot, 10 rue Alice Domon et Leonie Duquet 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. 4 Department of Physics and LBNL, University of California; MS Bldg 50-5505 LBNL, 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.:+1-510-486-5505 Abstract: This review describes the discovery of gravitational waves. We recount the journey of predicting and finding those waves, since its beginning in the early twentieth century, their prediction by Einstein in 1916, theoretical and experimental blunders, efforts towards their detection, and finally the subsequent successful discovery. Keywords: gravitational waves; General Relativity; LIGO; Einstein; strong-field gravity; binary black holes 1. Introduction Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, published in November 1915, led to the prediction of the existence of gravitational waves that would be so faint and their interaction with matter so weak that Einstein himself wondered if they could ever be discovered. Even if they were detectable, Einstein also wondered if they would ever be useful enough for use in science. -
Preservation for the Masses: the Idea of Heimat and the Gesellschaft Für Denkmalpflege in the GDR
Brian Campbell Preservation for the Masses k 3/2004 - 1 Brian Campbell Preservation for the Masses: The Idea of Heimat and the Gesellschaft für Denkmalpflege in the GDR. When one thinks of the German Democratic Republic been a local or regional responsibility, organized first at (GDR), the terms Heimat and historical preservation are the level of the principalities, kingdoms, or as in Prus- not two that immediately spring to mind. The enduring sia’s case, provinces.4 Remarkably, these royal state vision of the GDR has not been one of preserved medi- offices, or Landesämter, continued to work largely unin- eval city centers, nor one of intense searches for the in- terrupted in the early days of the GDR and it was here timacy of local identity. Rather it has been one of anon- that the coincidence of Heimat identity and preservation ymous rows of prefabricated apartment buildings persisted. The offices from Saxony, Brandenburg and punctuated by the occasional utopian attempt to create Saxony-Anhalt continued without interruption from the a new Socialist architecture, an architecture designed previous regime while the Mecklenburg office was to flatten regional differences and erase local loyalties. forged out of the remains of the Pomeranian one. Only This paper will briefly explore how Heimat and preser- in Thuringia did preservation institutions have to be built vation interacted with each other in the GDR, in partic- from scratch. In 1952 these five Länder were dissoved ular through the activities of the Gesellschaft für Denk- in favor of 15 regions, or Bezirke, a move that in itself malpflege, or the Society for Historic Preservation.1 represented a deliberate attempt by the SED to undo These preservation activists resisted, with some de- the idea of there being a Prussia, a Saxony or a Meck- gree of success, attempts by the Socialist Unity Party lenburg. -
Stefan W. Ballmer
Stefan W. Ballmer Curriculum Vitae Department of Physics Phone: +1-315-443-3882 Syracuse University Cell: +1-315-278-1154 Syracuse, NY 13244 Fax: +1-315-443-9103 USA E-mail: [email protected] Citizenship: USA, Switzerland Web: thecollege.syr.edu/people/faculty/ballmer-stefan RECENT AND CURRENT POSITIONS Jun 2016 - Associate Professor of Physics present Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY May 2019 - Visiting Associate Professor of Physics Jun 2019 Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Japan May 2018 - Visiting Associate Professor of Physics Jun 2018 Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Japan May 2017 - Visiting Associate Professor of Physics Jun 2017 University of Tokyo, Japan Jun 2013 - Research leave at the LIGO Hanford Observatory Aug 2014 Commissioning the Advanced LIGO interferometer Aug 2010 - Assistant Professor of Physics May 2016 Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY Dec 2009 - NAOJ Visiting Researcher Aug 2010 National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. Sep 2009 - JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow (Gaikokujin Tokubetsu Kenkyuin) Nov 2009 National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. Jul 2006 - Robert A. Millikan Postdoctoral Fellow Aug 2009 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA EDUCATION Jun 2006 Ph.D. Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA Experimental Astrophysics, Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO). Apr 2000 Diploma (equivalent to Master of Science), Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland With honor, in Theoretical -
Joshua R. Smith
Joshua R. Smith The Nicholas and Lee Begovich Center for Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy Department of Physics California State University Fullerton 800 N. State College Blvd. Fullerton, CA 92831 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (657)-278-3716 Web: https://physics.fullerton.edu/∼josmith/ Appointments 2016– Dan Black Director of Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy 2018– Professor of Physics 2014–2018 Associate Professor of Physics 2010–2014 Assistant Professor of Physics California State University Fullerton (CSUF) 2007–2009 Postdoctoral Research Associate in Physics Syracuse University 2006–2007 Postdoctoral Fellow in Physics Albert Einstein Institute Hannover / EGO-Virgo Education 2002–2006 Ph.D. Physics (Dr. rer. nat.), Leibniz Universitat¨ Hannover • Advisor: Karsten Danzmann • Thesis: “Formulation of Instrument Noise Analysis Techniques and Their Use in the Commissioning of the Gravitational Wave Observatory GEO 600” 1998–2002 B.Sc. Physics, Syracuse University • Advisor: Peter Saulson • Thesis: “Thermal Noise Associated with Silicate Bonding” Leadership 2012– Director, The Nicholas and Lee Begovich Center for Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astron- omy, CSUF 2019– Co-I, Cosmic Explorer Project, Member, Cosmic Explorer Consortium 2016–2017 Member, Executive Committee, APS Far West Section 2011–2015 Chair, Detector Characterization Group, LIGO Scientific Collaboration 2011–2015 Member, Executive Committee, LIGO Scientific Collaboration 2008– Member, Council, LIGO Scientific Collaboration 2008–2010 Co-chair, Glitch Working