DOCSLIB.ORG

Internet Links and Further Reading

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Internet Links and Further Reading Internet Links Folkart, Burt A. “Leona Marshall Libby Dies; Sole Woman to Work on Fermi's 1st Nuclear Reactor.” Los Angeles Times, November 13, 1986. http://articles.latimes.com/1986-11-13/local/me-24930_1_nuclear-reactor Herzenberg, Caroline L. “Women Scientists of the Manhattan Project.” http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/courses/teachers_corner/31784.ht ml Kotulak, Ronald. “25 Years Ago: Atom Age Dawns.” Chicago Tribune, November 26, 1967. http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1967/11/26/page/1/article/25-years-ago- atomage-dawns/index.html Melissa Block Interview with Cynthia Kelly. "National Park Would Memoralize Manhattan Project." All Things Considered (NPR)Newspaper Source Plus, December 16, 2014. http://www.npr.org/2014/12/16/371253668/national-park-would- memoralizemanhattan-project “National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark Hanford B-Reactor.” https://www.asme.org/getmedia/90b37c36-6806-4b74-9610- 19ad7371575f/14Hanford-B-Ractors.aspx “Dr. Leona Libby, 67, Worked on Atom Bomb.” the New York Times, November 12, 1986. http://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/12/obituaries/dr-leona- libby-67-worked-onatom-bomb.html Silent Footage of Hanford from the Time Period. Uploaded by Manuscript, Archives, and Special Collections, Washington State University. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB_dgw53Xvg Strickland, Jeffrey. “The Women of Manhattan.” September 27, 2014. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140927133528-92256333-the-women- ofmanhattan “This Month in Physics History: November 10, 1986: Death of Leona Woods Marshall Libby.” http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201411/physicshistory.cfm Wikipedia: Leona Woods https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leona_Woods Voices of the Manhattan Project: Interviews on the Atomic Heritage Website http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/leona-marshall-libbys-interview http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/richard-rhodes-interview http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/john-marshalls-interview http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/fermi-love-part-1 http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/fermi-love-part-2 http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/fermi-love-part-3 http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/fermi-love-part-4 Wayne, Tiffany K. American Women of Science since 1900 Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011, 621-622. https://archive.org/stream/AmericanWomenScienceSince1900/AmericanWomenSc ienceSince1900_djvu.txt Further Reading: Works on or by Leona (Woods) Marshall Libby “Leona Libby Dies at 67: Early Nuclear Scientist.” The Evening Tribune (San Diego) November 12, 1986. “Libby, Leona Woods Marshall.” In The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century. Edited by Marilyn Olgilvie and Joy Harvey. New York: Routledge, 2000, 787-88. Marshall Libby, Leona. The Uranium People. New York: Charles Scribner’s Son’s, 1979. Works that Deal Directly with Leona (Woods) Marshall Libby’s Experience: Abir-am, Pnina, and Dorinda Outram eds. Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science 1789-1979. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987. Fermi, Enrico. Collected Papers : (Note E Memorie). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962. See page 428 for Herb’s Anderson’s account of the xenon poisoning. Fermi, Laura. Atoms in the Family: My Life With Enrico Fermi. Chicago University Press, 1954. See page 178-79 for her description of Marshall Libby. Hales, Peter Bacon. Atomic Spaces: Living on the Manhattan Project. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997. Howes, Ruth H. and Caroline L. Herzenberg. Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999. Marshall Libby is mentioned on pages 42, 166, and 180. Kiernan, Denise. The Girls of Atomic City : The Untold Story of the Women Who Helped Win World War II. 1st Touchstone Hardcover ed. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2013. Sanger, S. L. Working on the Bomb: An Oral History of World War II Hanford. Portland: Continuing Education Press, Portland State University, 1995. Sullivan, Walter. "Top Scientists Recall Birth of Atomic Age 25 Years Ago Today." New York Times Dec 02, 1967. Books that Address Hanford History in General: Brown, Kate. Plutopia: Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Findlay, John M, and Bruce Hevly. Atomic Frontier Days: Hanford and the American West. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011. Marshall Libby is mentioned on page 28. Gerber, Michele Stenehjem. On the Home Front: The Cold War Legacy of the Hanford Nuclear Site. 2nd ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. Johnston, Sean Francois. The Neutron's Children Nuclear Engineers and the Shaping of Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Prometheus Bomb: the Manhattan Project and Government in the Dark / Neil J
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and University of Nebraska Press Chapters 2016 The rP ometheus Bomb Neil J. Sullivan Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples Sullivan, Neil J., "The rP ometheus Bomb" (2016). University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters. 348. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples/348 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Nebraska Press at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Buy the Book Buy the Book The Manhattan Project and Government in the Dark NEIL J. SULLIVAN Potomac Books AN IMPRINT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS Buy the Book © 2016 by Neil J. Sullivan All illustrations are from Wikimedia Commons. All rights reserved. Potomac Books is an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press. Manufactured in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Sullivan, Neil J., 1948– author. Title: The Prometheus bomb: the Manhattan Project and government in the dark / Neil J. Sullivan. Description: Lincoln: Potomac Books, An imprint of the University of Nebraska Press, 2016. Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2016020649 isbn 9781612348155 (cloth: alkaline paper) isbn 9781612348902 (epub) isbn 9781612348919 (mobi) isbn 9781612348926 (pdf) Subjects: lcsh: Manhattan Project (U.S.)— History. | Atomic bomb— United States— History. | Atomic bomb— Government policy— United States— History. | United States— Military policy. | Science and state— United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2013.Pdf
    ATOMIC HERITAGE FOUNDATION Preserving & Interpreting Manhattan Project History & Legacy preserving history ANNUAL REPORT 2013 WHY WE SHOULD PRESERVE THE MANHATTAN PROJECT “The factories and bombs that Manhattan Project scientists, engineers, and workers built were physical objects that depended for their operation on physics, chemistry, metallurgy, and other nat- ural sciences, but their social reality - their meaning, if you will - was human, social, political....We preserve what we value of the physical past because it specifically embodies our social past....When we lose parts of our physical past, we lose parts of our common social past as well.” “The new knowledge of nuclear energy has undoubtedly limited national sovereignty and scaled down the destructiveness of war. If that’s not a good enough reason to work for and contribute to the Manhattan Project’s historic preservation, what would be? It’s certainly good enough for me.” ~Richard Rhodes, “Why We Should Preserve the Manhattan Project,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 2006 Photographs clockwise from top: J. Robert Oppenheimer, General Leslie R. Groves pinning an award on Enrico Fermi, Leona Woods Marshall, the Alpha Racetrack at the Y-12 Plant, and the Bethe House on Bathtub Row. Front cover: A Bruggeman Ranch property. Back cover: Bronze statues by Susanne Vertel of J. Robert Oppenheimer and General Leslie Groves at Los Alamos. Table of Contents BOARD MEMBERS & ADVISORY COMMITTEE........3 Cindy Kelly, Dorothy and Clay Per- Letter from the President..........................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Junior Ranger Book Is for All Ages
    National Park Service Manhattan Project U.S. Department of the Interior National Historical Park NM, TN, WA Manhattan Project National Historical Park JUNIORat Hanford, RANGERWashington Turn the page to accept this mission Welcome friends! My name is Atom U235 Fission. I will be your guide as we explore the Hanford site of the Manhattan JR JR RANGER Manhattan a Project N Project National Historical Park G SITE, WA ER together. This project was So big it changed the world! How to earn points This junior ranger book is for all ages. You may find some activities harder than others. That’s okay. You choose what activities to complete by earning enough points for your age. 4 points —— ages 6-8 Points needed 6 points —— ages 9-11 to earn a badge 8 points —— ages 12-14 10 points —— ages 15 and older ACTIVITIES POINT VALUE YOUR POINTS Complete activities in 1 activity = the Junior Ranger Book. 1 pt Join a docent tour or 1 pt ranger program. Total: Watch a park film. 1 pt Download the park’s app. Learn about our other locations. 1 pt This QR code will take you to the free National Park Service app. Once you have the app, search for the Manhattan Project to explore the entire park including sites in New Mexico, Tennessee, and Washington. WHEN FINISHED: Return your book to the visitor center and be sworn in as an official junior ranger. PARENTS: Participate with your aspiring junior ranger to learn about this park as a family. NEED MORE TIME? Mail your book to Manhattan Project National Historical Park, 2000 Logston Blvd.
    [Show full text]
  • Chicago Pile-1 - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Chicago Pile-1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Chicago Pile-1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates : 41°47′32″N 87°36′3″W Main page Contents Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) was the world's first nuclear Site of the First Self Sustaining Nuclear Featured content reactor to achieve criticality. Its construction was part of Reaction Current events the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort to create atomic U.S. National Register of Historic Places Random article bombs during World War II. It was built by the U.S. National Historic Landmark Donate to Wikipedia Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory at the Wikipedia store Chicago Landmark University of Chicago , under the west viewing stands of Interaction the original Stagg Field . The first man-made self- Help sustaining nuclear chain reaction was initiated in CP-1 About Wikipedia on 2 December 1942, under the supervision of Enrico Community portal Recent changes Fermi, who described the apparatus as "a crude pile of [4] Contact page black bricks and wooden timbers". Tools The reactor was assembled in November 1942, by a team What links here that included Fermi, Leo Szilard , discoverer of the chain Related changes reaction, and Herbert L. Anderson, Walter Zinn, Martin Upload file D. Whitaker, and George Weil . It contained 45,000 Drawing of the reactor Special pages graphite blocks weighing 400 short tons (360 t) used as Permanent link a neutron moderator , and was fueled by 6 short tons Page information Wikidata item (5.4 t) of uranium metal and 50 short tons (45 t) of Cite this page uranium oxide.
    [Show full text]
  • Recollections and Reconstructions
    @ ? Editor's Note: The Society's Nuclear Pioneer Citationfor 1977 goes not to an individual but to a distinguished group of individuals: those who took part in the epochal “ChicagoPile―experiment of Dec. 2, 1942, which produced thefirst successful atomicpile chain reaction. The 42 members ofthe Chicago Pilegroup are listed on page 591. One ofthose named, Harold M. Agnew, now Directorofthe Los Alamos Scient@flc Laboratory, is the Nuclear Pioneer Lecturerfor the 24th Annual Meeting. The guidingforce behind the Chicago Pile experiment was Enrico Fermi, recipient of the Nuclear Pioneer Citation of 1963. In the artick which follows, Laura Fermi recreates the excitement and mystery that surrounded the work ofher husband's research team in the early 1940s in Chicago. @. The FirstAtomic Pile: Recollections and Reconstructions by Laura Fermi @ . @ / - .-i@ ‘@:@ Enrico FermIat work, ca. 1942. As far as I can remember at the distance ofalmost 35 Perhaps not all husbands adhered as strictly as years, the first guests to arrive at our party on that Enrico to the rules of secrecy when talking to their beastly cold December night were the Zinns. Wally wives. He couldn't have been more tight-lipped. Once! and Jean. As they shook the snow off their coats, related some gossip to him: “Peoplesay that you stamping their feet on the floor, Wally turned to scientists at the Met Lab are seeking a cure for Enrico and said: “Congratulations!― I was surprised; cancer. .““Arewe?―he asked with his usual for Enrico had given me no hint that anything unusual imperturbable expression.
    [Show full text]
  • BOMB: a Story of Scientists, Saboteurs and Spies (As Published in the Oak Ridger’S Historically Speaking Column on October 13, 2014)
    BOMB: A story of scientists, saboteurs and spies (As published in The Oak Ridger’s Historically Speaking column on October 13, 2014) As I was in the mountains watching the leaves change and could not attend the presentation by Steve Sheinkin at the American Museum of Science and Energy, I asked Carolyn Krause to write her impressions of the talk. I purchased the book and got to see enough of it before loaning it to Carolyn to be anxious to read it in its entirety. Thanks to Carolyn I now have an autographed copy! Gordon Fee, who was also at the talk, told me enough to make me want to look more deeply into George Koval, an American born (in Iowa) spy for Russia during World War II. He was indeed assigned to Oak Ridge as a Special Engineer Detachment soldier. He was also transferred to Dayton, OH, on July 27, 1945. On November 3, 2007, Koval received the posthumous title of Hero of the Russian Federation awarded by Russian President Vladimir Putin. The proclamation stated, "Mr Koval, who operated under the pseudonym Delmar, provided information that helped speed up considerably the time it took for the Soviet Union to develop an atomic bomb of its own". The secret Koval is credited with providing “Clyde,” his Russian handler, is about polonium, used as a neutron initiator for the atomic bombs. However, as Carolyn learned, Steve Sheinkin did not include Koval in his book. He had asked for the FBI file on Koval under the Freedom of Information Act, but was disappointed to find much of the most interesting parts crossed out.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson Plan Leona Woods Marshall Libby: American Nuclear Physicist
    Lesson Plan Leona Woods Marshall Libby: American Nuclear Physicist Leona Woods Marshall (left) with husband John Marshall at the Third International Conference on High Energy Physics (ICHEP), Rochester, 1952, (AKA) The Rochester Conference. Photo Courtesy AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives, Marshak Collection. Grade Level(s): 9+ Subject(s): History, Physics In-Class Time: 55-70 minutes Prep Time: 10-15 minutes Materials • Copies of the American Physical Society Article on Leona Woods Marshall Libby, and research project summaries (all found in the Supplemental Materials) • Copies of the Discussion Questions (found in the Supplemental Materials) • Classroom Internet Access • A/V equipment Objective Students will learn about Leona Woods Marshall Libby, who worked on the Manhattan Project and afterward had a successful and diverse career as a research physicist. They will read about her life and work, which included spectroscopy, high-energy nuclear research, engineering, environmental studies and climate change. Students will then discuss the interdisciplinary nature of Libby’s work and the values of this approach. Prepared by the Center for the History of Physics at AIP 1 Introduction Leona Woods was born in 1919 in Illinois. She was a very strong student, and by age 19 had earned a B.S. degree in chemistry from the University of Chicago. She immediately began graduate coursework. As soon as she had finished her Ph.D. dissertation on spectroscopy in 1942, she was hired to work with Enrico Fermi’s group of physicists on the Manhattan Project at the Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory (Met Lab).1 Leona was the only woman physicist at the Met Lab, and was in attendance when Pile 1 sustained the world’s first controlled critical nuclear reaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Chicago Pile-1 - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Chicago Pile-1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1#Later_operation Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) was the Site of the First Self Sustaining Nuclear world's first nuclear reactor to Reaction achieve criticality. Its construction U.S. National Register of Historic Places was part of the Manhattan U.S. National Historic Landmark Project, the Allied effort to create Chicago Landmark atomic bombs during World War II. It was built by the Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago, under the west viewing stands of the original Stagg Field. The first man-made self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was initiated in CP-1 on 2 December Drawing of the reactor 1942, under the supervision of Enrico Fermi, who described the apparatus as "a crude pile of black bricks and wooden timbers".[4] The reactor was assembled in November 1942, by a team that included Fermi, Leo Szilard, discoverer of the chain reaction, Location Chicago, Cook County, and Herbert L. Anderson, Walter Illinois, USA Zinn, Martin D. Whitaker, and Coordinates 41°47′32″N 87°36′3″W George Weil. It contained 45,000 Built 1942[2] graphite blocks weighing 400 NRHP Reference # 66000314 [1] short tons (360 t) used as a neutron moderator, and was Significant dates fueled by 6 short tons (5.4 t) of Added to NRHP 15 October 1966 [1] uranium metal and 50 short tons (66000314) (45 t) of uranium oxide. In the Designated NHL 18 February 1965[2] pile, some of the free neutrons Designated CL 27 October 1971[3] produced by the natural decay of uranium were absorbed by other uranium atoms, causing nuclear fission of those atoms, and the release of additional free neutrons.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Reactor.Pdf
    .-. DISCLAIMER This repofi was.prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privateiy owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. : The FirstReactor @ U.S. Department of Energy %~ Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy T** . and Assistant .%cretary, Management A~f + $a:$;g:::~;.0;0585 @$*6R December 1982 $ This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. ,! Available from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22161. Price: Printed Copy A03 Microfiche AOI Codes are used for Pricing all publications. The code is determined by the number of pages in the publication. Information pertaining to the pricing codes can be found in the current issues of the following publications, which are generally available in most Iibraries: Energy Research Abstracts, (ERA); Government Reports Announcements and 1ndex (GRA and 1); Scientific and Technical Abstract Reports (STAR); and pub- lication, NTIS-PR-360 available from (NTIS) at the above address.
    [Show full text]
  • Junior Ranger Book (B Reactor), Manhattan Project National
    National Park Service Manhattan Project National Historical Park U.S. Department of the Interior Hanford, Washington MANHATTAN PROJECT NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK HANFORD UNIT B REACTOR NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK JUNIOR RANGER BOOK This book belongs to: ____________________________________________________________________ The Manhattan Project National Historical Park is a partnership between the National Park Service and the Department of Energy that tells the stories of top-secret sites in Los Alamos, NM; Hanford, WA; and Oak Ridge, TN that were created as part of the Manhattan Project during World War II. Aimed at developing an atomic weapon before Nazi Germany, the Manhattan Project successfully produced two of the most powerful weapons the world had ever seen, helping bring an end to the war and ushering in the Atomic Age. Junior Ranger Program National Parks are very special places that protect the most important stories in our nation’s history and allow all visitors to experience our heritage. This handbook will help you discover why the Manhattan Project National Historical Park is one of these special places. Allow about 3 hours to earn a Junior Ranger badge. Activities in this Junior Ranger book can be completed by taking a tour of the B Reactor National Historic Landmark. 2 Some other historic spots in our area are: The pre-World War II Park sites at Hanford (White Bluffs Bank, Bruggeman’s Warehouse, Hanford High School, and the Allard Pump House) “Alphabet” homes built for workers The USS Triton Sail Park Sacajawea State Park Whitman Mission National Historic Site Questions? Call the Park’s Visitor Contact Station and Tour Headquarters for the Hanford Unit at (509) 376-1647.
    [Show full text]
  • __02/14/10__ Working with Fermi at Chicago and Los Alamos.Doc 1
    02142010 Working With Fermi at Chicago and Los Alamos February 14, 2010 WORKING WITH FERMI AT CHICAGO AND LOS ALAMOS Richard L. Garwin IBM Fellow Emeritus IBM, Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 www.fas.org/RLG/ [email protected] American Physical Society “April” Meeting 2010: Physics for the Nation’s Future Session J1: Remembering Enrico Fermi Marriott Wardman Park, Washington, DC February 14, 2010 Abstract: I discuss my experience with Enrico Fermi as student and fellow faculty member at Chicago 1947-1952 and with him as consultants to the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in 1950-1952. The talk shares observations about this great physicist and exemplary human being. __02/14/10__ Working With Fermi at Chicago and Los Alamos.doc 1 http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/handle/1813/74 “Figure 1. Photo of Enrico Fermi while at Los Alamos. Note the smile and twinkle in his eyes, which were typical. It is as if we can tell what this man is like on the inside just from this photo. Courtesy Fermilab history of accelerator physics office.” (Jay Orear). __02/14/10__ Working With Fermi at Chicago and Los Alamos.doc 2 Enrico Fermi’s work speaks for itself, but you probably haven’t read it all and won’t, and neither have I. So I will try to provide some firsthand recollections from a very imperfect observer. I have posted two of my talks from the 2001 centennial year of Fermi’s birth; here modified and with a few pictures, courtesy of my friends and colleagues Harold Agnew and Jay Orear.
    [Show full text]
  • SCIENCE and SOCIETY, 2Nd Edition
    SCIENCE AND SOCIETY, 2nd Edition John Avery H.C. Ørsted Institute, Copenhagen, 2005 2 Contents 1 THE BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION 5 2 ANCIENT GREECE 19 3 THE HELLENISTIC ERA 43 4 CIVILIZATIONS OF THE EAST 59 5 SCIENCE IN THE RENAISSANCE 73 6 GALILEO 95 7 THE AGE OF REASON 105 8 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 129 9 EVOLUTION 151 10 VICTORY OVER DISEASE 167 11 ATOMS IN CHEMISTRY 181 12 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 191 13 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 205 14 RELATIVITY 229 15 NUCLEAR FISSION 243 3 4 CONTENTS 16 HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI 259 17 GENESPLICING 279 18 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 301 19 CARING FOR THE EARTH 323 20 LOOKING TOWARDS THE FUTURE 341 Chapter 1 THE BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION Early ancestors of man Almost three million years ago, manlike creatures lived on the shores of Lake Rudolf in Kenya. The skull of one of these early “homenoids” was found in 1972 by Richard E. Leakey. Pouring fine sand into the reconstructed skull, Dr. Leakey and his associates measured the brain capacity as 800 c.c. - considerably less than the modern brain volume of 1400 c.c., but still remarkably large considering the early date of the skull. Potassium-argon dating of the volcanic ashes in which the skull was found established its age as approximately 2.8 million years. At the Oldavai Gorge in Tanzania, not far from Lake Rudolf, Louis and Mary Leakey (Richard Leakey’s father and mother) discovered many remains of a somewhat more advanced homenoid which they called Homo habilis. Among these remains, which were shown to be 1.8 million years old, Louis and Mary Leakey found many chipped stones, probably representing tools and weapons used by Homo habilis.
    [Show full text]