DOCSLIB.ORG

The Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus on the Outer Limits of the Roman Empire: a Comparison Study of Dolichena

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus on the Outer Limits of the Roman Empire: a Comparison Study of Dolichena The Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus on the Outer Limits of the Roman Empire: A Comparison Study of Dolichena Catherine R.K. Leisser A Thesis in the INDI Program Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts – Individualized Program (Classics, Modern Languages and Linguistics) Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada June 2015 © Catherine Leisser, 2015 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Catherine Leisser Entitled: The Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus on the Outer Limits of the Roman Empire: A Comparison Study of Dolichena and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: ______________________________________ Chair Charles Reiss ______________________________________ Examiner Carly Daniel-Hughes ______________________________________ Examiner Michael Fronda ______________________________________ Examiner Lionel Sanders ______________________________________ Thesis Supervisor Jane Francis Approved by _____________________________________________ Graduate Program Director _____________________________________________ Dr. Paula Wood-Adams Dean of Graduate Studies Date _____________________________________________ Abstract The Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus on the Outer Limits of the Roman Empire: A Comparison Study of Dolichena Catherine R.K. Leisser The Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus originated in Doliche, modern Dülük Baba Tepesi, located in southeast Turkey, and spread westward during the 2nd century CE. The cult’s popularity spread quickly, reaching its zenith in the late 2nd century CE; its demise was equally quick: many temples were destroyed by the mid-3rd century CE. The destruction of the temple in Doliche by King Shapur I of Persia in 253 CE is often considered the final death-blow for this cult: who could have faith in this most powerful god, if his own temple was sacked and destroyed? While certain aspects of this cult have been extensively studied, such as its epigraphy, less attention has been paid to possible regional differences of the temples in the Roman border provinces, and to differences between temples serving civilian or military cult communities. This thesis examines a sample group of Dolichenian temples and their archaeological contents from the Roman frontier provinces of Pannonia Superior, Noricum, Raetia, Germania Superior and Britannia, located in modern Austria, Germany and Great Britain. A comprehensive site catalogue provides an up-to-date artefact catalogue of both published and unpublished artefacts. This data is analyzed in Chapter 3, interpretations of the processes involved in this cult are discussed in Chapter 4. This study provides a synthesis of evidence by examining, and interpreting a wide range of data covering broad geographical and chronological spans within the sample group. The result points toward a difference in urban versus rural cult communities, rather than regional differences. iii Acknowledgements There are a great many people whom I would like to thank for helping me complete this thesis. I would first like to thank my advisor, Dr. Jane Francis, for her support, encouragement, patience and good humour, all of which were limitless. I am grateful to the other members of my thesis committee: Dr. Carly Daniel-Hughes, Dr. Michael Fronda, and Dr. Lionel Sanders. I would also like to thank Dr. Andreas Konecny, my supervisor at the Carnuntum excavations for his advice, encouragement and support. I would like to thank those of my friends, colleagues, and cousins who went out of their way to help and support me in myriad ways throughout the “odyssey” of researching and writing this thesis, particularly Dr. Christian Gugl, Dr. Monika Müller, Dr. Eva Steigberger, John Fossey, Mag. René Ployer, Mag. Ingrid Hackhofer, Dr. Nina Willburger, Brenda Lee, Diane Gauvin, Ray Bourgeois, as well as Paul Austen. Luzia Orbesz-Strasser, Pam H. Crossen-Milz, Mag. Barbara Miksch, Josip Novakovich, Sasa Drach, and Nicole Fuchshuber have been supportive and positive influences, always ready to listen and offer advice. Thanks also to Alexander Prückler who provided me with the incentive to “hurry up and finish”. Dr. Eduard Pollhammer, Dr. Andrew Birley, Dr. Georg Plattner, Dr. Harald Schulze, Mag. Susanne Erbelding, and Dr. Isabel Blair Fowlkes, Dr. Cristian Gazdac, and Anca Matis kindly provided me with information and/or images for which I am very thankful. I greatly appreciate the generosity and hospitality of Dr. Monika Müller, Carl Abensperg-Traun, Anna Zenz and Gernot Steiner for welcoming me to stay in their homes; Mag. Franz Humer, Director of Carnuntum Archaeological Park generously provided me with my own “home away from home” at the excavation house on very many occasions. Herzlichen Dank to all of you. I thankfully acknowledge the institutions who supported me financially or in kind: the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Institute for the Study of Ancient Culture), Carnuntum Archaeological Park (Austria), the Social Science and iv Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) and its Michael Smith Foreign Study Supplement, les Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la société et la culture (FQRSC), and Concordia University and its Individualized Programs for a number of entrance fellowships and a travel grant. The staff of Interlibrary Loans at Concordia University deserve special mention for managing to locate all of the very many documents I requested; I am grateful to the staff at Museum Carnuntinum in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg who always made me feel welcome, and to the Classical Archaeology library at the University of Vienna for generously providing me with library privileges, including a much-appreciated desk and internet connection. I would also like to thank Dr. Charles Reiss (Concordia University) for first telling me about the INDI Program, which provided me with the possibility of pursuing graduate studies in the first place, and the directors and support staff (past and present) of the INDI Program for their friendly helpfulness. This work is dedicated to the five most significant individuals in my life to date: Donato, Mutti, Vati, Tante Rosa (Bunz) and “my Pushkin”. v Table of Contents List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... x List of Plates ...................................................................................................................... xii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... xiv Preface ................................................................................................................................. xv 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Jupiter Dolichenus: The Deity and the Cult ................................................................. 1 1.1 Jupiter Dolichenus ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Origins of the Cult .............................................................................................. 1 1.3 Doliche .................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Geographic Distribution ................................................................................... 4 1.5 Chronological Distribution .............................................................................. 5 1.6 Primary Evidence ................................................................................................ 6 1.6.A Ancient Documents ..................................................................................... 6 1.6.A.i Ancient Texts........................................................................................... 6 1.6.A.ii Maps and Itineraries .............................................................................. 6 1.6.B Archaeological Evidence ............................................................................. 6 1.7 Secondary Evidence ........................................................................................... 7 1.7.A Modern Scholarship .................................................................................... 7 1.8 The Cult of Jupiter Dolichenum and Mithraism ....................................... 10 1.9 Figures ................................................................................................................ 11 2. Site Catalogue ............................................................................................................... 13 Site 1. Pannonia Superior: Carnuntum ............................................................. 14 2.1.A Name ............................................................................................................. 14 2.1.B Location ........................................................................................................ 14 2.1.C Occupation History ................................................................................... 15 2.1.D Construction History ................................................................................ 17 2.1.E Excavation History ....................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Unique Nature of the London Mithraeum
    The Post Hole Issue 41 The Unique Nature of the London Mithraeum Chase Minos1 1 School of Classics, Swallowgate, Butts Wynd, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AL. Email: [email protected] The mystery cult of Mithras was a religious phenomenon that was, for the most part, propagated through, and associated with, the Roman military. Many inscriptions and temples on the frontiers of Rome indicate that it extended from Britain to Dura Europos, and from the Rhine to the Nile over three centuries (Clauss 2000, 16). The Temple of Mithras in the Walbrook stream valley was perhaps the largest and most significant Mithraeum found in Britain, despite being an accidental discovery (Shepherd 1998, 13). Peculiarly, this Mithraeum’s location and size suggest that the nature of the cult might not have been as firmly connected with the Roman army as once thought. Mithraism was affected and influenced by local practices, gods and social changes within the Roman Empire, as will be made clear in some of the iconography discussed below (Clauss 2000, 16). Figure 1. Distribution of Inscriptions, Altars and Mithraea in Britain, Pannonia Superior, Germania and Dacia. Vermaseren, M.J. 1956, 449. Four legions were originally stationed in Britain but, after the first century this was reduced to three. During the next three centuries they gradually decreased in size (Mattingly 2006, 130-131). Initially they were the II Augusta, XIV Gemina (Martia Victrix post 61CE), the XX Augusta (Valeria Victrix post 61 CE) from Lower Germany, and the IX Hispana from Pannonia; six legions in total www.theposthole.org 34 The Post Hole Issue 41 are attested to have served in Britain including the II Adiutrix and VI Victrix (Daniels 1975, 249).
    [Show full text]
  • Temples and Priests of Sol in the City of Rome
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242330197 Temples and Priests of Sol in the City of Rome Article in Mouseion Journal of the Classical Association of Canada · January 2010 DOI: 10.1353/mou.2010.0073 CITATIONS READS 0 550 1 author: S. E. Hijmans University of Alberta 23 PUBLICATIONS 9 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: S. E. Hijmans Retrieved on: 03 November 2016 Temples and Priests of Sol in the city of Rome Summary It was long thought that Sol Invictus was a Syrian sun-god, and that Aurelian imported his cult into Rome after he had vanquished Zenobia and captured Palmyra. This sun-god, it was postulated, differed fundamentally from the old Roman sun-god Sol Indiges, whose cult had long since disappeared from Rome. Scholars thus tended to postulate a hiatus in the first centuries of imperial rule during which there was little or no cult of the sun in Rome. Recent studies, however, have shown that Aurelian’s Sol Invictus was neither new nor foreign, and that the cult of the sun was maintained in Rome without interruption from the city’s earliest history until the demise of Roman religion(s). This continuity of the Roman cult of Sol sheds a new light on the evidence for priests and temples of Sol in Rome. In this article I offer a review of that evidence and what we can infer from it the Roman cult of the sun. A significant portion of the article is devoted to a temple of Sol in Trastevere, hitherto misidentified.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman Art Treasures from the Temple of Mithras
    Front cover: Head of Mithras Back cover: Temple of Mithras. Visitors watching excavations in progress, 1954 Full details of membership and other publications can be obtained from the Honorary Secretary, London & Middlesex Archaeological Society, c/o Museum of London, 150 London Wall, London EC2Y SHN, or 3 Cedar Drive, Hatch End, Pinner, Middlesex HAS 4DD. The Roman Art Treasures from the Temple of Mithras THE ROMAN ART TREASURES FROM THE TEMPLE OF MITHRAS By j.M.C. Toynbee SPECIAL PAPER No.7 LONDON AND MIDDLESEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1986 The Society is grateful to the Historic Buildings & Monuments Commission for England and the Museum ofLondon for grants towards the cost ofthe publication ofthis report. ISBN 0 903290 31 6 1~~~E51 Printed in Great Britain by IX"U Page Bros (Norwich) Ltd CONTENTS Page Preface IV Introduction: the Archaeological Background, by \\". F. Grimes I List of Abbreviations 4 PART I Catalogue Second-century icorks in imported marble (Xos. 1-9) I. Head of ~lithras 5 2. Head of Minerva 10 3. Head of Serapis 13 4. Xlercurv group.............................................................................................................................. 18 S. Colossal hand of Mithras Tauroctonos 21 6. Small torso of Bacchus from narthex area 23 7. Small torso of Bacchus reused as building-stone........ 24 8. \Yater deitv................................................................................................................................... 25 9. Genius 27 Third-century u.ork in imported marble (:\"0. 10) 10. Relief of Mithras Tauroctonos 29 Third-century icorks in British stone (Xos, 11-13) 11. Left hand and forearm of Mithras Tauroctonos 31 12. Relief of Cautopates 32 13. Relief of Dioscurus 34 Thirdt:')-century works in importedmarble (:\"os.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Investing in Germany Introduction | 3
    BERLIN COLOGNE DUSSELDORF FRANKFURT HAMBURG MUNICH A guide to investing STUTTGART in Germany ísafördur Saudharkrokur Akureyri Borgarnes Keflavik Reykjavik Selfoss ICELAND Egilsstadir A guide to investing in Germany Introduction | 3 BERLIN FINLAND ME TI HT NORWAY IG HELSINKI FL COLOGNE R 2H SWEDEN TALLINN OSLO INTRODUCTION ESTONIA STOCKHOLM IME T T GH LI DUSSELDORF F IN 0M 3 RIGA INVESTING IN GERMANY R 1H LATVIA E FRANKFURT EDINBURGH IM T T LITHUANIA GH DENMARK LI F R COPENHAGEN VILNIUS BELFAST 1H MINSK IRELAND HAMBURG DUBLIN BELARUS IME HT T LIG F IN HAMBURG M 0 UNITED KINGDOM 3 WARSAW Germany is one of the largest Investment Markets in Europe, with an average commercial AMSTERDAM BERLIN KIEV MUNICH NETHERLANDS POLAND transaction volume of more than €25 bn (2007-2012). It is a safe haven for global capital and LONDON BRUSSELS DÜSSELDORF COLOGNE UKRAINE offers investors a stable financial, political and legal environment that is highly attractive to both BELGIUM PRAGUE STUTTGART FRANKFURT CZECH REPUBLIC domestic and international groups. LUXEMBOURG PARIS SLOVAKIA STUTTGART BRATISLAVA VIENNA MUNICH BUDAPEST This brochure provides an introduction to investing in German real estate. Jones Lang LaSalle FRANCE AUSTRIA HUNGARY BERN ROMANIA has 40 years experience in Germany and today has ten offices covering all of the major German SWITZERLAND SLOVENIA markets. Our full-service real estate offering is unrivalled in Germany and we look forward to LJUBLJANA CROATIA BUCHAREST ZAGREB BELGRADE sharing our in-depth market knowledge with you. BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA SERBIA SARAJEVO BULGARIA ITALY SOFIA PRESTINA KOSOVO Timo Tschammler MSc FRICS SKOPJE HAMBURG MACEDONIA International Director ROME TIRANA MADRID ALBANIA Management Board Germany PORTUGAL Lisboa (Lisbon) SPAIN GREECE Office and Industrial, Jones Lang LaSalle Setúbal ATHENS BERLIN Germany enjoys a thriving, robust and mature real estate market which is one of the DÜSSELDORF cornerstones of the German economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Virgil, Aeneid 11 (Pallas & Camilla) 1–224, 498–521, 532–96, 648–89, 725–835 G
    Virgil, Aeneid 11 (Pallas & Camilla) 1–224, 498–521, 532–96, 648–89, 725–835 G Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and commentary ILDENHARD INGO GILDENHARD AND JOHN HENDERSON A dead boy (Pallas) and the death of a girl (Camilla) loom over the opening and the closing part of the eleventh book of the Aeneid. Following the savage slaughter in Aeneid 10, the AND book opens in a mournful mood as the warring parti es revisit yesterday’s killing fi elds to att end to their dead. One casualty in parti cular commands att enti on: Aeneas’ protégé H Pallas, killed and despoiled by Turnus in the previous book. His death plunges his father ENDERSON Evander and his surrogate father Aeneas into heart-rending despair – and helps set up the foundati onal act of sacrifi cial brutality that caps the poem, when Aeneas seeks to avenge Pallas by slaying Turnus in wrathful fury. Turnus’ departure from the living is prefi gured by that of his ally Camilla, a maiden schooled in the marti al arts, who sets the mold for warrior princesses such as Xena and Wonder Woman. In the fi nal third of Aeneid 11, she wreaks havoc not just on the batt lefi eld but on gender stereotypes and the conventi ons of the epic genre, before she too succumbs to a premature death. In the porti ons of the book selected for discussion here, Virgil off ers some of his most emoti ve (and disturbing) meditati ons on the tragic nature of human existence – but also knows how to lighten the mood with a bit of drag.
    [Show full text]
  • Ein Spaziergang Durch Maria Saal Und Seine Umgebung
    Ein Spaziergang durch Maria Saal und seine Umgebung Alfred Ogris Ziel: Maria Saal, Marktgemeinde Maria Saal, Pol. Bez. Klagenfurt Land Erreichbarkeit: Von Klagenfurt mit dem PKW z. B. über die Klagenfurter Schnellstraße S 37 bis zur Abfahrt Maria Saal und von dort weiter in den Ort fahren. Im Nahbereich der Kirche gibt es diverse Parkplätze. Es fährt mehrmals ein Postbus von Klagenfurt wie auch von St. Veit von und nach Maria Saal (Haltestelle Maria Saal Ort). Maria Saal ist außerdem auch mit der Bahn S 1 gut erreichbar. Sehenswürdigkeiten: Propsteipfarr- und Wallfahrtskirche Mariae Himmelfahrt, zahlreiche sakrale und profane Baudenkmäler, Freilichtmuseum Die folgenden Ausführungen sollen es dem geneigten Besucher von Maria Saal erleichtern, sich in diesem kulturhistorisch bedeutenden Ort Kärntens einigermaßen strukturiert umsehen zu können. Keineswegs soll dadurch jedoch eine feste Route vorgegeben werden, auf der man sich bewegen muss. Es sollte jede und jeder frei nach Laune und Interesse entlang des dargebotenen Leitfadens versuchen, Maria Saal in seiner Vielfältigkeit zu erfassen. Dabei sollte man nicht davor zurückschrecken, kleine Pausen einzulegen und sich an den verschiedenen Stellen des stimmungsvollen Hauptplatzes oder beim Freilichtmuseum auch die eine oder andere Erfrischung zu gönnen. Ist von Maria Saal die Rede, so denkt jeder unwillkürlich an den über dem Zollfeld thronen- den Dom, der spätestens seit der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts eine weithin bekannte Wallfahrtskirche war, von der der Kapitel- schaffer Barthlmä Müller in einem Schreiben an den salzburgischen Vizedom in Friesach im Jahr 1644 meinte, Maria Saal sei „die Mutter aller anderen Gotteshäuser im Lande Kärnten“. Dies ist nicht verwunderlich, gilt doch Maria Saal seit den Zeiten des Chor- und Missionsbischofs Modestus als jene Kirche Karantaniens, von der aus um die Mitte des 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Peaceful Pluralism; the Durene Mithraeum, Synagogue, and Christian Building," Journal Vol: Journal Issue: Journal Year: 2011 Article Pages: 189-199
    r 10/29/2014 LionMail Mail - ILL RequestTN 538887 uoN f\A A I L Abigail E. Reiss <[email protected]> ',"c:() L U tv\ B I;\ ILL Request TN 538887 1 message Columbia University Libraries ILL/Lending <ill- Wed, Oct 29, 2014 at 11:37 [email protected]> AM To: [email protected] Columbia University ILL Request for Copy Borrowing Library: RBN TN #: 538887 ILL #: 134510316 Lending String: *ZCU,PUL,COO,PAU,BXM,AUM,T JC,WEL,IQU,MBB,SNN,SNN Aging Date: 20141028 Call Number: DS99.D8 D87 2011g Location: Avery Notes: Journal Title: Dura-Europos ; crossroads of antiquity / Pub: Chestnut Hill, Mass. ; McMullen Museum 0 Article Author: Patricia Deleeuw Article Title: A Peaceful Pluralism; The Durene Mithraeum, Synagogue, and Christian Building," Journal Vol: Journal Issue: Journal Year: 2011 Article Pages: 189-199 ***ARTICLE OR CANCELLATION NOTICE MUST BE RECEIVED IN ILL (307 BUTLER) WITHIN TWO BUSINESS DAYS. THANKS FOR YOUR COOPERATION.**** Please contact 212-854-3542 or email [email protected] with any questions. Columbia University Interlibrary Loan 307 Butler Library 535 W. 114th Street New York, NY 10027 https://mail.google.com/mail/ulOl?ui=2&ik=c8034d1164&vi ew= pt&search= inbox&th= 1495cdSdb48f4b5f&si m I= 1495cdSdb48f4b5f 1/1 ~~~Lc- D> ~3 "D~~ D~1 dD\\) This publication is issued in conjunction with the exhibition Dura-Europos: Crossroads of Antiquity, org, niz d by the YaleUniversity Art ellery and the McMullen Museum ofArt, Boston College. McMullen Museum of Art, Boston College February 5-June 5, 2011 Organized by the Yale University Art Gallery and the McMullen Museum of Art, Bast n 011 g , Dura-Europo: rotsro d of A"liquity ha been curated by Lisa R.
    [Show full text]
  • LITURGICAL COMMITTEE (Arts
    134 SUPPLEMENT 3 SUPPLEMENT 3 LITURGICAL COMMITTEE (Arts. 90, 135) The synod of 1964 appointed the Liturgical Committee and gave it this mandate: "a. ,to review all our liturgical literature in the light of its history, its theological content, and the contemporary needs of the churches; and to recommend such revisions or substitutions as the results of this review might recommend. "b. to study liturgical usages and practices in our churches in the light of Reformed liturgical principles and past synodical deci­ sions, and to advisp synod as to the guidance and supervision it ought to providllocal congregations in all liturgical matters." It soon became apparent to the committee that this mandate could be significantly fulfilled only by way of a thorough study of the history ()£ Christian worship in general and of Reformed worship in particular. Therefore, in harmony with the intention expressed to the synod of 1966 (Acts, 1966, p. 262) the committee has concentrated its initial effort on the order for the Sunday morning service of worship. In this work it has been served by the counsel of many colleagues outside the com~ rnittee. The resulting order· and its rationale are offered in the present report. The committee has now turned its attention to the baptismal service and confidently anticipates presenting a report embodying orders for the baptismal service to the synod of 1969. We 'wish to express our sincere appreciation to synod and to the ad­ ministration of Calvin College for releasing Dr. Lewis B. Srnedes from part of his teaching duties last semester so that he could prepare the initial drafts of the report.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Roads of Britain
    Roman Roads of Britain A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 04 Jul 2013 02:32:02 UTC Contents Articles Roman roads in Britain 1 Ackling Dyke 9 Akeman Street 10 Cade's Road 11 Dere Street 13 Devil's Causeway 17 Ermin Street 20 Ermine Street 21 Fen Causeway 23 Fosse Way 24 Icknield Street 27 King Street (Roman road) 33 Military Way (Hadrian's Wall) 36 Peddars Way 37 Portway 39 Pye Road 40 Stane Street (Chichester) 41 Stane Street (Colchester) 46 Stanegate 48 Watling Street 51 Via Devana 56 Wade's Causeway 57 References Article Sources and Contributors 59 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses License 63 Roman roads in Britain 1 Roman roads in Britain Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman army, constituted the three most impressive features of the Roman Empire. In Britain, as in their other provinces, the Romans constructed a comprehensive network of paved trunk roads (i.e. surfaced highways) during their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 - 410 AD). This article focuses on the ca. 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of Roman roads in Britain shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.[1] This contains the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is readily available to the general public. The pre-Roman Britons used mostly unpaved trackways for their communications, including very ancient ones running along elevated ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath.
    [Show full text]
  • Frankfurter Sozialbericht
    REIHE SOZIALES UND JUGEND | 41 Wir bieten Hilfe an. FRANKFURTER SOZIALBERICHT TEIL X: FAMILIEN IN FRANKFURT AM MAIN – LEBENSWIRKLICHKEIT UND UNTERSTÜTZUNGSBEDARFE Ergebnisse einer empirischen Erhebung unter Frankfurter Müttern und Vätern mit minderjährigen Kindern Dezernat für Soziales, Senioren, Jugend und Recht FRANKFURTER SOZIALBERICHT TEIL X: FAMILIEN IN FRANKFURT AM MAIN – LEBENSWIRKLICHKEIT UND UNTERSTÜTZUNGSBEDARFE Verfasser/-innen: Pia Bolz Dr. Herbert Jacobs Nicole Lubinski Wissenschaftliche Begleitung: Prof. Dr. Diether Döring Europäische Akademie der Arbeit in der Universität Frankfurt am Main Reiner Höft-Dzemski Deutscher Verein für öffentliche und private Fürsorge e. V., Berlin Mitglieder des Beirats der Sozialberichterstattung: Karl-Heinz Huth Agentur für Arbeit Frankfurt am Main Dr. Jürgen Richter Arbeiterwohlfahrt, Kreisverband Frankfurt am Main e.V. Petra Becher Bürgerinstitut e.V. Hartmut Fritz Caritasverband Frankfurt e.V. Michael Zimmermann-Freitag Der PARITÄTISCHE Hessen, Regionalgeschäftsstelle Ffm Horst Koch-Panzner DGB, Kreis Frankfurt am Main Pfarrer Dr. Michael Frase Diakonisches Werk Frankfurt am Main Prof. Dr. Gero Lipsmeier Fachhochschule Frankfurt am Main, Fachbereich 4 Rebekka Rammé Frankfurter Jugendring Dr. Ralf Geruschkat Industrie- und Handelskammer Frankfurt am Main Iris Behr Institut Wohnen und Umwelt, Darmstadt Dezernat für Soziales, Senioren, Jugend und Recht Frankfurt am Main, 2014 3 VORWORT 4 FRANKFURTER SOZIALBERICHT, TEIL X – FAMILIEN IN FRANKFURT AM MAIN 5 den vorliegenden Bericht eine umfangreiche
    [Show full text]
  • On the Roman Frontier1
    Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Impact of Empire Roman Empire, c. 200 B.C.–A.D. 476 Edited by Olivier Hekster (Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) Editorial Board Lukas de Blois Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt Elio Lo Cascio Michael Peachin John Rich Christian Witschel VOLUME 21 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/imem Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Edited by Daniëlle Slootjes and Michael Peachin LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016036673 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1572-0500 isbn 978-90-04-32561-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32675-0 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]