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Socialna, Gospodarska in Kulturna Zgodovina Slovenskega Izseljenstva 1870–1945

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Socialna, Gospodarska in Kulturna Zgodovina Slovenskega Izseljenstva 1870–1945 Marina Lukšič Hacin, Mirjam Milharčič Hladnik, Aleksej Kalc, Janja Žitnik Serafin SOCIALNA, GOSPODARSKA IN KULTURNA ZGODOVINA SLOVENSKEGA IZSELJENSTVA 1870–1945 Študija je zaključni rezultat raziskovalnega projekta Socialna, gospodarska in kulturna zgodovina slovenskega izseljenstva 1870–1945 ( J5-7167), ki ga je v letih 2016–2018 iz državnega proračuna sofinancirala Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije. Ljubljana 2018 Projekt Socialna, gospodarska in kulturna zgodovina slovenskega izseljenstva (1870-1945), št. J5-7167, je sofinancirala Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije iz državnega proračuna. Trajanje projekta: 1. januar 2016–31. december 2018 Spletna stran projekta: https://isim.zrc-sazu.si/sl/programi-in-projekti/socialna-gospodarska- in-kulturna-zgodovina-slovenskega-izseljenstva#v Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID=298362880 ISBN 978-961-05-0156-5 (pdf) Marina Lukšič Hacin, Mirjam Milharčič Hladnik, Aleksej Kalc, Janja Žitnik Serafin Socialna, gospodarska in kulturna zgodovina slovenskega izseljenstva 1870–1945 Izdajatelj: ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za slovensko izseljenstvo in migracije Za izdajatelja: Marina Lukšič Hacin Založila: Založba ZRC Za založnika: Oto Luthar Glavni urednik založbe: Aleš Pogačnik KAZALO PREDGOVOR ........................................................................................................................... 8 SELITVENA DINAMIKA SLOVENSKEGA PROSTORA V ZGODOVINSKI PERSPEKTIVI Marina Lukšič Hacin ........................................................ 12 I. DEL: SOCIALNA, GOSPODARSKA IN KULTURNA ZGODOVINA SLOVENSKEGA IZSELJENSTVA 1870–1945 UVOD ...................................................................................................................................... 36 I. ZGODOVINSKI, SOCIALNI, GOSPODARSKI IN POLITIČNI VIDIKI SLOVENSKEGA IZSELJENSTVA Aleksej Kalc MIGRACIJE DO PRVE SVETOVNE VOJNE ....................................................................... 48 OD TRADICIJE K MODERNOSTI .................................................................................... 48 »Teža« prebivalstva in začetek množičnega izseljevanja .................................................... 50 Regionalne razlike in posebnosti .......................................................................................... 53 Družbenoekonomski kontekst in dejavniki neravnovesij ..................................................... 59 SMERI IZSELJEVANJA: NOTRANJE IN MEDNARODNE MIGRACIJE ..................... 63 Deželne podobnosti in razlike .............................................................................................. 65 Slovenske dežele v avstrijskem kontekstu ........................................................................... 67 V AVSTRIJO IN NA OGRSKO .......................................................................................... 69 AMERIKA! PREDVSEM ZDA .......................................................................................... 72 Od pionirske dobe k »velikemu izseljevanju« ..................................................................... 73 Obseg in potek »velikega izseljevanja« v ZDA ................................................................... 74 DRUGE ČEZOCEANSKE DESTINACIJE ........................................................................ 82 NEMČIJA IN EGIPT ........................................................................................................... 85 DRUGE DESTINACIJE: OD ŠVICE DO BOSNE IN HERCEGOVINE TER TURČIJE 89 MIGRACIJSKE OBLIKE: STARE IN NOVE DIMENZIJE .............................................. 91 Stare in nove krožne migracije ............................................................................................. 91 Z zemlje na zemljo ............................................................................................................... 96 Migracije v dobi globaliziranega industrijskega delovnega trga ....................................... 101 Primer ZDA .................................................................................................................... 102 3 Migracijska transportna industrija ................................................................................ 112 Družbene mreže – neformalni dejavniki migracijskega sistema .................................... 115 Primer Nemčije .............................................................................................................. 117 SOBIVANJE IN RAZNOLIKOST MIGRACIJSKIH OBLIK ......................................... 119 MOŠKI IN ŽENSKE ......................................................................................................... 128 MIGRACIJSKI REŽIMI IN MIGRACIJSKA POLITIKA ............................................... 134 Država in izseljevanje ........................................................................................................ 134 Migracije kot moralni in narodni problem ......................................................................... 143 PRVA SVETOVNA VOJNA KOT PRELOMNICA ........................................................ 152 ZAČETEK NOVE DOBE .................................................................................................. 157 IZSELJEVANJE NA SLOVENSKEM MED OBEMA SVETOVNIMA VOJNAMA: DEMOGRAFSKI OKVIR ................................................................................................. 159 KONEC VELIKEGA ČEZOCEANSKEGA IZSELJEVANJA IN PREOBRAT V MIGRACIJSKI GEOGRAFIJI .......................................................................................... 162 EVROPA ............................................................................................................................ 168 Nemčija .............................................................................................................................. 170 Francija ............................................................................................................................... 172 Beneluks ............................................................................................................................. 174 Organizirano izseljevanje in pogodbeno delo .................................................................... 175 Med načelno enakopravnostjo in gospodarsko krizo ......................................................... 177 NOTRANJE MIGRACIJE V JUGOSLOVANSKEM PROSTORU ................................. 180 MIGRACIJE V »ZAMEJSTVIH« ..................................................................................... 185 Razmere, vzroki, vzgibi ..................................................................................................... 185 V domovino Jugoslavijo ..................................................................................................... 190 V tujino: Južna Amerika .................................................................................................... 194 Druge destinacije ................................................................................................................ 196 NOTRANJA KOLONIZACIJA ......................................................................................... 198 SEZONSTVO ..................................................................................................................... 201 MIGRACIJE IN DIASPORA POD NADZOROM ........................................................... 204 4 II. ORGANIZACIJE, KULTURNO-UMETNIŠKA DEJAVNOST IN SKRB ZA MATERNI JEZIK Janja Žitnik Serafin ORGANIZIRANOST SLOVENSKIH IZSELJENCEV IN SPEKTER DEJAVNOSTI ....... 247 POTREBA PO ETNIČNEM POVEZOVANJU V IZSELJENSTVU ............................... 247 SEVERNA AMERIKA ...................................................................................................... 249 Združene države Amerike .................................................................................................. 249 Začetki, razvoj in obseg organiziranega povezovanja ................................................... 249 Glavne osrednje podporne organizacije Slovencev v ZDA ........................................... 253 Slovenski narodni domovi .............................................................................................. 259 Povezovanje z drugimi narodi ........................................................................................ 260 Društva prekmurskih Slovencev v ZDA .......................................................................... 262 Dve osrednji ženski organizaciji .................................................................................... 263 Spekter kulturno-umetniške produkcije .......................................................................... 265 Šport ............................................................................................................................... 269 Pomoč stari domovini v času prve in druge svetovne vojne .......................................... 270 Kanada ................................................................................................................................ 276 JUŽNA AMERIKA ............................................................................................................ 278 Argentina ............................................................................................................................ 278 Brazilija in Urugvaj ...........................................................................................................
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