DOCSLIB.ORG

A History of Modern Psychology Eighth Edition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A History of Modern Psychology Eighth Edition A History of Modern Psychology Eighth Edition Duane P. Schultz University of South Florida Sydney Ellen Schultz THOMSON *J WADSWORTH Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain United Kingdom • United States Preface xvi People as Machines 32 The Calculating Engine 33 The Beginnings of Modern Science 36 Chapter 1 Rene Descartes (1596-1650) 37 THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY The Contributions of Descartes: Mechanism OF PSYCHOLOGY 1 and the Mind-Body Problem 39 The Development of Modern Psychology 1 The Nature of the Body 40 The Relevance of the Past for the Present 2 The Mind-Body Interaction 42 The Data of History: Reconstructing The Doctrine of Ideas 42 Psychology's Past 5 Philosophical Foundations of the New Historiography: How We Study History 5 Psychology: Positivism, Materialism, Lost or Suppressed Data 7 and Empiricism 44 Data Distorted in Translation 8 Auguste Comte (1798 -1857) 44 Self-Serving Data 9 John Locke (1632-1704) 45 Contextual Forces in Psychology 10 In Their Own Words: Original Source Economic Opportunity 11 Material on Empiricism from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding War 12 (1690), by John Locke 47 Prejudice and Discrimination 12 George Berkeley (1685 -1753) 51 Conceptions of Scientific History 18 David Hume (1711-1776) 53 The Personalistic Theory 18 David Hartley (1705-1757) 55 The Naturalistic Theory 18 James Mill (1773-1836) 56 Schools of Thought in the Evolution of John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) 5 7 Modern Psychology 21 Contributions of Empiricism Plan of the Book 23 to Psychology 59 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 24 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 59 SUGGESTED READINGS 24 SUGGESTED READINGS 60 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 PHILOSOPHICAL INFLUENCES PHYSIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON PSYCHOLOGY 26 ON PSYCHOLOGY 62 The Spirit of Mechanism 26 The Importance of the Human Observer 62 The Clockwork Universe 28 Developments in Early Physiology 64 Determinism and Reductionism 29 Research on Brain Functions: Mapping from Automata 29 the Inside 65 vjj viii CONTENTS Research on Brain Functions: Mapping from Organizing the Elements of Conscious the Outside 66 Experience 98 Research on the Nervous System 69 In Their Own Words: Original Source The Mechanistic Spirit 70 Material on the Law of Psychic Resultants and the Principle of Creative Synthesis The Beginnings of Experimental from Outline of Psychology (1896), Psychology 70 by Wilhelm Wundt 98 Why Germany? 71 The Fate of Wundt's Psychology Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) 73 in Germany 100 Helmholtz's Life 73 Criticisms ofWundtian Psychology 100 Helmholtz's Contributions: The Neural Wundt's Legacy 101 Impulse, Vision, and Audition 74 Other Developments in German Ernst Weber (1795-1878) 76 Psychology 102 Two-Point Thresholds 76 Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) 103 Just Noticeable Differences 76 Ebbinghaus's Life 103 Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-1887) 77 Research on Learning 104 Fechner's Life 78 Research with Nonsense Syllables 105 Mind and Body: A Quantitative Ebbinghaus's Other Contributions Relationship 79 to Psychology 107 Methods of Psychophysics 81 Franz Brentano (1838-1917) 108 In Their Own Words: Original Source The Study of Mental Acts 109 Material on Psychophysics from Carl Stumpf (1848-1936) 110 Elements of Psychophysics (1860), by Gustav Fechner 82 Phenomenology 111 The Formal Founding of Psychology 84 Oswald Kiilpe (1862-1915) 111 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 85 Ktilpe's Differences with Wundt 112 SUGGESTED READINGS 85 Systematic Experimental Introspection 112 Imageless Thought 113 Research Topics of the Wurzburg Chapter 4 Laboratory 114 THE NEW PSYCHOLOGY 87 Comment 114 The Founding Father of Modern DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 115 Psychology 87 SUGGESTED READINGS 116 Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) 88 Wundt's Life 88 Chapter 5 The Leipzig Years 90 STRUCTURALISM 117 Cultural Psychology 91 The Shidy of Conscious Experience 93 Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927) 118 The Method of Introspection 95 Elements of Conscious Experience 96 Titchener's Life 118 CONTENTS ix Titchener's Experimentalists: No Women In Their Own Words: Original Source Allowed! 120 Material from Hereditary Genius: An The Content of Conscious Experience 122 Inquiry Into Its Laws and Consequences (1869), by Francis Galton 156 In Their Own Words: Original Source Material on Structuralism from Statistical Methods 157 A Textbook of Psychology (1909), Mental Tests 158 by E. B. Titchener 123 The Association of Ideas 160 Introspection 125 Mental Imagery 161 The Elements of Consciousness 127 Arithmetic by Smell and Other Topics 161 Criticisms of Structuralism 130 Comment 162 Criticisms of Introspection 130 Animal Psychology and the Development Additional Criticisms of Titchener's of Functionalism 163 System 133 George John Romanes (1848-1894) 164 Contributions of Structuralism 133 C. Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936) 166 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 134 Comment 168 SUGGESTED READINGS 135 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 168 SUGGESTED READINGS 169 Chapter 6 FUNCTIONALISM: Chapter 7 ANTECEDENT INFLUENCES 136 FUNCTIONALISM: DEVELOPMENT The Functionalist Protest 136 AND FOUNDING 171 Forerunners of Functionalism 137 Evolution Comes to America 171 The Evolution Revolution: Charles Darwin Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) 171 (1809-1882) 137 Social Darwinism 172 Darwin's Life 140 Synthetic Philosophy 17A On the Origin of Species by Means The Continuing Evolution of of Natural Selection 143 Machines 174 The Finches' Beaks: Evolution Henry Hollerith and the Punched Cards 175 at Work 147 William James (1842-1910): Anticipator The Evolution of Machines 148 of Functional Psychology 175 Darwin's Influence on Psychology 150 James's Life 176 In Their Own Words: Original Source The Principles of Psychology 182 Material from The Autobiography of The Subject Matter of Psychology: Charles Darwin (1876) 151 A New Look at Consciousness 182 Individual Differences: Francis Galton In Their Own Words: Original Source (1822-1911) 153 Material on Consciousness from Galton's life 153 Psychology (Briefer Course) (1892), Mental Inheritance 154 by William James 184 x CONTENTS The Methods of Psychology 186 Granville Stanley Hall (1844 -1924) 211 Pragmatism 186 Hall's Life 212 The Theory of Emotions 186 Evolution and the Recapitulation Theory of Habit 187 Development 216 The Functional Inequality of Women 188 Comment 218 Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) 188 James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944) 218 Helen Bradford Thompson Woolley (1874- Cattell's Life 218 1947) 190 Mental Testing 222 Leta Stetter Hollingworth (1886-1939) 191 Comment 223 The Founding of Functionalism 192 The Psychological Testing Movement 224 The Chicago School 193 Binet, Terman, and the IQ Test 224 John Dewey (1859-1952) 194 World War I and Group Testing 226 The Reflex Arc 194 Ideas from Medicine and Engineering 229 Comment 195 Racial Differences in Intelligence 229 James Rowland Angell (1869-1949) 196 Contributions of Women to the Testing Angell's Life 196 Movement 232 The Province of Functional Psychology 196 Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) 233 Comment 197 Witmer's Life 234 Harvey A. Carr (1873-1954) 198 Clinics for Child Evaluation 236 Functionalism: The Final Form 198 Comment 237 Functionalism at Columbia University 200 The Clinical Psychology Movement 237 Robert Sessions Woodworth Walter Dill Scott (1869-1955) 239 (1869-1962) 200 Scott's Life 239 Woodworth's Life 200 Advertising and Human Suggestibility 241 Dynamic Psychology 201 Employee Selection 241 Criticisms of Functionalism 202 Comment 242 Contributions of Functionalism 204 The Industrial-Organizational DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 204 Psychology Movement 243 SUGGESTED READINGS 205 The Impact of the World Wars 243 The Hawthorne Studies and Organizational Issues 243 Chapter 8 Contributions of Women to Industrial- APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY: THE LEGACY Organizational Psychology 245 OF FUNCTIONALISM 207 Hugo Munsterberg (1863-1916) 246 Toward a Practical Psychology 207 Milnsterberg's Life 247 The Grpwth of American Psychology 208 Forensic Psychology and Eyewitness Testimony 249 Economic Influences on Applied Psychology 210 Psychotherapy 250 CONTENTS xi Industrial Psychology 251 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 287 Comment 252 SUGGESTED READINGS 287 Applied Psychology in the United States: A National Mania 252 Chapter 10 Comment 254 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 255 BEHAVIORISM: THE BEGINNINGS 289 SUGGESTED READINGS 256 John B. Watson (1878-1958) 289 Watson's Life 289 Chapter 9 In Their Own Words: Original Source Material on Behaviorism from Psychology BEHAVIORISM: ANTECEDENT as the Behaviorist Views It (1913), by INFLUENCES 258 John B. Watson 297 Toward a Science of Behavior 258 The Reaction to Watson's Program 300 The Influence of Animal Psychology The Methods of Behaviorism 301 on Behaviorism 260 The Subject Matter of Behaviorism 303 Jacques Loeb (1859-1924) 260 Instincts 304 Rats, Ants, and the Animal Mind 261 Emotions 305 Clever Hans, the Clever Horse 264 Thought Processes 307 Edward Lee Thorndike (1874 -1949) 267 Behaviorism's Popular Appeal 308 Thorndike's Life 268 An Outbreak of Psychology 311 Connectionism 269 Watson and the Animal Rights The Puzzle Box 270 Movement 312 Laws of Learning 271 Karl Lashley (1890-1958) 313 Comment 272 Criticisms of Watson's Behaviorism 314 Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov (1849-1936) 273 William McDougall (1871-1938) 314 Pavlov's Life 273 Contributions of Watson's Behaviorism 316 Conditioned Reflexes 276 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 317 In Their Own Words: Original Source SUGGESTED READINGS 318 Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927), by Ivan Pavlov 279 Chapter 11 A Note on E. B. Twitmyer 280 Comment 281 BEHAVIORISM: AFTER THE FOUNDING 320 Vladimir M. Bekhterev (1857-1927) 282 Associated Reflexes 283 Three
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 'Introspectionism' and the Mythical Origins of Scientific Psychology
    Consciousness and Cognition Consciousness and Cognition 15 (2006) 634–654 www.elsevier.com/locate/concog ‘Introspectionism’ and the mythical origins of scientific psychology Alan Costall Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 2DY, UK Received 1 May 2006 Abstract According to the majority of the textbooks, the history of modern, scientific psychology can be tidily encapsulated in the following three stages. Scientific psychology began with a commitment to the study of mind, but based on the method of introspection. Watson rejected introspectionism as both unreliable and effete, and redefined psychology, instead, as the science of behaviour. The cognitive revolution, in turn, replaced the mind as the subject of study, and rejected both behaviourism and a reliance on introspection. This paper argues that all three stages of this history are largely mythical. Introspectionism was never a dominant movement within modern psychology, and the method of introspection never went away. Furthermore, this version of psychology’s history obscures some deep conceptual problems, not least surrounding the modern conception of ‘‘behaviour,’’ that continues to make the scientific study of consciousness seem so weird. Ó 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Introspection; Introspectionism; Behaviourism; Dualism; Watson; Wundt 1. Introduction Probably the most immediate result of the acceptance of the behaviorist’s view will be the elimination of self-observation and of the introspective reports resulting from such a method. (Watson, 1913b, p. 428). The problem of consciousness occupies an analogous position for cognitive psychology as the prob- lem of language behavior does for behaviorism, namely, an unsolved anomaly within the domain of an approach.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Human Mating: Trade-Offs and Strategic Pluralism
    BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2000) 23, 573–644 Printed in the United States of America The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism Steven W. Gangestad Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 [email protected] Jeffry A. Simpson Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 [email protected]. Abstract: During human evolutionary history, there were “trade-offs” between expending time and energy on child-rearing and mating, so both men and women evolved conditional mating strategies guided by cues signaling the circumstances. Many short-term matings might be successful for some men; others might try to find and keep a single mate, investing their effort in rearing her offspring. Recent evidence suggests that men with features signaling genetic benefits to offspring should be preferred by women as short-term mates, but there are trade-offs between a mate’s genetic fitness and his willingness to help in child-rearing. It is these circumstances and the cues that signal them that underlie the variation in short- and long-term mating strategies between and within the sexes. Keywords: conditional strategies; evolutionary psychology; fluctuating asymmetry; mating; reproductive strategies; sexual selection Research on interpersonal relationships, especially roman- attributes (e.g., physical attractiveness) tend to assume tic ones, has increased markedly in the last three decades greater importance in mating relationships than in other (see Berscheid & Reis 1998) across a variety of fields, in- types of relationships (Buss 1989; Gangestad & Buss 1993 cluding social psychology, anthropology, ethology, sociol- [see also Kenrick & Keefe: “Age Preferences in Mates Re- ogy, developmental psychology, and personology (Ber- flect Sex Differences in Human Reproductive Strategies” scheid 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Narcissism and the Strategic Pursuit of Short-Term Mating: Universal Links Across 11 World Regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2
    Psychological Topics, 26 (2017), 1, 89-137 Original Scientific Paper – UDC – 616.89-008.442.6 159.923.3.072 613.88 Narcissism and the Strategic Pursuit of Short-Term Mating: Universal Links across 11 World Regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2 David P. Schmitt - Bradley University, USA, Lidia Alcalay - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Jüri Allik - University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, I.C.B. Alves - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Craig A. Anderson - Iowa State University, USA, A.L. Angelini - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Jens B. Asendorpf - Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Ivars Austers - University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, Isabel Balaguer - University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain, Américo Baptista - University of Lusofona-Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal, Sóley S. Bender - University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, Kevin Bennett - Penn State University-Beaver, USA, Gabriel Bianchi - Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, Behrooz Birashk - Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Tehran, Iran, April Bleske-Rechek - University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, USA, Fredrick A. Boholst - University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines, Lynda Boothroyd - University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, Teresa Borja - Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador, Arjan Bos - Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Edwin Brainerd - Clemson University, USA, David P. Schmitt, Department of Psychology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 62625, USA until August of 2017. Afterward send correspondence to David P. Schmitt, Psychology Division, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected] Data collection representing Costa Rica was from the University of Costa Rica and was supported by the University of Costa Rica Psychological Research Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Introductory Psychology Textbooks in America Randall D
    Ouachita Baptist University Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita Articles Faculty Publications 1992 Portraits of a Discipline: An Examination of Introductory Psychology Textbooks in America Randall D. Wight Ouachita Baptist University, [email protected] Wayne Weiten Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/articles Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Weiten, W. & Wight, R. D. (1992). Portraits of a discipline: An examination of introductory psychology textbooks in America. In C. L. Brewer, A. Puente, & J. R. Matthews (Eds.), Teaching of psychology in America: A history (pp. 453-504). Washington DC: American Psychological Association. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 20 PORTRAITS OF A DISCIPLINE: AN EXAMINATION OF INTRODUCTORY PSYCHOLOGY TEXTBOOKS IN AMERICA WAYNE WEITEN AND RANDALL D. WIGHT The time has gone by when any one person could hope to write an adequate textbook of psychology. The science has now so many branches, so many methods, so many fields of application, and such an immense mass of data of observation is now on record, that no one person can hope to have the necessary familiarity with the whole. -An author of an introductory psychology text If we compare general psychology textbooks of today with those of from ten to twenty years ago we note an undeniable trend toward amelio- We are indebted to several people who provided helpful information in responding to our survey discussed in the second half of the chapter, including Solomon Diamond for calling attention to Samuel Johnson and Noah Porter, Ernest R.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Psychology
    Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1997,4 (3), 342-349 T. V. Moore's (1939) Cognitive Psychology AIMEEM. SURPRENANT and IANNEATH Purdue University, WestLafayette, Indiana Thomas Verner Moore published a book called Cognitive Psychology in 1939,almost 30 years be­ fore Neisser's (1967) more familiar and far more influential work. Although it covers most of the stan­ dard topics found in current cognitive psychology textbooks, and even anticipated several current trends, Moore's text is not cited by any ofthe major histories of the "cognitive revolution" or any cur­ rent cognitive textbook. Weprovide a briefsketch of Moore's academic life and summarize several of his papers that are still cited. After describing the psychologies prevalent in 1939,we compare Moore's text with two contemporary works, Woodworth (1938) and McGeoch (1942). We conclude by com­ paring the older textwith Neisser's and by offering several reasons why the book is virtually unknown. Cognitive psychology differs from other areas of sci­ ner, 1985; Lachman, Lachman, & Butterfield, 1979) or entific psychology in that it loudly and proudly proclaims any ofthe current undergraduate cognitive textbooks cite to have arisen out ofa (largely bloodless) revolution. The the work. Neisser himselfwas unaware ofthe earlier vol­ very phrase "cognitive revolution" implies a fundamen­ ume until a few years after his version was published; in­ tal change in theories and research into human thought deed, his title might have been different ifhe had known and behavior and a complete overthrow of the previous about the earlier work (Neisser, personal communica­ way of thinking. As with most revolutions, the circum­ tion, June 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • Book Chapter V2 History
    THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 1 Title The History of Developmental Psychology Authors Moritz M. Daum1,2 & Mirella Manfredi1 Affiliations 1University of Zurich, Department of Psychology, Developmental Psychology: Infancy and Childhood 2University of Zurich, Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development Address of correspondence Moritz M. Daum, University of Zurich, Department of Psychology, Developmental Psychology: Infancy and Childhood, Binzmuehlestrasse 14, Box 21, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland. Phone: +41 (0)44 635 74 86, E-Mail: [email protected] ORCID IDs Moritz M. Daum: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4032-4574 Mirella Manfredi: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6549-1993 THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2 Introduction The authors of this paper were invited to provide a chapter on how to teach “Developmental Psychology” (Daum & Manfredi, forthcoming) to the “International Handbook of Psychology Learning and Teaching” (Zumbach et al., forthcoming). When writing, the authors got lost in the details and wrote just a tiny little bit more than the editors asked for. In the end, we had to cut a substantial part of the chapter and decided to delete entire sections, one of them was the part on the “History of Developmental Psychology”. We nevertheless thought that the section could be of interest to somebody out there and put it as a preprint on the open science platform PsyArXiv. Enjoy reading. The History of Developmental Psychology Following the quote attributed to Goethe: “If you want to know how something is, you must look at how it came to be”, the goal of this section is to embed current views on development into a larger historical perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Seven Functionalism: Development and Founding
    Chapter Seven Functionalism: Development and Founding PSY 495 History and Systems Dr. Rick Grieve Western Kentucky University Evolution Comes to America z Background – 1900: American psychology had taken on a life of its own z Functions of the mind z Individualism, inventiveness, and ingenuity z Herbert Spencer (1820(1820--1903)1903) – Kooky, but became a hero in America – Social Darwinism z Evolution and natural selection apply to the social realm Evolution Comes to America z Spencer argued that the development of all aspects of the universe follows evolutionary principles – Including human character and social institution z “survival of the fittest” – Those who are best adapted will be those most likely to survive and pass traits on to future generations – Only the best will survive – Leave people and organizations alone to develop themselves and society in their own ways • Those which cannot adapt are unfit for survival and should be allowed to perish • This way, society could eventually achieve perfection 1 Evolution Comes to America – Synthetic Philosophy z Knowledge and experience can be explained in terms of evolutionary principles z Principles of Psychology (1855) – Mind exists in its present form because of past and continuing efforts to adapt to various environments The Continuing Evolution of Machines z Henry Hollerith and the Punched Cards – Hollerith was an engineer who developed punched cards z Improve d the a bilitbility o f mac hines to process da ta – Radically altered info processing – Renewed hopes (and fears) that
    [Show full text]
  • 1 1879 First Psychology Laboratory Wilhelm Wundt Opens the World's
    1879 First psychology laboratory Wilhelm Wundt opens the world’s first experimental laboratory in psychology at the University of Leipzig, Germany. Credited with establishing psychology as an academic discipline, Wundt's students include Emil Kraepelin, James McKeen Cattell, and G. Stanley Hall. 1883 First American psychology laboratory G. Stanley Hall, a student of Wilhelm Wundt, establishes first U.S. experimental psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. 1886 First doctorate in psychology The first doctorate in psychology is given to Joseph Jastrow, a student of G. Stanley Hall at Johns Hopkins University. Jastrow later becomes professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin and serves as president of the American Psychological Association in 1900. 1888 First professor of psychology The academic title "professor of psychology" is given to James McKeen Cattell in 1888, the first use of this designation in the United States. A student of Wilhelm Wundt's, Cattell serves as professor of psychology at University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University. 1892 APA founded G. Stanley Hall founds the American Psychological Association (APA) and serves as its first president. He later establishes two key journals in the field: American Journal of Psychology (1887) and Journal of Applied Psychology (1917). 1 1896 Functionalism Functionalism, an early school of psychology, focuses on the acts and functions of the mind rather than its internal contents. Its most prominent American advocates are William James and John Dewey, whose 1896 article "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" promotes functionalism. Psychoanalysis The founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, introduces the term in a scholarly paper. Freud's psychoanalytic approach asserts that people are motivated by powerful, unconscious drives and conflicts.
    [Show full text]
  • Direct Perception (Michaels & Carello, 1981)
    Direct Perception Claire F Michaels LAKE FOREST COLLEGE Claudia Carello UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT PRENTICE-HALL, INC, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 ii Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Michaels, Claire F. (1948) Direct perception. (Century psychology series) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Perception. 2. Environmental psychology. I. Carello, Claudia, joint author. 11. Title. BF311.M496 153.7 80-28572 ISBN 0-13-214791-2 Editorial production/supervision and interior design by Edith Riker Manufacturing buyer Edmund W. Leone In Memory of JAMES JEROME GIBSON (1904-1979) CENTURY PSYCHOLOGY SERIES James J. Jenkins Walter Mischel Willard W. Hartup Editors ©1981 by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632 Copyright tranferred to authors. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the authors. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Prentice-Hall International, Inc., London Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney Prentice-Hall of Canada, Ltd., Toronto Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi Prentice-HaH of Japan, Inc., Tokyo Prentice-Hall of Southeast Asia Pte. Ltd., Singapore Whitehall Books Limited, Wellington, New Zealand iii Contents Credits vi Preface vii 1 CONTRASTING VIEWS OF PERCEPTION 1 Indirect Perception: The Theory of Impoverished Input, 2 Direct Perception: The Ecological View, 9 Additional Contrasts, 13 Summary, 16 Overview of the Book, 17 iv 2 INFORMATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT 19 Invariants,
    [Show full text]
  • Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology
    Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology Edited by Claude E. Buxton Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 1985 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers) Orlando San Diego New York London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo Passages from the following are reprinted by permission of the publishers: Newell, Α., Duncker on Thinking, in S. Koch & D. Leary (Eds.), A Century of Psychology as Science. Copyright 1985 by McGraw-Hill. Neisser, U., Cognitive Psychology. © 1967 by Prentice-Hall. COPYRIGHT © 1985 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Main entry under title: Points of view in the modern history of psychology. Includes indexes. 1. Psychology— History. I. Buxton, Claude E. BF81.P57 1985 150\9 85-4010 ISBN 0-12-148510-2 (alk. paper) PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 85 86 87 88 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Mitchell G. Ash (295), Department of History, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 William Bevan (259), John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Illinois 60603 Arthur L. Blumenthal (19, 51), Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125 Claude E.
    [Show full text]
  • Narcissism and the Strategic Pursuit of Short-Term Mating: Universal Links Across 11 World Regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2
    Psychological Topics, 26 (2017), 1, 89-137 Original Scientific Paper – UDC – 616.89-008.442.6 159.923.3.072 613.88 Narcissism and the Strategic Pursuit of Short-Term Mating: Universal Links across 11 World Regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2 David P. Schmitt - Bradley University, USA, Lidia Alcalay - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, Jüri Allik - University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, I.C.B. Alves - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Craig A. Anderson - Iowa State University, USA, A.L. Angelini - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Jens B. Asendorpf - Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Ivars Austers - University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia, Isabel Balaguer - University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain, Américo Baptista - University of Lusofona-Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal, Sóley S. Bender - University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, Kevin Bennett - Penn State University-Beaver, USA, Gabriel Bianchi - Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, Behrooz Birashk - Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Tehran, Iran, April Bleske-Rechek - University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, USA, Fredrick A. Boholst - University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines, Lynda Boothroyd - University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, Teresa Borja - Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador, Arjan Bos - Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Edwin Brainerd - Clemson University, USA, David P. Schmitt, Department of Psychology, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 62625, USA until August of 2017. Afterward send correspondence to David P. Schmitt, Psychology Division, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected] Data collection representing Costa Rica was from the University of Costa Rica and was supported by the University of Costa Rica Psychological Research Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Psychology 4910
    1 Psychology 4910 – Chapter 10: The Psychology of Adaptation Heraclitus – World of Becoming – world that we see is in a constant state of chang - phusis (fundamental substance of matter) was fire Parmenides – World of Being – underlying permanent reality of the world was an unchanging substance Aristotle’s Scala Natura or Great Chain of Being + observations of fossils & different forms of life in foreign countries Lamarkian evolution theory - Vitalism – living things cannot be explained in purely mechanical terms because something immaterial distinguishes living from nonliving things - Vitalism – enabled living things to improve and perfect themselves over long periods of time. just as living organisms changed throughout life (e.g. grubs grew wings & became butterflies) – species could change over time idea of evolution Theory of evolution needs two principles: (1) Mechanism for change (2) Mechanism for preserving the changes that arise. Romantic (Lamarckian) Evolution Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829) – taxonomist - living species have innate drive to perfect themselves - organisms adapt to their environment and change in the process inheritance of acquired characteristics Herbert Spencer – “survival of the fittest” (1852) Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) - provided the mechanism for change in species: Natural selection - naturalist on board Beagle which sailed around the world - noticed the huge variety in living things - e.g. variety of finches on Galapagos Islands which differed slightly (e.g. in type of beak) depending on food
    [Show full text]