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Relation Between Natural Radioactivity in Sediment and Potential Heavy Mineral Enrichment on the Washington Continental Shelf

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Relation Between Natural Radioactivity in Sediment and Potential Heavy Mineral Enrichment on the Washington Continental Shelf AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF RONALD CARL SCHEIDT for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE (Name) (Degree) in OCEANOGRAPHY presented on August 30, 1974 (Major department) (Date) Title: RELATION BETWEEN NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY IN SEDIMENT AND POTENTIAL HEAVY MINERAL ENRICH- MENT ON THE WASHINGTON CONTINENTAL SHELF Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved:72 Norman H. Cutshall Natural radionuclides may be indicators for dense mineral placers along marine shorelines.Relict beach and river deposits occur in continental shelf sediments. These deposits result from the reworking of beach sands by wave action during the Holocene Trans- gression. Some dense, resistant minerals associated with placer deposits are known to contain238Uand232Thactivities.Shelf sedi- ments, enriched in heavy minerals, might be expected to be high in these natural radioactivities.The usefulness of natural radioactivity to locate and to map dense mineral deposits was therefore explored and relations between natural radioactivity in marine sediments and dense mineral content were established. High40Kactivity in sediments was positively correlated signifi- cantly with high mud content. High230Thand232Thactivities were associated with fine, well-sorted sands and correlated very highly with the weight percent total heavy mineral sands in the sediment. These relations distinguish depositional environments as high in content and erosional environments as high in230Thand232Th content. Two areas of enrichment were found by radiometric mapping and by mineral analyses.Off Destruction Island, Washington, maximum 232 230Th and Th activities were found in 30 m water depth.Activity distribution and mineral enrichment were consistent with general northward transport of nearshore sediment. In 33 m water depth off Clatsop Spit, Oregon, the second enrichment area was found.The 232Th/230Th activity ratios. are different for these two areas. Probably the heavy minerals in these two areas are from different sources. Relation between Natural Radioactivity in Sediment and Potential Heavy Mineral Enrichment on the Washington Continental Shelf by Ronald Carl Scheidt A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science June 1975 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Research Associate in Oceanography in charge of major Redacted for Privacy of School of Oceanography Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presentedAugust 30, 1974 Typed by Suelynn Williams for Ronald Carl Scheidt ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Norman Cutshall for his sponsorship and for his suggesting a major part of this investigation. I also wish to thank the Environmental Protection Agency, National Science Foundation and the Veterans Administration for their financial assistance while pursuing this work. Sample collection and instrumental analyses were accomplished under U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract AT(45-l)2227, Task Agreement 12.(RLO-2227-Tl2-52). I am grateful to the officers and crews of the R/V YAQUINA and R/V THOMPSON for their assistance in obtaining the marine sediments. I thank my colleague Vernon Johnson for his hours of discussion and for his many suggestions and observations. Finally, I thank my wife, Patricia, for unstinting support and encouragement, and my children for their patience, during the years of my graduate study and research. TABLE OF CONTENTS IN TR ODUC TION 1 BACKGROUND 2 Holocene Stilistands and Relict Beaches 2 Geochemistry and Geochemical Balance of238U and 232Th Series 3 Uranium and Thorium Bearing Minerals 5 Minerals in Placer Deposits 9 Geology Adjacent to the Study Area 11 Oceanographic Conditions and Bathymetry of the Study Area 12 Previous Work 15 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 17 Collection of Samples 17 Sediment Analyses 17 General Treatment 17 Preparation of 238U and 232Th Standards 17 Radioanalysis of Shell Sediments 20 Sampling and Resolution Errors 20 Mineral Analysis 21 Texture Analysis 22 Magnetic Susceptibility and Mineralogy of a Selected Station 22 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 24 Relations between Natural Radioactivity and Mineral Facies 24 232Th Activity and Total Heavy Mineral Sands 24 23OTh Activity and Total Heavy Mineral Sands 27 40K, Mud and Light Mineral Sands 30 230Th/40K Activity Ratio and Total Heavy Mineral Sands 32 23OTh and 232Th, and the 230Th/40K Activity Ratio and 232Th 35 Distribution of Natural Radioactivity and Total Heavy Mineral Sands and Sediment Textures on the Washington Continental Shell 38 Iistribution of 232Th Activity and Total Heavy Mineral Sands 38 Distribution of 40K Activity and Sediment Textures 40 Mineralogy of Heavy Detrital Sands at 45 m off Destruction Island (T711OEE12) 42 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) CONCLUSIONS 46 BIBLIOGRAPHY 48 APPENDIX I Station Numbers, Sample Locations and Water Depths 52 APPENDIX U Thorium- 232, Thorium- 230 and Potas sium- 40 Content in Sediment on the Washington and Northern Oregon Continental Shelf 54 APPENDIX IllWeight Percent Mud, Light Mineral Sands, Heavy Magnetic Mineral Sands, and Heavy Mineral Sands in Sediment on the Washington and Northern Oregon Continental Shelf 59 APPENDIX IVSize Analyses of Sediment from Cape Alava to Tillarnook Head 61 APPENDIX V Procedure for Cleaning Marine Sediments 62 APPENDIX VIMagnetic Susceptibility Fractions, and Quantitative and Qualitative Mineralogy of Each Fraction of the Heavy Mineral Sands from T711OEE12 63 APPENDIX VU Correlation Coefficients at the 5% and 1% Level of Significance 64 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Concentration of some natural radionuclides in the sea. 6 2 Uranium and thorium in minerals in igneous rocks. 8 3 Stability of minerals under weathering conditions. 7 4 Resistant minerals commonly found in placer deposits. 10 5 Statistical evaluation of counting, fitting and sampling errors. 21 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Geochemistry and geochemical balance of 8U and 232Th, and some of their daughters. 4 2 Diagrammatic representation of hydraulic equivalence of the commoner accessory heavy minerals. 11 3 Relationship of volcanic rocks to associated drainage patterns of the Pacific Northwest. 13 4 Sampling stations on the Washington and northern Oregon continental shelf. 18 5 Relation between232Thactivity and total heavy mineral sands. 25 6 Relation between232Thactivity and mud. 28 7 Relation between230Thactivity and total heavy mineral sands. 29 8 Relation between230Thactivity and mud. 31 9 Relations between40Kactivity and mud and light mineral sands. 33 10 Relation between230Th/40Kactivity ratio and total heavy mineral sands. 34 230 232 ha Relation between Th activity and Th activity. 36 llb Relation between230Th/40 K activity ratio and 232Th activity. 37 232 12 Distribution of Th activity in marine sediments on the Washington and northern Oregon continental shelf. 39 LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 13 Distribution of total heavy mineral sands in marine sediments on the Washington and northern Oregon continental shelf. 41 14 Distribution of activity in marine sediments on the Washington and northern Oregon continental shelf. 43 15 Mean particle diameters on the Washington and northern Oregon continental shelf. 44 RELATION BETWEEN NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY IN SEDIMENT AND POTENTIAL HEAVY MINERAL ENRICHMENT ON THE WASHINGTON CONTINENTAL SHELF INTRODUCTION The coastal zone is a unique mineral province.Perhaps the most accessible mineral deposits in this province are the dense mineral placer deposits found on exposed beaches and accumulations associated with submerged relict beaches.Both types of placers are accumulated by winnowing of light (low density) minerals away from heavy (higher density) metal-bearing minerals by waves and currents. Terrestrial geochemical and geophysical prospecting techniques, such as seismic profiling, magnetometer survey profiling and gravity survey profiling, have been adapted to mineral resource assessment on the continental shelf.Radiometric techniques have proven success- ful in locating terrestrial placer deposits and uranium-bearing sedimentary rocks (Heinrich, 1958; Seigel, 1968). The present work explores the usefulness of natural radio- activity for locating and mapping submerged dense mineral deposits on the Washington continental shelf and investigates the relation between natural radioactivity and dense mineral content in marine sediments. 2 BACKGR OU ND Holocene Stilistands and Relict Beaches Sea level fluctuations during the Quaternary have had a marked effect on geomorphology and sediments of the continental shelves. Sufficiently reliable data are available to determine times and magni- tudes of these fluctuations from the last 20, 000 years. The stilistand of sea level that occurred between 20, 000 and 17, 000 years before the present was at a present water depth of 120 m (Curray,. 1965). Between 17, 000 and 7, 000 years before the present there appears to have been a rapid transgression (Holocene Transgression) of the sea. It has also been postulated that minor regressions occurred during the Holocene Transgression and several submerged shorelines might be present between 120 m and the present-day shoreline. Beaches may have formed during these minor regressions. At each sea level lowering, coastal streams cut channels across the continental shelf to the new shoreline.Beach and stream deposits were submerged during the final stage of the Holocene Transgression. Should proper concentrating conditions have existed off-shore and there have been an adjacent source of dense minerals, relict beach and stream
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