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The Role of Southern Oregon's Coastal Islands in Prehistoric Subsistence

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The Role of Southern Oregon's Coastal Islands in Prehistoric Subsistence AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Howard Allen Gard for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in the co-departments of Anthropology. Fisheries and Wildlife, and Geography presented on April 13. 1990. Title: The Role of Southern Oregon's Coastal Islands in Prehistoric Subsistence. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: David R. Brauner The portion of the Oregon coast extending from Cape Blanco south into California has long been recognized as a distinct physiographic region, with probable ramifications for prehistoric subsistence and settlement patterns. Several researchers have proposed models outlining a greater reliance upon marine/littoral resources among groups within this region, while more northerly groups exhibited a higher reliance upon estuarine resources. Current knowledge about regional prehistoric subsistence practices, based upon the archaeological record and ethnographic sources, was correlated with the distribution and relative abundance of exploited and potentially exploitable marine species. These data suggest that the abundant coastal rocks and islands found along this section of the Oregon coast serve to concentrate diverse and abundant animal resources within a confined area, allowing for ease of exploitation. Therefore, the rocks and islands were of potential economic importance to aboriginal groups. To support this hypothesis archaeological subsurface testing was undertaken on the only previously recorded offshore island site, and an archaeological sample survey was conducted on additional rocks and islands along this section of coastline to determine their utilization by native peoples. Two additional prehistoric sites were recorded. The results of these investigations are herein presented, and directions for future research are discussed. The Role of Southern Oregon's Coastal Islands in Prehistoric Subsistence by Howard A. Gard A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies Completed April 13, 1990 Commencement June 1991 APPROVED: /Redacted for Privacy Associate Professor of Anthropology in charge of major Redacted for Privacy Professor of Fish andr,ife in charge of co-field Redacted for Privacy Professor of Geography in charge of co:field Redacted for Privacy Chairmal of Depa1tmeV of 4thropology Redacted for Privacy Dean of School 1 Date thesis is presented April 13, 1990 Typed by Jane Wille for Howard A. Gard ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of those people who gave freely of their time, energy, talent, and expertise to help me complete this work. I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Robert Frenkel and Dr. Robert Jarvis, for their advice and editorial skills. To my chairman and friend, Dr. David Brauner, I am unable to adequately express my appreciation. As a continuous source of ideas and encouragement to excel, he is, in my mind, the embodiment of a mentor. The US Fish and Wildlife Service provided support throughout my research. Mr. Palmer Sekora, Western Oregon Complex Manager, never said "no" to any of my requests and took the time from his busy schedule to attend every presentation I made on this material. Mr. Roy Lowe, USFWS Coastal Biologist, not only gave freely of his time and equipment, by providing boat access to the islands and assisting with excavations and survey, but was a well of knowledge and mighty good company, even in 12-foot seas. Dr. Richard Ross lent freely from his extensive library and participated in many enjoyable and thought-provoking discussions. Dr. R. Lee Lyman agreed to look over mammalian remains from Goat Island and provided reprinted material and useful suggestions. Many of my colleagues and friends were of immense help, even when they did not know it. A sympathetic ear when things weren't working out, a comment about an obscure reference, discussion about seemingly unrelated topics all provided stimulus and ideas. Lack of space prevents me from thanking all of these individuals, but they know who they are. Three people whose efforts were above and beyond the bonds of ordinary friendship deserve to be recognized. Dominique LeFievre willingly undertook the mind-numbing tasks of sorting kilos of shell and cataloging all recovered material. She then set about learning fish anatomies and conducted the identification and analysis of all the fish remains. Doe is a wonderful, talented, hardworking person but also a gullible masochist. Rebecca McClelland took her time from her own full schedule and hand-drew the base maps used throughout this work. She also cheerfully applied her editorial skills when asked. Fortunately, we are close enough friends that she never hesitated to tell me when I was full of it. Chester Schmidt scanned and created all the graphics I used and transformed my archaic 5" IBM disks into suitable form for use on a Macintosh. I'd be broke if I had to pay him for the time he put into making this thesis look like a professional product. As with any undertaking such as this, it is the result of many people's information and input; however, any errors found in this work are all my own. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 4 Climate 6 Vegetation 7 Wildlife 11 ETHNOGRAPHY 20 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGY 34 Lone Ranch (35 CU 37) 36 Myers Creek (35 CU 62) 38 Pistol River (35 CU 61) 39 Point St. George (CA DNo 11) 41 Blundon (35 CU 106) 47 Port Orford (35 CU 9) 48 Black lock Point (35 CU 75) 50 Summary 51 MODELS OF SETTLEMENT/SUBSISTENCE 65 ROCKS AND ISLANDS OF SOUTHERN OREGON 80 Coastal Productivity 81 ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGY 98 Goat Island (35 CU 160) 99 Island Survey 106 DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 126 SUMMARY 130 BIBLIOGRAPHY 132 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Location of Study Area 12 2. Distribution of Native Groups 27 3. Excavated Site Locations 52 4. Residential Site Distribution, Southern 77 Oregon Coast 5. Site Frequency by Shoreline Type, 78 Cape Blanco to California Border 6. Island Distribution 95 7. Seasonal Availability of Major Animal 96 Resources 8. Goat Island (35 CU 160) 112 9. Profile South Wall, Test Pit A, Goat Island 113 10. Locations of Surveyed Islands 114 11. Hunters Island (35 CU 173) 115 12. Whalehead Island (35 CU 174) 116 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Representative Species Found Within Study Area 13 2. To lowa Subsistence 28 3. Representative List of Ethnographically 31 Important Plants 4. Lone Ranch Species List and Habitat 53 Associations 5. Identified Species and Habitat Associations 56 from Pistol River 6. Habitat Associations of Shellfish 57 Identified from Pistol River 7. Point St. George Faunal Remains 59 8. Blundon Site Faunal Remains 64 9. Army Corps of Engineers Report 79 10. Oregon's Breeding Sea Birds 97 11. Identified Plants from Goat Island 117 12. Shellfish Identified from Goat Island 120 (35 CU 160) Listed in Order of Relative Abundance 13. Fish Remains from Goat Island (35 CU 160) 121 14. Identified Avian Remains from Goat Island 123 (35 CU 160) 15. Sea Mammal Remains Identified from Goat 124 Island (35 CU 160) 16. Artifact Tabulation from Goat Island 125 (35 CU 160) THE ROLE OF SOUTHERN OREGON'S COASTAL ISLANDS IN PREHISTORIC SUBSISTENCE INTRODUCTION Research into the prehistory of the Oregon coast has been plagued by a lack of structure and focus. Despite archaeological investigations, which have been conducted since the late 1800s (Chase 1873, Schumacher 1874), basic questions about aboriginal inhabitants, such as where they came from, when they arrived, and how they learned to survive, have yet to be satisfactorily answered. Research efforts have been hampered by an ethnographic record collected from the survivors of a decimated and resettled population, lack of research funding due to a sparse population and subsequent dearth of economic development funds, and the physical problems imposed by a dynamic coastline coupled with the destructive effects of private collecting. The principal obstacle, however, preventing coastal researchers from illuminating basic information about aboriginal populations on the Oregon coast has been the lack of a sense of problem, the development of which leads toward a structured, methodical research design. In an attempt to provide a sense of problem with which to guide research endeavors relative to the coast, Lyman and Ross (1988) develop and propose a 3- phase evolutionary model, based upon the nature of subsistence pursuits, the culmination of which is a coastal people highly adapted toward exploiting littoral or coastal/estuarine resources. The model goes far in explaining what is currently evident in the archaeological record. It is, however, very general, and fails to take into account possible variations which may be imposed by physiographic/environmental constraints in a general littoral economy. That the 2 coastline is segmented into distinct environmental areas with probable ramifications for local cultures is pointed out by Cressman (1953:293). The southern one-quarter of the Oregon coast can be taken as an example. Almost totally lacking any significant estuaries while still expressing a coastal orientation archaeologically, peoples of the southern coast obviously had to acquire estuarine resources elsewhere or were utilizing a separate suite of resources to satisfy their nutritional requirements. While acknowledging the lack of estuaries in southern Oregon, Lyman and Ross (1988) propose only a different settlement pattern to account for physiographic differences between northern and southern portions of the coastline. No mention is made of the potential and probable impacts caused by unequal distribution of estuarine resources or of adaptive expression resulting from different distribution and/or abundance of resources. Other coastal researchers (Draper 1988, Minor and Toepel 1983) note the topographic qualities of the southern Oregon coast and, utilizing similar techniques, propose that settlements of southern coastal groups were focused upon the outer coasts, with economies more dependent upon marine resources than estuarine resources, as was the case with more northerly peoples.
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