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Marine Geology of Astoria Submarine Canyon

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Marine Geology of Astoria Submarine Canyon AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Paul Roland Carison for the Ph. D. (Name of student) (Degree) in Oceanography presented on June 2, 1967 (Major) (Date) Title: Marine Geology of Astpria Submarine Can Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: John V.yrne Astoria Submarine Canyon begins nine miles west of the Columbia River at a depth of 55 fathoms andwinds sinuously southwest- ward across the continental terrace for a distance of 65 miles to a depth of 1140 fathoms. At this depth the canyon hooks sharply to the left and the morphologic characteristics change to those ofa deep-sea channel (Astoria Channel) which continues across Astoria Fan. Eight distributary-like channels radiate across the fan from the mouth of Astoria Canyon. This canyonhas U..to V-shaped transverse profiles, high, fairly steep walls with rock outcrops,a winding course and numer- ous tributaries entering the canyon from bqth sides.It is more like Willapa and Hudson Canyons in morphology and sediment type than any of the other submarine canyons that have been studied in any detail.Between the head of Astoria Canyon and the mouth of the Columbia River, several buried channels have been detected which suggest the importance of the Columbia River in cutting or at least shaping the head of the canyon during lower stands of sea level. Based on the estimated volume of sediments of Astoria Fan and the sediments contributed by the Columbia River and by littoral transport, an age of late Pliocene to early Pleistocene is hypothe-- sized for the -inception of the Astoria Canyon-Fan system.Turbidity currents, bottom currents, mass movements and the burrowing ac- tions of benthic -organisms were important agents of submarine cr0- s-ion.Step-like offsets of the -canyon's axial trend plus offset sedi- mentary basins north and south of the canyon suggest the influence of tectonic activity on the location and orientation of the canyon. The sediments and semi-consolidated sediments of the canyon area are of late Pliocene to Recent age.Coarse layers which ran-ge in mean particle size from fine sand to-medium silt are more abun- dant deep in the -canyon floor sediments than at the surface, suggest- ing a greater -influx of turbidity currents during the Pleistocene than in postglacial time. These -coarse layers are poorly sorted, graded and contain displaced shallow water benthic foraminifers.Themm- eralogy of these coarse layers closely resembles the mineralogy -of Columbia River sediments, a fact which emphasizes the -importance of the -sediment contributions of this river.The surface sediments in the canyon area range -from sandy muds high-in plant fragments near the -canyon head to lie-mi-pelagic silty clays at -the lower end of the canyon. Along the rim of the canyon near the edge of the shelf, relict sands which have textural characteristics similarto inner shelf sands occur in patches at the surface. At the outer edge of the shelf and on the upper slope, glauconite makes up a significant part of the sediment. Although Astoria Canyon was an important route for turbidity currents during the Pleistocene, it no longer functions in this role. Since the last rise of sea level when the zone of longshore transport moved eastward of the present canyon head, Astoria Canyon has been filling.Rates of deposition in the canyon area, based on radiocarbon dates, occurrence of Mazama volcanic glass, and changes in the ratio of radiolarians to planktonic foraminifers, range from 10 cm! 1000 yrs in tributaries to more than 50 cm/l000 yrs in tributa.ries to more than 50 cm/l000 yrs on the canyon floor which, if unchanged, could fill the canyon in less than eight million years. Canyon geometry, facies relationships and sediment character- istics of modern submarine canyons are criteria useful in the identi- fication of canyons in the geologic record. Marine Geology of Astoria Submarine Canyon by Paul Roland Carison A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 1968 APPROVED: Redacted for privacy Pfsor of Oceanoraphy ir charge of major Redacted for privacy of Department of Oceanography Redacted for privacy Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented June 2, 1967 Typed by Opal Grossnicklaus for Paul Roland Carison ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was made possible through the financial support of the Office of Naval Research (Contract Nonr 1286 (10) and the labor- atory and shipboard facilities of the Department of Oceanography, Oregon State University. The author is indebted to his major professor, Dr. John V. Byrne for his guidance during research and his critical review of the manuscript. Special thanks are due to Dr L. D. Kulm for his criticism of portions of the manuscript, numerous enlightening discussions and supplying a radiocarbon date.Thanks also to Dr. K. S. Deffeyes for supplying the other radiocarbon date used in the preparation of this manuscript. The writer is grateful to Dr. Gerald A. Fowler for his time and effort in identifying many foraminifers and his criticism of a portion of the manuscript.Thanks also to Dr. June G. Pattullo for critically reading a section of the dissertation. Appreciation is extended to Mrs. Susan Borden who did the computer programming for sediment analyses and Eric Crecelius for running organic carbon and carbonate analyses. John Galloway provided seven sediment samples from a pre- liminary drill hole made by the Standard Oil Company of California. Paul Howell of the Corps of Engineers in Portland made available unpublished data from that office.For this assistance the author is grateful. Informal discussions with fellow students have been very help- ful in the analysing of data and preparing this report.Thanks espe- cially to Hans Nelson, John Duncan, Douglas Manske, Gary Griggs, Richard Boettcher, Richard Couch and Christopher Mooers. To the personnel of the RV Acona and RV Yaquina and the staff and students aiding in collecting data at sea a sincere thank you is extended. TABLE OF CONTENTS I.INTRODUCTION . ............................ 1 Previous Investigations ......................... 3 Regional Geology ............................ 4 Pacific Border Province................... 4 Sierra-Cascade Province ....................... 6 Columbia Plateau Province ................. 7 Rocky MountainProvinces ................... 8 Columbia River Drainage .................. 8 II. OCEANOGRAPHY.................. 13 Water Masses and Local Water Flow ................. 13 MajorCurrents..................... 15 Waves ...... - .............................16 DeepWaterWaves .............. 16 ShallowWaterWaves ...................... 17 III.PHYSIOGRAPHY .............................19 General Description............................19 ContinentalShelf ........................19 Continental Slope .........................19 AstoriaFan ................ .- ...... 23 Bathymetric Methods ........... 23 Astoria Canyon Physiography ...................... 28 General Description.......................... 28 Canyon Floor .......................... 34 Canyon Walls ....... ... ............. .....36 Canyon Head ....................................3 Canyon Mouth ........................... 42 Tributary System ........................ 48 Summary and Discussion ...................... 50 IV. SEDIMENTOLOGY ........................... 55 Sampling .................................... 55 Core Processing ............................... 57 Analytical Procedures ........................... 57 Texture and Coarse Fraction ........................60 Olive Gray Silty Clay...................... 63 Gray Silty Clay .............................70 Laminated Gray Clayey Silt ..................74 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) CoarseLayers..........................76 Non-Layered Sandy Sediments...............80 Mixed or Mottled Sediments................83 Sand-Silt-Clay Relationships .... 84 Comparisons of Textural Parameters 89 Additional Compositional Variations............97 Summary and Discussion....................102 Mineralogy................................. * 105 Light Mineral Fraction.....................106 Heavy Mineral Fraction ...................109 Provenance ...............................113 Maturity..............................1.16 Clay Mineralogy........................1.18 Volcanic Glass.........................119 Organic Carbon and Calcium Carbonate............121 Foraminifers..............................123 Foraminifers in Coarse Layers...............124 Stratigraphic Clues Provided by Foraminifers . 126 Summary and Conclusions..................129 Sedimentary Structures........................130 Homogeneous or Massive Bedding ............131 Thin Laminae..........................133 CoarseLayers ...........................133 Disrupted Bedding.......................134 Mottling.............................134 Summary and Discussion....................135 Comparison of Sediments of Astoria Canyon to Those of Other Submarine Canyons.............137 V. STRATIGRAPHY............................143 Adjacent Continental Stratigraphy................143 Stratigraphy of the Continental Terrace............ 145 Stratigraphic Framework......................147 VI. SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES...................151 Erosion.................................. 151 Transportation and Deposition.................. 154 Summary.................................160 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) VII. RATES OF DEPOSITION ..................... .. 162 Carbon 14 ......................... ....... 162 Volcanic Glass ..........................
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