5906 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17

1848, when the people are ripe for throwing To be Foreign Service officers of class 6, The following-named Reserve officers to off autocracy. With a firm stand by the vice consuls of career, and secretaries the offices indicated: United States the Iron Curtain would go over Martin S. Bowe, Jr., of Massachusetts. Joseph c. Arundale, of Oklahoma. like an outhouse on Halloween with all the Miss Eleanor Van Trump Glenn, of Georgia. Lee F. Dinsmore, of Maryland. little Kadars and Gomulkas scampering off to Miss Fannie Goldstein, of New York. Wilfred V. Duke, of Oregon. Moscow. William H. Hardage, of Georgia. Zachary P. Geaneas, of New York. Miss Jessie L. Harnit, of North Dakota. Edward Macauley 3d, of Rhode Island. Clarence J. Heisse!, of California. Roswell M. Parrott, of Virginia. RECESS J. William Henry, of Arizona. John L. Wiggin, of New Hampshire. Mr. BIBLE. Mr. President, if there is Miss Margaret Ruth Kelley, of California. To be consuls and secretaries no further business to be transacted, I James B. Lindsey, of Florida. Henry S. Bonner, of Massachusetts. move that the Senate stand in recess David H. McCabe, of Maryland. Frederick W. Flott, Jr., of Illinois. Miss Mary Willis McKenzie, of Virginia, E. Howard Hunt, Jr., of Florida. until 12 o'clock tomorrow, with the un­ Miss Isabelle Pinard, of California. derstanding that the Senator from Miss Irene L. Rossi, of Pennsylvania. To be secretaries Nevada will not thereby lose his right Benjamin J. Ruyle, of Washington. Philip F. Fendig, of the District of Colum- to the floor. John W. Sullivan, of Maryland. bia. · The PRESIDING OFFICER. The E. Paul Taylor, of California. Franklin P. Holcomb, of the District of question is on the motion of the Senator James G. Ward, of Pennsylvania. Columbia. from Nevada. Charles T. Warner, of West Virginia. John P. Horgan, of Massachusetts. The motion was agreed to; and Cat 6 Walter C. Young, of Pennsylvania. Richard M. McCarthy, of Iowa. o'clock and 49 minutes p. m.> the Senate To be Foreign Service officers of class 8, vice Samuel H. Rickard III, of Michigan. took a recess until tomorrow, Thursday, consuls of career, and secretaries William C. Simenson, of Wsconsin. April 18, 1957, at 12 o'clock meridian. George Aneiro, of Wisconsin. To be vice consuls and secretaries Roy J. Apel, of California. Osborne A. Day, of Connecticut. Diego C. Asencio, of New Jersey. Fred C. Thomas, Jr., of Pennsylvania. CONFIRMATIONS Thomas J. Barnes, of Minnesota. To be vice consuls Eugene J. Bashe, of California. Executive nominations confirmed by Arthur C. Bauman, of Michigan. Roderick W. Horton, of New York. the Senate April 17, 1957: Michele c. Bozzelli, of Ohio. Spiros A. Siafacas, of Florida. Quentin H. Watkins, of Indiana. UNITED NATIONS John A. Cantwell, of New York. Donald Vaughn Lowe, of New Jersey, to be George F. Carr, Jr., of Texas. Temple G. Cole, of Kentucky. •• ... •• representative of the United States of Amer­ . ica on the Transport and Communications G. Leslie Dillmann, Jr., of Louisiana. Commission of the Economic and Social John M. DuPont, of Massachusetts. .ffOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Council of the United Nations. Harvey Fergusson, of New Jersey. Peter F. Frost, of Connecticut. 'WEDNESDAY, APRIL 17, 1957 DIPLOMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE Gregory Gay, of Ohio. Gerald A. Drew of California, to be Am­ Robert S. Gershenson, of Pennsylvania. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. bassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary William L. Givens, of California. The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, of the United States of America to Haiti. Leopold Gotzlinger, of Ohio. Philip J. Griffin, of the District of Colum- D. D., o:ff ered the following prayer: CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION bia. Almighty God, whose amazing love we Frederick J. Lawton, of the District of John C. Griffith, of Connecticut. Columbia, to be Civil Service Commissioner, cannot fathom, in these days of Holy Terrence T. Grindall, of California. Week, we are calling to mind the sutier­ term of 6 years, from March 1, 1957. Thomas Gustafson, of Virginia. Christopher H. Phillips, of Massachusetts, Kent H. Hall, of California. ings and death and resurrection of the to be Civil Service Commissioner, term of Clifford H. Harpe, of Tennessee. Captain of our Salvation. 4 years, from March 1, 1957. James R. Head, of Wisconsin. We rejoice that when there was no Harris Ellsworth, of Oregon, to be Civil Aaron F. Jacobs, of New York. eye to pity and no arm to save, then in Service Commissioner, term of 2 years, from Roy H. Johnson, of Nevada. the fullness of time Thou didst send March 1, 1957. Stanley E. Kagan, of New York. Thine only begotten Son to be our ROUTINE APPOINTMENT IN THE DIPLOMATIC Robert D. Knight, of California. Saviour. AND FOREIGN SERVICE Miss Morelle Lasky, of California. Our hearts go out to Thee in gratitude The following-named persons to the offices Norman D. Leach, of California. for His redeeming ministry, emancipat­ Indicated: Wingate Lloyd, of Pennsylvania. Alan Logan, of California. ing mankind from the bondage and To be consuls general Shepard C. Lowman, of Texas. power of sin arid releasing its hidden Robert B. Memminger, of South Carolina. Eugene A. Luebker, of Minnesota. splendor. Allen B. Moreland, of Florida. Carl H. McMillan, Jr., of Maryland. Give us the glad assurance that the George H. Owen, of New York. Edward J. Maguire, Jr., of California. sacrifice of His life on the cross is the To be Foreign Service officers of class 2, William H. Mills, of Maryland. propitiation for our sins; and not for consuls, and secretaries Gottfried W. Moser, of New York. Ronald D. Palmer, of the District of Col um• ours only but for the sins of the whole John W. Evans, of the District of Columbia. bia. world. Russell L. Riley, of Missouri. - Ross C. Parr, of Michigan. Help us to hasten the dawning of that To be Foreign Service officers of class 3, Douglas R. Perry, of Maryland. blessed day when the spirit of man consuls, and secretaries Robert J. Perry, of Ohio. shall be too strong for chains and too John L. Brown, of Massachusetts. Walter G. Ramsay, of Virginia. large for imprisonment. William Gerber, of Pennsylvania. Robert G. Rich, Jr., of Florida. In Christ's name we pray. Amen. Dr. Merle Walker, of Kansas. George B. Roberts, Jr., of Pennsylvania. Roger C. Schrader, of Missouri. To be Foreign Service offi,cers of class 4, Richard C. Searing, of New Jersey. MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT consuls, and secretaries Carl G. Shepherd, of New York. Mrs. Ursula H. D'uffus, of Ohio. William L. Simmons, of Mississippi. A message in writing from the Presi­ Miss Jean Jerolaman, of New York. Kenneth N. Skoug, Jr., of Minnesota. dent of the United States was communi­ Miss Lucy Richmond Lentz, of North Caro­ John D. Spangler, of Tennessee. cated to the House by Mr. Miller, one of lina. James M. Thomson, of Minnesota. his secretaries. To be Foreign SerVice officers of class 5, Miss Virginia A. Weyres, of Wisconsin. consuls, and secretaries Dawson S. Wilson, of Florida. Elwood M. Browne, of Maryland. Bruce E. Woolner, of Texas. MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE William J. Monticone, of Rhode Island. Robert G. Wright, of Illinois. A message from the Senate by Mr. James C. Quick, of Florida. Albert J. Zuckerman, of New York. Clarence W. Toulme, of Louisiana. McBride, one of its clerks, announced The following-named staff officers to the that the Senate had passed without To be consul offices indicated: amendment bills and a joint resolution Malcolm P. Hallam, of South Dakota. To be consuls of the House of the following titles: To be Foreign Service officer of class 6, Frank C. Niccoll, of California. H. R. 71. An act to prohibit the payment of consul, and secretary William P. Robertson, of Tennessee. pensions to persons confined in penal insti· William P. Shockley, Jr., of California. )Varren L. Swope, of Illinois. tutions for periods longer than 60 days; 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 59()7, H. R. 3035. An act to provide a temporary DEPARTMENTS OF STATE AND JUS­ Blatnik Harris Osmers extension of certain special provisions relat­ Boggs Haskell Ostertag ing to State plans for f!J.d to the blind; TICE, THE JUDICIARY, AND RE­ Boland Hays, Ark. Patterson H. R. 4686. An act to continue until the LATED AGENCIES APPROPRIA­ Bolling Hays, Ohio Pelly · Bolton Healey close of June 30, 1958, the suspension of TION BILL. FISCAL YEAR 1958 Perkins Bow Heselton Pfost duties and import taxes on metal scrap, and The SPEAKER. The unfinished busi­ Breeding Holifield Pilcher for other purposes; and ness is the further consideration of the Brooks, Tex. Holland Poage H.J. Res. 126. Joint resolution to permit bill

65 and over Percent change, 65 and over Percent change, 1940 to 1950 1940 to 1950 Total Total State and territory (in thou- State and territory (in thou- sands) Number Percent 65 and sands) Number Percent 65 and (in thou- of total Total over (in thou- of total Total over sands) sands) ------Continental United States______150, 697 12, 270 8.1 14. 5 36.0 ContinentalNevada ___United______States-Con. ------New Hampshire ______160 11 6. 9 45.5 57.1 .Alabama._------3,061 199 6.5 8.1 46.3 New Jersey ______533 58 10. 9 8.3 18. 4 Arizona._------750 44 5. 9 50.3 83.3 New Mexico ______4,835 394 8.1 16. 2 41. 2 Arkansas._------1, 910 149 7.8 -2.0 39.3 New York ______681 33 4.8 28.0 43.5 California.------10, 586 895 8. 5 53. 3 61. 3 14,830 1, 258 4. 5 10.0 36.4 1,325 116 North Carolina ______Colorado ___ ------8.8 18.0 34. 9 North Dakota______4,062 225 5. 5 13. 7 43.3 DelawareConnecticut______------2,007 177 8.8 17. 4 37. 2 Ohio ______620 48 7. 7 -3.4 23.1 318 26 8.2 19.1 23. 8 Oklahoma ______7,947 709 8.9 15. 0 31. 3 District of Columbia ______802 57 7.1 21.0 39. 0 2,233 194 8. 7 -4.4 33.8 Florida.------2, 771 237 8. 6 46.1 80. 9 Oregon __ _------1, 521 133 8. 7 39.5 43.0 Georgia ____ ------3,445 220 6. 4 10.3 38. 4 Pennsylvania______10, 498 887 8. 4 6.0 31.0 589 44 7.5 12. 2 37. 5 Rhode Island ______792 70 Idaho _____ ------South Carolina ______8.8 11. l 29.6 IllinoisIndiana______------8, 712 754 8. 7 10.3 32. 7 2, 117 115 5.4 11.4 42.0 3,934 361 9.1 14.8 25.3 South Dakota______653 55 8.4 1. 6 25.0 Iowa __ ------2,621 273 10.4 3.3 19. 7 TexasTennessee._------______3,292 235 7.1 12. 9 36. 6 Kansas.------1, 905 194 10.2 5.8 23.6 7, 711 513 6. 7 20.2 47.8 Kentucky_------2,945 235 8.0 3. 5 24.3 VermontUtah._-----_------______689 42 6.1 25.3 40.0 Louisiana------2,684 177 6. 6 13.5 48. 7 378 40 10. 6 5.3 17. 6 Maine___ ------914 94 10.3 7.9 17. 5 Virginia. __ ------3,319 215 6. 5 23. 9 38. 7 Maryland ______2,343 164 7.0 28. 7 32.3 2,379 Massachusetts ______Washington __ ------211 8. 9 37.0 46. 5 4, 691 468 10.0 8. 7 26.8 WisconsinWest Virginia.------______2,006 139 6. 9 5. 5 37.6 Michigan _____ ------6,372 462 7. 3 21. 2 39.6 Wyoming ______3,435 310 9.0 9. 5 28.1 Minnesota ____ ------2,982 269 9.0 6.8 26.3 291 18 6.2 15. 9 38.5 2,179 153 7.0 -.2 33.0 Territories:Alaska______Montana~H~~~~r~~=:::::::::::::::: ______3,955 407 10.3 4.5 24.8 Hawaii. ______129 5 3.9 76. 7 25.0 591 51 8.6 5. 7 41. 7 Puerto Rico ______500 20 4.0 18. 2 53. 8 Nebraska ___ ------_ ------1, 326 130 9.8 .8 22.6 2,211 86 3.9 18.3 36. 5

Since the above table was published, be even more expanded between the ages before. A similar comparison is demon­ still further figures have become avail­ with which we are concerned than strated in the chart that follows: able that would indicate this growth to Total population and population aged 65 and over in 1955 and percentage of change from 1950 to 1955

Estimates of civili~n Percent of change, Estimates of civilian Percent of change, population by States civilian population, population by States civilian population, and for Hawaii, July by States and for and for Hawaii, July by States and for 1, 1955 Hawaii, Apr. 1, 1950- 1, 1955 Hawaii, Apr. 1, 1950- Region, division, and State July 1, 1955 Region, division, and St.ate July 1, 1955

Total civil- 65 years Total civil- 65 years Total civil- 65 years Total civil- 65 years ian popu- and over ian popu- and over ian popu- and over ian popu- and over lation lation lation lation

Continental United States __ 162. 307, 000 14,069, 000 +8.5 +15.4. South:South Atlantic ______22,861,000 1,697,000 +9.6 +23.4 Regions: East South Central ______11, 539,000 927,000 +i.1 +14. 7 Northeast.. ___ -----____ ------_ 41,610, 000 3,848, 000 +5.8 +12.0 West South Central ______15, 407,000 1, 214, 000 +7.1 +19.0 North CentraL------48, 243, 000 4, 463, 000 +8.7 +12.7 West: 49, 808,000 3,839, 000 +6.8 +19.8 Mountain------5,806,000 .a2,000 +15.6 +20. 7 Sou th ___ ------Pacific __ ------_ 16,840,000 1, 487, 000 +18.2 +20.3 West .• ------·------22, 646,000 l, 919, 000 +17.5 +20.4 New England: Northeast:New England ______9, 514, 000 979,000 +2. 7 +s.o NewMaine._------Hampshire ______891,000 99,000 -2.3 +5.7 Middle Atlantic______Vermont ______549, 000 61,000 +3.4 +5.5 32,096,000 2, 869, 000 +6.7 +13.4 368,000 42,000 -2.6 +7.4 North Central: Massachusetts_------4, 729, 000 496, 000 +1.4 +5.9 East North Central. ______33, 498,000 2, 937,000 +10.4 +13.5 Rhode Island ______786, 000 78, 000 +1.5 +11.2 West North Central ______14, 745, 000 1, 527,000 +s.1 +11.1 Connecticut------2, 191,000 202,000 +9.5 +1u 5922 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17 Total population and population aged 65 and over in 1955 and percentage of change from 1950 to 1955-Continued

Estimates of civilian Percent of change, Estimates of civilian Percent of change, population by States civilian population, population by States civilian population, and for Hawaii, July by States and for and for Hawaii, July by States and for 1, 1955 Hawaii, Apr. 1, 1950- 1, 1955 Hawaii, Apr. 1, 1950- Region, division, and State July 1, 1955 Region, division, and State July 1, 1955

Total civil- 65 years Total civil­ 65 years Total civil­ 65 -y:ears Total civil- 65 years ian popu- and over ian popu­ and over ian popu­ and over ian popu- and over lation lation lation lation

Middle Atlantic: EastKentucky South Central: ______New York._------15, 950, 000 1, 421, 000 +7. 8 +13.3 2, 954, 000 263, 000 +1.4 +12.6 New Jersey _------5, 275, 000 456, 000 +9. 8 +16.1 Tennessee ____ ---____ ------__ 3, 396, 000 264, 000 +3. 5 +13.8 P ennsylvania. __ ------10, 871, 000 993, 000 +3.7 +12.4 Alabama ______----_ 3, 083, 000 229, 000 +i.o +17.6 East North Central: we sr~~~i~PJ~ntraF·------2, 107, 000 172, 000 -2.7 +15.4 Ohio ___ ------8, 925, 000 788,000 +12.4 +11.5 Indiana ______------______4, 325, 000 396, 000 +10. 0 +10.1 Arkansas ______------__ 1, 784, 000 178, 000 -6.5 +21.3 Illinois_------______9, 237,000 862, 100 +6.5 +14.9 Louisiana_------Oklahoma ______2, 909, 000 200, 000 +8. 9 +15.9 Michigan ______---_------7, 311, 000 536, 000 +14.9 +16. 6 2, 179, 000 224, 000 -1.8 +16.l Wisconsin. __ ------3, 699,000 354, 000 +7.7 +14.4 Texas_------8, 536, 000 612, 000 +12.5 +20.5 West North Central: MountMontanaain: ______IoMinnesowa ______ta _____ ---• ------____-- 3, 185,000 311, 000 +6.9 +15.7 624, 000 60, 000 +6.0 +18.8 2, 669, 000 302, 000 +1.9 +10.6 IdahoWyoming. --- -______------______------609, 000 53, 000 +3.4 +20.9 MissourL ______-- __ ----__ 4, 167, 000 441, 000 +5. 4 +8.7 301, 000 23,000 +6.7 +24.1 North Dakota ______Colorado ______----______----_ 643, 000 54, 000 +3. 7 +n.3 New Mexico ______1, 506, 000 132, 000 +15.2 +14. 0 South Dakota ______678,000 65, 000 +4.4 +16.9 766, 000 42, 000 +14.7 +28.0 Nebraska------1, 382, 000 146, 000 +4.6 +u.8 Arizona_------982,000 61,000 +32. 3 +39.4 Kansas_------2, 021, 000 210, 000 +7.1 +8.2 Utah ____ -----_----_------__ _ 791, 000 49, 000 +15.2 +16.6 South Atlantic: Nevada ___ -----___ ------___ _ 227, 000 12,000 +44.1 +12.1 Delaware_------______382, 000 29, 000 +20.2 +n.1 Pacific:Washington ______Maryland ______------___ 2, 668, 000 186, 000 +15.9 +14. 8 2, 534, 000 241, 000 +9.4 +14.1 District of Columbia ______835, 000 61, 000 +6.1 +9. 3 Oregon. ___ -----______-----__ 1, 680, 000 155, 000 +10. 7 +16.8 Virginia .. _____ ------3, 421, 000 245, 000 +6.7 +16.2 California.------__ -----___ _ 12, 625, 000 1,091, 000 +21.2 +22. 4 West Virginia ______-1.1 North Carolina ______1, 983, 000 159, 000 +15. 5 4, 248, 000 266, 000 +5.8 +20.0 Hawaii------503,000 25, 000 +5.5 +24.5 South Carolina------2, 251,000 137, 000 +7.4 +22.6 Georgia _____ ------___ _ 3, 581, 000 254, 000 +5.2 +17.8 Florida ______----__ ------3, 492,000 361, 000 +27.9 +53.9

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. These are the facts about the astound­ thorough job in research and study and will Obviously the Federal Government alone ing growth of this older age bracket come forth with concrete and constructive cannot and should not undertake to meet all recommendations on meeting the tremend­ these needs. Where individual assistance whom we call our senior citizens. I ous and numerous problems of the senior of one kind or another is needed, much of would be remiss if I did not acknowledge citizen of today, a problem which will grow the initiative is rightly being taken by the many studies tr.at have already been more acute in future years as the number in States and commupities, and by families, made in this field by President Eisen­ this classification increases. employers, labor organizations, voluntary hower and through committees appointed groups and religious bodies throughout the by him. I have long been familiar with In reply to my letter the President, country. this work and, indeed, many conclusions April 6, 1956, indicated his complete un­ The Federal Government can, however, be I have reached and incorporated in the derstanding of this problem and I would a helpful partner in many ways, and the bill I present today were the results of also make that response available to the formation of a Federal Council on Aging will Members: establish a broader and more permanent these studies. In that regard I would basis than previously existed for coordinat­ include for clarification portions of a THE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, April 6, 1956. ing programs pertaining.to the aging. I am letter written by me to the President on The Honorable WILLIAM c. CRAMER, enclosing a statement that outlines recent March 29, 1956, as follows: and proposed actions of this administration House of Representatives, affiecting older persons. I am confident tha·t Great interest has been shown in the study Washington, D. C. of gerontology by the State of Florida you approve of and will support these efforts DEAR BILL: The concern and interest that to improve the status of our older citizens. through the Florida Institute of Gerontology you expressed in your recent letter regarding in Gainesville, and more particularly in the With warm regard, the marked rise of older persons in our pop­ Sincerely, First District, the St. Petersburg area, by the ulation is shared by me and by large num­ DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER. appointment of a committee on gerontology bers of our citizens. You and your associ­ and the commencement of studies in medical ates in Florida are to be commended for the Mr. Speaker and gentlemen, I would treatment for the aged at M;ound Park Hos­ active leadership you are taking toward the pital as well as the introduction of two impress upon you that, as demonstrated continuing betterment of these senior citi­ in the statistics presented this is a prob­ courses in gerontology at St. Petersburg zens, so many of whom retire to your State. Junior College. With respect to current planning in the lem of today's generation and will become It is logical that Florida should take a field of the aging, this administration ls even more important to our sons and position of leadership in this field because striving earnestly and on a coordinated basis daughters as they carry on the work of of the large percentage of senior citizens in to achieve maximum utilization of existing our great Nation. Now is the time to the State, there being a large concentra­ programs. To this end, I requested earlier provide the answer to these problems for tion of these citizens in the St. Petersburg this week the establishment of a Federal area. To substantiate this, I call your atten­ ourselves and for all time. Council on Aging to be made up of Federal I first recognize that this is the pri­ tion to the following facts: officials whose departments and agencies en­ While the Nation's age class of 65 years gage in activities that may specifically ben­ mary concern of each State but the Fed­ and over was increasing 298 percent between efit the aging individual. Members of the eral Government must play the role of 1900 and 1950, Florida's increase for this Council doubtless will wish to draw for ad­ advisor and consultant assisting each segment of population was 1,603 percent; and vice upon the experience of State and local State in organization of workable units While there has been an increase in popu­ authorities who have been active in this of assistance through study grants and a lation by 46 percent in Florida between 1940 field, and I shall make certain that your let­ staffed Bureau for study, consultation and 1950, the population of people 60 years ter is brought to their attention so that they or over was increasing 81 percent, and in may have the opportunity to become better and advisory capacities. Pinellas County this increase was in ex­ acquainted with the work being done in To accomplish this goal my bill would cess of 120 percent. Florida and the organizations you men­ provide for the fallowing acts by this This, I believe, clearly indicates why tioned. Congress: Florida, in general, and my district, in par­ The principal responsibility of the Fed­ First. Establish a Bureau of Senior ticular, has such a. great interest in the eral Council on Aging will be to review exist­ Citizens within the Department of problems of the senior citizen. ing programs in the light of emerging needs Health, Education, and Welfare. It is my fervent hope that the senior cit­ and to make recommendations to the appro­ izens committee, which you suggested be priate departments and agencies as to the Second. Provide an assistant secretary appointed as soon as possible, will have ade­ emphasis, priorities and provisions for un­ of the department to direct this new bu­ quate funds and personnel available to do a met needs of the older persons. reau. 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5923 Third. Appropriate $2 million for short quotations in this article are as Considering the author's severe con­ grants up to 33 % percent of plans by follows: ~emnation of the Army it seems most each State and $500,000 for grants to Its (the Army's) very weakness is an open surprising that immediately after the private non-profit institutions. invitation to Communist aggression and en­ printing of this article we entered World Fourth. Establish an advisory commit­ suing d~saster. • • • The Army today is War II, and won the greatest global war tee on problems of aging, geriatrics, ger­ not a force in being and its efforts to cope the world has ever known. with any kind of war, large or small, would ontology and other problems of the aged result in epic disasters in which the free I note on the first page on the article to assist the secretary. world's best young men would make up in in Esquire his picture and an account of Fifth. Provide for a national confer­ blood and suffering for Army deficiencies. his qualifications. I naturally became ence on the problems of senior citizens. Can it (the Army) be modernized or should interested in the background, knowledge Sixth. Provide for reports to the Presi­ it be abolished? • • • The situation is so and experience of the author. Although dent and this Congress of the needs and desperate that our national security de­ I have but little information regarding mands immediate action. • • • The Army's him, I understand that he was at one progress of the committees and bureau. decay has caused m.any of our military I am firmly convinced that establish­ leaders to start making radical plans for time a Reserve officer. I will quote only ment of a new Bureau within the De­ change• • • who sincerely feel that the Army a few of the statements made regarding partment of Health, Education, and Wel­ is in such a bad state that it should either him. fare is both necessary and the best means be abolished or merged with the Marine Mr. Underhill resides in Washington, where of solution both from a viewpoint of re­ Corps * • •. These plans call for the Army's he maintains close personal liaison with top search and administration of recogniz­ functions to be reduced to guarding anti­ United States and foreign military men. • • • aircraft installations • • • and providing a Presently he [Mr. Underhill] is a weapons able problems as they are developed. force that could be mobilized for civil de­ consultant to private industry. • • • One This I have provided in the bill intro­ fense in time of disaster. Now here in the of the best informed men on the Army duced today. pages of Esquire, is the completed report I whether in or outside the military. As earlier pointed out, America is in would have presented to Secretary of the a state of change and the senior citizen Army Wilber Brucker and General Taylor I also noted a statement in the last if Mr. Wilson (Secretary of Defense) hadn't paragraph of the article that gives a spe­ no longer desires or expects to be a non­ gotten in the way. This report is presented productive member of both the family cial insight into the background of Mr. in the hope that public opinion can do what Underhill. This statement was that he and the community. He, or she, is en­ the Army has failed to do. titled to a future of continued useful­ was talking with Gen. George Marshall, ness within that community, and it has These are only a very few of the con­ then Chief of Staff in 1939, and that he been well demonstrated that there is such demnatory statements by the author, asked General Marshall who would be a place for him in the social and eco­ Garrett Underhill. Having been a com­ the generals of the future if war should nomic plan of this Nation. To provide missioned officer of the Army for almost come. He states that General Marshall the framework of that development and 32 years and being now a member of the pulled a list from his pocket and showed growth, it is entirely the jurisdiction and House Armed Services Committee, I read him that top on that list were Lt. Col. problem of each individual State of this and studied this article with a great deal D. D. Eisenhower and Lt. Col. 0. M. Nation. Our Federal Government can of interest. Bradley. be of invaluable assistance in the coordi­ I also find that Mr. Garrett Underhill I am well aware of the great secrecy nation and guidance of this movement of in LOok magazine of November 4, 1952, regarding the plans of promotion of self-help by the individual through guid­ in an article entitled "Young Men With officers and the recognized bad taste of ance and facilities provided by the Old Guns" made a bitt~r attack against an officer's discussing the merits or faults States. the Army. Mr. Underhill's sharp criti­ of a fellow officer. Also knowing that It is my hope that the bill I have intro­ cism of the Army certainly is not new. General Marshall was never a blabber­ duced today will receive thoughtful and I find an article written by him in Avia­ mouth, I could not help being impressed careful consideration by the Members of tion magazine as early as December 1941 with the great confidence placed in Mr. the Congress and that a program of con­ just on the eve of World War II, entitled Underhill by General Marshall, then structive legislative aid will thereby be "Air Corps Learned Plenty on Maneu­ Chief of Staff. Such action is contrary developed to benefit the senior citizen of vers, but Did the Army?" His buildup to the policy of the Army as I knew it. our great Nation. on this article is as fallows: Mr. Underhill in this article discusses With the relentless passing of time, we The author has been a close observer of many weapons "-1.nd vehicles. He also shall all reach the position and under­ military affairs for a number of years. Since discusses organization, leadership, and the present war began he has been in a posi­ tactics, and points out the great supe­ stand better the problems of the senior tion to see numerous unpublished reports citizen. Today it is our problem to learn, riority of Russia over the United States on both air war and ground war on each in these fields. In brief, Mr. Underhill and then, I believe, we shall and will pro­ of the battlefronts. During the recent vide for every senior citizen a place of maneuvers he traveled hundreds of miles, follows rather well the recent trend of honor through understanding. seeing at firsthand the activities about writers and commentators in pointing which he has written in this article. out the superiority of Russia over the United States. Mr. Speaker, I intend In this article there is no statement as briefly as possible to take up item by SPECIAL ORDER as to Mr. Underhill's status, whether item the great failures of the American The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under soldier or civilian. This article discusses Army as set out by Mr. Underhill. Much previous order of the House, the gentle­ the Louisiana maneuvers of 1941, and as information in connection with our de­ man from Indiana [Mr. BRAY] is recog­ usual in his other articles, Mr. Underhill fense is classified. I have had access nized for 15 minutes. is most critical of the Army. I will quote to both classified and unclassified. How­ Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, I have just a few of his comments: ever, I will check at all times to insure finished reading in the May issue of After months of small unit training, the that what I discuss is not secret infor­ Esquire magazine an article entitled "The conduct of the average ground soldier and mation. Army's Case Against Itself," by Garrett junior officer was a severe disappointment. Deficient in fundamentals of scouting and The first weapon that the author at­ Underhill. This article was reviewed in patrolling that every hunter ought to know, tacked as being inferior was the Garand papers throughout the country and was officers and men would walk and even ride M-1 rifle, which has been the rifle used promoted through great advertising. On right into enemy outposts, or else become by the American Army during and since the cover of that issue of Esquire was hopelessly intermixed with other elements World War II. He states that this rifle pasted a red and yellow flasher proclaim­ of their own forces. is too heavy and fires an old cartridge, ing "A Smothered Report: The Army's All ground operations were conducted in .30-06, and that a new cartridge, T-35, Shocking Case Against Itself." This arti­ an atmosphere of mystery, confusion and in­ which has been adopted by most of the decent haste. NATO nations and Israel, is superior. cle is a very strong and bitter attack The Air Task Forces and observation against the Army, its training, organi­ squadrons acquitted themselves brilliantly. The cartridge he mentions is one-half zation, use of weapons, mobility, and If anything, the air forces may thus be inch shorter and is as powerful as the many other phases of the organizational said to have normally done the right thing at .30-06. Mr. Underhill's statements in functions of the Army. A few selected the right time. 1'egard to this new ammunition and the 5924 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17 need of a different rifle are correct. Kinley as mentioned by Mr. Underhill in Next the author attacks our trucks, American ordnance and civilian engi­ his article. He went back to the prin­ the jeep, and our standard 2%-ton truck. neers have been working toward a better ciple of the Gatling gun which was used The jeep is recognized as the best vehicle gun and ammunition for years. The true in the Battle of Petersburg during the of its kind in the world. Yes, it is about situation of the American rifle is that Civil War. This gun was used very ef­ 17 years olcf, but I do not want to destroy since the development of the Garand fectively in the Spanish-American War it and all the machinery to make it until rifle there has been brought into pro­ in 1898 by Capt. John H. Parker in the a better vehicle is made. The author duction a better powder which enables Battle of San Juan Hill, and he was ever­ criticizes it as too heavy. He neglected a rifle shell to be one-half inch shorter, after known as Gatling Gun Parker. to mention that we have a new light­ and yet have the same striking effect. This gun, I believe, is without question weight vehicle, M-274-Mechanical Many countries including the United the greatest rapid-firing gun in the Mule--which is very low and light and States have been developing a lighter world, but because of its weight it would weighs only a few hundred pounds. The rifle to fire this new cartridge. The Bel­ not be adaptable to ordinary ground use. author criticizes the Army's 2%-ton gian Fabrique-National arms plant has However, if we had followed the philos­ truck and calls it the "2%-ton monstros­ developed the FN-48, which is a very ophy that that which is old and tried ity." I have personally used the 2%-ton good rifle, and is the type of rifle which must be discarded, we would not have truck throughout World War II in com­ will ultimately replace the M-1 rifle, the developed this gun. In passing, it might bat and out, all the way from the Louisi­ carbine, and the Browning automatic be worthwhile to mention that the bay­ ana and Carolina maneuvers of 1941 to rifle-commonly called the BAR. Mr. onet today is in many ways similar to Korea, and I have found it a very fine Underhill recommends this rifle very the spearpoint used in the deadly vehicle that will carry 5 tons across highly and it is a good rifle, but Army phalanx of Alexander. country, and I have had them carry Ordnance has developed a rifle of equal Next, Mr. Underhill points out the su­ more than 8 tons on the road. They capabilities that weighs 1 pound less. I periority of Russia over the United are rugged and almost foolproof. I have do not know of a certainty the expense States in regard to tanks. While I am discussed this truck with military per­ involved in changing over our millions not claiming to be an expert on tanks, sonnel who have served on all fronts of rifles and tens of thousands of ma­ I did serve in that branch of the service and they have been unanimous that this chineguns to a new weapon using a dif­ throughout World War II; therefore, I is superior to the trucks of any other ferent size ammunition. Some estimate became fairly familiar with ~he Ameri­ country. This truck is also criticized that the cost would· be a billion dollars. can tank. He is very critical of the because it does not have the fuel-injec­ Many military leaders in the United American tanks because of their weight. tion system. At the time these trucks States question whether at this time the In the last paragraph of page 49 he were placed in production fuel-injection billion dollars might be better used in states: engines with comparable horsepower national defense. I believe, however, This Russian tank packs an unprecedented were not in production. Considering the that the changeover is being carefully amount of armor, horsepower, and firepower cost of these trucks, it would not seem studied. into an astoundingly compact low-silhouette wise to abandon them for new trucks for On page 49 of the article Mr. Underhill package. · this slight change. says: I would like to remind Mr. Underhill Mr. Underhill next makes light of our The same, scandalous lack of progress ap­ that armor plate, whether in Russia or artillery, stating that: plies to our machineguns. All of the current the United States, weighs the same per The Army's artmery is antiquated. The standard models were developed about the cubic foot. While Mr. Underhill is very main fieldpiece, the 105 mm. howitzer, was time of the First World War, based on a ready in 1932. It weighs almost 5,000 mechanism patented by a man named John critical of the United States tanks be­ pounds, and is not fitted with protective Browning in the days of President McKinley cause of their weight, he apparently dis- armor, critical in the nuclear age. More­ and Queen Victoria. 1·egards the fact that the Soviet tanks over, it must be tossed into position by a have increased from 35 tons in the T-34 It is true that our machinegun uses truck which can be stopped with a 7-cent part of the mechanism patented about 60 to weights comparable to our postwar bullet in the radiator. A postwar Army re­ medium tank. If Mr. Underhill would port recomme·nded that the Army develop years ago. However, this mechanism is care to check he would find that there is self-propelled, armored artillery. The only in general use in machineguns through­ a good reason for Russia's increasing the self-propelled artillery the Army has pro­ out the world. The United States is duced recently were unready prototypes developing a lighter machinegun to fire weight of her tanks. They discovered in rushed into production in order to create Korea that the 35-ton T-34 tank could employment in depressed industrial areas. the then-new shorter cartridge. There not stand up against the now obsolete are several factors to be considered as United States M-46 tank. I believe that I am somewhat at a loss to understand to when a new machinegun should be the present M-48, now standard in the exactly what the author means by these made in great quantities and issued to Army and the Marine Corps, is the best statements. I am very familiar with the troops to replace the present ma­ tank in the world. the operation of the 105 howitzer. Al­ chinegun. A great amount of money is The author praises the French AMX though the author attacks it thoroughly involved in the replacement of all of our he does not suggest that there is a better machineguns with a gun which is only which was tested in the United States during 1950-51. I personally saw this caliber weapon for close infantry sup­ slightly better than the present gun. ~n port. Frankly, I know of none. He addition to the money involved, it is also tank, and it is a good light tank, but it is slightly inferior to the United States neglects to mention that there is a pack true that when we commence a program howitzer of the same caliber that can be to make these machineguns in numbers M-41-Walker Bulldog-in armor pro­ tection, firepower, and crew space. It is, used as mountain artillery and can be sufficient to equip the entire Army, prog­ dropped by parachute. Neither did he ress and development toward an even however, a lighter tank. There is always a problem of how much armor should be mention that there are two versions of better weapon is stopped. It is a calcu­ the 105 howitzer-one towed behind a lated risk which we must always take put on a tank. Armor naturally in­ truck and the other self-propelled. I when we change from one weapon to an­ creases protection of the crew but de­ am not attempting to say which of these other. Mr. Underhill seems to believe creases its maneuverability and in­ versions is best for I have heard that from his statement that a weapon should creases fuel consumption per mile. That problem is ever present in the designing question argued by artillerymen. be discarded just because it is old. I fail Neither can I understand his statement to see any justification for this theory. and the manufacturing of tanks. In an­ regarding the lack of self-propelled A good example of the falsity of this cient writings we find t;he same problems artillery. To my personal knowledge we philosophy is shown in the development were present in determining the weight have thousands of self-propelled 105 of the new Vulcan machinegun now used of armor to be worn by a knight. Mr. howitzers. I am very familiar with in our best fighter planes. The Vulcan Underhill in his proof that the French their use as they were used in the is capable of firing 4,500 shots per minute AMX-13 is better than our light tank, armored outfits during World War II. and is the best machinegun for this work cites the use of these tanks by the Is­ To my personal knowledge, we have the in the world. In perfecting the design raelis, Venezuelans, Swiss, and Egyp­ following additional self-propelled guns: of this machinegun, our Armed Forces tians. I am not certain that this citation 90 mm. gun, 105 mm. gun, 155 howitzer, went far back to a much earlier date proves conclusively the superiority of 155 gun, 8 inch howitZer, 40 mm. anti­ than the time of Queen Victoria and Mc- these tanks. aircraft gun. We also have a 120 mni. 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE 5925 gun which, although not technically self­ developed it would have been taking an Weighing approximately 20 tons, the propelled, is the main armament in the unjustified risk. M-59 is a fast, agile carrier capable of heavy tank.· He also mentions the great Next the author attacks the fact that negotiating inland waterways. The progress Russia has made in artillery and the Army is using the Dart, an antitank M-59 is the :finest carrier of its type mortars. I do not pretend to have a guided missile. He mentioned the fact known to be in the hands of any army special entree into Russian military that the Dart is actually an attempt to in the world today. planning but I believe I do have as re­ build an improved copy of a German The T-113 (8-ton) carrier is a de .. liable sources of information on Russian World War II projectile which the velopmental effort to produce an. ar .. armament as anyone and I have no evi­ French had in service before Korea. I mored vehicle capable of being trans­ dence that their artillery is superior to see no reason why the United States ported in assault-type aircraft. If the ours. The author also mentions that should not use a superior weapon merely development of the T-113 proves suc­ Russia, has large-caliber mortars, very because it has been developed by France, cessful, it is estimated that item will be mobile and easily able to fire atomic a friendly country. I have never main­ released to production in the fiscal year shells. The large-caliber mortars are tained nor do I believe that the United 1961. not new. The United States had them States has all of the knowledge and engi­ The T-113 may replace the M-59 in in the coast artillery, before the turn of neering ability in the world. some of its roles; but, as presently con­ the century, although most of them The article praises the spaced-link ceived, it is not intended as a substitute have now been cut up as junk. While track as follows: "The spaced-link track, for the M-59 in its role of transporting Japan in World War II made effective a result of the new science, already has troops across fire-swept areas in the use of her small and medium mortars, revolutionized ideas on the ability of assault. The extent to.which the T-113 she had a number of very large mortars heavy vehicles to travel in deep mud and will reduce requirements for the M-59 which were not too effective. I am snow. The Terra Tire, now being manu­ cannot be predicted pending user evalua­ fairly well acquainted with the range of factured by Goodyear in a variety of tion of the T-113. mortars and while I do not attempt to sizes, is a cheap bag type, very low !)res­ On the last page of the article the say of a certainty that Russia do~s not sure tire which can even be used to con­ author is very critical of the Army's tac­ intend to use them to fire atomic shells, vert old-type trucks to afford an un­ tical parachute jumps, stating that a few I can, frankly, state that if I were op­ precedented cross-country mobility." atomic shells would destroy these para­ erating it, I would want more range than The author further states, and I quote: chutes. He suggests instead a Marine . in a mortar to fire an atomic shell. But none of these advances has been fully plan whereby helicopters would land The author states that the Army exploited. troops on one objective and when cap­ rockets and guided missiles capable of tured carry them to another objective, carrying an atomic warhead are not air~ The fact is that the Terra Tire is at and on and on. Both plans-that of transportable. I do not know where Mr. present only in the early development landing by parachute and by helicopter­ Underhill gets this information for it is stage. It is being considered and experi­ have advantages and disadvantages, and unclassified knowledge that both the ments are being conducted in various ap­ I have seen them both used in maneu­ Honest John and Lacrosse are capable plications to determine its true advan­ vers. As to the atomic explosion destroy­ of firing an atomic warhead and are ,very tages and disadvantages. Tests to date ing the parachutes, I think without mobile and can be transported by air. have shown advantages on certain types question it would also destroy the heli­ I personally know that similar but im­ . of terrain-snow and muskeg. It has copter. Any landing of troops by air proved weapons of that type are also · not been satisfactory for general purJ;Jose into hostile territory whether by para.. being . developed. It is academic that use on highways or ordinary cross-coun­ chute, helicopter, gliders, or by air trans­ your large long-distance rockets such as try operation. P-Orts certainly poses great difficulty. Redstone are not now air-transportable. The spaced-link track is almost in the The American people can be assured that The author next attacks the 280-milli­ same category. In certain types of soil the Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps meter atomic cannon as follows: it offers improved performance, but on are sincerely working to determine the The atomic cannon, for example, is prob­ other types it is decidedly inferior to the best methods of landing of our troops by ably the most ill-conceived weapon in the standard track. For all-around use, at air. I do not believe the answer is as history of armament. its ,present state of development, it is simple as the author has stated. not superior to the conventional track. Mr. Underhill is also critical of leader­ The fact is that this large atomic can­ Research efforts are continuing on ship in the Army. I believe that all of non was developed for the purpose of both the tire and track in an effort to us who. have been in service have at firing a small-yield atomic shell. At the secure improved performance. Also in times seen poor leadership displayed. time this weapon was developed it was this field, a substantial effort is being That is not new. We have also seen impossible to get atomic missiles in a initiated on vehicles with essentially the magnificent leadership displayed under shell less than 280 millimeters in di­ same characteristics as the large earth­ most difficult conditions. I do know ameter. The Army in attempting to get moving vehicles. that the Army as well as the other two a gun capable of firing an atomic shell In further criticism the author states: services by schooling, training, and ex­ naturally found it necessary to develop Time after time the Army will refuse to amples are trying to develop the best in a gun with bore large enough to hold an buy a proven weapon because a "better leadership. I have personally studied atomic projectile. This was the 280- one" has arrived on the drawing board. and observed their efforts. They are millimeter gun which is quite large. This For example, our divisions today are not producing good results, but I am well weapon naturally has all the vulnerabil­ equipped with the 20-ton M-59 armored aware that perfection will not be at­ ity which would go with a weapon of that personnel carrier, because it looks as though tained. Perhaps it can best be ex­ size. It is common knowledge that there an 8-ton design, yet to be perfected, may be better. Budapest fighting revealed the pressed in the words of Browning, "A now ·has been developed a low-yield Soviets already have armored personnel man's reach should exceed his grasp or atomic projectile which can be fired from carriers. They are inferior to the M-59 but what's a heaven for"? an 8-inch gun. The Army has such decidedly better than nothing or than 8-ton This article mentioned "Colonels' Re­ a gun today that is far cheaper than carriers which are not even in production. volt." I have heard this phrase many times in disturbances in foreign coun­ the 280-millimeter gun, is self-pro­ I cannot understand the source of in­ pelled, has great speed and maneuver­ tries. Iain certain that the author does formation the author has to the Army's not mean this phrase in the manner in ability, and can fire an atomic projectile refusal to use the M-59. On the con­ with great accuracy in a few moments which we often consider it. It is for­ trary, the following is true: tunate that we do have younger officers after arriving at the firing position. The Development and test of the M-59 that are impatient to make more prog­ Army was fearful that a gun capable of armored personnel carrier was expedited ress faster. I well recall that, as a bat­ firing an atomic projectile would be to the fullest possible extent from its talion commander in World War II, I needed before an atomic projectile inception in August 1951, until it was often became impatient with what I capable of being :fired from an 8-inch placed in production in September 1953. thought was lack of force and progress gun could be produced. As matters de­ The M-59 has been in continuous pro­ of my superiors. I also realize that a veloped we didn't need this large 280- duction since that time to meet urgent favorite pastime in the Army among millimeter gun. However, not to have troop requirements. both the officers and enlisted men is to 5926 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD - HOUSE April 17 do a great deal of griping. I have been During my years of service in the cerned with this gravely important sub­ guilty of such myself. I well remember House, I have always been to the front ject. while on active duty that at the same in calling for deeds as well as words of The traffic of the canal is ·now at its time I was griping at my superiors, I was friendship for all of the nations of Cen­ highest point in history, with more than a little shocked to discover that my sub­ tral and South America, and our mutual '800 commercial and Government transits ordinates were griping at me. However, friends of the Caribbean Islands. during March 1957 which surpasses the these continued attacks on the Army by I reaffirm once more that warm, abid­ previous high of 780 vessels in May 1953. Mr. Underhill over 16 years far tran­ ing friendship; with all of these people This increase in tramc volume clearly re­ scends any griping or constructive I am "muy simpatico." flects a steady growth of interoceanic criticism. I say this in preface so that it is commerce since the end of World War II In closing I wish to make a general understood that what I now feel called and brings closer the time when major remark about instituting a "crash" pro­ upon to say comes from the mouth and improvements must be made to meet fu­ gram as suggested by Mr. Underhill to heart of an old and dear friend of ture transportation needs. bring to the Army immediately all of Panama and her good people. The problems involved represent a the weapons and other paraphernalia Mr. Speaker, for more than a decade, challenging task. Their adequate reso­ now under study. To do this would cost 1945 to 19571 the problems of the Panama lution is a serious responsibility of the an astronomical sum and to do the same Canal and of interoceanic canals gener­ Congress, which is the final authority, for the other two services would place a ally have been topics of recurrent Con­ and clearly requires expert advice to the burden upon the American economy that gressional, professional, and national Congress of independent character. To could destroy it. While I am interested discussion. Now, because of a conver­ supply the Congress with essential disin­ in a strong defense, I am well aware that, gence of circumstances, which I shall terested assistance, Senator THOMAS E. if in attaining this defense we wreck the mention later, the conditions presented MARTIN, of Iowa, Representative CLARK very economy that produced it, our by the canal problem have become acute. W. THOMPSON, of Texas, and Representa­ Armed Forces would be useless to us. In By way of background, the attention tive FRANCIS E. DORN, of New York, and I, addition and also important is the fact of the Congress is invited to the 1946 to have introduced identical measures in that as soon as you enter into a "crash" 1947 Isthmian Canal studies conducted the present 85th Congress to create program to provide all the Armed Forces by the Governor of the Panama Canal an independent Interoceanic Canals with a new weapon or carrier that re­ under Public Law 280, 79th Congress. Commission: S. 611, H. R. 3258, H. R. search and further development in that This endeavor, which followed soon after 6008, and H. R. 4774, respectively. field is reduced to a low point for a con­ the use of the atomic bomb in World In this connection, I note from the siderable period. By example, if we War II, was featured by strong emphasis Panama Canal Review that the Directors would immediately produce and arm our on questions of security and national of the Panama Canal Company recently forces · with the newest ri:fie we have defense, which in the very nature of the instituted their own study for increasing today, we could not for several years p:o­ case were more theoretical than prac­ the capacity of the Panama Canal and vide them with a better rifle. Determin­ tical as regards the canal. for the consideration of canals at other ing the time at which the Army should Based upon an interpretation of these locations; this, notwithstanding the fact inaugurate a "crash" program to provide two factors in that statute as the superior that there are four identical measures a new weapon must be carefully studied. consideration, the report of this study pending in the present Congress for the Whatever course you take involves a recommended only the so-called sea­ creation of an independent and capably calculated risk. If we knew that a war level project at Panama for a major constituted Interoceanic Canals Com­ would come within a year, we naturally increase in trans-Isthmian transit facili­ mission to study this particular question should freeze improved models of weap­ ties. and all others relative to the subject of ons under study and produce them in Transmitted to the Congress by the transisthmus canals, with recommen­ volume. On the contrary if war is more President on December 1, 1947, without . dations to the Congress and the Presi- than 10 years away, such action would Presidential approval, comment, or dent. be greatly detrimental to America and recommendation, it failed to receive Con­ In view of this, why have canal offi­ to our economy. gressional sanction or action. However, cials, after years of delay, suddenly un­ In spite of all derogatory remarks the recommendations in the report, dertaken to bypass the Congress on this made of the military leaders of America though not so intended, did contribute policy question? Is it for the purpose of I believe they are on the whole honest, toward the first reorganization of the killing the proposed legislation and sub­ capable men, men who are only human Panama Canal since 1914. stitution of some preconceived program but men who are dedicated to our Nation This administrative change was or basic change in the canal? and their job in it. brought about under Public Law 841, 8lst The intj.icated action in some ways In closing, considering the attitude Congress, popularly known as the suggests that previously taken by the shown by Mr. Underhill over a period of -Thompson Act in honor of Representa­ Board of Directors of the Panama Canal 16 years, I cannot quite see the signifi;.. tive CLARK w. THOMPSON of Texas, chair­ Company concerning the Panama Rail­ cance in the title, "The Army's Case man of the Special Subcommittee on the road with which I am thoroughly ac­ Against Itself." It is the privilege of Panama Canal, 1949 to 1950, that made quainted and was one who contributed every American to express his views on the required studies with resulting favor­ to blocking it. In that recommendation a given subject; however, I am not quite able report by the full Committee on they acted to liquidate this strategic rail certain that Mr. Underhill is a spokes­ Merchant Marine and Fisheries. link without advance Congressional ap­ man of the Army. Other than this managerial reform, proval and would have succeeded had nothing tangible in the way of major im­ not the Congress become alarmed and PANAMA CANAL SITUATION DE­ provement in the operations of the Pan­ instituted an independent inquiry. The ama Canal has ever been concluded. ensuing study resulted in formal recom­ MANDS INDEPENDENT INQUIRY The waterway, in a physical sense, is yet mendations to retain the railroad, and The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under essentially what it was when opened to this recommendation the Congress has previous order of the House, the gentle­ traffic on August 15, 1914. Moreover, accepted. man from Pennsylvania [Mr. FLOOD] is the 1947 recommendation for only the As is well known by Members of the recognized for 1 hour. sea-level project for major construction Congress who have studied isthmian Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I have the has served to prevent adequate public problems, the railroad incident is mere­ honor of being a member of the Appro­ discus5ion and consideration of tremen­ ly the most recent in a series of costly priations Committee of this House and dously important questions in our efforts by routine canal officials. The of its subcommittee for the Panama isthmian policies about which there are voluminous 1946-47 Isthmian Canal Canal. In my omcial capacity I have well-defined differences of opinion. studies, costing some $5 million, proved visited the Canal Zone and the Republic These have been extensively presented futile. The third locks project. au­ of Panama on numerous occasions. I over a period of years in numerous state­ thorized in 1939, was suspended in 1942 shall go there again during this Easter ments in the RECORD by many distin­ after the expenditure of some $75 mil­ recess on omcial business for my com­ guished Members of the Congress. They lion. Is history now going to repeat it­ mittee. are commended for study by all con- self again? 1957 CONGRESS_IONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5927 There is a feeling long existent, that yet been fully implemented by the Con­ The net investment of the United certain Army engineers, but not all, are gress, but there is legislation pending States in the canal proper as of June 30, determined that there shall be no basic therefor. 1955, was $368,004,765. To this sum must improvement of the Panama Canal ex­ The diplomatic negotiations with Pan­ be added the very heavy costs over the cept as they recommend it, and they fear ama over a number of years have been years for the maintenance of the Armed that any plan not developed by them­ featured by steady surrenders to that Re­ Forces on the isthmus for protective pur­ selves may result in their loss of juris­ public of rights granted to the United poses, which include fortifications, de­ diction over the canal enterprise. Such States in the 1903 treaty. Despite the fense bases, and the like, all running in a view is not justified one way or the very great advantages that accrued to the aggregate to a staggering total of other. Panama from the 1955 treaty, a so­ hundreds of millions of dollars. Any As a matter of fact, the continued ef­ called International Round Table Con­ suggestion that the United States sur­ fort of the Panama Canal administra­ ference on Interoceanic Canals recently render the canal and all that inheres tive setup to bypass the Congress in the met at Panama with the apparent pur­ with it, in the light of the facts involved, determination of basic questions of pose of the further liquidation of the is well calculated to cause such a pro­ canal policy will do far more damage to rights of the United States as to the posal, however intended, to be regarded the prestige of Army engineers than control and protection of the Panama by our people as unfortunate. would their acquiescence in the biparti­ Canal, and at which the United States As to the presence of United States san proposal for the creation of an in­ does not appear to have been repre­ forces on the isthmus, it is most perti­ dependent body to study the gravely im­ sented. nent to state that they are there not only portant and far-reaching questions in­ Adjourning on April 1, 1957, in sub­ for the protection of the interests of the volved in providing increased capacity stantial agreement for further revisions United States, but, as well, the direct and operational improvement of the of canal treaties, the discussions of the interests of every country in the Western Panama Canal for the future; and be­ Conference, widely circulated in Latin Hemisphere, including Panama. In fore which body they would have ample America, were aimed primarily at se­ event of war with the forces of world opportunity to present their views. curing greater compensation for Panama communism, they would in no wise re­ But the Panama Canal question in­ and denunciation of the perpetuity spect the neutrality of the canal, wheth­ volves more than forming objective judg­ clauses in the basic Hay-Bunau-Varilla er under Panamanian or international ments concerning the technical problems Treaty of 1903. control. Instead, they would certainly of increasing its capacity. There are In this general connection, it is to be seek to destroy it as a matter of their diplomatic and political complications noted that recently returning travelers war strategy, which is characterized by of increasing gravity, which administra­ from Latin American countries report unfailing defiance of every concept of tive officials of the Panama Canal have widespread agitation to get the United freedom and international law. altogether ignored. Since these are not States, including its armed forces, out of If, unfortunately, any such war should understood as they should be, a brief ex­ the Panama area with the ultimate aim occur, what power is so well equipped planation is required. of turning jurisdiction over the canal to protect the Panama Canal as the The juridical basis for United States enterprise to Panama or the United Na­ United States? Its capabilities have control of the Panama Canal rests in tions. been amply demonstrated during two three important treaties: The pattern of this program is obvious. World Wars and the Korean struggle. First. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of It conforms to the well-known and long­ And I think, too, that I reflect the over­ 1901 between the United States and standing communistic plan to place the whelming sentiment of all peoples of the Great Britain, which facilitated its con­ United States on the defensive by using Americas, North, Central, and South, struction and established rules for its the Panama Canal as a psychological that a Suez crisis will never be permitted free and open navigation for vessels of lever to cause anti-American feeling as to occur in this hemisphere. commerce and war on terms of equality well as to wrest from the United States These are realistic views and they with charges just and equitable. its authority and control over the canal. should be candidly, and, of course, kindly Second. The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Trea­ For this subversionary task there have stated. No immature emotionalism ty of 1903 between the United States and been press reports of agitators, trained should be permitted to becloud the sub­ Panama, which granted to the United at the State College of Political and Eco­ ject. We hold our neighbors in the States in perpetuity the use, occupation, nomic Science at Prague, the propaganda Western Hemisphere in the closest bonds and control of the Canal Zone for the educational center of the Communist of affection and esteem. Our efforts, construction, maintenance, operation, world, being dispatched to the Americas since the promulgation of the Monroe sanitation, and protection of the canal to direct it. Yet our national admin­ Doctrine in 1823 to the present, have as if it were sovereign of the territory istration remains strangely silent on this been directed toward their security and to the entire exclusion the exercise of subject, and sinister propaganda affect­ these will continue. Their aid and co­ such powers by Panama. ing the future of the Panama Canal is operation we have always welcomed and Third. The Thomson-Urritia Treaty having its full and unrefuted play. will continue to welcome. of April 6, 1914, between the United However sincere the sentiments of Now, dramatized by the Suez Canal States and Colombia, which recognized Latin American participants may be in crisis, the problems of the American the title to the Panama Canal and the connection with this question, it is un­ isthmus have become objects of grow­ Panama Railroad as vested in the United doubtedly true that handling the canal ing national concern among our people States. situation in the manner indicated con­ at large, with increasing demands for In 1936 the original setup began to forms to world Communist strategy. independent inquiry along the construc­ change with the signing of the Hull­ It is not possible within the limitations tive lines contemplated in the proposed Alfaro Treaty of Friendship and Coop­ of this statement to give all the reasons legislation previously mentioned. Such eration. This treaty superseded article I why control and operation of the Panama. affirmative action by the United States of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty in Canal should remain with the United should focus the spotlight of national which the United States guaranteed the States. But it is sufficient to state that publicity on the subject of interoceanic independence of the Republic of Pan­ the existing arrangement, sanctioned by canals, dispel the uncertainty that has ama-a provision long viewed by pa­ treaties, intended, and specifically stated, made the Panama Canal a weapon of triotic Panamanians as the Platt amend­ to be in perpetuity as a consideration to psychological warfare against the best ment of their country. It also raised the United States for undertaking the interests of all the Americas, result in the annuity from $250,000 to $430,000 and great task of building the canal at its the final and adequate resolution of the extended other benefits to Panama. own expense should continue. questions at issue, and lead to a wisely In 1955 the Eisenhower-Remon Treaty In the voluminous talk about nation­ reasoned isthmian canal policy that will of January 25 carried these changes fur­ alization and internationalization of the long endure. ther, raised the annuity from $430,000 Panama Canal has there been the faint­ to $1,930,000, and gave Panama valuable est hint that the United States would be properties worth many millions of dol­ reimbursed for its vast outlay in the con­ lars related to the operation and pro­ struction, maintenance, operation, sani­ STATEHOOD FOR HAWAII tection of the canal and railroad, with­ tation, and protection of the canal? I The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under out compensation. This treaty has not have noted none. previous order of the House, the Delegate 5928 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17_ from Hawaii [Mr. BURNS] is recognized .Honorable John A. Carroll; the Honorable which his colleagues on the subcommit­ for 15 minutes. Clair Engle; the Honorable Wayne N. As­ tee want. It is certainly the kind of pinall; the Honorable Leo W. O'Brien; the Mr. BURNS. Mr. Speaker, time and Honorable Walter Rogers; the Honorable program and the kind of administratioI). circumstance as well as personal choice Gracie Pfost; the Honorable James A. Haley; ..of that program which Senator HUBERT have resulted in my being a member of the Honorable George A. Shuford; the Hon­ ·H. HUMPHREY and I had in mind when very few organizations. -0rable Adam C. Powell, Jr.; the Honorable we sponsored this legislation in the 84th One organization of which I am highly Ed Edmondson; the Honorable Lee Metcalf; .Congress. honored to be a member is the 442d Vet­ the Honorable George H. Christopher; the By comparison with other foreign"\" erans Club. I am privileged to be an Honorable B. F. Sisk; the Honorable Stewart affairs expenditures the amount involved L. Udall; the Honorable Charles c. Diggs, Jr.; honorary member of this club formed by the Honorable J. T. Rutherford; the Honor­ in the :President's special international World War II veterans who distinguished ·able A. L. Miller; the Honorable John P. Say­ program is small, but the program is themselves as one of the greatest fighting lor; the Honorable J. Ernest Wharton; the -of vital consequence in this era of com­ units in the history of Uncle Sam's fight­ Honorable E. Y. Berry; the Honorable Wil­ petitive coexistence between two oppos­ ing forces. On March 23, 1957, the 442d liam A. Dawson; the Honorable Jack West'­ ing concepts of life. To live in peace Veterans Club adopted a resolution and land; the Honorable John R. Pillion; the Hon­ with the Soviet orbit and to contain its requested me to read it before this House. orable Craig Hosmer; the Honorable John J. expanding influence, we must meet its Rhodes; the Honorable J. Edgar Chenoweth; constantly shifting tactics. Since the It is an honor and a privilege for the the Honorable James B. Utt; the Honorable Delegate from Hawaii to read the resolu­ Phil Weaver; the Honorable Harold R. Col­ death of Stalin and the advent of the tion from an organization of which I am lier; the Honorable Walter F. Baring; the -Communist tactic of "peaceful coexist:­ proud to be a member: Honorable Al Ullman; the Honorable Keith ence" the Soviet orbit has concentrated Whereas the Territory of Hawaii has con­ Thompson; the Honorable E. L. (Bob) Bart­ increasingly on winning the sympathy tinued in the status of an incorporated Ter­ lett; the Honorable A. Fern6s-Isern; the Hon­ and respect of peoples of other countriC$ ritory of the United States for nearly six orable John A. Burns. through displays of the strength· and decades; and Respectfully submitted. creative vigor, and the supposed peace::­ Whereas as such Territory, the people of STANLEY M. WATANABE, ful attitudes of Communist society;. Hawaii have been relegated to an inferior President, 442d Veterans Club. .Cultural delegations are dispatched to all status as compared to their fellow citizens TOGO NAKAGAWA, of the 48 States; and Executive Secretary, 442d Veterans Club. parts of the world to show the superiority Whereas the people of Hawaii have proven of Communist man in such peaceful pur~ themselves in every conceivable way that Mr. Speaker, it is a privilege and an suits as music, drama, dance, sports, and they are anxious and capable of governing honor indeed as Delegate from Hawaii to industry. Huge and costly Communist themselves as a sovereign state of the United this great body to be privileged to read exhibits at international and national States; and this resolution before you. ·trade fairs depict the economic and Whereas this proof has been manifested Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance technological strength of Communist so:­ time and again, and continuously, both in of my time. times of foreign conflict and in times of ciety, and leave the subtle, but all too peace; and clear, impression o.f the great power of Whereas Hawaii has stood as a military ·THE PRESIDENT'S SPECIAL INTER­ modern Communist states. bastion in the Pacific and a showcase of NATIONAL PROGRAM The Communist strategy. is being democracy and international good will; and waged with cunning and energy, Every­ Whereas the 442d Veterans Club, com­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under where cultural agreements are being prised of former members of the 442d In­ the previous order of the House, the gen­ consummated between Communist states fantry Regimental Combat Team which was . tleman from New Jersey [Mr. THOMPSON] ;:i.nd other nations. Cultural delega­ trained in Mississippi and was engaged in is recognized for 10 minutes. tions are not only sent to uncommitted active combat in Italy and France in World Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey. Mr. non-Communist states but are invited War II, firmly believes that the admission of Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to in droves to the Soviet Union and to the Territory of Hawaii as a State in the revise and extend my· remarks and in­ Union would enhance immeasurably the China, where they are feted and raved prestige and dignity of the United States as clude related matter. over. Every effort is made not only to the bulwark of democracy in the family of The SPEAKER. Is there objection to exhibit the cultural depth of Communist . nations: Now, therefore, be it the request of the gentleman from society but to evince appreciation for the Resolved by the 442d Veterans Club, That New Jersey? cultural attainments of other societies. lt reiterate its endorsement of statehood for There was no objection. At the same time, no chance is wasted Hawaii; and be it further Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey. Mr. to show how barren is th~ cultural life Resolved, That every Member of the Senate ..Speaker, I want to congratulate the gen­ of the capitalist world, and how insensi­ and House of Representatives of the United tleman from New York [Mr. ROONEY] tive is the Western World to the finer States in Congress assembled, is hereby re­ .and his colleagues on the Appropriations spectfully requested to take appropriate ac­ values of life. The United States is, of tion in granting immediate statehood to Ha­ Subcommittee for the Departments of course, the principal target and Soviet waii; and be it further State and Justice, the Judiciary, and re­ ·propaganda hammers away at the mate"­ Resolved, That the President of the Senate lated agencies for their conscientious and rialistic crudity and cultural ignorance a.nd the Speaker of the House of Representa­ painstaking endeavors with regard to the of our citizens and our Government. tives, or the Delegate to Congress from Ha­ .President's special international pro­ Unfortunately, the Communists have a. waii, the Honorable JOHN A. BURNS, hon­ gram. strong ally in this offensive against orary member of the 442d Veterans Club, I think they have shown restraint and are hereby respectfully requested to read this America. The stereotype of this country resolution before their respective Houses; realism with regard to this program, and that is all too common abroad, even in and be it further I generally concur with their findings . the minds of our closest friends, pictures Resolved, That copies of this resolution be and recommendations. our country as devoid of appreciation for transmitted to the following: The Honorable House Report No. 351 accompanying esthetic values and lacking even the most Dwight D. Eisenhower, President of the H. R. 6871 ably presents these findings rudimentary development of the arts. United States; the Honorable Richard M. and recommendations. It is hard for us to understand the dis­ Nixon, Vice President of the United States; With Senator HUBERT H. HUMPHREY advantages we labor under in this new the Honorable Lyndon B. Johnson; the Hon­ I sponsored the legislation which became field of cultural competition. We have a orable William F. Knowland; the Honorable Public Law 860, 84th Congress. This Sam Rayburn; the Honorable John w. Mc­ big job to do in this field, and, make no Cormack; the Honorable Joseph W. Martin; law made the President's special inter­ mistake about it, the task lies at the the Honorable James E. Murray, the Honor­ national program permanent. heart, the vital center, of the struggle able Clinton P. Anderson; the Honorable With sound judgment and able admin­ ·between the Communist and the free Henry M. Jackson; the Honorable Joseph C. Jstration, this program can and should Western World for the sympathy and O'Mahoney; the Honorable Alan Bible; the grow into one which would reflect credit alliance of the uncommitted hundreds of Honorable Richard L. Neuberger; the Hon­ on this country, a program which would orable George W. Malone; the Honorable millions of people in Asia, Africa, and Arthur V. Watkins; the Honorable Henry c. merit the support of the entire country, elsewhere. Dworshak; the Honorable Thomas H. Kuchel; and the complete support of the Con­ It is clear, I think, that if we as a the Honorable Frank A. Barrett; the Honor­ gress. people have no concern for our own cul­ able Barry Goldwater; the Honorable Frank I think this is the kind of program tural attainments and heritage, and for Church; the Honorable Gordon Allott; the which Chairman ROONEY wants, and our cultural leaders, then other peoples 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5929 and other countries are · hardly to be with this program are exorbitant and ln-. I include here as part of my remarks· blamed if they ignore and underrate the dlcate a reckless regard for and an lrrespon­ some correspondence on this matter, as cultural contributions which we have to slble handling of the taxpayers' money. well as some relevant sections from the share with them. They are inclined to Examination of the hearings will disclose Reports to the Congress by the United take their cues from our own Federal that fees have been paid individuals 1n ex- c:;ess of $2,100 per week. States Advisory Commission on Educa­ Government and we have only ourselves tional Exchange. This Advisory Com­ to blame if others feel that we have no This is considerably more than is paid mission was established pursuant to the respect for our own intellectual and cul-· the President of the United States. authority of the Smith-Mundt Act of tural leaders. Here is a second example. Mr. 1948. American newspapers and cultural Richard L. Coe, the nationally known For the past 5 years this fine Advisory leaders have vigorously criticized the lack theater critic of the Washington Post Commission has been recommending of any domestic arts program at the Fed- and Times Herald, wrote this in his that the Secretary of State establish a eral level at a time when we are using newspaper on October 21, 1956: Federal Advisory Committee on the Arts the arts as cultural exchange and propa- What I'm getting at ls not whether the under the authority of the United Staites ganda. Government should take part in cultural Information and Educational Exchange The st. Louis Post-Dispatch in a major exchanges, but at the hypocrisy that rules Act of 1948 which is popularly known as . t what program there is. On the one hand art ic 1e 1as t Decem b er 9 h a d thIS O say: President Eisenhower issues impressive state- the Smith-Mundt Act. On the domestic front, the United States ments about the importance of such an idea. So far, the Advisory Commission has has the J)oorest record of support for art On the other, once such a program has gone not been success! ul in this endeavor. and culture of any Nation that can be de- up the State Department rungs such projects Such an advisory committee would help scribed as civilized • • • unless something as Anne Frank and Porgy and Bess get the greatly in this growing field of cultural is done, quickly, certain forms of art will turndown. • • • But what these matters exchainge which is the field covered so suffer irreparable harm. boil down tcr-the turning down of Anne poorly by the President's Special Inter­ Frank and the refusal of India's invitation The Arkansas Gazette says we have to Porgy for a visit-is a hollow hypocrisy of national Program, as the Appropriations "reached a point in our civilization where saying one thing and doing another. The Committee has pointed out. we are willing to subsidize hog farmers President's fine phrases are being turned MARCH 28, 1957. and real estate promoters with Federal into meaningless gibberish by inactivity. The PRESIDENT, The White House, Washington, D. C. funds. It may be that artists are equally Another criticism that is made by DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: I am very pleased that worthy." well-informed observers is that none of you have asked the Secretary of State and In commenting on Public Law 860 of the Federal Government's top cultural the Director of the United States Informa .. the 84th Congress the New York Times affairs officials are members of the cul­ tion Agency to consider my suggestion that said editorially on January 25 this year tural Presentations Committee of the distinguished Federal officials concerned with cultural activities be represented on the that- Operations Coordinating Board which cultural presentations committee of the op .. It ls ironic, in fact, that this one sub- makes most substantive· decisions in re­ erations Coordinating Board. stantial recent Federal contribution to the spect to the President's special inter­ Such a step would be directly in line with arts is limited to backing them outside- national program. This seems to be an your recom.'ll.endation to the Congress in your not inside-America. Practically every other unusual state of affairs, to say the least. civilized country (and some not so civilized) January 6, 1955, Message on the State of the has recognized that the Government has a It is similar to trying to run the Depart- Union that "In the advancement of the var­ proper interest in promoting the arts, and ment of Agriculture without officials ious activities which will make our civili­ in promoting them with cash. It would be familiar with farm problems .and the zation endure and flourish, the Federal Gov­ a mark of maturity and enlightenment if Department of Commerce without of­ ernment should do more to give official rec­ ognition to the importance of the arts and we were to do the same. ficials familiar with the problems of other cultural activities." The New York Times made admiring business. · General Wilton B. Persons replied under reference to the British Arts council and It is clear that distinguished Federal date of March 21 to my letter of March 6 the new Canadian Arts Council which officials in charge of the Government's !'ecommending such distinguished Federal was finally established on March 28 this cultural activities would add great officials be appointed as Dr. Leonard Car­ year after having passed both the House strength to the Cultural Presentations· michael of the Smithsonian Institution, Dr. L. Quincy Mumford of the Library of Con­ of Commons and the Canadian senate Committee of the Operations Coordinat­ gress, and Dr. David E. Finley of the Commis­ and obtained royal consent. ing Board and vastly improve its opera- sion of Fine Arts. But having pointed these things out, tions. In his letter General Persons said that and these are matters on which I should The purposes of sections 10 and 11 of "the cultural presentations committee of suppose there is broad general agree- Public Law 860, 84th Congress, were to the Board has always had persons with back­ ment in Congress-for President George provide such distinguished leadership to ground in cultural arts among its member­ Washington declared that- the cultural exchange program. ship." So far so good, but the Humphrey­ Thompson Act (Public Law 860, 84th Con­ The arts and sciences essential to the pros- I must say I find it very difficult to· gress) specifically says that "individuals hav­ perity of the State and to the ornament understand why sections 10 and 11 of ing special knowledge and experience in the and happiness of human life have a primary this law have not been carried out by field of the cultural arts" shall be ap­ claim to the encouragement of every lover the administration. pointed to all interagency committees cre­ of his country and mankind. I feel the gentleman from New York ated by you to assist in carrying out the And that- [Mr. ROONEY] and his colleagues on the· promotion and strengthening of interna­ Appropriations Committee have taken a tional relations through cultural and athletic There is nothing which can better deserve d •t· · t' ht · exchanges and participation in international our patronage than the promotion of science soun pos1 ion in keeping a ig rein fairs and festivals. This act lists the United and literature. on this program until such time as the States Information and Education Exchange - administration gives it the kind of lead- Act of 1948 and programs carried out under Having pointed these things out, I ership provided for in Public Law 860 it, as well as other programs, as covered by it. repeat, I still think the President's spe- 84th Congress. · While the present OCB cultural presenta­ cial international program has not been I would say, further, that the name tions committee was created prior to the pas­ given the kind of support and intelligent "Cultural Presentations Committee of sage of Public La...., 860 compliance with the direction and administration which was the Operations Coordinating Board" is spirit of this great act would and surely does contemplated by Senator HUMPHREY and a misnomer since this committee does require the appointment to it of distin­ guished Federal officials concerned with cul­ myself when we sponsored the legislative not have a single distinguished Federal tural activities. These officials would un­ measure which became Public Law 860, official concerned with cultural activities questionably add great strength to the OCB 84th Congress. as a member. Here I have in mind Fed- cultural presentations committee and vastly Let me give one or two examples to eral officials of the stature of Dr. Leonard Improve its operations. This was the pur­ prove my point. CarmicJ;lael, Secretary of the Smithso- pose of section 11 of the Humphrey-Thomp­ L. Mum- son Act and it is to be hoped that there will I quote from · House Report No. 351, nian Institution; Dr. Quincy b9 no further delay 1n taking this step. It page 21: ford, Librarian of Congress; and Dr. is very clear there is a vast di1ference be­ The committee is of the opinion th-at some David E. Finley, Chairman of the Com­ tween "persons with background in cuitural of the fees paid to individuals in connection mission of Fine Arts. arts" who are political a1Iairs officials and the CIII--374 5930 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17 Federal officials concerned with cultural ac­ agency committees under section 11 of Publlc DEPARTMENT OF STATE, tivities which section 11 would provide. Law 860. Under this law the President is Washington, March 4, 1957. Sincerely yours, authorized to create such interagency com­ The Honorable FRANK THOMPSON, Jr., FRANK THOMPSON, Jr., mittees. The Department has not been as­ House of .Representatives. Member of Congress. signed responsibility in this matter. Mean­ DEAR MR. THOMPSON: I have received your while we are continuing to operate the cul­ letter of February 2, 1957, concerning the THE WHITE HOUSE, tural presentations program under delega­ appointment of committees under sections Washington, March 21, 1957. tions of authority contained in letters issued 10 and 11 of Public Law 860, 84th Congress. The Honorable FRANK THOMPSON, Jr .• annually by the President to the Director of With respect to the Advisory Committee House of .Representatives, the United States Information Agency as on the Arts provided for under section 10, the Washington, D. C. coordinator of the overall program for cul- . Department considers the appointment of DEAR MR. THOMPSON: I acknowledge, in tural presentations and trade-fair participa­ the chairman a definite step toward the the President's absence, your letter of March tion. This circumstance has involved con­ formation of the committee. This appoint­ 6, concerning the program of cultural presen­ tinuing cooperation with the interagency ment was made, in accordance with the law, tations abroad. committee that has functioned since the be­ by the United States Advisory Commission We fully share your view that advice on ginning of the cultural presentation pro­ on Educational Exchange. Appointment of the program should be sought from persons gram in reviewing and approving proposed the additional members of this committee eminent in the various fields of the arts. projects and advising the Department on must await the completion of administrative This will be particularly accomplished by program operation. We rely for artistic procedures prescribed under Executive Order the establishment of the Advisory Commit­ judgment on special advisory panels in cul­ 10450. The Department is making every tee on the Arts under section 10 of the act tural arts established by the American Na­ ~ffort to expedite these procedures. Measures authorizing this program. A chairman of tional Theater and Academy. have also been instituted to arrange proper the committee has been already appointed, "You may be sure that the Department staff services for the committee and a number and additional members are being selected intends to operate the cultural-presentations of subjects have been considered for its early among the persons nominated by major program in full compliance with all pertinent attention. organizations in the field. provisions of Public Law 860." I note your concern and that of Senator Regarding the interagency committees Despite Mr. Harlow's bland assurance, HUMPHREY about the appointment of inter­ provided for under section 11, we are con­ there is widespread doubt at this time that agency committees under section 11 of Public tinuing to use the Operations Coordinating the present OCB cultural committee is work­ Law 860. Under this law the President is Board to provide the necessary policy and ing out well or that it even begins to fulfill authorized to create such interagency com­ program coordination for both trade fair and the function authorized by section 11 of mittees. The Department has not been as­ cultural presentation programs. The Board Public Law 860, 84th Congress. Mr. Richard signed responsibility in this matter. Mean­ being already established, it has not seemed L. Coe, a member of ANTA's drama panel while we are continuing to operate the cul­ desirable to establish additional coordinat­ and a leading theater critic, wrote in the tural presentations program under delega­ ing committees. I am advised that the cul­ Washington Post and Times Herald on Octo­ tions of authority contained in letters issued tural presentations committee of the Board ber 21, 1956, as follows: annually by the President to the Director of has always had persons with background "What I'm getting at is not whether the the United States Information Agency as in cultural arts among its me:qibership, and, Government should take part in cultural coordinator of the overall program for cul­ in addition, continuously looks to the Amer­ exchanges, but at the hypocrisy that rules tural presentations and trade fair participa­ ican National Theater and Academy, with what program there is. On the one hand, tion. This circumstance has involved con­ its distinguished panels, :[or further expert President Eisenhower issues impressive state­ tinuing cooperation with the interagency guidance. ments about the importance of such an idea. committee that has functioned since the be­ If experience shows that either the repre­ On the other, once such a program has gone ginning of the cultural presentations pro­ sentation or the functioning of the com­ up the State Department rungs, such proj­ gram in reviewing and approving proposed mittees concerned with the cultural pro­ ects as Anne Frank and Porgy and Bess get projects and advising the Department on gram ts not as is should be, appropriate the turndown. But what these matters boil program operation. We rely for artistic judg­ corrective action will be taken. The Secre­ down to-the turning down of Anne Frank ment on special advisory panels in cultural tary of State and the Director of the United and the refusal of India's invitation to Porgy arts established by the American National states Information Agency, who is the over­ for a visit during next month's UNESCO Theater and Academy. all coordinator of the trade fair and cul­ meeting-is a hollow hypocrisy of saying one You may be sure that the Department tural presentations programs, are also being thing and doing another. The President's intends to operate the cultural presentations asked to consider your suggestion that dis­ fine phrases are being turned into meaning­ program in full compliance with all perti­ tinguished Federal officials concerned with less gibberish by inactivity." nent provisions of Public Law 860. cultural activities be represented. Another criticism that is made by well­ Sincerely' yours, We appreciate your interest in and con­ informed observers is that none of the Fed­ ROBERT C. HILL, tinued support of this program. eral Government's top cultural affairs offi­ Assistant Secretary. Sincerely yo~rs, cials are members of the OCB cultural com­ . WILTON B. PERSONS, mittee which makes most substantive deci­ The Deputy Assistant to the President. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, sions in respect to the cultural presentations Washington, January 30, 1957. program. This seems to be an unusual state The Honorable FRANK THOMPSON, Jr., MARCH 6, 1957. of affairs, to say the least. It is similar, I The PRESIDENT, Ho'!lse of Representatives. think, to trying to run the Department of DEAR MR. THOMPSON: I have received your The White House, Agriculture without officials familiar with Washington, D. C. letter of December 31, 1956, addressed to the farm problems and the Department of Com­ Secretary, in which you ask for comments DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: In recent weeks Sen­ merce without officials familiar with the ator HUBERT H. HUMPHREY and I have ex­ on pages 4-5 of your speech entitled "The problems of business. It would seem to me Federal Government's Role in Art." pressed concern about the appointment of that distinguished Federal officials concerned interagency committees under section 11 of Your concern with the need for expansion the Humphrey-Thompson Act, Public Law with the Government's cultural programs of the ·Department's international educa­ 860, 84th Congress. would add great strength to the OCB cul­ tional exchange program is very much ap­ I have received two very interesting letters tural committee and vastly improve its op­ preciated. The Department has requested on this matter. Under date of November 30, erations. This was the purpose of section 11 $30 million for these activities in fiscal year 1956, your Administrative Assistant, Bryce N. of Public Law 860. 1958, an increase of 50 percent over the cur­ Harlow, wrote me in part as follows: "As re­ I must say I find it very difficult to under­ rent appropriation. With regard to the Ad­ gards section 11, present convictions are that stand why section 11 hasn't been carried out. visory Committee on the Arts authorized by the OCB cultural committee which makes section 10 of Public Law 860 of the 84th Con­ Further, I think the name "OCB cultural gress, I am enclosing a press release announc­ most substantive decisions in respect to the committee" a misnomer, since this commit-. cultural presentationR program adequately ing the appointment of Dr. Rufus H. Fitz­ tee obviously has no cultural affairs officials gerald as chairman. It is expected that the fulfills the function authorized by this sec­ as members-here I have in mind such cul­ tion." I can only gather from this that Mr. appointment of other members of the com­ tural officials as Dr. L. Quincy Mumford, of mittee will be announced in the near future. Harlow has decided that section 11 of Public the Library of Congress; Dr. Leonard Car­ Law 860 is unnecessary. This seems to me Special note has been taken of your com­ to be a highly unusual position for him to michael, of the Smithsonian Institution; and ments concerning the present interagency take and I would deeply appreciate having Dr. David E. Finley, of the Commission of committee establlshed by the Operations Co­ your own views of this particular section. Fine Arts. ordinating Board to ad vise the Secretary o! On March 4, 1957, Robert C. Hill, Assistant I would appreciate having your views on State with respect to the cultural presenta­ Secretary, Department of State, had this to this matter. tions program operated by the Department say with regard to section 11: Sincerely yours, under authority of the Humphrey-Thompson "I note your concern and that of Senator FRANK THOMPSON, Jr., Act (Public Law 860, 84th Cong.). In its HUMPHREY about the appointment of inter- Member of Congress. role as the agency operating this program, 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5931 the Department. would, of course, be glad to introduced by other congressional leaders, side. They encompass everything from. work with any type of interagency commit­ which propose the enactment of legislation printing newspapers and posters to ringing tee that might be established. Its relation­ to facilitate the effective operation of an art doorbells to get signatures for a "peace peti­ ships with the current committee have been and cultural exchange program. tion." They result in daily Communist con­ close, and undoubtedly the program has ben- · Sincerely yours, tacts with hundreds of m1llions of persons in efited from the careful scrutiny given each R. H. FITZGERALD, every land in the world. project by the members of this committee. Chairman. The Kremlin has established a large, high­ Sincerely yours, ly organized training program in the ROBERT C. HILL, SEVENTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO THE CON• U.S. S. R. to insure that propaganda opera­ Assistant Secretary. GRESS BY THE UNITED STATES ADVISORY COM• tions are carried out by professional expert MISSION ON EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE (JULY propagandists and agitators. APPOINTMENT OF DR. RUFUS H. FITZGERALD AS 1-DECEMBER 31, .1951) Six thousand special schools exist for this purpose on the local level. These have a CHAIRMAN, ADVISORY COMMI'ITEE ON THE I. CULTURE-THE SOVIET'S NEW WEAPON .ARTS constant enrollment of more thari. 185,000 Over the past year the Kremlin's constantly students. On the regional level there are 177 The United States Advisory Commission on mou~ting propaganda offensive has been more schools that train an additional 135,000 Educational Exchange announced today that directed at the free nations in an attempt to students. Then, on the national level, there it has designated Chairman Rufus H. Fitz­ break their determination and desire to unite are some dozen higher institutions devoted gerald as Chairman of the Advisory Com­ against communism. The theme of the of­ entirely to this subject. These furnish spe­ mittee on the Arts. This Committee was fensive is the "peaceful intentions of the cialized training to some several thousand created by Public Law 860, 84th Congress, Soviet Union and the satellites" as con­ advanced students. to advise the President, the Secretary of trasted to the "aggressive preparations of the Moreover, propaganda training ls not lim­ State and the United States Advisory Com­ United States to plunge the world in a new ited to these special schools. It is empha­ mission on Educational Exchange concern­ war." ing the promotion and strengthening of in­ sized in every other type of advanced adult­ All propaganda techniques, all informa­ education program within the Soviet Union. ternational relations through cultural ex­ tional and cultural media, and all support­ In the training of Red army officers, school­ changes. The provisions of the act call for ers of the Communist cause have been made a chairman to be selected by the United teachers, engineers, skilled laborers, etc., the a part of the new peace offensive. Cultural regular course of instruction always includes States Advisory Commission on Educational activities in particular have been empha­ Exchange from among its membership and instruction in agitation-propaganda tech­ sized since they provide a natural channel niques. The result is that nearly everyone nine other members to be appointed by the for depicting the U. S. S. R. as a peace­ Secretary of State. who is in a position to influence opinion in seeking nation which concentrates on the the Soviet Union has received professional Dr. Edens, Vice Chairman of the Commis­ development of its cultural life as distinct tutoring in this field. It is not too much to sion and president of Duke University, stated from America which devotes its energies to say that the cream of the Russian popula­ that the designation of Dr. Fitzgerald as building its military might and materialistic tion, five to ten m1llion persons, are trained Chairman of this Committee would assure pursuits. propagandists, and all of them constantly strong leadership of the Committee because The Soviet's use of culture as a weapon in carry on activities to promote Communist of his knowledge and experience in this field. the cold war is new. It has a potentially Chairman Fitzgerald, chancellor emeritus propaganda objectives. adverse effect on United States interests The picture is the same within the Euro­ of the University of Pittsburgh, was direc­ abroad because of its special emphasis on tor and professor of the School of Fine Arts pean satellites, China, and North Korea. The the fine arts, which by contrast are not em-' process involves not only the training of and head of the department of history and phasized in the United States information appreciation of fine arts at the State Uni­ Russians, Czechs, Poles, etc., for work with­ and educational exchange program. in those countries, but also the training of versity of Iowa from 1929 to 1938. This Commission has advisory responsl­ In addition to Chairman Fitzgerald and Communists from outside the Soviet orbit. bili ties to the Congress and the Secretary of Persons who have received special training Vice Chairman Edens, the presidentially ap­ State for the United States educational ex­ pointed Advisory Com.mission on Educational in propaganda train others who in turn change program. It is therefore important train others, and so on. . Exchange is composed of: Mrs. Anna L. Rose and necessary that we place the matter be­ Hawkes, president of the American Associa­ 2. Media used in the Soviet peace offen­ fore the Congress, together with our views sive: The Kremlin's official program for the tion of University Women (and recently re­ thereon. This is done in the succeeding tired dean of Mills College); Dr. Arthur A. peace offensive utilizes all informational and statements which have been arranged topi­ cultural mediums. Hauck, president of the University of Maine; cally as follows: and Mr. Laird Bell, Chicago attorney. As in previous propaganda drives outside 1. Soviet propaganda resources. the Soviet orbit, U. S. S. R. activities in the 2. Media used in the Soviet peace offensive. peace offensive include radio broadcasts, wide DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 3. The United States programs. dissemination of publications, support for THE UNITED STATF.S ADVISORY 4. Special problem of the fine arts. binational societies, and assistance to the COMMISSION ON EDUCATIONAL ExCHANGE, 5. Recommendations of the Commission Communist Party in various countries. Un­ October 10, 1955. on Educational Exchange. der the new offensive, however, these activi­ Hon. FRANK THOMPSON, Jr. For data and statistics used in this report ties have been multiplied and accelerated. House of Representatives. the Advisory Commission is indebted to the For example, there has been a marked in­ MY DEAR MR. THOMPSON: The question of Department of State which has made the crease of radio programs to the North Amer­ augmenting the cultural activities of our information available to us from its files. ican and other English-speaking areas, as Government referred to in your letter of The Commission wishes to take this op­ well as an increase in programs in other lan­ August 18, to the Secretary of State (copy of portunity to point out that the importance guages. The U.S. S. R. and its satellites now which you sent to me on August 19) was of educational exchange should not be over­ broadcast a total of 1,722 hours a week. This discussed at our recent Commission meeting. looked. We fight antidemocratic forces with compares with a total of less than 500 hours Your statement proposing the establish­ good ideas as well as with military defense. a week broadcast by the Voice of America. ment of an Advisory Committee on Arts and The · Soviet Governments, as the following The Soviet press and publication program, Cultural Exchange was of particular interest record will show, are very much alive to the moreover, has been greatly stepped up so to this Commission. This is a subject which importance of personal exchange in cultural that out of the Soviet Union pours a con­ has been of vital concern to the Advisory as well as educational activities. stant stream of publications of various sorts. Commission on Educational Exchange, and 1. Soviet propaganda resources: Since both These include some of the old standbys one upon which recommendations have been domestic and foreign propaganda are of cru­ like Pravda, which is distributed around the made by the Commission since December cial importance to the triumph of the Com­ world and sets the line for international 1951. In this connection, I believe you will munist Party, the U. S. S. R. and its satel­ communism, and Tass, the official Soviet be interested in the attached statement lites spend billions of dollars on the Com­ news agency, and the official organ of the which gives a brief summary of the Commis­ munist propaganda machine and maintain Cominform, For a Lasting Peace-for a sion's recommendations to the Secretary of an elaborate system of training to operate it. Peoples' Democracy, a weekly newspaper State concerning the need for and the estab­ These activities are unparalleled in history. published in 18 languages, including Japa­ lishment of a Committee on Arts. These In 1950 the Soviet Union itself spent al­ nese, Arabic, Korean, Chinese, English, and recommendations were reported to the Con­ most a blllion dollars on propaganda activi­ most of the languages of Europe. In addi­ gress in the Commission's seventh, eighth, ties out of a total national income of some tion, new Soviet publications have been cre­ and ninth semiannual reports, copies of 70 billions. In addition, the satellites spent ated to carry the message of a peace-seeking which are enclosed. over $480 milUon during the same year for Russia. Examples of these are the recently The Commission appreciates your interest this purpose. But these staggering expendi­ inaugurated English language "friendship in this matter. Since this is a subject of ture data do not tell the whole story. journal" News and the Mexican magazine mutual concern and one which the Commis­ A multitude of Soviet propaganda. opera­ Paz. sion will have under continual review, we tions are carried on within free countries. Another example of the accelerated ap­ shall follow with interest the action taken on In the main, they are manned and financed proach 1s in the medium of films. The so­ the bill introduced .bY you as well as bills by Communists and their friends on the out- viets are attempting to expand their film 5932 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17 markets by participation in international lion dollars, consists of over 700 paintings, mation and educational exchange program, film festivals, and by holding Soviet film fes­ 22 sculptures, and over 200 other items. where the Soviet impact stands to jeopardize tivals, such as those held in India in past Leading Soviet art personages will accom­ United States interests. months. Also, individuals prominent in the pany the exhibit during its Indian tour. 4. Special problem of the fine arts: The Soviet film industry are being sent abroad This exhibit appears to be the largest dis­ emphasis on the fine arts in the cultural to win friends for Soviet films. play of Soviet art to be shown outside the phase of the Soviet peace offensive creates a The new element in the offensive is the Soviet Union." special problem for the United States. First, cultural campaign in the course of which There is also increased Communist ac­ the Soviet's emphasis on the fine arts capital­ the U. S. S. R. is bringing to Russia an in­ tivity to .establish front organizations on izes on the fact that certain areas of the creasing number of leaders in cultural and national and international levels. Many of world, particularly Europe and Latin Amer­ related fields and sending Soviet citizens to these organizations participate in so-called ica, have always underestimated the level of western nations. Under this new approach cultural activities, including the sponsor­ American cultural achievements. This prej­ a number of delegates are entering the So­ ship of festivals and conferences which are udice has affected attitudes and judgments viet Union. This is not, however, an "open calculated to appeal to a wider group than about American policies and foreign rela­ door" program. Although all individuals al­ confirmed Communists. tions. lowed to enter the U. S. S. R. are not Com­ A list of scheduled and proposed confer­ In turn, because cultural achievements are munists, all are highly screened to ascer­ ences and meetings of such organizations, to so important to the peoples of these areas, tain that they will be receptive to the in-· be held on both sides of the Iron Curtain, they may be influenced in favor of commu­ tense, high-powered propaganda program to shows that a number of artists, writers, nism of a result of Russia's newly acquired which they will be subjected once inside the youth representatives, doctors, lawyers, and prestige in the artistic fields. Soviet Union. Upon completion of this pro­ other professionals, will be traveling to and Second, the Soviet drive in the fine arts gram they are returned to their own coun­ from the U. S. S. R. and the satellite coun­ field finds the United States at present with­ try to popularize the Soviet message. tries in the coming months. out a counteroffensive. Fine arts activities The flow of people from the Soviet Union 3. The United States programs: One of the per se are not included in the Department of ls equally impressive. These individuals are resources for furthering this Nation's in­ State's information and educational ex­ also carefully selected. This is to insure not terests on the psychological front is the in­ change program. only that there will be no embarrassing formation and educational exchange pro­ Policies laid down by the Congress during defections but also that the individuals are gram being carried out by the Department the enactment of Public Law 402 have re­ of the caliber to strike an intellectual re­ of State. This total program is a composite sulted in a deemphasis on the fine arts in sponse in the outside world. of individual programs carried out under general and a specific prohibition on Govern­ In all of these exchange activities special Public Law 402, 80th Congress, and other laws ment-financed exhibits of paintings. Even emphasis has been placed on impressing authorizing special programs of educational if this were not the case, funds appropriated the Western World with Soviet artistic su­ exchange such as the program under the on an annual basis for the program have periority. The Communist world is repre­ Fulbright Act, and the program for educa­ been too modest to permit this emphasis. sented as one in which artistic endeavor at­ tional exchange with Finland. It should be pointed out, however, that in tains unsurpassed excellence as a result of Originally conceived as an instrument for the meantime certain activities in the fine­ an atmosphere of peace and well-being. achieving understanding of the United arts field have been carried out by the De­ Under this approach, Russian musicians, States among other nations, the program's partment within the limit of available funds singers, ballet dancers, lecturers, professors, objectives have sharpened so that it is now and Congressional policies. Such activities writers, scientists, are being sent to perform dedicated to the following three objectives: have consisted chiefly of making the best use at special events such as exhibitions, festi­ (a) Keeping alive the spirit of coopera­ of volunteer performances by American vals, anniversary celebrations, and interna­ tion among the free nations of the world for artists and musicians, giving grants on a tional conferences, both private and public. the purpose of self-protection and progress limited basis to individuals in the fine arts The emissaries of Soviet culture have done for all; field, and facilitation of certain private proj­ an effective job as indicated in the follow­ (b) Strengthening resistance to commu­ ects. These have constituted no more than ing statement: nism in countries immediately threatened a mere holding operation. "At the Brussels International Music Con­ with infiltration or aggression; . 5. Recomendations of the Commission on test in May 1951, Russia carried 4 of the 7 ( c) Weakening the forces of communism Educational Exchange: The Commission be­ top ratings, including the first 2, whereas and diminishing its power in areas now un­ lieves that a counteroffensive in the fine arts the United States was unofficially repre­ der the domination of the U. S. S. R. field should be initiated. sented by 2 young entrants who finished The scope and na.ture of activities con­ We foresee no immediate lifting of the ninth and eleventh on the list of 12. The ducted to carry out these objectives are, gen­ barriers which in the past have prevented the Russian violinist was so sensational as to be erally speaking, fixed by legal authority for, Department of State from emphasizing the compared in the Belgian press to the leading or congressional intent concerning specific fine arts in its international educational ex­ violinists of the Western World. activities; their effectiveness in achieving change program~ We do not, in fact, advo­ "At the music festival in Florence this foreign-policy objectives; and availability of cate that they be lifted. The Department of past May the Russians joined at the eleventh funds. State has no special competence in the fine hour and literally stole the show with 3 or 4 · A number and variety of information and arts field. We believe that the Department's outstanding artists. The United States did educational exchange activities are con­ activities should continue to be confined to not participate in the festival. ducted under the total program. An indi­ making a limited number of grants in the "Again, at the film festival in Cannes in cation of this is given in the accompanying fine arts field and to facilitation of private May 1951, the Russians after accepting at table which summarizes the educational-ex­ projects. However, it is our strong convic­ the last moment, sent an official delegation change program as planned for 1952, for. tion, which we know the Department of State including a top film producer and one of which approximately 29.7 million in dol­ shares, that even in connection with activi­ their best stars. They scored heavily at press lars and the dollar equivalent in foreign cur­ ties of this type, the Department must estab­ conferences attended by hundreds of news­ rencies has been made available. In addi­ lish criteria to insure that those fine arts papermen from all over the world. They also tion, funds have been appropriated for in­ projects in which it participates will operate took honors at social functions. Their own formation activity and work at the overseas in the national interest. We believe that reception was the most elaborate of the 30 missions, bringing the total for information such criteria can best be developed with the official receptions offered. and education exchange to $103.4 million. assistance of private experts. "There was no official United States dele­ Obviously the Soviet propaganda machine If the Department of State's activities in gation at Cannes, nor were there any Amer­ provides greater resources than this Nation's the fine arts field are to remain limited, who ican movie stars or an official United States information and educational exchange pro­ is to take the lead in conducting the neces­ reception. A private United States citizen, gram can supply. More are required to sup­ sary cultural counteroffensive? learning that no American reception was port the Soviet way of life. Our Commission believes that this is a job planned, came forth with a thousand dol­ The determination as to what total pro­ for private endeavor, and that the first step lars of his own money and saved the day. gram resources this Government needs to is to interest private agencies in undertaking "In Iceland, the Russians are presenting counteract the Soviet peace offensive and it. The next step is to develop a mechanism excellent artistic programs to local audi­ other propaganda efforts is properly a re­ to insure continuous, close cooperation be­ ences, whereas American artists who perform sponsibility of the executive and legislative tween private agencies conducting the of­ for the United States Army troops in Iceland branches of the Government and outside fensive and the Department of State. cannot appear before local audiences due to both the purview and competence of the our conclusions point to one thing-the lack of funds and union regulations prohib­ Commission. We are convinced, however, appointment of a committee of private ex­ iting free performances: that it would not be practicable nor desir­ perts i:l the field of fine arts for the purpose "In India the Soviet's cultural approach able to attempt to match the Soviet effort. of (a) securing the interest of private en­ has been particularly strong. It includes Propaganda, Russian style, ls alien to Ameri­ terprise in conducting the necessary counter­ Soviet and satellite participation in the re­ can principle, practices, and economy. offensive; (b) counseling the Department of cent Indian film festival, to be followed by Nevertheless, the Commission considers it State concerning its facilitation of private an impressive exhibition of Russian art important that additional resources be pro­ projects. which will be shown in five cities of India. vided to counteract the Soviet effort in fields We have made a recommendation to the This exhibit, reportedly worth several mil- not now covered by the United States infor- Secretary of State to this effect. We have 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5933 further recommended that the committee be the basis of departmental action and also funds should run counter to any existing be appointed by the Secretary of State under serve to stimulate private groups or agencies specific Congressional ban, such as the pro­ the authority of section 8301 (6) of Public to finance and conduct as much of the pro­ hibition on "* • • the use of funds for pic­ Law 402 to operate in effect, as a subcom­ gram as possible. tures • • • which do not have the approval mittee of this Commission and that the The Department requested approval of of the Congress," 2 the Department of State chairman be designated by the commission the Commission for the establishment of a should request the approval of the Congress from among its membership. We further committee of expert advisers, under the to exempt from this ban the use of funds for believe that the committee membership authority of section 801 (6) of Public Law shipping pictures, provided the Congress con­ should in no case exceed nine individuals, 402, 80th Congress, to act as a subcommittee siders the ban to apply thereto. exclusive of the chairman. We believe that to the Commission. The Commission agreed 2. The Department should establish the the members should represent the public to the Department's request and in its sec­ Committee on Overseas Arts in accordance interest and be individuals whose experience ond 1 and third quarterly reports to the Sec­ with the sound and workable plan presented and qualifications will enable them to per­ retary of State for fiscal year 1952, gave the to the Commission at its June 27, 1952, meet­ form the jobs as outlined in broad terms Department certain guidance on the prob­ ing. above. lem. The Commission advised the Depart­ 3. The Department should develop a spe­ The Secretary of State has informed us ment to expedite the establishment of the cific program for the conduct of an effective that our recommendations are being con­ Committee referred to above to keep its fine arts program overseas, based on recom­ sidered and that action thereon will be facilitation of private projects at a minimum mendations to be developed by the Commit­ reported to us in the near future. until this Committee's advice could be ob­ tee on American Arts with the approval of tained, and to refrain from using Public the Commission on Educational Exchange; EXTRACTS FROM EIGHTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT Law 402 funds to support overseas fine arts and including specific provisions for the pri­ TO THE CONGRESS BY THE UNITED STATES projects. vate financing and conduct of a major por­ ADVISORY COMMISSION ON EDUCATIONAL Since the submission of the above-men­ tion of such a program. EXCHANGE, JANUARY 1-JUNE 30, 1952 tioned reports, certain developments have 4. The International Information Admin­ taken place which have resulted in the Com­ m. OVERSEAS AMERICAN ARTS PROGRAM istration should establish a central point of mission's modifying and amplifying its responsibility for fine arts matters, before the At the Commission's September 14, 1951, original recommendations. We wish to re­ Committee on Overseas American Arts is meeting, the Department of State reported port our final position on this subject, to­ appointed, in order to insure priority atten­ in detail to the Commission on the impor­ gether with factors which have contributed tion to this important phase of the Adminis­ tance of a presentation of American achieve­ to the development thereof, in the state­ tration's progTam and a focal point of con­ ments in the fine arts-music, drama, paint­ ments which follow. tact within the Department with which the ing, etc.-to foreign audiences in order to During the last quarter of fl.seal year 1952, Committee on Overseas American Arts may overcome the· widely held view that Ameri­ the Commission devoted considerable time deal. cans are uncultured, materialistic, and and attention to this problem. It made an money.mad. The Department emphasized additional intensive study of the elements of The Commission's recommendations on the fact that people in Europe and many the Soviet's new use of fine arts activities as this subject, as set forth above, are being other countries have confidence in American a weapon in psychological warfare, as well submitted to the Department of State and scientific and technical achievements but as a detailed review of the Department of reported to the Congress on the same date, lack knowledge of our cultural achievements State's specific proposal of June 27, 1952, for July 25, 1952. and so fail to respect the essential moral the establishment and operation of the Com­ and spiritual qualities of the American mittee on Overseas American Arts. EXTRACTS FROM NINTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT people. This committee will, like the Committee TO THE CONGRESS BY THE UNITED STATES The Department reviewed for the Com­ on Books Abroad, be appointed by the Secre­ ADVISORY COMMISSION ON EDUCATIONAL EX­ mission an analysis of the greatly intensified tary of State under the authority of section CHANGE, JULY 1-DECEMBER 31, 1952 Soviet cultural offensive now under way in 801 (6) of Public Law 402, 80th Congress, V. RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE SECRETARY OP all key countries and its highly inimical and act as a subcommittee of this Commis­ STATE PRIOR TO JUNE 30, 1952, ON WHICH DE­ effect on attitudes of people in foreign sion. We were impressed with the soundness PARTMENTAL ACTION HAS NOT PREVIOUSLY countries toward the United States. It was of the proposal and the caliber of the candi­ BEEN REPORTED TO THE CONGRESS pointed out that this Soviet culural offen­ dates being considered for membership. We A. American arts program sive was aimed at glamorizing and glorifying not only approved the proposal but also de­ the cultural •achievements of the Soviet veloped new recommendations concerning During the fl.seal year 1952, the Commis­ Union and its satellites and picturing Amer­ the conduct of an official Government over­ sion devoted considerable time and atten­ icans as devoid of creative ability in non­ seas fine arts program. tion to the emphasis which the U. S. S. R. has technical fields of endeavor, thus destroying Formerly, we had reservations about the placed on the use of culture as a weapon in respect and confidence in the American use of Public Law 402 funds for overseas fine the cold war. In order to fulfill our advisory people on the part of people in other arts projects because the Department has no responsibilities in accordance with Public countries. special competence in this field and because Law 402, we reported our views on this sub­ The Department summarized its activities no provision had been made to insure that ject, together with certain recommendations, in attempting to secure a more extensive any official programs or projects would be to the Secretary of State in quarterly reports. presentation to foreign audiences of Ameri­ developed and conducted effectively. The complete text of these recommendations can cultural achievements. These have We now believe after our full review of the has been reported to the Congress in the largely been confined to the award of a Department's proposal for a Committee on Commission's seventh semiannual report relatively small number of grants to in­ Overseas American Arts that such a commit­ (H. Doc. 412, 82d Cong.) and eighth semi­ dividuals in the fine arts field and to the annual report (H. Doc. 35, 83d Cong.). dissemination of information on American tee will provide a means by which a program in the field can be developed under sound Briefly, these recommendations are as fol­ activity through printed and visual material. lows: The Department has facilitated private proj­ criteria and with adequate safeguards so as to advance the objectives of the international Recommendation (submitted to the De­ ects without the use of Government funds, partment of State April 1, 1952): "The Com­ but since the Department's competence does educational exchange program. We feel free to recommend that the way be left open for mission believes that a counteroffensive to not include specialization in fine arts the Communists' cultural drive should be matters, it has been difficult to determine the conduct of official Government projects where such action is necessary in the na­ initiated but that it should be undertaken which private projects should be assisted in under private auspices. We further stated terms of overseas objectives and needs. The tional interest. More specifically, we believe that provisions should now be made for the that in our opinion the Department of Department noted the Congressional injunc­ State's activities in this field should continue tion against the use of Public Law 402 funds International Information Administration to assume its rightful leadership in the conduct to be limited to the awarding of a modest for pictures without specific Congressional number of grants in the fine arts field and to authorization, which injunction has been of this particular phase of the American psychological counteroffensive. Therefore, the facilitation of certain worthwhile private adhered to. projects. In the Department's opinion, two major all previous recommendations notwithstand­ needs exist if we are to meet the Soviet ing, the Commission expects and recom­ "We recommended that a committee of challenge: mends that the Department of State make private experts in the fine arts field be estab­ whatever budgetary arrangements are neces­ lished to act as a subcommittee of the Com­ 1. The appointment of a panel of expert mission for the purpose of assisting us to advisers who would be asked to develop sary to support this developing program, sub­ ject to the following conditions: stimulate private projects, to insure continu­ criteria to use in determining what private ous, close cooperation with private agencies projects might make a sufficient contribu­ 1. No program or specific project involving American arts and the use of Public Law 402 undertaking them and the Department of tion to the objectives of the information and State, and to establish criteria which the educational exchfl.Ilge program to warrant Department of State might use to determine departmental facilitation. 1 The Commission's 7th Semiannual Report 2. The development of an overseas fine arts to the Congress also served as the 2d quar­ program, utilizing the advice of the above terly report for :fiscal year 1952 and reported a May 21, 1947, Report of the House Com­ pa~el and other experts, which could then fully on the Soviet's new cultural offensive. mittee on Foreign Affairs, p. o. 5934 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17 the worth of private ·projects which it ls proval of the Commission on Educational relative to the arts program, the Department continuously being requested to facilitate." Exchange, and including specific provisions desires to inform the Commission as follows: Recommendation (submitted to the De­ for the private financing and conduct of a 1. The International Information Admin­ partment of State April 14, 1952): "The Com­ major portion of such a program. istration is taking the necessary steps, in line mission wishes to reiterate and emphasize its "4. The International Information Admin­ with the Commission's recommendation, to previous recommendations on this subject istration should establish a central point of consult the opinion of the chairman of the as follows: responsibility for fine-arts matters, before House Subcommittee on Appropriations. "The Department's facilitation of fine-arts the Committee on Overseas American Arts is 2. As reported to the Commission hereto­ projects should be kept to a minimum until appointed in order to insure priority atten­ fore, the formal establishment of the Com­ the advice of the Committee on American tion to this important phase of the adminis­ mittee on Overseas Arts awaits the process­ Arts can be obtained. tration's program and a focal point of con­ ing of the panel of possible members. "The Department should expedite the tact within the Department with which the 3. The International Information Admin­ establishment of the Committee. Committee on Overseas American Arts may istration has taken note of the recommen­ "Fine-arts projects should not be financed deal." dation that a larger fine-arts program over­ from funds appropriated for the conduct of First departmental reply (dated August seas be developed. Preliminary projections the program under Public Law 402, 80th 20, 1952: The Departnrent accepts the rec­ of a program to make American culture bet­ Congress." ommendation of the United States Advisory ter understood will be ready to present to Recommendation (submitted to the De­ Commission on Educational Exchange "that a the committee upon its establishment. partment of State July 15, 1952) : As reported committee of private experts in the fine-arts 4. Concerning the establishment of a cen­ 1n the Commission's eighth semiannual re­ field be established to act as a subcommittee tral point of responsibility within the Inter­ port to the Congress • • • "during the last of the Commission for the purpose of assist­ national Information Administration for quarter of fiscal year 1952, • • • the Com­ ing us to stimulate private projects, to insure policy coordination of the cultural program, mission made an additional intensive study continuous, close cooperation with private this recommendation of the Commission is of the elements of the Soviet's new use of agencies undertaking them and the Depart­ the subject of a management proposal fine arts activities as a weapon in psycho­ ment of State, and to establish criteria which to make the special projects officer of the logical warfare, as well as a detailed review the Department of State might use to deter­ Office of Policy and Plans the chairman of a of the Department of State's specific pro­ mine the worth of private projects which it working group representing the Office of posal of June 27, 1952, for the establishment is continuously being requested to facilitate. Field Programs, the Private Enterprise Co­ and operation of the Committee on Overseas In regard to the 3 recommendations sub­ operation Staff, and the media services. American Arts. • • • We not only approved mitted on April 14, 1952, the Department pre­ This proposal does not yet have full concur­ the proposal but also developed new recom­ sents the following: rence in the International Information Ad­ mendations concerning the conduct of an The Department concurs with the Com­ ministration. official Government overseas fine arts pro­ mission that until the Committee on Ameri- · Recommendation (submitted to the De­ gram. can Arts is organized within the Commission, partment of State December 5, 1952): The "Formerly, we had reservations about the the International Information Administra­ Commission believes that the title of the use of Public Law 402 funds for overseas tion's facilitation of fine-arts projects should committee suggested by the Department-­ be kept to a minimum. "Committee on American Culture"-js too fine arts projects because the Department all-inclusive. The Commission wishes to in­ has no special competence in this field and The Department is at present processing names of possible members of the Committee dicate its preference and recommends that because no provision has been made to in­ the title be "Committee on Arts" if a new sure that any official programs or projects on American Arts selected from the panel approved by the Commission. In view of the title is desired. would be developed and conducted effec­ Departmental reply (dated April 15, 1953) : tively. time required for the processing of such ap­ pointments, one cannot anticipate that the The name preferred by the Commission "We now believe after our full review of "Committee on Arts" is acceptable to the the Department's proposal for a Committee Committee on American Arts would be a functioning reality before another 4 months International Information Administration. on Overseas American Arts that such a com­ have passed. mittee will provide a means by which a The appropriation recommended for program in the field can be developed under The Department concurs that fine-arts the President's Special International sound criteria and with adequate safeguards projects-if "fine arts projects" is used in a very narrow and intellectually sophisticated Fund represents, in my opinion, the so as to advance the objectives of the inter­ barest minimum which we can afford for national educational exchange program. We sense-should not be :financed from the feel free to recommend that the way be.left moneys appropriated for the conduct of the this purpose. open for the conduct of official Government program under Public Law 402. I am sure the Appropriations Commit­ projects where such action is necessary in the The Commission's -attention is invited to tee would have recommended more if the national interest. More specifically, we be­ the use of the word "arts" in the proposed Administration had fully carried out lieve that provisions should now be made for name for the committee. The words "art," Public Law 860, 84th Congress, in all of the International Information Administra­ "arts," and "fine arts" are all replete with connotations inadequate to the role which its provisions and thereby given this im­ tion to assume its rightful leadership in the American culture must play in the task of portant program better direction and conduct of this particular phase of the Amer­ management. ican psychological counteroffensive. There­ gaining the acceptance and recognition of fore, all previous recommendations notwith­ our allies. The concept is considerably So far only a modest start has been standing, the Commission expects and rec­ broadened therefore, if the name of the pro­ made in filling the tremendous need in ommends that the Department of State make posed subsidiary body of the Commission our foreign policy to present the cultural .whatever budgetary arrangements are neces­ were "Committee on American Culture." side of the American way of life to the sary to support this developing program, sub­ As a result of the Department's interest in uncommitted peoples abroad; to show ject to the following conditions: initiating a counteroffensive to the Commu­ that we Americans support and practice "l. No program or specific project in­ nists' cultural drive there have been two major exhibits in the field of the visual arts the creative and performing arts with as volving American arts and the use of Public prepared for showing abroad. In both great a respect and as high a level of Law 402 funds should run counter to any instances the initiative was taken by the attainment as that of any other great existing specific Congressional ban, such as Bureau of German Affairs. The first exhibit, nation and people in the world; and that the prohibition on •• • • the use of funds a cross section of American painting, past our economic and productive might has for pictures • • • which do not have the and present, was financed by the Oberlander approval of the Congress,' 1 the Department given us happiness and well-being. Trust, assembled under the direction of the This program has been under way only of State should request the approval of the American Federation of Arts and shown in Congress to exempt from this ban the use of Berlin, Vienna, and Munich. The second since 1954 and yet the results, as the tes­ funds for shipping pictures, provided the exhibit, the 19th century American painting, timony before the Appropriations Sub­ Congress considers the ban to apply thereto. is now being assembled by the American committee showed, have been dramatic. "2. The Department should establish the Federation of Arts in response to a request Johnny-come-lately as we have been Committee on Oversea.$ Arts in accordance submitted by a committee of German in the field of international trade fairs, with the sound and workable plan presented museum directors. It is to be financed by a we have been represented in 47 so far to the Commission at its June 27, 1952, grant from the Wyoming Foundation. meeting. and can be proud of our showings. The Exhibits financed from Public Law 402 American exhibits have been smash hits "3. The Department should develop a funds so far have belonged to the category on every occasion. specific program for the conduct of an effec­ of crafts and educational subjects rather tive fine-arts program overseas, based on than to the fine-arts field. We are meeting the Communist cul­ recommendations to be developed by the Second departmental reply (dated October tural offensive, and meeting it well in Committee on American Arts with the ap- 7, 1952): With regard to the Commission's trade fairs, in sports, and in the perform­ recommendations submitted to the Depart­ ing arts. 1 May 21, 1947, report of the House Com­ ment on July 15, amplifying its previous rec­ There is one important side of the cul­ mittee on Foreign Affairs, p. 5. ommendations, stipulating four conditions tural program that is, in my opinion, not 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5935 . being sufficiently emphasized in the pres­ which is a near neighbor and a close had no Anglo-Saxon traditions behind ent program. Little or nothing is being friend of those American nations which them as we of our own country had when done to provide adequate United States border upon the Caribbean Sea and who we fought our Revolutionary War. The representation in international exhibi­ are so important to our own safety and result was that stable government was tions or cultural festivals, especially in security. For many years I have had long in coming to the Dominican Repub­ the nonperforming arts. Section 3 (2) of many friends among our good neighbors lic. Prior to 1930, stable and responsible Public Law 860 expressly calls for this in these nations, and I have access government hardly existed there. Al­ and section 12 of the Act states that, to in my own State of Louisiana, to men most one President after another met the maximum possible extent, the cul­ who are experts in all matters concern­ death by assassination; each President tural program should include projects ing the relations of our own country ran his country further into debt, large­ not just in the performing arts but in with those valiant, free and sovereign ly debt owed to European powers. the nonperforming arts. nations of what we term "Latin'' Amer­ When these debts remained unpaid and Some part of the funds appropriated ica, and particularly our close neighbors wher.. the nation was facing bankruptcy, should, in my opinion, be used to provide of Central America and the island na­ these European :powers, as was then the United States participation in the nu­ tions of the Caribbean. Consequently, custom, threatened Santo Domingo with merous fairs and festivals throughout I feel that I am qualified to speak with "battleship diplomacy". By so doing, the world ·devoted to exhibitions of the some authority about these nations. they ran afoul of our own Monroe Doc­ nonperforming arts. The RECORD of this House will disclose trine. Our own Government notified all It is to be hoped that the administra­ my interest in these nations since I of the creditors of the Dominican Re­ tion will carry out the policy set out in have been a Member of this august body, public that we would not tolerate armed Public Law 860 in this regard. and particularly my active interest in invasion of our island neighbor under Here are some of the international the restoration of Christian, decent any pretense whatsoever. However, we exhibitions and cultural festivals in government in the Republic of Guate­ had to admit the legitimacy of the claims which the U. S. s. R. and the Communist­ mala, that great American nation which of these foreign powers for the debts bloc nations participate and as to which became the first nation on earth to owed to them, and we took upon our­ we would be remiss if we did not take throw off an established Communist selves the responsibility for seeing that steps to counter their propaganda activi­ Government once it had been estab­ they were paid. To protect ourselves, we ties disguised as cultural exchange- lished. With justifiable pride, coupled seized. the Dominican customhouses, and The Milan Triennial, an international with Christian humility, I refer my proceeded to administer the :financial af­ exhibition of architecture and decorative esteemed colleague to a speech which I fairs of that nation, at least partially and industrial arts; the New Delhi Bien­ ·delivered in this House in 1954 congrat­ until the year 1940. Our administration nial, an international art exhibition; the ulating the people of the Republic of would have been extremely difficult if Cologne International, a photography Guatemala for their heroic action in not impossible, without a responsible and exhibition; and the Sao Paulo Biennial, throwing out their Communist terror­ stable government of that Republic. an exhibition of theater architecture, ists. I am likewise humbly proud of the From the :financial and political chaos and stage design. appreciation that has been expressed to me by so many high officials and humble that existed in the Dominican Republic In closing, I would like to reiterate my prior to 1930, there emerged the strong personal conviction that this program­ citizens of Guatemala in connection with my actions on behalf of them and and friendly government which, under dollar for dollar-is one of the most im­ their great nation in their time of crisis. the leadership of Generalissimo Rafael portant activities of the Federal Govern­ During the Communist rule in Guate­ Trujillo, longtime President of the Do­ ment today. mala, few of the people of our own minican Republic, and now the chief of It must have top-flight administration Nation realized that such great cities its armed forces, has provided more than if it is to be continued and if it is to be as New Orleans and Houston were only 2 decades of stable government, during successful. This can only be done as 45 minutes or an hour away from which the nation has become the first in authorized by Public Law 860, 84th Guatemala by modern jet bomber, that the world (in modern times, at least> to Congress. Washington, New York, Detroit and become entirely free of debt. During Chicago were only 2 or 3 hours distant; this long period of peace, the economy of THE GERRY MURPHY CASE AND and that Guatemala, in those terrible the Dominican Republic has prospered so THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC days, like Communist nations every­ greatly that the living standard of the where, was strictly a Russian satellite, people has been raised tenfold. Com­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under from which atomic and hydrogen terror paratively, the people of the Dominican the previous order of the House the and annihilation could have been used Republic are, for the first time in the gentleman from Louisiana [Mr. LONG] against our own people and own indus­ memory of anyone now living there, is recognized for 30 minutes. trial installations had Soviet Russia de­ prosperous and happy. The vast ma­ Mr. LONG. Mr. Speaker, when, on cided to have done so. jority of the people of that great island April 1 last I rose to address this House And so, Mr. Speaker, in the current nation look with horror at the conditions on the strange and fantastic matter campaign of world communism against under which they lived prior to 1930, which has become known as the "Gerry the Government of the fabled Republic and they have no intention of returning Murphy case" and which had lately been of Santo Domingo, it is time that we face to those grim and horrible days. Only the subject of some rather intemperate some facts and that we speak with the the usual small, almost minuscule in this ·and well publicized remarks by my dis­ utmost frankness. Despite the great agi­ case, minority of chronic dissenters, tinguished friend and colleague, Rep­ tation displayed by my esteemed col­ want to interfere with their present. A resentative Charles Porter of the great league from the State of Oregon, I am minority, that is, and one other group, an State of Oregon, I was motivated solely convinced that neither he, nor any other alien group, the Communists. It is the by my desire to be of aid and assistance Member of this House would take any latter group, who are not Dominican to a younger colleague, whom we all part in the Communist attempt to de­ citizens, and who engage in their murder, admire. It was not my purpose to enter stroy the existing Government at Ciudad their conspiracies and their propaganda into a controversy. Be that as it may, Trujillo if the facts are known and un­ from outside of the RepuQlic, who are however, it seems apparent that a con­ behind the unprecedented smear and vil­ troversy is a raging about this matter, derstood. and, as shown by the RECORD of April 5 As a preface to an understanding of ification campaign being waged against and April 8, that controversy has now those facts, I believe that a brief review the Government of the Dominican Re­ been brought into this House. of the history of the Dominican Repub­ public. The reasons behind this cam­ While it was not my desire nor my lic during this century is in order. The paign will be discussed below. intention to start any such controversy, people of this great island nation are Now, Mr. Speaker, let me make it I shall not hesitate to stand up and be mostly the proud descendants of those abundantly clear that I make no accusa­ counted on the side of Christianity, great Spanish conquistadores who were ·tion whatsoever that my young and es­ patriotism and righteousness in such the first discoverers and explorers of the teemed friend, the Representative from controversy. As I pointed out in my Western Hemisphere. The proud and Oregon, is knowingly serving the Com­ address of April 1, I come from a State brave people of the Dominican Republic munist cause, nor is any implication to .5936 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17 that effect to be drawn. On the con­ munists and their followers have no civilization. But these evil men are, as trary, I am convinced that neither Rep­ conscience, no morals, no scruples. They we have said, masters of mass psy­ resentative PORTER nor any other Mem­ are pure evil, evil incarnate. The honest chology. And it is precisely this knowl­ ber of this House would knowingly give and decent Christian peoples of the edge of mass psychology which gives aid and comfort to the nefarious schemes Americas, brought up in the tenets of rise to their determination to destroy the of our evil and atheistic Communist Christian morality simply cannot under­ Government of our great and friendly enemy. However, anyone who will be­ stand nor accept the fact that such neighbor, the Dominican Republic. lieve that these international criminal depraved human being actually exist and By reason of the fact that the United conspirators will not use the Members of move about on our earth. Certainly States of North America is the strongest this House, or any Government official, decent people are not prepared to cope and most wealthy nation of the Western or even the members of the Christian with them. Hemisphere, and by reason of ·such fun­ clergy, if they are able to do so, would be These depraved disciples of evil do damental policies as our Monroe Doc­ naive indeed. Indeed, the entire history exist, Mr. Speaker. They have succeeded trine which for so long protected our of the evil Communist attempt to domi­ in putting into bondage and slavery a hemisphere neighbors from European nate the world demonstrates that it never large portion of the peoples of the earth; colonialism, our neighbors have come to achieves victory on the field of battle a very large portion of the lands of the place a certain trust and confidence in nor at the ballot box; rather, all of its earth have been subjugated by them, and us. Our Communist enemy knows that numerous successes have been brought they are determined to conquer and sub­ such trust and confidence must be de­ about through tactics of intrigue and in­ jugate the remainder of the free world, stroyed before we are separated from our filtration, tactics at which the Commu­ and to stamp out and forever eradicate neighbors, and thus made ready for the nists are the greatest experts on earth. what remains of Christianity and west­ final assault by our Communist enemy. The history of modern communism, the ern civilization. They it is, these de­ Our Communist enemy knows that the records of the various investigative com­ praved and evil devotees of godless best way to bring about this separation mittees of this House and of the other communism, who now beset the free is to demonstrate to the world and par­ legislative body, the public pronounce­ nations of our Western Hemisphere. ticularly to our American neighbors, ments of Mr. J. Edgar Hoover, head of They it is, these depraved devotees of that we are weak and unreliable. Only the Federal Bureau of Investigation, all pure evil, who have ordained that the in this manner can our Communist will show beyond doubt that for every Government of the free and independent enemy bring about the disintegration of admitted Communist Party member in Republic of Santo Domingo, and those the warm and friendly solidarity which any nation of the world there are at least who have served it successfully for so we have enjoyed for so long with the 10 liberals, intellectuals, or fuzzy do­ many years, shall be destroyed. other sovereign nations of our hemi­ gooders who, wittingly or unwittingly, Now, Mr. Speaker, I well realize that sphere. What better way to bring about serve the Communist cause; and, beyond those who are not too well informed this result than to impudently and wan­ even that group there are always men about the Communist movement, might tonly attack the government and the and women of the best character and rep­ ask, quite logically, why should world leaders of that small but valiant island utation, whose pat::-!otism is beyond ques­ communism be so concerned and so in­ nation, lying almost immediately off our tion, but who, nevertheless, feeling se­ sistent upon, the destruction of one small continental shores, that na~ion which cure in their complacency, and in com­ American island republic? The answer has, more than any other American na .. plete ignorance of what they are doing, to that question, Mr. Speaker is simply tion, proved impregnable to atheistic and without any evil design or intent this: First, as has been said so often, communism, whose political leaders whatever, do in fact serve the aims and communism loves to fish in troubled have made of their nation an invulner­ purposes of Godless communism. Prob­ waters. The breakdown of civil author­ able bulwark against communism, a na­ ably it is this latter group who, by rea­ ity, governmental chaos, all are to the tion with whom we have lived so long son of their respectability, their standing advantage of atheistic communism. under conditions of the highest mutual in their communities, and their very Communism has never won a free elec­ respect, confidence, and cooperation? ignorance and complacency, present the tion anywhere in the world. Always it Yes, Mr. Speaker, our Communist greatest danger to our Christian way of has come to power by taking advantage enemy knows too well the psychology of life. This is particularly and tragically of a weak and confused government. men and of nations. Our Communist true in our own great and free Nation, Second, the conquest of the Western enemy is busy all over the Western Hemi­ where we accept our great freedoms of Hemisphere is the last remaining task sphere. In Guatemala, our Communist speech, of the press, and of religious wor­ of world communism. Its immediate enemy thought he had achieved a vic­ ship as a matter of course. We are a goal is the conquest of our own great tory, only to suffer, in the end, the sharp.. trusting and sincere people. Decades Nation, the strongest Nation in the est rebuff that Communist slavery has upon decades of our American way of hemisphere. To accomplish that con­ ever suffered. But if atheistic commu­ life has conditioned us to trust in the quest of our own Nation, however, athe­ nism can succeed in destroying the gov­ sincerity of every man, until circum­ istic communism must isolate us from ernment and the political leaders of the stances prove that our trust is not jus­ our friendly American neighbors. small and friendly Dominican Republic, tified. God would that we might con­ We must never forget that the science lying, as it does, just ofi our shores, and tinue always with that simple faith in of psychology originated in Russia, now relying, as it must, upon us for protec­ the decency, the honesty and the moral­ the vaunted "motherland" of atheistic tion against external aggression, of ity of our fellow man. God would that communism. We must never forget whatever nature, then godless com­ all men and women everywhere could en­ that it is the Communists who are the munism will indeed have achieved a ma­ joy that simple trustfulness of our fellow greatest experts in mass psychology; jor and perhaps lasting victory. If we human beings which we in the United that the Communists have taken the permit our Communist enemy to bring States of North America have hereto­ facts developed by the Russian scientist about the downfall of the friendly and fore come to accept as a way of life. Anton Pavlov to the effect that certain cooperative Government of the Domini­ That simple presumption of honesty, fundamental laws apply to all living can Republican, then will we have any morality and good faith of all men and organisms, and have developed from right to expect further cooperation or women has become dangerous, Mr. these findings of Pavlov the cruel and friendship from any of the other nations Speaker, since the curse of atheistic com­ brutal tortures of "brainwashing,'' the of our hemisphere? Once the Commu­ munism has come upon the world. Com­ fantastic voluntary "confessions" and nist enemy demonstrates that we are munism is not at all concerned with other standard Communist procedures unwilling or unable to protect our near­ truth, decency, morality and justice. for achieving their evil ends. est, most anti-Communist and most co­ Communists, as a matter of eourse, Now, Mr. Speaker, · our Communist operative friend from Communist ag­ will lie, cheat, steal, engage in the enemy knows quite well that the great gression, then we may expect all the greatest imaginable acts of immorality, majority of all of the peoples of all of other nations of the hemisphere to con­ take advantage of those who have ex­ the Americas are decent, Christian citi­ clude that we no longer provide the tended to them the hand of friendshiP­ zens, devoted to their God and their safety and defense which they have been if such conduct will further their evil country, and imbued with those high encouraged to rely upon. We may expect designs to plunge all the world into in­ ethical and moral standards which are our neighbors of the hemisphere to each human slavery and degradation. Com- the most valuable result of our Christian take such measures as they may consider 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5937 proper or within their respective abili­ for Democratic Action. Since this last ship constitutes "too much"? Is friend-· ties, to provide for their own defense~ piece of evidence is so fantastic, coming ship, in the context of its usage in our We may expect, under such circum­ from one of our distinguished colleagues, Nation, a matter that can even be re­ stances, the rapid and inevitable deteri­ I feel that I must cite it specifically to strictedly qualified? Rather, does not oration of the friendly relations and con­ you. It will be found in the daily RECORD, honor demand that we be either friend­ ditions which have made of the Amer­ page A2775. I am sure that this last ly or unfriendly? These statements of icas the most peaceful and prosperous piece of evidence leaves us completely my colleague also raise a serious con­ regions of the world. This, then, is an unimpressed. stitutional question: Is not the unre­ explanation of the importance to us, As to the newspaper editorials, we all stricted criticism of our foreign service and, indeed, to the Christian world, of know that the journalists who wrote officers by a member of the legislative beating off the Communist aggression them would be the first to admit that the branch in very bad taste, unless the con­ of our friend and neighbor, the stanchly majority of editorials are made up of duct complained of has been duly Christian and anti-Communist Republic opinions, not of facts. We consider it brought to the attention of the Secre­ of Santo Domingo. Once this is under­ a necessity of civilization that there be tary of State, an officer of the executive stood, I cannot imagine any American, a free, but responsible, press. We expect branch? and particularly no Member of this our newspapers, in return, to report facts Of course, Mr. Speaker, I must con­ House, lending aid and comfort, wit­ with complete objectivity. We are all gratulate my distinguished colleague tingly or unwittingly, to the Communist aware that some newspapers do on some from Oregon for the strength and ardor determination to overthrow the Govern­ occasions slant news to fit their editorial of his aggressiveness. I am sure my dis­ ment of the Dominican Republic. opm10ns. Fortunately, however, this tinguished colleagues will agree that not And now, Mr. Speaker, let me proceed practice is limited, and the harm that it within our recent memories has a fresh­ to go into the matter of the deceased does is more than overbalanced by the man Member of this House rushed in so Gerry Murphy, the unfortunate young good that a free and responsible press boldly to attack those who disagree with citizen of our own country, whose un­ accomplishes for our Nation. him. timely death in the Dominican Republic My distinguished colleague should On the question of the late and un­ has brought about so great indignation know full well that the editorials which fortunate Mr. Gerry Murphy, the object on the part of my distinguished friend he relies upon, however honest and con­ of so much concern on the part of my col­ and colleague, Representative PORTER of vinced be their authors, are, after all, league from Oregon, I am simply unable the State of Oregon. nothing more than the opinions of those to go along with my esteemed Oregon In my speech of April 1, I suggested authors. Of course, these editorial writ­ colleague. By the statement of my col­ that my colleague visit the Republic of ers have a fundamental right to hold league, it would appear that the deceased Santo Domingo, there to obtain at first their opinions and to express them. But Mr. Murphy was a criminal, a kidnaper, hand the facts of this case, so that he by no stretch of the imagination may a criminal conspirator, a man who flout­ might speak to us about the matter from these editorial opinions be relied upon as ed the laws of his own country as well first-hand knowledge rather than relying fact. as the laws of God. Certainly, we can on what would of necessity be, pure Another piece of evidence mentioned have no faith · in anything purportedly hearsay. In a speech appearing on page by my distinguished colleague is that said by this lamented but criminal indi­ 5210 of the RECORD, and dated April 5, most ancient of all inter-American ex­ vidual. Not only did he engage in the my colleague from Oregon rejects this aggerations, that moth-eaten concoction conspiracy to kidnap a fellow human be­ reasonable suggestion for the stated rea­ conceived by our Communist enemy so ing-according to my esteemed colleague son that "it would not do any good." many years ago, that Dictator Trujillo, from Oregon-but he also tended to bring Frankly, Mr. Speaker, I am unable to of the Dominican Republic, slaughtered into disrepute the Civil Aeronautics Ad­ follow the reasoning or the logic of this 15,000 innocent Haitians. We are not ministration-which either cleared him position by my colleague. Only by hear­ going into a discussion of that matter for an illegal flight to transport a kid­ say, the very thing which we reject as here. It occurred over an event between naped man out of the country, or failed proof, could my friend, the gentleman two of our sovereign and friendly neigh­ to punish him after the deed was ac­ from Oregon, know that a visit by him bors; we consider whatever did happen complished-the United States Customs to the Dominican Republic in this mat­ as unfortunate, but as absolutely none Service and the Immigration Service-­ ter would fail to do any good. Could it of our business. Be that as it may, how­ who took no steps to punish him after he be, on the contrary, that what my ever, I can see in this occurrence--if it boasted of his kidnaping-the United esteemed colleague really-f ~ars is· that a did occur-nothing whatsoever of pro­ States Public Health Service--who failed visit to that great and friendly Caribbean bative vaiue on the allegation that the to punish Mr. Murphy when he did not Republic would demonstrate to him that Dominican Republic, and particularly report his arrival from a foreign nation those serious charges which he has Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo Molina, when he returned the rented kidnap hurled about so recklessly are, after all, had anything to do with the untimely plane-and, above all, the military serv­ completely false? Certainly I do not demise of the unfortunate Mr. Gary ices, who, despite all of their vaunted believe that my colleague would want to Murphy. And, of course, Mr. Speaker, I radar and early defen.se, failed to detect deprive the political leaders of a friendly do not believe or allege that my esteemed this unidentified kidnap plane as it left neighbor of those rights which we con­ colleague from Oregon is so naive as to or returned to our shores on its illegal sider fundamental, and which I am sure believe that he has made a great dis­ mission. Truly, Mr. Speaker, if the in­ he, in similar circumstances, would in­ covery or that he has been the first to formation given to my colleague from sist upon. make public this hoary and ancient inci­ Oregon be reliable,. then the late Mr. Mr. Speaker, I am sure that all, or dent about the alleged slaughter of the Murphy was not only a criminal, but a nearly all, of my distinguished colleagues Haitians. wanton character, completely indifferent of this House will join with me in reject­ Mr. Speaker, I believe that our col­ to the damage he might do to the gov­ ing the further evidence that our col­ leagues will agree that the allegations ernmental departments who were re­ league from Oregon presents in this mat­ made by our colleague from the State of sponsible for the welfare of his country ter. This evidence consists of unsup­ Oregon, and found on page 5210 of the or to the reputations of the men and ported statements, an editorial from a RECORD are interesting if not startling. women who were the officers and em­ publication entitled "Coos Bay Times," a Taking me to task over my statement ployees of those departments of Govern­ publication with which I am not fa­ that our diplomatic mission was satis­ ment. miliar, but which I am sure is operated in fieg with the cooperation of the officials I am full of regret that I must say so, the best American newspaper tradition> of the Dominican Republic, my col­ Mr. Speaker, but I am not impressed and hence spends as much time attack­ league states, first, that what I said was with Mr. Gerry Murphy, as he is de­ ing west coast Communists as it does untrue; and, second, that in any event, scribed to us by our distinguished col­ what it believes to be Latin American our Ambassador to the Dominican Re­ league from Oregon. Mr._ Murphy-or dictators; an editorial of the New York public, Mr. Pheiffer is .. much too friend­ the memory of Mr. Murphy-does not Times; a reference to an editorial in the ly with the dictator." That strange come to us with clean hands. We are New York Post; and, unbelievably, a res­ statement, Mr. Speaker, quite beyond the a law-abiding people. As such we can­ olution condemning the Dominican Re­ matter of good taste, raises some inter­ not be too concerned with what did or public by-believe it or no~Americans esting questions: What degree of friend- did not happen to Mr. Gerry Murphy. 5938 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April· 17 I respectfully suggest to my distinguished selves the good neighbor of the other who ridicule it by referring to it in terms colleague from Oregon that he might nations of our Hemisphere. One cer­ of "light years ~ · do as they wish. As for better concern himself with the welfare tainly cannot be a good neighbor if he me, and I am sure for a great majority of those honest Americans stm rotting in persists in meddling in the affairs of his of my Christian colleagues in this House, the stinking and rotten jails and torture own neighbors. Such meddling will not I shall, come what may, pursue the chambers of Communist China, than be tolerated among individuals nor course of honor and decency. I shall with what happened to an American among nations. Too long have we in continue to do so, whatever be my posi­ who, by his own admission, chose to be­ our own great Nation said, in effect, to tion in life, whether I am, in the future, come involved in a criminal kidnaping our Latin American neighbors,. that they a public official or an humble citizen, conspiracy. should divide themselves into two politi­ for so long as I live upon this earth. It is my sincere hope, Mr. Speaker, cal factions, Democrats and Republicans, that we may now bring to an end this in about equal proportions, in a pale matter of Mr. Gerry Murphy and the imitation of our own political way of life, HALT THE IMPORTATION OF Dominican Republic. Let there be no and hold an.election every 4 years. We UNEMPLOYMENT misunderstanding. however' of my own have said to them, in effect, if they wm The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under position. I owe nothing to the Domini­ do this, then we shall pick up all the the previous order of the House, the gen­ can Republic, nor to any citizen or offi­ checks, pay all the bills. This has been tleman from West Virginia [Mr. BAILEY] cial of that nation. Neither does that nothing short of silly. Mr. Speaker, I is recognized for 30 minutes. nation, its citizens, or its officials, owe care not what type of government is Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Speaker, I consider anything to me. I do owe it to my coun­ maintained at Ciudad Trujillo, so long the time opportune that the Congress try, to my God, and to myself not to as it is not an atheistic Communist gov­ give thought to halting the importation stand idly by while an attempt is being ernment which would endanger our own of unemployment. made to destroy a small and friendly safety and security. I would not per­ Last week my colleague from Penn­ nation, whose only crime is that it has mit Generalissimo Rafael Trujillo Mo­ sylvania [Mr. SAYLOR] took the :floor of refused to knuckle down under the as­ lina to tell us what type of government the House to take exception to the cur­ saults of atheistic communism. I believe we must maintain in our own country. rent campaign to pipe natural gas into that the overwhelming majority of my I would fight any attempt by any other our fuel markets from the Dominion of colleagues of this House share · those nation to intervene in the affairs of our Canada. He explained that there have sentiments. own Nation. By the same token, I shall been Members of Congress from both Before finally leaving the Gerry Mur­ resist any attempt of our Government ·parties who have been fast-talked into phy aspect of this matter, Mr. Speaker, to intervene in the affairs of any other lending support to this campaign. _ I should like to point out that in this nation. Quite frankly, Mr. Speaker, I have been watching the situation case the "jingling of the guinea" do, to this constant cry of "Dictator" leaves for a long time, and I agree that it has some extent, "heal the hurt that honor me unimpressed. Intervention into the reached the point where we who are cog­ feels." As pointed out by my good affairs of other sovereign nations is im­ nizant of the potential economic reper­ friend and colleague from the State of moral and intolerable. The type and cussions must step in and protect this Oregon, the family of the man who form of government which the great Nation's interests. ·The gentleman from brought about the death of Gerry Mur­ and honorable people of the Itominican Pennsylvania is seated on the other side phy, has paid to the parents of the dead Republic choose to have, as well as the of the aisle, but in this case we are going man, damages in the amount of $50,000. political leaders they chose to govern to solicit Members of both parties to aid If it was necessary to twist the arms .of them, is strictly none of our business. in putting a stop to this nonsense. When these unfortunate parents, or if any dic­ I am sure that these are the sentiments the. jobs of American citizens are at tatorial methods were used to get them of all decent and patriotic Americans. stake, we cannot spare the horses-or to accept this money, we are not so ad­ When it comes to patriotism, Mr. elephants, or donkeys. vised. From the statements of our es­ Speaker, we have no Republicans and Promoters of the Canadian gas pro­ teemed colleague from Oregon, we believe no Democrats in this House. We have gram have persuaded public officials to that he is in perfect good faith, and we only representatives of the great people go down to the Federal Power Commis­ are sure that he would consider any of the United States of North America. sion and grease the way for the pipeline money coming from the Dominican Re­ In giving friendly assurances of neigh­ application. I do not know whether public to be tainted with the evils of what borly appreciation and support to Chief this type of pressure is considered cricket he terms dictatorship. I am sure that he of the Armed Forces, Generalissimo in Canada. As a quasi-judicial agency will understand that all of his colleagues Rafael L. Trujillo Molina, to His Excel­ of the Government, the FPC is charged sincerely sympathize with him and share lency, President Hector B. Trujillo Mo­ with making decisions on evidence and with him the embarrassment which he lina and to all of the proud and brave testimony presented at hearings. For must feel by reason of the parents of the people of the great Dominican Republic elected State and Federal officials to tell late Gerry Murphy having accepted this against the Communist aggression that the judge what his verdict should be is­ tainted money as damages for the death is being waged against them, I stand to say the least-somewhat unusual in of their son. with such of my great and honorable this country. It is hoped that the FPC In conclusion, Mr. Speaker, I want to colleagues as Representative JoHN will not be in:fiuenced by this type of put into express words something that I McCORMACK, the distinguished :floor administrative lobbying and will ulti­ have heard often discussed, but which leader of this House, and a Democratic mately render a decision that will be in has not heretofore been stated officially Congressman from the great and historic the best interests of American industry, so far as I know, and that is this: Grant­ State of Massachusetts, and with that labor, and the public as a whole. ing, for the purpose of this statement, equally great and honorable Represen­ Mr. Speaker, the application to which that the Dominican Republic is a Dic­ tative from the State of New Jersey, I refer would provide for the construc­ tatorship, that Generalissimo Rafael L. Congressman BER:t."ARD W. KEARNEY tion of a gas chamber to bring sudden Trujillo Molina is an absolute and un­ (Pat). These men are true patriots. death to the economy of mining towns principled dictator, possessed of all of They are great Americans. I am hon­ in West Virginia and elsewhere. I do the attributes of Satan himself, and that ored to stand with them. Also, I stand not condemn the Canadians for want­ His Excellency, Hector B. Trujillo Mo­ with my God and my country. I shall ing to peddle their gas in this country or lina, President of that great Caribbean continue to do so. To paraphrase an­ wherever else they can sell it. I do Republic is merely a figurehead; admit­ other great American, I shall continue charge American supporters of this ting, Mr. Speaker, that all of these things to stand for Christianity and for decency plan-and I do not care which party they are true-which, of course we know not upon men, as God shall give me to see happen to represent-with a selfish and to be true-even then, what business is it that Christianity and that decency, in narrow attitude. of ours as to what type of government order that human liberty, human free­ Just how far do these fellows wish to the people of the Dominican Republic dom and our great Christian religion go in intruding upon the economic have, or in which manner their Govern­ shall not perish from this earth. Let security of fellow American workers? ment operates, so long as that Govern­ those who believe otherwise do as they Industrial centers of Minnesota and ad­ ment and its operation, presents no dan­ wish. Let those who make light of jacent areas have been built upon the ger to our own rights? We call our,.. Christianity a light and joking matter, fuels that .God placed beneath our soil 1957 - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5939 and which have been extracted through thousands of jobs that would be certain one of our Members that has been re­ the investment, labor, industry, and im­ to fall before the invasion of commodi­ ported in the May issue of Coronet maga­ agination of American citizens. ties produced in countries where workers zine. I am speaking of my distinguished Let us imagine ourselves in a mining receive only a small percentage of the colleague on the Foreign Affairs Com­ community of West Virginia-or it could income of their counterparts in the mittee, Judge SAUND, of California. I be in a town in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ken­ United States. Not at all. I believe commend this article to your attention, tucky, Indiana, or Illinois. The mining that it is obligatory on the part of the which is as follows:. company which is responsible for a con­ Federal Government to defend both MR. SAUND GOES TO WASHINGTON siderable portion of the local employ­ management and labor against inequi­ (By Joseph Laitin) ment opportunities has among its cus­ table foreign competition. I appeal to (The new Representative from California tcmers some industrial firms in the State my friends from the Middle West to pro­ is a Sikh, a disciple of Gandhi, and a two­ of Minnesota. The tonnage may not be vide for the people of West Virginia and fisted peacemaker turned farmer and busi­ particularly heavy, yet it could very other coal-producing regions the same nessman. As the first native of India ever easily represent the bread and butter of consideration that is making it possible elected to Congress, he considers himself a scores of families in that mining com­ for their own constituents to earn a liv­ living example of democracy at work.) munity. They depend upon this outlet ing. The 20-year-old Sikh in a snow-white turban that set off his sensitive, dark­ for their livelihood. Mr. Speaker, I feel confident that the skinned features told the immigration in­ Now, then, gas is suddenly discovered in Federal Power Commission will ignore spector on Ellis Island in. clipped British great quantities in the Dominion of Can­ the efforts of pipeline supporters to in­ accents that he came from Amritsar, India, ada, and every possible consuming area fluence its decision. If, in its wisdom, and that he wanted to enter an American is canvassed. What about that lucra­ the Commission is of the opinion that university. The official validated his stu­ tive industrial region across the border taking economic impact into considera­ dent's visa for a permanent stay. That was that has already been built up by do­ 38 years ago. Today, DALIP SINGH SAUND sits tion is not within its scope of authority, in the House of Representatives, the first mestic coal and oil as a big fuel market? then the burden will be upon Congress native of India ever to be elected to Con­ Certainly you are going to find the peo­ to place such power into the Commis­ gress. ple who produce the gas and run the sion's hands through the medium of an Except for a slight trace of British accent, pipelines trying to invade this lush field. amendment to the Natural Gas Act. he is completely American in appearance, Perhaps their offers have wide appeal Meanwhile it is my hope that elected manner and thought. A distinguished look­ to fuel users in this country. Is that any State and Federal officials who front for ing, even-tempered man of medium height justification for permitting them to come the international pipeline project will and solid build, his boundless energy and heavy shock of blue-black hair, uncovered in here and put our own people out of cease in their efforts to meddle in the now, belie his 57 years. He looks and talks work? business of the Federal Power Commis­ more like a college professor than the farmer There has not been a single session of sion. and businessman he is. Congress in the past two decades that May I take this opportunity to advise DALIP SAuNo's election to Congress from someone has not sounded off about drop­ my colleagues of the House that on California's 29th Congressional District hit ping our tariff barriers so that a foreign yesterday I introduced in the Congress his native India like a thunderbolt. For newspapers there, long fed on Russian nation could find it easier to get into our legislation to provide for classifying propaganda, have encouraged the belief that markets. I will say that no one is more natural gas as a fuel, by amending the oppression of minorities in the United States desirous than I of wanting to work closely Internal Revenue Act of 1930, the Smoot­ was accepted national policy. To be sud­ with the other free nations of the world, Hawley Tariff Act, so that we can put an denly confronted with the astounding fact but I do not believe that it should be import tax on the shipment of Cana­ that a native of Amritsar had been elected necessary for us to surrender our stand­ dian gas being piped into this country. to one of the highest offices in the United ard of living in order to stay on working May I also call attention to the fact States was a very hard blow. But there it terms with our foreign friends. I do not that every ton of West Virginia coal sold was. DALIP SINGH SA UND had been elected from believe that anyone can accuse me of in the Dominion of Cahada for con­ a district generally considered politically being inconsistent on this matter of tariff sumption must pay a 50 cents per ton im­ conservative. And he had defeated Jacque­ and trade, because I have been adamant port duty before it can be shipped into line Cochran Odlmn, the famed aviatrix, about protecting all segments of · the Canada. Why should we let Canadian who not only typified American rags-to­ American economy. In other words, my people pipe gas through pipes of 18-inch riches success but was married to one of the efforts have not been to the exclusive capacity into this country free without Nation's richest financier~. a veritable sym­ benefit of my own congressional district. being brought under the Internal Reve­ bol of capitalism. "I would like to fly to India," SAUNn Now we hear that elected officials from nue Code and properly classified? stated, "and say to the people in their own Minnesota and elsewhere are demanding Much reference is made to balancing dialect: 'Here before you is a living example that foreign gas be admitted at the ex­ the budget these days. If that gas is to of American democracy at work.'" Through pense of American coal and oil. Let me come here in hundreds of millions of the Voice of America he has already done ask whether this group feels the same cubic feet, we might have a right good so; and he hopes, before the end of the way about other commodities produced in source of revenue that would help us year, to say it in person. Canada and in other allied countries. If pay some of these bills you hear so much SAUND may have emerged on November 6 we are going to permit tax-free foreign as a symbol of American democracy, but complaint about on the .floor of the this was an incidental byproduct of his natural gas to come into this country, House. election. For he campaigned strongly on should not the same consideration be local issues, which revolve mainly around given to meat, dairy products, and grain? water and farm subsidy. I remind the gentlemen from the THE HONORABLE D. S. SAUND Much to his surprise, he won appoint­ States producing these foodstuffs that The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under ment to the important House Foreign Affairs coal has no price-support program and previous order of the House, the gentle­ Committee, solnething of a coup for a fresh­ that the Government does not take the man from Maine [Mr. COFFIN] is recog­ man Congressman, as it is 1 of the 3 most nized for 5 minutes. powerful committees in the House. Yet, excess production of coal and distribute while pleased with the assignment because it around the world or put it in a store­ Mr. COFFIN. Mr. Speaker, it so often of his intense interest in world affairs, house. I challenge my friends from the happens in this House that problems of SAUND is likely to concern himself less with Midwest who are so voluble about open­ great moment are discussed. You have the woes of India than the problems of ing our markets to Canadian gas; I chal­ heard them discussed within the past Indio, a desert town in his district. lenge them to show reason-moral and hour. But sometimes we lose our per­ In his first mimeographed letter to his economic-why the products of West spective and what I want to talk about constituents, he discussed farm problems at Virginia should be exposed to unfair for­ for a moment or two is something that length, made almost casual reference to eign competition while industries in their has been of great help to me in keeping the "high honor" of his appointment to the Foreign Affairs Committee, and neglected to part of the country are snug and secure the perspective of this country's great­ mention that he was one of the few Con­ within the framework of adequate tar­ ness. gressmen with whom Nehru, India's Prime iffs, import quotas, and section 22 of the There are many Horatio Alger stories Minister, had spent time during his visit Agricultural Adjustment Act. in this House. Probably there is a story to President Eisenhower. I am not suggesting that we should about every Member. But it is my privi­ The congressional district SAUND rep­ drop these barriers and thus destroy the lege today to bring to you the story of resents is 200 miles long and 100 miles 5940' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17- wide, an area larger than Delaware. It in­ orating his friend's award, SAUND observed: California Institute of Technology and work­ cludes California's Imperial and Riverside "Last year, you awarded the prize to an ing nights as a sheet metal worker. counties, which stretch from the Mexican Indian. This year you award it to a Texan. The Saund family home is now on some border to the fringes of Los Angeles. Aren't you carrying the policy of nondis­ land SAUND bought in the Hollywood hills Normally a Republican district, tt went crimination too far?" overlooking the city. He designed the kind heavily for President Eisenhower, as ex­ SAUND first came to local public attention of house he wanted and hired men to build pected. · But thousands of citizens who voted when he published a book, My Mother India, it. After observing the carpenters for 2 for the President crossed party lines when its theme anti-British imperialism. It was weeks, SAUND decided he could do better they came to DALIP SINGH SAUND'S name on banned in India, and the local post office himself. So, with the help of Dalip, Jr., he the ballot. His election made him the first bulletin board announced that SAUND's book erected the 3-bedroom house, calling in pro­ Democrat this sprawling area ever sent to could not be accepted for mailing there. fessional help only when the law required Washington. That was the first anybody knew that he'd him to. "People say it was an upset," SAUND com­ written one. While SAUND was a devout disciple of ments, "but it wasn't. I knew it would be It earned him a local reputation-totally Ghandi, he had two other boyhood idols­ close, but I never liad any doubts about the undeserved-as something of a young radical, Abraham Lincoln and Woodrow Wilson-and outcome. I had it all figured out-mathe­ which plagued him right through his cam­ read every book about them he could find. matically." paign for the congressional seat. Actually, "They were my first glimpse of the wonder­ Although he says this partly in jest, he many of his political supporters feel he is so ful heritage of America," he says. niay very well have. For SAUND came to conservative he barely scrapes under the His worship of Gandhi's principles are still this country to study fruit canning at the wire as a liberal. a part of him, and he carries this tolerance Univers-ity of California (he earned his tui­ In 1928, SAUND married Marlon Kosa, of others' views into his politics. In fact, in tion by working nights in a packing plant Massachusetts-born daughter of a landscape .the California Democratic Party he is known and grading papers for professors by day), painter. And when he found himself the as "the peacemaker." but while there he also obtained a doctor of husband of one American citizen and the In the aftermath of any election, there is philosophy degree in mathematics. father of another, he turned his attention to always lively speculation as to what factors Armed with this knowledge, he prepared mobilizing and leading the fight to make the influenced the voters. Democratic National to return to India in the mid-1920's. He had 3,000 Indians in this country eligible for Committeeman Paul Ziffren thinks SAUND been a disciple of Mahatma Gandhi. But citizenship. In 1946, President Truman won because he was an able candidate and by this time Gandhi was in jail; so was signed the bill which accomplished this. because the organization made an all-out Nehru. His family warned him that the au­ SAUND became a full-fledged American citi- effort to get the foreign-born population to thorities had a complete dossier on his anti­ zen in 1949. . register. Others think it was because many British utterances in America. He won his first elective office as judge of independent voters believed that sending an SAUND decided to remain in the United justice court, Westmorland judicial district. Indian to Congress would show the Russians States until things cooled off in India. Westmorland, at the time, was notorious as a thing or two about America. Al:perica's discriminatory laws against In­ a center of vice and gambling which flour­ But a dirt farmer from the Imperial Valley dians seemed less repugnant than the pros­ ished on the trade of itinerant fieldworkers. puts it this way: "He's growed cotton. He's pect of a British jail cell. Looking around Judge SAUND's first case was a woma.n who growed lettuce and beets. He's worked in for employment, he visited California's Im­ was no stranger to the court; she pleaded hay a.nd he's worked for wages. And he perial Valley and was impressed with the guilty and promptly opened her purse to pay won't let any smart aleck lawyers trick him. afHuence of its farmers. He decided to try the customary fine. SAUND rapped his gavel: That's why we sent him to Washington." his luck at Westmoreland. "One year, madam." Within a few months In the Valley he found prejudice against Westmorland was the cleanest town in Cali~ Mr. Speaker, this is the story of a man Mexicans, Japanese, Chinese and Indians, fornia. who came here from India and has been who were prohibited by law from owning or His uncompromising crackdown on vice a citizen of this country but 8 years. He leasing land. But his intellectual prowess, came as no surprise to his intimates. SAUND now sits with us in this chamber where combined with his warmth of personality, was reared as a Sikh, a religious sect in India he is making a very real contribution soon melted or awed most of the bigots. that demands of its followers clean living, both in his judgments and in the Not planning to make America his home, the worship of one God, and the rejection of .strength of his convictions. SAUND concentrated on making a go of farm­ the caste system. SAUND doesn't drink or ing, even though land was not legally avail­ smoke, but nobody would accuse him of being I would like to quote part of the para.. able to him. Irrigation farming is largely stuffy. graph which ends this article. There are management operation and he read every­ Even though not an attorney, Judge SAUND many theories as to why his people sent thing about it he could lay his hands on. He became so thoroughly versed in the law that him here, but the article concludes by made friends with landowners and.eventually attorneys who appeared before him were quoting a dirt farmer from the Imperial talked one of them into permitting him the often amazed. It was a favorite pastime for Valley who had this to say: members of the community to drop over to use of several acres under a private arrange­ He's growed cotton. He's growed lettuce ment. the courthouse when some smart aleck lawyer from San Diego was scheduled to appear as and beets. He's worked in hay and he's He earned a reputation as a good farmer worked for wages. And, he won't let any and others sought his advice. "Dalip was a defense counsel. "Judge SAUND sure put them in their place smart alee lawyers trick him. That's why never too busy to get off his tractor and help we sent him to Washington. me with some problem I had on my cwn when they tried to trip him because he wasn't land," recalls one farmer, "and if he didn't a lawyer," chuckled one local farmer recently. Mr. Speaker, I feel we are indeed for .. have time, he'd make it. I don't know "Once Dalip has read a book, he can recite tunate in having such a good friend as whether he read the book on irrigation farm­ it back to you 10 years later. They'd throw my distinguished colleague from Cali­ ing or wrote it. He was a man who always the book at him and he'd just throw it back, seemed to know what he was talking about." word for word." fornia sit with us. I think his story is an SAUND prospered, except for one year dur­ SAUND found it difficult to continue his inspiration to all of us· and to all of the ing the depression of the early thirties, when farming and still give adequate attention to people, and I think that it is part of the he owed everybody money. His friends sug­ his judicial post, which did not pay enough lesson of America that we must continue gested he take refuge in bankruptcy. SAUND to maintain a family of five. So he discon­ to bring to the people of this world. It swore he would pay back every last dime. tinued farming and opened a chemical fer­ is a lesson that is far more important He did, but it required 10 years. His last tilizer plant, which he still operates. than money, far more vital than arms. outstanding debt was an $80 bill owed to an At a political rally during his congressional It is the very heart of America itself. oil company, and when he walked into their campaign, a heckler rose and demanded: Mr. WffiTENER. Mr. Speaker, will office to square accounts, it took a week to "What makes you qualified to go to Washing­ the gentleman yield? dig up the records of what they'd long ago ton? You're only a part-time judge and your written off. real job is selling fertilizer." Mr. COFFIN. I yield to the gentleman Even in his early days as a dirt farmer, A businessman c·ame to SAUND'S defense from North Carolina: SAUND was active in civic affairs. He joined with: "But it's chemical fertilizer." Mr. WffiTENER. Mr. Speaker, I, too, th.e _Toastmaster's Club, mainly because of a Ignoring the heckler, Judge SA uND fixed have read this magnificent article about desire to polish his platform personality, and the businessman with a. stern eye. "Let's our good friend, Judge SAUND, and I com­ eventually won its annual regional speech­ not have any snobbery here," he said. SAUND mend the gentleman from Maine for making competition. Today, he is rated as won a lot of votes that evening. calling it to the attention of the Mem .. a spellbinder, despite his clipped, high­ The whole family pitched in on SAUND'S pitched voice, not uncommon among campaign. It is a closely knit family. The mers of the House. Judge SAUND is my Indians. eldest daughter, Julie, a former UCLA stu­ neighbor in the House Office Building iri The following year, the competition was dent, is now married to a physicist studying which my office is located. He is a gen.. won by E. H. Cain, one of SAUND's first for his Ph.D.; Ellie is an education major at tleman in every respect, and I have been American friends, who immigrated to Cali- - UCLA; and Dalip, Jr., a lieutenant wounded very much gratified by the opportunity fornia from ·Texas around the time Saund in action during the Korean war, is studying which my service here has given to be­ came from India. At a luncheon commem- for a degree in mechanical engineering at come acquainted with this great Ameri- 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5941 can, even though he has only had his Libya, Morocco, Nigeria, Syria, Gold CONTESTED ELECTION OF CARTER citizenship for a few years. Coast, Kenya and Tunisia. Others re­ v. LECOMPTE

/ 5942 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE April 17. interested in is that a workable and ef.. seasonally, and has been 6 percent or Section 207 (a) of the Small Business fective program should be enacted which more at least 8 months in each of the Act of 1953 is also amended by making would help alleviate the unfortunate eco­ preceding 2 years. eligible for loans local private nonprofit nomic conditions that exist in many of Second level: The unemployment rate organizations, including industrial f oun­ our communities. in the area is 8 percent or more, adjusted pations, development corporations, and With this purpose in mind, I have in­ seasonally, and either has been 8 per­ similar groups, formed to assist, develop, troduced today, H. R. 6975, "Area Re­ cent or more for the major portion of and expand the economy of areas of sub­ development Act of 1957," which at­ each of the preceding 2 years or has stantial and persistent unemployment, as tempts to compromise between the sev­ averaged 12 percent or more during the certified under section 4 of the Area Re­ eral positions that have received major preceding year. development Act of 1957, but only where attention in the 84th and 85th Con­ Third level: The unemployment rate the purpose of the loan is to enable such gresses. It is my belief that my bill, in this area is 6 percent or more, adjusted organizations to provide supplementary H. R. 6975, adopts the best provisions of seasonally, and either has averaged 6 assistance to one or more small-business the proposals of the administration bill, percent ur more during the preceding 5 concerns in such areas which have quali­ S. 1433, as well as the best that can be years, 8 percent or more during the pre­ fied for loans under the preceding provi­ found in s. 964, the bill introduced by ceding 3 years, or 12 percent or more sions of this subsection. Senator PAUL DOUGLAS, of Illinois. during the preceding 2 years. In making and approving loans under Like the administration bill, S. 1433, Here is how I would apply these cri­ this subsection, first preference at· all my proposal is intended to aid industrial teria to the various types of programs times shall be granted to qualified small­ labor-surplus areas only. This does not offered in the administration and in the business concerns certified as being lo­ mean I am opposed to extending aid to Spence bills. cated in areas of substantial and per­ low-income rural areas. I do not believe, I. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE sistent unemployment or about to locate however, that the two programs fit into in such an area and to local nonprofit or­ the same bill. I believe that all communities with ganizations previously described under You will recall that last year the De­ labor surplus should be entitled to tech­ this amendment to section 207 (a) of the partment of Agriculture initiated a rural­ nical assistance from the Federal Gov­ Small Business Act of 1953. ernment. But that does not mean that development program. I am informed III. GRANTS that this program is a step in the right the community which has had just 6 direction to help the low-income rural percent unemployment for parts of the The administration bill, S. 1433, makes areas. The administration has already last 2 years should be entitled to receive no provision for grants except in the case proposed to increase the budget for a the same aid as the community which of technical assistance, while the Douglas rural-development program. If need be, has been subjected to chronic unemploy­ bill, S. 964, provides for Federal grants Congress should appropriate additional ment many years. for public facility projects. I do not be­ funds to expand that program even fur­ I would, therefore, limit the extent of lieve that all the communities that have ther: With the exception of providing technical assistance given by the Federal some labor surplus should be entitled to assistance to rural areas, therefore, my Government to communities in the first this type of aid. Therefore, my bill, bill constitutes a compromise between the level, mentioned before, to only one-third H. R. 6975, in addition to providing loans t'\""JO approaches, ~s I have suggested of the total cost of the needed technical for public facility projects, would allow earlier. assistance, and would require that the Federal grants up to one-third of the It is my opinion that the administra­ other two-thirds of the needed funds cost of the public fac1lity project in tion bill, S. 1433, does not go far enough should come from State or local sources. level 2 areas and up to two-thirds of the to meet the needs of chronically de­ However, for the most needy commu­ cost of the project in level 3 areas. pressed areas, which need Federal help nities I would extend Federal assistance IV. SUBSISTENCE PAYMENTS in forms of grants, vocational training to provide as much as 3 out of every 4 The administration bill, s. 1433, does with compensation, and Federal loans. dollars needed. not allow any subsistence payments to While on the other hand, the Douglas II. LOANS persons undergoing training for new bill, S. 964, provides too liberal aid to jobs in labor surplus areas. I believe areas whose economic decline is of re­ · The administration bill, S. 1433, now that this type of program should be used cent duration. In this connection, such provides that Federal participation in sparingly and in extreme cases only. communities normally have sufficient re­ loans to labor surplus areas should be Therefore, my bill, H. R. 6975, extends ' sources and should not be entitled to the limited to 35 percent of the cost of the Federal subsistence payments to people .variety of programs offered in the Doug­ proposed projects. The Douglas bill, s . undergoing training only in areas with las bill. 964, would go as high as three-fourths of the total cost of the project. the most chronic unemployment; name­ AID SHOULD BE PROVIDED ON BASIS OF NEED ly, those which are classified in level 3. In this connection, I believe that the I believe that the solution to this dif­ administration proposal is amply ade­ My bill, H. R. 6975, would assure that ference lies in providing various types of quate for communities which meet the the neediest communities would get ade­ aid that would be available to commu­ criteria of the first level of unemploy­ quate aid and in addition, it encourages nities with labor surplus. The extent ment, but is certainly not sufficient for the several States to establish their own of the help would be based upon the areas which have suffered from chronic program of area redevelopment and by duration and levels of unemployment. limiting some of the aid provided by the unemployment for many years. Douglas bill, S. 964, it would also be pos­ Under my proposal, as embodied in my My bill, H. R. 6975, would extend Fed­ bill, H. R. 6975, the neediest communi­ sible to reduce the total cost of these eral participation under the proposed area redevelopment programs. ties would get the most aid, while the loan program, as follows: help extended to the less needy com­ Mr. Speaker, it is my belief that my munities would be more limited. A. For the first level areas, up to one­ bill, H. R. 6975, constitutes a genuine This approach would also make it pos­ third of the total cost of the project. compromise between the administration sible to reduce the Federal expenditures, B. For the second level areas, up to bill, S. 1433 and the Douglas bill, S. 964. but still leaves sufficient funds for com­ 50 percent of the total cost of the project. This is especially true when you com­ munities which meet the most rigid tests C. For the third level areas, as much as pare the cost of the three bills. of chronic unemployment and economic 75 percent of the total cost of the project. Recognizing the administration bill, distress .. In addition to providing loans to labor S. 1433, as a conservative approach, it My bill, H. R. 6975, provides for des­ surplus areas, my bill, H. R. 6975, will will cost about $55 million; while the ignation of three different levels of un­ amend section 207 (a) of the Small Busi­ Douglas bill, S. 964, represents an ultra­ employment, such levels determining the ness Act of 1953, by providing that in liberal approach to the subject and eligibility of the areas for different types making and approving loans first prefer­ would cost in excess of $325 million. My of programs. ence be given to small business concerns compromise bill, H. R. 6975, would cost The three levels of unemployment are which are otherwise qualified and which in the neighborhood of $200 million and as follows: are located or about to locate in areas of would extend Federal aid to labor sur­ First level: The unemployment rate in substantial and persistent unemploy­ plus areas in a reasonable yet realisti11 the area is 6 percent or more, adjusted ment. manner. 1957 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 5943 Mr. Speaker, I most earnestly beseech CHAPTER II of yesterday in such a manner as to pre­ all those who would like to see Federal Department of Health, Education, and clude agreement on the several proposi­ aid extended to alleviate unemployment Welfare tions contained in House Joint Resolu­ conditions in depressed areas to unite Social Security Administration tion 310. behind this compromise bill, H. R. 6975. Grants to States for public assistance This third resolution provides for the For an additional amount for "Grants to following: States for public assistance", $275,000,000: SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION RECESS Provided, That not more than $16,728,000 of this amount may be used for State and local Forty-five million dollars for loans and Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask administration. $1,100,000 for related administrative ex­ unanimous consent that it may be in CHAPTER III penses. order for the Speaker to declare a recess Legislative Branch This agency has been out of money for at any time subject to the call of the some time. Chair this afternoon. House of Representatives For payment to Cleo C. Fernandez, widow GRANTS TO STATES FOR PUBLIC ASSISTANCE The SPEAKER. Is there objection to of Antonio M. Fernandez, late a Representa­ the request of the gentleman from Okla- This third resolution provides $275, tive from the State of New Mexico, $22,500. million for that purpose which must be homa? · For payment to Elizabeth F. Hand, widow There was no objection. of T. Millet Hand, late a Representative from made available immediately and in ad­ The SPEAKER. The House stands in the State of New Jersey, $22,500. dition, it retains the limitation of $16,- recess subject to the call of the Chair. For payment to Wilberta R. Hinshaw, 728,000 which was in House Joint Reso­ The bells will be rung 15 minutes before widow of Carl Hinshaw, late a Representative lution 310. The Senate today increased the House reassembles. from the State of California, $22,500. that limitation in House Joint Resolution Accordingly

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Progress in Our Military Program The Army also informs me that a total the present problems, and one which will of 161,329 young men are now enlisted result in time in developing the best EXTENSION OF REMARKS under the Army Reserve program. This military Reserve program in the world. is clear evidence, in my opinion, that our OF Reserve program is definitely developing HON. OVERTON BROOKS and should give our people confidence A Tribute to Thomas H. MacDonald, OF LOUISIANA in its future. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES As with most successful programs, Father of the Nation's Highway Sys· however, additional problems arise. Wednesday, April 17, 1957 This is especially true of our Reserve pro­ tem Mr. BROOKS of Louisiana. Mr. gram. With the increasing influx of Speaker, I rise to report to the House younger men into this program, there EXTENSION OF REMARKS that our military program is moving come the difficulties of providing them OF along nicely. I have just been advised with adequate training facilities, equip­ by the Department of the Army that ment and competent instructors at unit HON. FRED SCHWENGEL this week 4,523 young men entered the level. A part of this problem is that of OF IOWA Army part of this program. Of this supplying military clothing for these IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES number, 2,244 were 18% years of age or men in needed amounts. The Army in­ Wednesday, April 17, 1957 older, the Army states, and 2,279 are dicates that these problems will be ex­ under 18 % years. Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, Since the Reserve Forces Act of 1955 tremely difficult to handle in some locali­ America lost a great public servant when was passed by the Congress, there have ties, particularly the one pertaining to Thomas H. MacDonald, former Commis­ been made criticisms of the operation of capable instructors. sioner of Public Roads, died on April 7, the program under the 6-month train­ These are but a few of the problems 1957. He has been rightfully called the ing act. Suffice it to note at this time which this program presents to the Army Father of the Nation's Highway System. that of these 4,523 men entering the and which must be ironed out as the Because his early background, training, Army program-does not include the Reserves continue to increase in size and education, and experience tie him to National Guard-this week, 3,080 cam·e move to their ultimate strength. This Iowa, I deem it an honor to pay tribute to in under the 6-month training provisions, is a very favorable situation, even with his memory.