_____________________________________ ____________________ ____________________ __________________________ ___________ ____________________ ____________________ __________________________ ___________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ _________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ Its Heritage and Its Promise _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ TERMS _ __________________ _ PLACES PEOPLE Georgia: “Sweet Auburn” “Sweet _ __________________ _ Semitism, commute clause, prejudice, anti- prejudice, clause, _ __________________ _ equal doctrine, lynching, Great Migration, National National Migration, Great Winthrop Holly, John Hope, John Hope, Holly, Winthrop white primary, grandfather grandfather primary, white Jim Crow laws, separate-but- laws, Jim Crow _ __________________ _ Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. W. Washington, T. Booker Lugenia Burns Hope, Leo Frank Lugenia Burns Hope, of Colored People, disfranchise, disfranchise, of Colored People, DuBois, Lucy Craft Laney, Joseph DuBois, Lucy Craft Laney, 470 ___________________ the Advancement for Association _ _ ___________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ 471 _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ in some ways and en laws began to _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ __________________ _ _ _________________ _ _ __________________ ered from discrimination, es- rst, threats and violence became _ _ __________________ he late 1800s-early 1900s was a 1800s-early a he late hhhhhhhhhhh 1900s was periodppppppppp of change continuityc in others. Georgians had mixedh feelings about change. Some,S especially whites, wanted to A Step Backward for Civil for Rights A Step Backward ________the ___________ ese hopes ran into the determina- toto fromerent African Americans, other ___________________ __ ______________on _ The Summit Avenue Ensemble was made up of Ensemble was The Summit Avenue er. Th er. sons (and a neighbor) of Atlanta photogra- ve dd African Americans in Georgia hoped to have __ ______________ldld _ Chapter 19: Left: the fi included was The photograph Thomas Askew. pher DuBois B. E. W. in a series of albums assembled by and in Georgia, U.S.A.” “Negro Life under the title in 1900. Exposition Universelle the Paris at exhibited Other are on pages 473, 476, 482, and 495. examples ho __ ______________hold on to the past and return to life as it had Among other things, been before the Civil War. this involved keeping other groups of people in the places in society they had always held. Even though these Georgians accepted the end of theyslavery, believed African Americans would the samehave status as free blacks before the freedom, but not equality.Civil War—limited northern supervision,Without a new caste system began in the South. to emerge the greater equality the Fourteenth and Fif- that teenth amendments to the Constitution seemed to off tion of most whites to keep them in a place of fi At inferiority. the means of enforcement. Th change. Racial segregation became established by and custom. law African American men also lost their right to vote through measures designed to get around the Fifteenth Amend- ment. In spite of that, African Americans built religious, business, and educational institutions providedthat was for them what denied them While their situations in the white community. were diff groups also suff pecially Catholics and Jews. _ ____________________ _____________________________________ _______________________ ______________ ____________________ _____________________________________ As you read, look for • methods used to enforce segregation, • African American response to segregation, • African American leaders of the period, • the birth of the NAACP, • terms: Jim Crow laws, separate-but-equal doctrine, lynching, Great Migration, National Association for the AAdvancementdvancement of Colored People.People. 1908 1909 Lugenia Burns Hope founded Neighborhood Union; Disfranchisement amendment ratifi ed NAACP founded 1895 1906 International Cotton Exposition in Atlanta Atlanta Race Riot 1886 1915 Haines Institute founded 1891 1899 Leo Frank Georgia Cumming v. lynched; 1880 passed law Richmond County Ku Klux Klan Ware High School segregating Board of Education refounded at founded railroad cars decision Stone Mountain 18811881 18961896 19031903 19111911 Booker T. Washington Plessy v. Ferguson Madam National Urban founded Tuskegee decision C. J. Walker League founded Institute started an African 1909 American hair Black explorer Matthew 1899 care business Henson reached North Scott Joplin published “Maple Leaf Rag” Pole with Admiral Peary 472 Chapter 19: A Step Backward for Civil Rights The late 1800s and early 1900s was a period when prejudice resulted in grow- Above: Churches tended to be segre- ing inequality, separateness, and even violence. As change occurred, those gated even before the Jim Crow era. who had enjoyed superiority in southern society based on their race, reli- Here, members of the First Congre- gion, and gender felt their status threatened. Th at led to laws, practices, and gational Church in Atlanta pose for sometimes violence as white Protestant men tried to maintain their place. Thomas Askew. Under the leadership African Americans were the major target. By the end of the period, laws and of Henry Hugh Proctor (back row, to customs had created a second-class citizenship. A major step toward this the right of the mother and child), lower status was the establishment of legalized segregation. the church became famous for off er- ing social, cultural, and welfare pro- The Establishment of Segregation grams to the black community. U.S. One of the most signifi cant methods to maintain white supremacy in presidents Theodore Roosevelt society was the passage of segregation laws. As you learned, segregation and William Howard Taft visited the meant that blacks and whites would be separated in many aspects of their church to see its programs in action. lives. Schools were segregated from the end of the Civil War, and most churches were separate. In practice, some public places such as restaurants were becoming segregated, although no laws required separation. Th e U.S. Congress had passed a Civil Rights Act in 1875, which made discrimination in public places illegal. But in the 1880s, in a series of cases called the “civil rights cases,” the Supreme Court had said that, while the government could not discriminate, it could not prevent owners of private businesses from deciding who they would serve. Th at had opened the door to segregation in public spaces. Section 1: African Americans and Segregation 473 Jim Crow Laws Th roughout the 1890s and early 1900s, both the state of Georgia and local communities passed laws and ordinances calling for segrega- tion, or Jim Crow laws. Th e term Jim Crow had been used in the mid-1800s for a type of black character in minstrel shows. White performers blackened their faces and sang and danced in a way that made fun of African Americans. Th e term became a racial slur. “Jim Crow” was fi rst connected to segregation in the North before the Civil War. There some railroad cars were segregated and called Jim Crow cars. Th e term survived and became the nickname for the new laws that southern states passed to create a second-class, separate, and inferior position for African Americans. Jim Crow laws were somewhat like the early Black Codes that southern states had tried to en- act right after the Civil War. Th ose had been disal- lowed during military Reconstruction. Before the passage of Jim Crow laws, customs and intimida- tion had already created a system of white supe- riority in Georgia and other southern states. Jim Crow laws made the practice of segregation legal. Above: Most larger towns and cities BecauseBtib segregation by race meant defi ning race, states passed laws saying in Georgia had neighborhoods segre- how much African heritage a person had to have to be considered black. gated by race. This photograph taken in 1886 shows an African American Plessy v. Ferguson neighborhood in Savannah. Railroad cars were among the public spaces that states segregated. Geor- gia passed such a law in 1891. A similar Louisiana law was challenged on purpose by African Americans who thought it was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. Homer Plessy (who was one-eighth African American and seven-eighths white in heritage) challenged the Louisiana law after he was removed from a fi rst-class railroad car. In the famous 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that public places could be separate by race, but that they had to be “equal.” Th is separate- The Plessy decision was but-equal doctrine allowed segregation to continue in the United States eventually overturned, for decades. but not until 1954. Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan disagreed with the Plessy v. Ferguson decision. He wrote that if the Supreme Court allowed separate train cars, it could lead to many other areas of segregation. He was right. With the separate-but-equal doctrine approved by the Supreme Court, southern states began enacting dozens of state laws and local ordinances to create separate public spaces from cradle to grave, from separate schools and libraries to separate cemeteries. Racial segregation became established by law and