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Indirmekti19 SARMAL YA YINEVİ Başmusahip Sok. Talas Han. 16/6 Cağaloğlu - lstanbul Siyasal Kültür : 3 Yazarı : Paul Awich Türkçesi : Osman Akınhay Birinci baskı : Mayıs 1992 Kapak : Cemile Çakır Dizgi. : Sarmal Dizgievi - 522 45 78 Baskı· Cilt: Divit A.Ş. - 314 48 43 PAUL AVRICH ANARŞiST• PORTRELER iÇiNDEKiLER Proudhon ve Amerika ........................................ ... .. .. 7 Benjamin Tucker ve Kızı ........ ................................ 19 G.W. Monbray: Amerika'da Britanyalı Bir Anarşist .......................... 33 Sacco ile Vanzetti: halyan'Anarşizminin Kökleri ..... 45 ABD' deki Yahudi Anarşizmi .................................... 63 Ana Çizgileriyle Aleksandr Berkman ...................... 99 Ricardo Flores Magon Hapishanede ............... ..... 109 Mollie Steimer: Anarşist Bir Yaşam ...................... 117 AVRUPA VE DÜNYA Paris Komünü ve Mirası ....................................... 137 Paul Brousse: Olasılıkçı Anarşist ......................... 151 Gustav Landauer'in Şehit Olması ......................... 161 Brezilyalı Anarşistler ............................................. 173 Avustralyalı Bir Anarşist: 'J. W. Fleming............... 181 IX PROUDHON VE AMERİKA .. ··:::: ·••· } } üyük Fransız anarşisti ve toplumsal düşünür Pierre­ ..• / \ Joseph Proudhon'un etkisi üzerine çok az şey yazılmış- il. ,., , <·< tır. Proudhon'un 1840'larve 1850'lerde ardı arkası kesil­ meden yazdığı kitap ve makaleler selinde geliştirdiği para ve kredi, emek ve sermaye, bireysel egemenlik ve gönüllü işbirliği üzerine düşünceleri, kendi ülkesinin sınırlannı aşarak, Rus po­ pülizmini , İspanyol federalizmini ve yeryüzünün her tarafın­ danki birbirinden çok farklı toplumsal hareketleri etkilemiştir. Etkisinin sanıldığından daha büyük olduğu ABD'de, Proud-. hon'un görüşleri çok geniş çevrelere yayılmıştı. İç Savaş öncesi yıllarda 1848 Devrimi'nin Fransız ve Alman sürgünleri , en çok da Claude Pelletier, Frederic Tufferd, Joseph Dej acque ve Wil­ helm Weitling, Proudhon'un görüşlerini yaymışlardı. Amerika doğumlu Fourierciler özellikle de Charles A. Dana, Parke God­ win ve Albert Brisbane gibi New England kökenli kişilerden oluşan bir çevre, aynı coşkuyla onun görüşlerini savunuyorlar­ dı. Brisbane Proudhon'u Paris'teki bir hapishanede ziyaret et­ miş, onunla kuramlan hakkında "saatlerce" konuşmuştu. "Pro­ udhon ve ben," diye yazıyordu sonradan, "bizim düşüncemize - . 8 göre toplumun şu anki halinde dahi çeşitli yollatla uygulanabi­ lecek ilkeler konusunda anlaşıyorduk" ı. Ancak New England'ın saygın ailelerinden birinin çocuğu olan Dana Proudhon'un fikirlerini Amerikan kamuoyunun önü­ ne ilk getiren kişiydi. New Hampshire'ın yerlisi olan Dana 1819'da doğmuştu. Dana 1842'de Harvard College'i bitirdikıen sonra, ünlü aşkıncı {trans ccndalist) ve Fourierci topluluk olan Brook Farm'a katıldı. Bu toplulukta George Ripley, Theodore Parker ve Margaret Fuller gibi yetkin kişilerle işbirliği yaparak çeşitli konularda konferans verdi, koroda şarkı söyledi ve The Dial ile The Harbinger'e yazılaryazd ı. Dana 1847'de Brook Farm'dan ayrılıp Horace Greeley'in yö­ nettiği New York Tribune'üne yazı kuruluna katıldı. Ertesi yıl Avrupa'da geniş bir geziye çıktı . O günlerde devrim can çekiş­ mekteydi. Paris'te Ulusal Meclis'de konuşan Proudhon'u dinledi ve onun görüşleriyle ilk elden tanıştı. Proudhon'u hiç de Atlan­ tik'in her iki yakasındaki gazetelerin anlattığı gibi, "dinsiz bir deli, varlıklı insanları soymaya can atan bir komünist, ahUksız­ lık, karışıklık ve budalalığın canlı hali" olarak bulmamıştı. Tam tersine Proudhon, "daima küstah ve genellikle saygısız" olmak­ la birlikte, adalet davasına kendini adamış, "özgürlük aşkı ve ikiyüzlülüğe nefreti"yle dikkati çeken ve "dürüstlüğü ile ahlaki cesaretinin yanı sıra çarpıcı · derecede özgünlüğe ve zihin kuvve- tine" sahip biriydi2. Derinden etkilenmiş olan Dana, 1849'da New York'a dönü­ şünde, Tribune'de Proudhon üstüne bir dizi makale yayımladı; en çok, proudhon'un karşılıklı banka* (Proudhon'un niteleme­ siyle, Halkın Bankası) şeması üstünde duruyordu. Buna göre, krediler maliyetine göre verilecek, böylece üretim teşvik edile­ cek, yoksulluk ve işsizlik silinerek sonsuza kadar sürecek top­ lumsal ve ekonomik adalete ulaşılabilecekti. Dana yine aynı yıl, Brook Farm'dan eski arkadaşı William HenryCahnning'in hafta­ lık dergisi The Spirit of the Age'de yayımlanmak üzere makale­ leri bir daha gözden geçirdi. Bu makaleler yaklaşık elli yıl sonra Benjamin Tucker tarafından Proudhon ve Onun "Halkın Ban­ kası" adıyla kitap halinde bir kez daha yayımlandı. * işçilere faizsizkredi açacak bir banka. 9 Dana 1849'dan sonra Proudhon'la ilgilenmeyi bıraktı. l 862'ye kadar sürdüreceği Tribune'ün yayın yönetmenliğine atanınca, kendini başta köleliğin kaldırılması olmak üzere top­ lumsal ve politik içerikli çok çeşitli konulara verdi. 1863'tc iç Savaş'ın en yoğun günlerinde Abraham Lincoln tarafından Sa­ vaş Bakanı yardımcılığına getirildi. Lee'nin Apporpattox'ta tes­ 'lim oluşuna kadar* bu görevi yürüttü. Dana New York'a dönün- ce günlük Sun gazetesinin kuruluşuna yardımcı oldu ve çok geçmeden genel yayın yönetmenliğini üstlendi. l 897'de yetmiş sekiz yaşında öldü. Dana temiz üslQbu, geniş bilgisi ve politik ilişkileriyle Amerikan gazeteciliğinin kendinden sonraki kuşak­ lan üzerinde güçlü bir etki bırakmıştır. Bu arada, Fourierciler'den çok anarşistlerin oluşturduğu bir başka Amerikalı yazar grubu da Proudhoncu ilkeleri aktif bi­ çimde yaymaktaydılar. Daha 1849'da, Dana'nın Proudhon üze­ rine makalelerini yayımladığı yılda, Massachusetts'den William B. Gieene benzer bir dizi kaleme aldı ve bu dizi enesi yıl Kar­ şılıklı Bankacılık adıyla kitap haline getirildi. O zaman otuz yaşında (Dana'yla aynı yaşta) olan Greene, dönemin en renkli Amerikan reformcuları arasındaydı. Etkileyicibir fiziksel görü­ nüme sahip olan Greene 1819'da Haverhill kasabasında doğ­ muştu. Boston'da posta müdüru olan babası Nathaniel Greene Massachusetts'deki tek gazete olan Baston Statesman'ın da ku­ rucusuydu. İnce uzun olan William. Green'in boyu bir seksenin üzerindeydi. West Point'de bulunmuş, Seminoleslcr'e karşı Flo­ rida savaşı11a katılmış sonra birden askerlikden aynlarak Har­ vard İlahiyat Okulu'na girmişti. Greene'le o günlerde karşılaş­ mış olan Thomas Wentworth Higginson, askerce, "nerdeyse herkese meydan okuyan" tavırları, koyu siyah saçları, "içinizi delen bakışlarıyla sizi olduğunuz yere mıhlayan kara gözle­ ri"yle "şimdiye kadar karşılaştığım en yakışıklı ve en mükem­ mel.görünüşlü kişi" diyordu onun için3. Oğrenimini 1845'.�e tamamlayan Greene, Massachusetts, West Brookfıeld'da Universite kilisesinin papazı olarak göreve başladı. Ama ilgileri günden güne toplumsal ve ekonomik so­ runlara kayıyordu. 1850'de, Proudhon'un etkisiyle, karşılıklı (*)'ABD iç Savaşı, Robert Edword Lee'nin 9 Nisan 1865'ıe Ulysris Simpion Gronı'a teslim oluşuyla sona ermişti. (ç.n.) 10 bankacılık üzerine yazdığı kiLapçığı yayımladı. Benjamin Tuc­ ker bu çalışmadan "maliye üzerine bu ülkede şimdiye kadar ya­ yımlanmış, en önemli yapıt" diye söz eder. Karşılıklı Bankacılık'ın yayımlanmasıyla Greene, Proud­ hon'un Amerika'daki başlıca izleyicisi olmakta Dana'yı geçmiş­ li. Proudhon'un fikirlerini yaymakta aktif çaba harcamakla kal­ mamış, 1850'de ve 1851 'de Massachusetts meclisine Proudhoncu doğrultuda bir karşılıklı bankacılık yasası dilekçesi (sonuçsuz kalan) vermişti. Ancak Greene, önemli bir noktada Proudhon'dan ayrılıyordu. Ondan farklı olarak, kadın haklan davasının savunuculuğuna soyunmuşs 1853'te Massachusetts Anayasa Kurultayı'nda bu konuyla ilgili bir konuşma yapmıştı. Aynı yıl Paris'e gitti ve karşılıklı inanç görüşünü onaylayan Pro­ udhon'la kişisel olarak tanıştı6. 1861 yılına kadar Fransa'da kalan Greene İç Savaş patlayın­ ca ABD'ye döndü. Vali Andrew'un (Bakunin'in Boston'da kaldı­ ğı sırada yanına uğradığı kişi) hizmetine giren Greene, Albay rütbesiyle Ondördüncü Massachusetts Piyade Alayı'na gönderil­ di. Washington yakınlarında konuşlanan bu alay daha sonra Bi­ rinci Massachusetts Topçu Alayı'nı oluşturarak Konfederasyon saldırısına karşı başkenti savunma görevini üstlenecekti. O gün­ lerde Greene'in saçı sakalı kırlaşmıştı, ama yanındaki subaylar­ dan birinin sözleriyle, "bir ölümlünün yüzüne kondurulmuş en keskin siyah gözler" hala ondaydı. Konuşması ve hareketleri hızlı olup başkalarının yavaş ya da hantal hareketlerine öfkelen­ diği halde, "emrindeki insanlara karşı nazik, sabırlı, bağışlayıcı, ve babacan tavırlıydı"7• Greene bir yılı aşkın süre Birlik subayı olarak görev yaptı. Ekim 1862'de Vali Andrew'le kavga edince görevden çekildi ve o günden sonra bütün enerjisini ekonomik ve toplumsal reforma adadı. Boston'a döndüğünde, Josiah Warren, Ezra Heywood, Lysander Spooner ve Stcphen Pearl Andrews'la birlikte, konuş­ ma özgürlüğünü, bireysel özgürlükleri, kadınların eşitliğini ve çalışma koşullarının iyileştirilmesini savunan Amerika'daki bi­ reyselci anarşist hareketin en ön saflarında göründü. l 869'da Massachusetts İşçi Sendikası'nın başkanlığını yaptı. New Eng­ land Çalışma Reformu Ligası'ndan Ezra Heywood'la birlikte, Proudhoncu fikirleri benimseyen bir örgüt kurdu. Heywood ve 1 1 Greene'in hazırladıkları kuruluş bildirisindeki sözlerle, bu örgü­ tün amacı "Spekülatif tekelciliğin yasal girişimler kar�ısında haksız çıkarlar sağlamasına yolaçan sınıf yasalarının ve olum­ suz alışkanlıkların kaldırılması; devletin adalet ve karşılıklılık* temelinde yeniden örgütlenmesi"ydi8.· ı 873'e gelindiğinde Greene bu liganın (üyeleri arasında Warren, Andrews ve Benjamin Tucker da vardı) başkan yar­ dımcılığıru yürütüyordu. Aynı zamanda Boston'daki
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  • Recorder Vol. 3 No. 4 June 1968
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