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Aikidon Tie Suomalaiseen Liikuntakulttuuriin

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Aikidon Tie Suomalaiseen Liikuntakulttuuriin View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UEF Electronic Publications Aikidon tie suomalaiseen liikuntakulttuuriin Yleisen historian Pro gradu -tutkielma Joensuun yliopisto Elokuu 2006 Mika Matti Johannes Levy TUTKIMUSTIEDOTE Tutkielmassa perehdytään aikidon historiaan Suomessa vuosina 1970-2000. Keskeisiä tarkastelun kohteita ovat lajin saapuminen Suomeen, organisoituminen, leviäminen, koulutustoiminnan kehittyminen sekä japanilaisten aikido-opettajien merkitys. Tutkielman tärkeimpänä aspektina on aikidon integroituminen suomalaiseen liikuntakulttuuriin. Tutkielma on luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen, mutta aika ajoin käytetään tukena myös tilastollisia menetelmiä. Tutkielman tärkeimpiä lähteitä ovat Suomen Aikidoliiton toimintakertomukset sekä Aikido-lehdet. Tutkimuskirjallisuutena käytetään paljolti liikuntakulttuuria käsitteleviä teoksia. Lähteinä on lisäksi haastatteluja, budolajeja käsitteleviä opinnäytetöitä, japanilaista kulttuuria käsittelevää kirjallisuutta sekä yleistä budokirjallisuutta. Aikidon leviäminen jaettiin viiteen kauteen, ja leviämisessä hahmoteltiin neljä eri kanavaa. Keskeinen vaihe aikidotoiminnan kasvussa oli 1970-luvun loppupuoli, jolloin toimintaa elvytettiin useilla toimenpiteillä. 1980-luvulla lajin suosio kasvoi selvästi, ja kasvu jatkui läpi 1990-luvun. Suosion kasvuun vaikuttivat lajitoimijoiden lisäksi yhteiskunnalliset arvomuutokset, jotka edesauttoivat ei-kilpailullisten lajien kasvua. Aikido sai virallisen tunnustuksen Aikidoliiton päästessä Suomen Valtakunnan Urheiluliiton jäseneksi. Suomalainen aikido alkoi kehittyä itsenäiseen suuntaan lajin pohjoismaisen pääopettajan Toshikazu Ichimuran muutettua takaisin kotimaahansa vuonna 1986. Aikido-kuva julkisuudessa ja tavallisten ihmisten silmissä muovautui aluksi kirjavaksi, mutta tasoittui myöhemmin. Ennakkoluuloja vauhditti heikko tietous budolajeista. Kilpailemattomuus hidasti aikidon suosion kasvua, mutta pysyminen kilpaurheilun ulkopuolella säilytti lajin sisällä monia perinteisiä budon arvoja ja periaatteita. Aikido nivoutui suomalaiseen liikuntakulttuuriin kuntourheiluna, elämäntapana sekä vaihtoehtoliikuntana. Budolajina aikido antoi myös itsepuolustusvalmiuksia. Aikido muodosti uudenlaisen liikuntamallin eräänlaisena yksilö- ja ryhmäkeskeisen harrastuksen fuusiona. Länsimaiselle ihmiskäsitykselle tyypilliset vapaus ja yksilöllisyys antoivat vaikutuksensa myös budolajeihin. Aikidon akkulturaatiossa lajin itämaisuus vähentyi. Akkulturaation vaikutukset edesauttoivat myös lajin urheilullistumista, sillä fyysiset puolet alkoivat tulla henkisiä tärkeämmiksi. Muuhun Eurooppaan nähden erityispiirteenä suomalaisessa aikidossa oli yhtenäisyys, joka säilyi lähes täysin eheänä siitä asti, kun laji rantautui Suomeen. Aikidon kulttuurifuusio näkyi siinä, että aikidotoimintaa ryhdyttiin toteuttamaan seuroissa, eikä japanilaiselle budokulttuurille tyypillisen tyylisuunta-ajattelun mukaisesti. Aikidoseurojen sitoutumisen aste määrittyi suomalaisille liikuntaseuroille tyypillisen vapaaehtoisen sosialisaation kautta, eikä japanilaismallisen pakollisen vapaaehtoisuuden mukaisesti. Bibliografiset tiedot Tekijä: Mika Matti Johannes Levy Pääaine: Yleinen historia Tutkielman otsikko: Aikidon tie suomalaiseen liikuntakulttuuriin Aika ja paikka: 14.8.2006, Joensuu Sivumäärä: 153 Taulukoita: 13 kpl, kaavioita: 1 kpl, karttoja: 1 kpl SISÄLLYSLUETTELO 1. JOHDANTO........................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Mitä ihmeen aikidoa?...................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Tutkimustehtävä.............................................................................................................. 5 1.3. Tutkimusperinne.............................................................................................................. 6 1.4. Tutkimusaineisto ............................................................................................................. 8 1.5. Lähdekritiikki................................................................................................................ 10 1.6. Keskeisistä käsitteistä ja niiden esitystavasta................................................................ 11 2. JAPANILAINEN BUDO JA AIKIDO ................................................................................ 13 2.1. Bushido.......................................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Bujutsusta budolajeiksi ................................................................................................. 15 2.3. Aikidon synty ................................................................................................................ 18 2.3.1. Lajin perustaja Morihei Ueshiba............................................................................ 18 2.3.2. Aikidon leviäminen Japanin ulkopuolelle.............................................................. 20 2.3.3. Aikidon taustalla olevia periaatteita....................................................................... 23 2.3.4. Aikidon tyylisuuntia............................................................................................... 24 3. ENSIMMÄISET BUDOLAJIT SUOMESSA ..................................................................... 27 3.1. Suomalaisten kuvat Japanista ja kulttuurien väliset kontaktit....................................... 27 3.2. Suomalaisten ensikosketuksia budolajeihin.................................................................. 29 3.3. Judo ............................................................................................................................... 32 3.4. Karate ............................................................................................................................ 33 3.5. Aikido............................................................................................................................ 34 3.5.1. Trygve Forsstén tuo lajin Suomeen........................................................................ 34 3.5.2. Harjoittelutoiminnan alkaminen............................................................................. 35 4. AIKIDON ORGANISOITUMINEN ................................................................................... 38 4.1. Lajiliiton synty .............................................................................................................. 38 4.2. Ensimmäiset toimintavuodet......................................................................................... 39 4.3. Aseman vakiintuminen.................................................................................................. 42 4.4. Toiminta seurojen kattojärjestönä ................................................................................. 46 4.5. Suomen Aikidoliiton kansainväliset suhteet ................................................................. 47 4.6. Ki-aikidon alkaminen Suomessa................................................................................... 50 5. AIKIDON LEVIÄMINEN SUOMESSA VUOSINA 1970-2000....................................... 52 5.1. Leviämisen kaudet......................................................................................................... 52 5.2. Leviämisen kanavat....................................................................................................... 58 5.3. Harrastajamäärän kasvu ................................................................................................ 63 5.4. Junioritoiminnan alkaminen.......................................................................................... 64 6. KOULUTUSTOIMINTA..................................................................................................... 67 6.1. Lajiharjoittelu ja harjoitusleirit...................................................................................... 67 6.2. Valmentaja- ja ohjaajakoulutus..................................................................................... 70 6.3. Vyöarvojärjestelmä kehittymisen mittarina .................................................................. 71 6.3.1. Kyu-arvot ............................................................................................................... 72 6.3.2. Dan-arvot................................................................................................................ 75 6.4. Aikidoliiton kutsumat japanilaiset aikido-opettajat Suomessa ..................................... 77 6.4.1. Toshikazu Ichimura................................................................................................ 77 2 6.4.2. Yasuo Kobayashi ja Kazuo Igarashi ...................................................................... 80 6.4.3. Muut japanilaiset opettajat ..................................................................................... 81 6.4.4. Ei-japanilaiset ulkomaiset opettajat ....................................................................... 85 6.5. Ulkoapäin ohjattua vai omavaraista aikidotoimintaa? .................................................. 86 7. AIKIDON VAKIINTUMINEN OSAKSI SUOMALAISTA LIIKUNTAKULTTUURIA 89 7.1. Aikidon, judon ja karaten kehittymisen vertailua ......................................................... 89 7.2. Kilpailemattomuuden haasteet ...................................................................................... 93 7.3. Yhteiskunnallinen hyväksyntä .....................................................................................
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