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Geochemical Investigations of Northern Norwegian Fjord Sediments – Sources and Spatial Variability of Marine and Terrigenous Components

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Geochemical Investigations of Northern Norwegian Fjord Sediments – Sources and Spatial Variability of Marine and Terrigenous Components Faculty of Science and Technology Department of Geology Geochemical investigations of northern Norwegian fjord sediments – Sources and spatial variability of marine and terrigenous components — Lea Philine Canzler Master thesis in Marine Geology and Geophysics (GEO-3900) May 2016 Abstract Fjords represent unique coastal marine environments with high sedimentation rates. They can be used for intensive investigations focusing on geochemical, mineralogical, biological, and sedimentological processes. In this study I investigate 42 surface sediment samples from the outer and inner parts of the Vestfjord, Ofotfjord, Tysfjord and tributary fjord arms in northern Norway. Samples were analysed for their bulk elemental composition, grain size distribution, and total carbon and nitrogen contents (Ctot, Ntot). Furthermore, total organic and inorganic carbon and nitrogen concentrations (Corg, Cinorg, Norg and Ninorg) as well as the carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) were analysed. The measurements were performed to identify geochemical proxies for the contribution of terrestrial organic matter (TOM) versus marine organic matter (MOM) into the fjords. The results indicate a sedimentary environment characterized by an overall dominant contribution of MOM compared to the relatively small input of terrestrial derived material. The extremely high supply of MOM is presented by 13 Corg/Norg ratios ranging between 6 and 10, stable carbon isotope values (δ Corg) between -24‰ 15 and -21‰, and stable organic nitrogen (δ Norg) signatures that vary between 4.7‰ and 6.9‰. The terrigenous material content is in general extraordinary low, and TOM increases from the outer part of the Vestfjord towards the innermost fjord parts of the Ofotfjord and Tysfjord. A 13 15 correlation between δ Corg and δ Norg and the Corg/Norg ratios indicates high influences of marine derived OM. In addition, marine primary productivity is found to be the main contributor of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). CaCO3 increases towards the outer fjord parts and can be used to identify carbonate aquatic productivity by marine organisms and potentially trace the variable and relatively strong inflow of Atlantic water masses. Numerous proxies as those described above can be used to develop a better understanding of environmental processes since fjord sediments provide important reservoirs for the study of past and present environmental and climatic changes. I II Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 State of the art ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Basic information about fjords ................................................................................................ 4 1.3.1 Water circulation ............................................................................................................. 5 1.3.2 Sedimentary processes .................................................................................................... 7 1.3.3 Origin of organic matter .................................................................................................. 8 1.3.4 Primary productivity in fjords .......................................................................................... 8 1.4 Carbon and nitrogen................................................................................................................ 9 1.4.1 Stable isotopes ................................................................................................................ 9 1.4.2 Carbon isotopes and fractionation processes ................................................................. 10 1.4.3 The global organic carbon cycle .................................................................................... 11 1.4.4 Nitrogen isotopes and fractionation processes .............................................................. 12 2 Study area ...................................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Regional climate .................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Drainage area ........................................................................................................................ 18 2.3 Bedrock geology .................................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Glacial history ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.5 Oceanography ....................................................................................................................... 23 3 Material and methods ................................................................................................................... 27 3.1 Sediment sampling ................................................................................................................ 27 3.2 Carbon and sulphur measurements ...................................................................................... 28 3.3 Grain size analyses................................................................................................................. 29 3.4 Total nitrogen and carbon isotopes analyses ........................................................................ 29 3.5 Bulk mineral assemblage analyses ........................................................................................ 30 3.6 Bulk elemental composition analyses ................................................................................... 30 4 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 31 4.1 Bulk mineral assemblages ..................................................................................................... 31 4.2 Grain sizes .............................................................................................................................. 34 4.3 Total carbon, total organic, and total inorganic carbon ........................................................ 38 4.4 Stable carbon isotope ratios .................................................................................................. 40 4.5 Total nitrogen (Ntot), total organic nitrogen (Norg), and total inorganic nitrogen (Ninorg) ...... 41 4.6 Stable nitrogen isotope ratios ............................................................................................... 43 4.7 Carbon versus nitrogen ......................................................................................................... 43 4.8 Calcium and calcium carbonate ............................................................................................ 45 III 5 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 47 5.1 Inorganic sediment composition ........................................................................................... 48 5.1.1 Mineral assemblages and grain sizes ............................................................................ 48 5.1.1.1 Correlation between grain size fractions and the water depth ................................ 51 5.1.1.2 Grain size fractions versus inorganic and organic carbon and nitrogen ................... 53 5.1.2 Elemental ratios as proxies for terrestrial sediment supply ......................................... 54 5.1.2.1 Elemental compositions and selection of an element representative of the ............... lithogenic fraction ..................................................................................................... 54 5.2 Sources and pathways of organic matter .............................................................................. 57 5.2.1 Measurements and distribution of carbon and nitrogen concentrations .................... 57 5.2.1.1 Carbon concentrations .............................................................................................. 57 5.2.1.2 Nitrogen concentrations............................................................................................ 59 5.2.2 C/N and δ13Corg as proxies for marine versus terrigenous organic material .............. 59 13 5.2.2.1 C/N ad δ Corg ........................................................................................................... 59 13 5.2.2.2 The distribution of Corg/Norg ad δ Corg ..................................................................... 60 5.2.2.2.1 The Ofotfjord ....................................................................................................... 61 5.2.2.2.2 The Tysfjord ......................................................................................................... 61 5.2.2.2.3 The Vestfjord ....................................................................................................... 62 15 5.2.3 δ Norg as a proxy for tracking nutrient utilization in marine environments. ................ 63 5.2.3.1 The geeral utilizatio of δ15N ................................................................................... 63 15 5.2.3.2 Stable
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