E- 305 Public Disclosure Authorized
DRAFT
MINISTRY OF ENERGY Public Disclosure Authorized TEHRAN SEWERAGE COMPANY TEHRAN SEWERAGE PROJECT EnvironmentalAssessment Main Report
Public Disclosure Authorized September 1999
Acer Iran Ray-Ab Consulting Engineers Douglas House No. 75 West Farzan Street Douglas Street Africa Expressway Westminister Tehran 19688 London SWIP 4PB Islamic Republic of Iran United Kingdom Public Disclosure Authorized a TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION I
1.1 Terms of Reference I 1.2 Objectives of the Environmental Assessment I
2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2
2.1 Outline of the Project 2 2.2 Project Objectives 3 2.3 Sewerage and Sewage Transport 3 2.4 The Southern Sewage Treatment Plant 6 2.5 Effluent Reuse in Agriculture I1 2.6 Effluent Reuse by Groundwater Recharge 15 2.7 Sludge Transport 15 2.8 Sludge Use in Agriculture 15 2.9 Pre-construction Activities 16 2.10 Construction Activities 17
3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE BASELINE ENVIRONMENT 19
3.1 Geographical Environment 19 3.2 Social and Economic Environment 21 3.3 Cultural Environment 23 3.4 Surface Water and Wastewater 24 3.5 Hvdrogeology 33 -3.6 Agriculture in the Varamin Plain 37 3.7 Health 41 3.8 Climate 43 3.9 Biological Environment 45 3.10 Other Developments 48
ii 4.0 ORGANIZATION. LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS 50
4.1 Background 50 4.2 Organizational Structure 50 4.3 Existing Legislative and Regulatory Controls 54
5.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 62
5.1 Impacts on the Geographical Environment 62 5.2 Impacts on the Social and Economic environment 66 5.3 Impacts on the Cultural Environment 69 5.4 Impacts on Surface Waters 70 5.5 Impacts on the Hydrogeological Environment 71 5.6 Impacts on Agriculture 73 5.7 Impacts on Health 81 5.8 Impacts on Climate 87 5.9 Impacts on the Biological Environment 88 5.10 Impacts on Other Planned Developments . 89 5.11 Summary of Environmental Impact 90
6.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT 95
6.1 Option 1: No Project 95 6.2 Sewage Treatment Using Waste Stabilization Ponds 98 6.3 Sewage Treatment Using Aerated Lagoons 103 6.4 Sewaze Treatment Using Oxidation Ditches 106 6.5 Comparison of Sewage Treatment Process Alternatives 108 6.6 Water Conservation and Waste Minimization 110
7.0 MITIGATION MEASURES TO MINIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 112
7.1 Objectives of the Environmental Management Plan 112 7.2 Measures to Minimize Disturbance During Construction 113 7.3 Measures to Minimize Disturbance During Operation of the STP 115 7.4 Measures to Ensure the Health and Safetv of Workers and the Public 117 7.5 Employee Training and Working Conditions 118
iii 7.6 Measures to Ensure that the Objectives of the Project are Achieved 119 7.7 Environmental Monitoring 124 7.8 Finance 133 7.9 Environmental Management Plan 133 7.10 Implementation Schedule and Cost Estimates 138
8.0 IDENTIFICATION OF INSTITUTIONAL NEEDS TO IMPLEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 141
8.1 Policies. Legislation and Standards 141 8.2 Overview of Responsibilities 142 8.3 Involvement of the TSC 144 8.4 Involvement of the DOE 145 8.5 Institutional Needs of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation 146 8.6 Establishment of a Project Liaison Committee 146 8.7 Institutional Needs 149
9.0 STRATEGIC MONITORING PLAN 151
9.1 Objectives of the Strategic Monitoring, Plan 151 9.2 Strategic Monitoring by the Department of Environment 151
10.0 INTER-AGENCY CO-ORDINATION AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 153
10.1 Consultation with Other Governmental Agencies 153 10.2 Consultation with Non-Governmental Organizations 153 10.3 Other Consultations 155 10.4 Public Participation 156
11.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 157
12.0 LIST OF REFERENCES 160
13.0 LIST OF TEHRAN SEWERAGE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PREPARERS
iv 14.0 GLOSSARY
14.1 Local Terms 14.2 Abbreviations
LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Basic Data for Tehran Southern Sewage Treatment Plant 6 2.2 Effluent Qualitv Standard 7 2.3 Water balance for the irrigation of 50.000 ha of the Varamin Plain 12 2.4 Proposed cropping patterns and water requirements for 50.000 ha development of Varamin irrigation area 14 3.1 Sources and quality of drinking water supplied in Tehran 27 3.2 Classification of Industries in Iran Based on the Nature of Effluents 28 3.3 The quality of settled sludge from the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals 31 3.4 Water Quality of Sorkhe Hessar and Firouzabad Canals 32 3.5 Protected habitats near the project area 47 5.1 Project Costs 68 5.2 Projected Improvements in Crop Yields in the Varamin Irrigation Scheme 73 5.3 Predicted heavy metal concentrations in sludge to be utilized on the Varamin Plain 75 5.4 Average annual application rates of metals to soils of the Varamin Plain 77 5.5 Suitability of treated effluent as drinking water for livestock 79 5.6 Summarv of environmental impacts (Part A) 91 5.7 Summary of environmental impacts (Part B) 92 5.8 Summary of environmental impacts (Part C) 93 6.1 Summary of costs of not implementing the proposed project 97 6.2 Summary of Financial Analysis of Options in Sewage Treatment 108 6.3 Summary of Economic Analysis of Options in Sewage Treatment 109 7.1 List of industries which might still be located in project area at the time when Sewage Treatment Plant starts 122 7.2 Influent and Effluent Data for STP 125 7.3 Dust and Noise Monitoring Program 130 7.4 Treated Effluent Quality Monitoring Program 130 7.5 Treated Sludge Quality Monitoring Program 131 7.6 Odor and Noise Monitoring Program 131 7.7 Agricultural Soil Monitoring Program 131 7.8 Agricultural Produce Monitoring Program 132
v 7.9 Summarv of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures-Construction 134 7.10 Summarv of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures-STP Operation 135 8.1 Institutional Responsibilities 143 8.2 Training Program 150
LIST OF FIGURES
4.1 Draft orzanization structure of the Tehran Province Water and Sewerage Company 52 4.2 Organization chart for the EnvironmentalProtection Organization 55
APPENDIXA: LIST OF DRAWINGS
EA/I First Stage EnvironmentalAssessment. Key Plan EAI2 First Stage EnvironmentalAssessment: Municipality Regions EA/3 Second Stage EnvironmentalAssessment: Key Plan EA/4 First Stage EnvironmentalAssessment: Sewered Areas and Sewer Routes EA/5 First Stage EnvironmentalAssessment: Main Sewers and Metro Crossing EA/6 First Stage EnvironmentalAssessment: Qanat Routes' EA/7 First Stage EnvironmentalAssessment: Surface Water Streams EA/8 First Stage EnvironmentalAssessment: GroundwaterContours (1988 Survey) EA/9 First Stage EnvironmentalAssessment: Isonitrate Contours of Underground Water EA/I I Southem Sewage TreatmentPlant Site Location (Shahr-e-Rev) EA/l 2 Southem Sewage TreatmentPlant Layout EA/I 3 GeologicalMap of the Study Areas EA/14 Soil Classification Map EA/15 Topography of the Varamin Plain EA/I6 National Parks and Protected Areas (Environmental Protection Organizationof Iran) EA/I 7 Varamin Plain Irrigation Areas EA/I 8 Main Irrigation Canals of the Varamin Plain EA/19 Topography of the Varamin Plain
APPENDIXB: IRANIANENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
APPENDIXC: DATAON INFLUENTAND EFFLUENTQUALITY FROM SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
APPENDIXD: NOTESFROM PUBLIC MEETING AND LABORATORYEQUIPMENT & STAFFING
vi 1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Terms of Reference
1.1. 1 The Terms of Reference for this studyvare presented in Annex 6 issued bv The World Bank entitled "Environmental Assessment of Proposed Sewerage Project and Effluent Re-use" dated 26 August 1991.
1.1.2 In preparing this Environmental Assessment. reference has been made to. the requirements of The World Bank Operational Directive OD4.01. of October 1991 entitled "Environmental Assessment. "Environmental Assessment of the Investment Projects and Programme. Scope and Process" by J.A.N. Wallis. published by the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank in December 1989, and "Environmental Assessment Sourcebook" published by the Worid Bank Environment Department (Technical Papers 139, 140 and 154) in 1991.
1.1.3 This report does not cover the construction of the factories for the manufacture of the pipes necessary for the Tehran Sewerage Project. or the supply of raw materials for the factories. The Executive Summary of this environmental assessment report is published as a separate document.
1.2 Objectives of the Environmental Assessment
1.2.1 The objective of this environmental assessment is to identify negative environmental effects, if any, of the proposed project, and to recommend mitigative measures to address such concerns. It is a component of the Project Feasibility Study required for appraisal by the World Bank. This report accompanies and draws upon the "Review of Sewage Treatment Process Alternatives" draft report issued by Acer John Taylor and Ray-Ab Consulting Engineers in June 1992 which provides technical details and a cost assessment of the proposed project. 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2. I Outline of the Project
2.1.1 For the purposes of the Environmental Assessment (EA), the Project Area is defined as the northern and southern parts of the City of Tehran (including Shahr-e-Rev) with a canal to Varamin Plain. Drawing EA/I shows the relative locations of Tehran and the Varamin Plain.
2.1.2 Tehran comprisesof 20 Municipalitv regions with a total population of about 8 million, as shown on DrawingEA/2.
2.1.3 The Master Plan for Sewage Management proposes that sewage from Tehran be conveyed by a sewerage svstem to two sewage treatment plants (STPs). one to the south of the City and the other to the west of the City. Drawing EA/3 shows the main trunk sewers and the locations of the two treatment plants.
2.1.4 The Plan has been divided into two stages. The first stage includes a western main trunk sewer and an eastern main trunk sewer. connecting to the southern treatment plant, together with interceptor, branch and lateral sewers to serve 5.000 hectares in Northern, 1,500 hectares in Central. and 10.000 hectares in Southern Tehran. Drawing EA/4 shows the first stage which is covered by the Project.
2.1.5 The second stage proposals include an east to west trunk sewer, the westem treatment plant and sewers to serve the remaining areas of Tehran.
2.1.6 Treated effluent from the treatment plants is to be used for agricultural irrigation. For the southem treatment plant (STP), it is proposed that the treated effluent is used, in conjunction with river and groundwater sources. for irrigation in the existing Varamin Irrigation Scheme. Sludge from the treatment plants is also to be used for agricultural purposes.
2.1.7 It is proposed that the Stage I works be completed. with the exception of house connections.by the year 2001 and all other major activities in the Project by 2005.
Existing Situation
2.1.8 There is a number of existing sewage treatment plants in operation in Tehran but these serve a very small proportionof the total population (800.000 out of 8 million).
2.1.9 The most common method of sewage disposal is by means of sewage wells. These are constructed beneath or adjacent to properties and receive all foul sewage flows. They comprise of a vertical shaft. at the bottom of which is an enlarged chamber. Polluted water infiltrates into the ground and solid matter degrades in the chamber.
2.1.10 In some areas. the water table is too high for effective operation of sewage wells. In these areas and also where surface water drains are conveniently located. sewage is discharged directly to the surface water drainage system.
2.1.11 The consequences of the existing sewage disposal system are most apparent in the south of the City. Here. infiltrated water from the northern areas and surface drainage flows
2 combine to cause major problems with flooding. waterlogging. and pollution. All of these problems present a major threat to public health.
2.1.12 The public health problem is further compounded by the widespread use of water from the heavily polluted surface water drainage svstem. in particular the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals. for irrigation of crops. Sludge from these canals is also used for agricultural purposes.
2.1.13 This and the next Section describe the geographic. ecological. social. and temporal context of the project.
2.2 Project Objectives
2.2.1 The objectives of the project are:
- Provisionof satisfactorvwastewater collection and treatment for about 2 million people covering an area of about 16.500 hectares:
- improvementof public health and reduction of surface & groundwater pollution;
- Provisionof treated wvastewaterfor irrigation of about 15.000 hectares in the Varamin Plain:
- Developmentof the Tehran Sewerage Companv (TSC) into an autonomous entity to be operated on a commercial basis; and - Facilitationof the private sector participation in the sector.
2.2.2 These objectives mnaybe achieved by provision of: (a) a piped sewerage system to which all properties will be connected; (b) sewage and sludge treatment facilities capable of treating the resulting effluent and sludge to a standard appropriate for re-use in agriculture: and (c) a sewage drainage system that removes the excess water from the Tehran Plain and compensatesVaramin Plain for its deficit.
2.2.3 The project will also have a major benefit of conservation of water resources in the Tehran Region.
2.3 Sewerage and Sewage Transport
2.3.1 Wastewater will be conveyed to the treatment plants by means of an underground network of pipes through tunnels and culverts. It is envisaged that all wastewater will be conveyed by gravitv, without the need for pumping stations. This is because of the topography of Tehran. as there is a gradient from north to south.
2.3.2 The City of Tehran is divided into 20 administrative regions (shown in Drawing EAJ2), covering approximately 48,000 hectares. In Stage 1 covered by the Project, Southern STP will treat sewage drained from an area of approximately 5,000 hectares in the northern regions together with 1,500 hectares in central, and 10,000.hectares of the southern regions. serving a population of about 2 million. These areas are shown in Drawing EA/4. Priority is to be given to the "A" bed areas which suffer from poor
3 drainage and are prone to flooding. This should be completed bv 2001. In Stage 2, additional 7.400 hectares of the south. east and north-eastern regions will be drained, serving an additional population of approximately 2.8 million. These areas are shown in Drawing EA13. This should be completed by 201 1.
2.3.3 The wastewater convevance system to be constructed in Stage 1, the Project, comprises of two roughly parallel trunk sewers running from north to south (known as the Western and Eastern Main Sewers), interceptor sewers. branch and lateral sewers and house connections (see Drawings EA/3. EA/4 and EA/5).
2.3.4 It is proposed that the eastern trunk sewer will be constructed as a tunnel. in order to minimize disruption to traffic. Consideration has also been given to construction of parts of the western trunk sewer by pipe jacking or tunneling methods for the same reason.
2.3.5 Interceptor. branch and lateral sewers and house connections are likely to be constructed bv open cut excavation. For the project to be successful. a sewer needs to be laid in almost all streets of Tehran. For the Project areas. the total length of interceptor. branch and lateral services is approximatelv 3.120 km.
2.3.6 The sizes of the sewers range from 3.000 mm down to 150 mm diameter.
2.3.7 Two sizes are required for the tunnel trunk sewer. 2,000 mm and 3,000 mm diameter. It is envisaged that the tunnel will be constructed mainly using precast concrete segments with a secondarv concrete lining. The culverts will be of in situ reinforced concrete construction.
2.3.8 Every sewer will need to be provided with manholes for access and maintenance purposes. A concrete pipe factory will manufacture the necessary precast reinforced concrete manhole rings. The tunnel will also require access shafts and it is most likely that precast reinforcedconcrete segments wvillbe-used to construct these shafts.
2.3.9 The tunnel trunk sewer will be constructed at depths ranging from a minimum of about 9 meters up to a maximum of 35 meters.
2.3.10 All other sewers will be constructed at the minimum depth consistent with maintaining an adequate gradient (to ensure that self-cleansingvelocities are maintained) and avoidance of other utilities. The depth of the sewers will be in the 2 m to 6 m range. House connectionswill be at shallow depth, generally less than 2 m deep.
WesternMain Selwer
2.3.11 The Westem Main Sewer route starts to the south of the junction of Vali-ye-Assr St. and Miramad Boulevard. The sewer then drains southwards along Vali-ye-Assr St. for a distance of approximately 11,500 m up to the junction with Shush St. At this point it, continues south-eastwards across railway sidings for a distance of 600 m before reaching Rajai St.. which it follows in a southern direction for 8.000 m before tuming eastwards, crossing a railway line and meeting Qom Road. The route then turns south eastwards for a distance of 2,000 m across open agricultural land before entering the Southern STP site.
4 2.3.12 The sewer for the most part will be constructed beneath existing main roads in the City, and will pass through a mixture of residential. commercial and industrial areas. These main roads carry verv heavv volumes of traffic. and the sewer will be constructed partiallv in open cut and partially bv less disruptive methods. such as pipe jacking or tunneling. The route of the proposed Tehran Metro follows Vali-ye-Assr St.. and eleven stations will be located off this road. The route will involve a number of canal and railway crossings.
Eastern Main Sewer
2.3.13 The Eastern lain Sewer comprises 6.000 m of 2.000 mm diameter tunnel. 14.000 m of 3.000 mm diameter tunnel and 4.000 m of culvert. The Eastem Trunk Sewer route starts at the junction of Dr. Ali-ve-Shariati St. and Pasdaran St.. then runs southwards for a distance of 4.000 m along Dr. Ali-ve-Shariati St. before meeting Khajeh Nasir-E-Tusy, along which it runs in a south-eastward direction for a distance of 1,000 m. At the junction with Mazandarinand Damavand. the route tums south along Hefdah-E-Shahrivar for 6,300 m before meetinz the junction with Besat Expressway. It then changes direction eastwards along the Besat Expresswav for 600 m before tuming south along Shahrzad and Jaddeh Sevvom for 5.500 m to the junction with Ebn-e-Babuyeh and the Varamin Road. At this junction. the route heads eastwards along the Vararnin Road for 1.300 m before turning south along the Gas Access Road. whereafter. another 2,100 m of sewer is needed to reach the Southern Treatment Plant.
2.3.14 Owing to the problems with traffic congestion. especially near the Central City areas. the sewer is to be mainly tunneled. The route will involve crossing under a number of canals and the route of Tehran Metro. The final section of the Eastern Trunk Sewer. between the bottom end of the tunnel and the Southern Treatment Plant will be constructed as a reinforcedconcrete culvert by open cut methods.
Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar Canals
2.3.15 Polluted water from streams, jubes (surface water collection channels). and qanats (originallv fresh water tuninels) presently flows from the north to the south of the City, ultimatelv being discharged to the Firouzabad or Sorkhe Hessar Canals. Both canals pass close to the site for the 'Southern treatment plant and it is proposed that. as an interim measure. some of the canal water is treated in the treatment plant. This will not only provide valuable plant operational experience. but will also improve the qualitv of the canal water. Detailed plans for the transfer of canal water to the treatment plant are being prepared.
2.3.16 The current flows are 402,000 m3/d in the Firouzabad canal and 562.000 m3/d in the Sorkhe Hessar canal. so it will only be possible to treat a portion of the total flow. The remainder will continue to flow into the Jaj-e-Rud as at present. The Firouzabad canal passes through the westem part of the STP site. and will need to be culverted or diverted prior to construction. The Sorkhe Hessar canal passes several hundred meters from the site. Pumping stations would be required for the transfer of both flows to the works. Detailed plans for these works are being prepared.
5 2.4 The Southern Sewage Treatment Plant
2.4.1 The Report on -'Sewage Treatment Alternatives' describes the design of the STP in detail, comparing four alternative sewage treatment processes. The use of a conventional surface aeration activated sludge system was recommended by this report. with sludge treatment bv mesophilic anaerobic digestion.
Design Basis
2.4.2 Flows and loads for the Southern STP are shown in Table 2. 1. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). loads are calculated on the basis of a per capita contribution of 65 g BOD/d: 45 g from domestic sources and 20 g from industrial sources. The suspended solids (SS) loads are calculated on the basis of a per capita contribution of 80g SS/d. The per capita flow is an average, taking infiltration and industrial flows into account.
Table 2.1 Basic Data for Tehran Southern Sewage Treatment Plant
Stage Population I Average Flow Average Flow | BOD, Load Suspended Equivalent Per Capita Solids Load [1/c/d] fm3/d] [kg/d] [kg/d] l 2,000,000 200 400,000 130.000 160,000 2 4,800,000 220 1,055,200 312,000 384,000
Effluent Quality
2.4.3 The effluent quality standards to be achieved are described in Table 2.2. The chemical standards are based on the requirements of the EC directive on wastewater treatment3 . while the microbiological standards are based on the World Health Organization's guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture4 . The effluent will also comply with the limits on potentially toxic element (PTE) quality of irrigation waters set by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (FAO). The latter concern parameters which vary little with the type or level of sewage treatment (sodium. boron etc.), and can onlv determine the suitabilitv of an effluent for agricultural reuse. Hence. the influent will have to be carefullv monitored to avoid exceeding these standards and take appropriate corrective actions when needed.
Quantities of Sludge for Treatment
2.4.4 The quantity of sludge produced by the activated sludge process has been estimated at 164 dry tons of cosettled sludge per day, or 60,000 dry tons per year. At 4% dry solids content, this will represent a volume of 4,109 m3/d for disposal.
6 Table 2.2 Effluent Qualitv Standard Parameter ]Statistical basis Standard BOD, [mg/l] 95 percentile 25
! Suspended solids [mg/l] 95 percentile 35 Total nitrogen* [mg/l] 95 percentile 30 I Faecal coliforms[per 100 ml] Geometricmean <=1.000 Intestinalnematode eggs [per liter] Arithmeticmean <=I
*Totalnitrogen is taken as the sum of ammonia.nitrate and nitrite nitrogen
Sludge Treatment Standards
2.4.5 The sludge produced wvillbe disposed on agricultural land and used as a fertilizer. The treatment system will ensure that a microbiolo2ical standard of less than I intestinal nematode egg per 100 grammes of drv solids (arithmetic mean) is achieved, in accordance with the WHO guidelines4.
The STP Site
2.4.6 The Tehran Regional Water Board (TRWB) acquired the 110 ha site before 1991 for the Southern STP (shown in Drawings EAJ3 and EA/I I and enclosed it within a boundary wall. This site now is under TSC. The STP site is located to the south of Shahr-e-Rey, just outside the 25-Year Plan area, between the Tehran to Varamin Road and the Tehran to Garmsar Railway Line. The site is bounded by cultivated land growing market produce to the north, west, north-east and south. To the south-east of the site are several derelict brick works. The Firouzabad canal crosses the western sector of the site flowing southwards. The northeastern corner of the site is crossed by high voltage electricity transmission cables. Apart from a small number of farn properties. the nearest substantial residential settlement is the southern suburbs of Shahr-e-Rey, approximately I km to the northwest. The site is 2.5 km from the village of Ghaleh Gabri. and 0.5 km from a petrochemical refinery. Access to the site is achieved via Shahr-e-Rey to the northwest or from the northeast via the Gas Access Road. The latter, which also. serves industrial activities. would be the most suitable for construction and operation traffic. This route would minimize disruption of residential areas.
Sewage Treatment
2.4.7 Drawing EA/12 shows the proposed layout of the STP in the Project (Stage 1), for which detailed designs have been prepared.. The sewage treatment works consists of: inlet works; primary sedimentation tanks: aeration tanks: secondary sedimentation tanks: and disinfection using chlorine. The following designs apply to Project (Stage 1) flows only.
7 2.4.8 The conventional activated sludge process has been used successfully for large populations worldwide and is described in detail in the Report "Review of Sewage Treatment Altematives"'. The aeration tanks are designed on a plug flow basis with anoxic zones for nitrification (conversion of ammonia to nitrate) and partial denitrification (conversion of nitrate to gaseous nitrogen).This is in order to achieve the requiredeffluent qualitv (for BOD. suspended solids and total nitrogen) and ensure good settling of sludge in the secondarv sedimentationtanks.
Inlet Works
2.4.9 These comprise of: an inlet pumping station with 7 screw lifi pumps: motor, switchgear and control rooms: a transformersubstation: 8 no. 10 mm bar screens, 6 no. I m diameter detritors: and 3 Parshall flumes for flow measurement. Flows will not exceed the capacity of the treatment plant (400.000 m3/d) except possiblv under wet weather conditions. Excess influent will overflow to the Firouzabad canal on these occasions and is expected to be for less than 10 days in a year. The frequencv of the overflows will depend upon the connected population and the intensitv of rainfall. However. these overflows are more likelv to happen during the winter months when most of the rainfall occurs. The impact of any overflow on the Firouzabadcanal is expected to be small (less than 3 percent of the time). since the sewage will be diluted with rainwater and the flows in the canal will be increased due to surface water run-off. Should the frequencv of overflows become unacceptable.then a simple solution would be construction of stormwater holding tanks at the STP. A surface water drainage project is being implemented in Tehran which is expected to alleviate such problems.
Disposal of Screenings and Grit
2.4.10 The quantities of screenings and grit from the inlet works are estimated to be less than 20 tons per day. Screenings will be washed and compressed on site, then transported in watertight, covered vehicles to the existing sanitarv landfill site at Kahrizak.about 15 km from the STP. Grit removed will be washed and stored to drv on the STP site. The dried grit will also be transported to the nearest landfill site (about 15 km) for disposal.
Primarv Sedimentation
2.4.11 This comprises of 12 no: 47 m diameter reinforced concrete circular tanks with 3 m deep sidewalls. Cosettled primary and surplus secondaryvsludge is to be removed from central hoppers by auto desludging systems to the sludge treatment plant.
Aeration Tanks
2.4.12 These comprise of 30 reinforcedconcrete aeration tanks approximately 160 m long, 14 m wide and 3.3 m deep. A transforner substation consisting of a switchgear building and two transformer compounds will be provided for each aeration tank.
Secondary Sedimentation
2.4.13 This comprises of 24 no. 35 m diameter reinforced concrete circular tanks. with 3.5 in deep sidewalls. Sludge is to be removed from central hoppers by means of desludging pumps and recvcled to the aeration tanks or surplus sent to
8 the prirnarx'sedimentation tanks.
Effluent Disinfection
2.4.14 This svstem is designed to give a dosage rate of I to 10 mg/i chlorine into a peak flow ot 7 m3/s. Chlorine will be transported to STP in accordance with the Iranian Safety Regulations for Transport of Hazardous Substances which are consistent with the intemational guidelines. The proposed average dosage rate is 5 mg/il. Separate buildings (with appropriate ventilation svstem) will be provided for storage of chlorine drums and chlorination. A treated effluent pumping station is also required to provide chlorination water and washwater. No chlorine contact tanks are planned. since a United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) mission proposed that a protected (fenced) effluent transport canal will serve this purpose. producing an effluent complying with the faecal coiiforim standard bv the time the effluent reaches the irrigation area. The same mission indicated that the activated sludge process alone would produce an effluent complying with the intestinal nematode egg standard. However. tertiary treatment has been provided to ensure compliance with the WHO Guidelines.
EffliuentTransport to the VaraminPlain
2.4.15 Effluent transport from the Southern STP site will be via the already constructed Tehran Canal which terminatesjust outside the eastern boundarv wall of the STP site. The canal is 34.782 m long, as shown on Drawing EAI.
2.4.16 The capacity of the canal is 8 m3/s, which is sufficient for the project flow (4.6 m3/s).
Sludge Treatment
2.4.17 The proposed arrangement of sludge treatment plant at the ST' is shown in Drawing EA/12. The sludge treatment system consists of thickeners: pnmary anaerobic digesters; secondary anaerobic digesters: drying; and storage.
Thickening
2.4.18 This comprises of 6 circular sludge thickening tanks each 21 m diameter and 5 m high, Sludge is to be withdrawn continuously using three pumping stations to three sludge holding tanks.
PrimaryDigestion
2.4.19 Three feed pumping stations will pump the thickened sludge to 12 no. circular primary digestion tanks 15 m diameter and 23 m high. They are to be built entirely above ground., the tallest structures on the site. The design retention time is 16 days, and the operating temperature 350C. Gas produced by the anaerobic digestion process is to be used in three: heater houses 6.5 m high, to heat the sludge in the primary digesters and other heating purposes. Excess gas will be automaticallv vented to the atmosphere through three waste gas flare stacks.
9 Secondarv Digestion
2.4.20 Three pumping stations will pump sludge from the primary diaesters to circular secondary digestion tanks (open tanks, 6 in number) 20 m diameter and 16 m high. These are also to be built entirely above ground. The design retention time is 16 days. operated at ambient temperature. A pumping station will return liquors from the thickeners and secondary digesters to the STP inlet works.
Sludge Drving
2.4.21 The digested sludge will have a dr' solids content of 5%. Drying for two weeks is anticipated to increasethis to 55%. A total dryine bed area of 11 ha is proposed. divided into some 130 beds. each 40 m by 20 m in plan.
Sludge Storage
2.4.22 The dried sludge is not expected to be pathogen free. The WHO guidelines indicate that the intestinal nematode egg standard can be met through storage for one vear at ambient temperatures. This is to be achieved in 14 concrete paved sludge storage bays 1.5 m deep each covering 3,345 m2 and separated by dividing walls. The bays will be used on a batch basis (one per month) to prevent stored sludge coming into contact with fresh contaminated sludge cake. A total area of about 4.7 ha will be required.
Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal
2.4.23 The above processes will produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 65% dry solids. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is 49.236 cubic meters per year (61,320 dry tonnes per year. or a weight including water of about 96.000 tons per year).
Power
2.4.24 The total installed power requirement for the entire project works (including sludge treatment) is estimated at 14 MVA. Power consumption is estimated to be 68.063,000 kWh per annum. Power will be supplied from the power station near Shahr-e-Rey, 5 km away. There will be 3 diesel standby generators giving a total output of 4.8 MW to provide sufficient power for operation of the essential plant and equipment (inlet works, primary and secondary sedimentation and 50% of aeration tanks) and maintain levels of treatment during any power failures.
Materials
2.4.25 The construction of sewerage network will require 120,000 tons of concrete pipes, 20,000 tons of low alkali cement and 4.000 tons of reinforcing steel per year during the project. The total aggregate requirement (including that for concrete pipes) will be 170,000 tons per year. Spoil will be disposed of at a municipality landfill. Stage I of the STP covered by the project will require 352,579 m3 of excavation. 302,191 m3 of concrete and 29,261 tons of steel. A large proportion of the mechanical and engineering equipment required will need to be imported from outside Iran.
10 Associated Jf'orks
2.4.26 Other requirements include access roads and administration. laboratory. workshops. store, canteen. and gatehouse buildings.
Monitoring
2.4.27 A detailed monitoring program for the works has been prepared. It is intended that an analytical laboratorywill be built on the Southern STP site. to be staffed by one laboratory manager one chemist. one microbiologist. and 5 technicians. Thev will monitor effluents for pollution indicators (BOD5. COD. suspended solids. ammonia. nitrogen. phosphorus and heavv metals), operational parameters of the activated sludge process. and the quality of sludge generated.
2.5 Effluent Reuse in Agriculture
Area of Irrigation
2.5.1 The design and operation of the Southern STP envisages that most of the treated sewape effluent will be utilized bv the existinz Varamin irrigation scheme (Drawings EA/I7 and EA/18). Of the 70,000 ha identified as suitable for irrigation on the Plain, a canalized area of 50.000 ha has already been constructed. although only 35,000 ha are currently cropped. The treated sewage effluent will contribute to the irrigation supply of this area, enabling the full 50,000 ha to be used for agriculture and thus becoming one of the largest irrigation schemes in the world utilizing treated effluent.
Volume of Treated Effluent to be Used
2.5.2 The volume of available effluent will increase as sewer-connections are made. On completion of project. it will reach 4.6 m3/s.
Irrigation Wlater Supplies.
2.5.3 There are plans to construct an additional dam on the Jaj-e-Rud to further regulate and enhance river water supplies to the scheme. The quantities of future irrigation water supply and the demand of the Varamin scheme have been estimated by TRWB, and are shown in Table 2.3. These are based on a supply of effluent of 8 m3/s, equivalent to 21 Mm3/month. The crop irrigation requirements have been calculated from the area given over to each crop, and its monthly water demand. A 10% margin has also been allowed for losses. These demand and supply figures have been developed to show the amount that will be available for groundwater recharge. and the dilution of the treated effluent that will occur in field practice in an average year. Treated effluent supplied at this rate will contribute 36% of the water sources to the Varamin scheme. Translated into simple crop production terms. this 36% represents 252 Mm3 per year, which could produce 36,000 ha of wheat at projected levels of water use.
11 TabOle2.3 Vater halancefor the irrigationof 50,000ha orfile Va ralin PiilaUin (in NloIn3)
Jan Feb Mar Apr NMaiy Jtin Jl Atig Sep Oct Nov Dec I otall Cropreqjuirements 0 0 23.3 78.8 95.6 107.2 99.4 79 2 51.(0 21.% 2E14 5 -5 5832 Water Jaj-e-Rid River with 7.5 1(.4 24 31 3 46.3 32.9 _7.9 8 8 . 59 7_ ' 9.6 - X3 209 resotirces reservoir' Groundwater 26.1 27.9 49.9 (.11 49 23 7 230 7 Treatedt3licit 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 2 1 2 2 2 2 5 2 13alance' +28.5 +31.4 t21.7 -0.4 -4 -3.4 - 4 -0 4 -0A14 t6.2 f9-2 - 23 8 I15A4 Field diltiion ', trealedeltiuentn: 1:2.7 1:3.5 1l3.9 137 1:2.8 _11.4 2:1 1 1 3 . 1-_ othersources_ ()Vrall Ircated cfthient to recharge' 2121 2_1 6 2 9.2 21 99)4r1 River water torecharge 7.5 104 t).7 .__ .__ 2.8 2 1 4
'I'NanaSinkani A:\lran-tab2.3.doc 08/10/t9 5.02 I'M
This is the"average" year situation. In pracliceqiuanitities may vary widely between years accordinig to rainlall.
2 This takesno accountoi treatedefiluenit rechiarged to groundwatersupplies, which will causeItirtlier diltitioniol' the effluenilt.
3 'Ireatedeffluent will always be preferentiallyused for recharge.
4Average dilution from April to November= 1:2.6.All dilutioni figureswill vary accordingto availability of river water. s An annualtotal of 151,800,000m3 will be useddirectly for field irrigation.
Thisbalance assumes aconstant treated effluent supply rate of 8 m3/sthroughout the year. 2.5.4 When the 50.000 ha scheme is fullv implemented. the annual requirements of the crops will be 583 Mm3. The water resources available, from the Jaj-e-Rud river. groundwater abstractions and treated effluent (assuming 8 m3/s supply) give a total of 699 Mm3. The excess of 115 Mm3 will be recharged to the aquifer. The balance varies greatlv over the X ear. however. and groundwater sources are to be used over the summer months (April to September) w hen the crop requirements increase significantli. It is important to note that the river flow is highlv variable between years and seasons. therefore. in a particularlv drv summer it may not be possible to meet irrigation requirements at certain times. This reinforces the need to bring the treated effluent supply on stream at the earliest possible opportunitv to provide some insurance against poor river flows. The planned Jaj-e-Rud dam wvill.however, regulate river flows to some extent. Because of the cumulative over-abstraction of the aquifer that has occurred over the last 20 to 30 vears. it would not be a feasible option to significantly increase groundwater abstraction.
Crop Pattern and Irrigation MVethods
2.5.5 The planned cropping programs and their irrigation water requirements for the full 50,000 ha development of the Varamin scheme are based on original FAO plans and shown in Table 2.4. They include a small amount of double cropping, bringing the annual area of crops up to 51,600 ha. The requirements have been increased by safety margins of about 10% to provide the total monthly water requirements given in Table 2.3.
2.5.6 Since it is not practicable, given the existing irrigation scheme, to divert treated effluent to particular crops, the treatment works have been designed to give treated effluent of suitable quality for unrestricted agricultural application. Treated effluent will always be used in a diluted form nevertheless, as it will be added to the other water supplies in the primary network of canals. The estimated dilution factors are included in Table 2.3. The least dilution will occur in October. with 2.1 volumes of treated effluent to one volume of river water. but on avera2e the treated effluent will be diluted with 1.8 volumes of river or groundwater to one volume of effluent.
13 Table 2.4 Proposed cropping patterns and water requirements for 50,000 ha development of Varamin irrigation area
Crop Type Area [ha] %° of total area Water requirement of Annual Water crop [m3/ha] Requirement l Mm3 Wheat 14.000 27 7.000 98.0 Cotton 15,500 30 13.000 201.5 Sunflowers 3,000 6 10.000 | 30.0 Sorghum 1,000 I2 10.800 ] 10.8 4 Tomatoes 2.000 i 11.600 __23.2 Springz 1.500 13 |10.000 15.0 Cucumbers Cantaloupe 3.900 8 9.400 36.7 Melons I Orchards 1,200 |2 13.100 15.7 Alfalfa 3.000 6 15.000 45.0 MaizeFodder 1.000 2 10.000 10.0 Safflower 1.500 3 1 7.000 10.5 Spring 600 1 [9.000 5.4 vegetables Autumn 600 1 7.600 4.6 Melons Autumn 600 1 7,000 4.2 Vegetables Autumn 1,000 2 5.500 5.3 Cucumbers Cereal Seeds 600 1 10.000 6.0 Beans 600 1 10.000 6.0 TOTAL 5 1.600 100 _ 528.1
14 2.5.7 It is assumed that irrigation Nvillcontinue to be carried out bv surface irrigation methods. with minimal use of sprinkler or drip irrigation. Although the use of surface methods has a lower efficiencv. heavv seasonal silt loads from the Jaj-e-Rud river would cause blockage problems if sprinklers were widelv deploved.
2.6 Effluent Reuse bv Groundwvater Recharge
2.6.1 It is proposed that the recharge basins currently used for the recharge of Jaj-e Rud river water near Abas Abad be used for the recharge of the surplus treated effluent. This will be between October and Mav; the proposed quantities are shown in Table 2.3. The basins have a total area of 40 ha. and currently allow the recharge of 1.5 rn/s (or 4 Mm3 per Month). The months of maximum recharge will be December to March. with 21 Mm3 per month. If these recharge basins cannot cope with the increased volume then effluent will also be passed to the new group of basins to be built between the Varamin diversion dam and Abas Abad. The volume of river water recharged can be reduced as necessarv, increasing downstream flows.
2.7 Sludge Transport
2.7.1 Following storage for one vear on the Southern STP site -the sludge generated (61.320 dry tons [96,000 wet tons] per year) will be transported to the Varamin Plain for use as fertilizer. Transport lorries will be carrying an average of 8 dry tonnes of sludge per trip. Thirteen such lorries will be required to make two round trips per day on 300 working days per year. The sludge will only be removed from the STP site in a dry condition. The lorries used for the transportation of sludge will be totally enclosed and leak-proof.
2.7.2 The route will presumably be along the Tehran to Varamin road (see Drawing EA/I 8). A round trip of 80 km has been assumed for the purposes of the costing exercise, which implies an annual acreage of 624.000 km. and an annual diesel fuel consumption of 1.248 m3.
2.8 Sludge Use in AgricultureL
2.8.1 The close proximitv of agricultural areas to Tehran. and the favourable location of the treatment works to these areas. provides a useful outlet for the sludge generated. There are three considerable advantages of using treated sludge in agriculture:
* its ability, as a fertilizer, to provide most of the nutrients and micronutrients needed for crops;
* it broadly facilitates adjusting the ratio between the principal nutrients, nitrogenr and phosphorus, and
* its high organic content, which can be of value as a soil conditioner in arid zone soils.
15 2.8.2 When the Southern STP is operating at full capacity. approximatelv 96,000 wet tons of treated sludge wvillbe available per vear. The sludge will have been stored for one year prior to use. in accordance with the WHO guidelines. These seek to ensure pathogen removal and are designed to protect aaricultural workers and consumers, particularly from intestinal parasites.
2.8.3 The sludge will be applied at a rate of 8 tons per hectare per vear. the lowest rate which is considered practicable. This strategy would however maximize the area to which the sludge will be applied. at 12.000 ha approximately one quarter of the irrigation scheme. It is proposed that sludge is applied to a different quarter of the land area each vear. so that a particular field would onlv receive sludge every 4 vears. This will ensure that over a long period of time. the sludge should be applied uniformlv to all the land to minimize the application per hectare of potentially toxic elements.
2.8.4 The guidelines used in developing the sludge use strategy are the EC directives on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture.
2.8.5 It is recognized that in the absence of legal restrictions. farmers would preferentially wish to apply sludge to high value vegetable crops. This will therefore, be prohibited. Sludge will only be applied to cotton and cereal crops. but other crops would be rotated with these and hence, receive some advantage from the nutrient-rich soil. For both crops, sludge application will be to the soil in advance of seed planting. Sufficient time will be provided for this because there are long periods between the harvesting of the previous crop and the planting of cereal and cotton crops. Mouldboard ploughing will be used immediately after sludge application to bury most of the applied sludge and minimize the potential wind blown problems. This procedure should also virtually remove any human contact with sludge at the planting and crop tending stages.
2.8.6 It is important that sludge is applied to cereals and cotton rather than higher value crops such as vegetables and salads. Twvoproblems which mav arise in the latter case: it would be difficult to ensure the required 10 month delav between sludge application and harvesting; the larger amounts of sludge which would have to be applied to these high value crops may cause some heavy metal concentrations to exceed safe limits but sufficient mitigatory measures are going to be in place (including the control of heavy metals in the influent to STP) to avoid any potential problems.
2.9 Preconstruction Activities
2.9.1 In addition to the design which is an obvious pre-requisite of any major construction project. there are number of pre-construction activities to be undertaken.
2.9.2 For the wastewater conveyance system. it is proposed that all sewers be constructed wherever possible in roads or public open spaces.
16 Relocation of People and Indigenoius People
2.9.3 No relocation of people will be necessarv for the construction activities in the project. There are no indigaenouspeople in the project area.
Planning and Liaison
2.9.4 The construction of first time sewerage in a major citv such as Tehran. involving,, sewer laving in virtually everv street in the City, will require that construction activities are carefully planned to minimize disruption and that good liaison is estabiished and maintained with other concerned authorities.
2.9.5 The planning and liaison process should commence during the design of the project. At this stage, consultations with the municipalitv are going on to ensure that the chosen sewer routes are acceptable. with the traffic police to ensure that the sewer routes minimize disruption to the flow of traffic. and with the various utility companies to minimize conflict with existing and proposed water. electricity, telephone. and gas services. In addition. the sewers will cross existing jubes, surface water streams. canals and qanats. all of which must be kept operational during construction. Possible conflicts with the Metro project are being investigated and action taken as appropriate to minimize such conflicts.
Public Relalions and Public Participation
2.9.6 Although careful planning and liaison as described above should help minimize disruption to the general public. it is inevitable with such an extensive project that the public will suffer some disruption from time to time. This may be as a result cf increased traffic congestion in the City as a whole or from construction activities in the local neighborhood. However, care will be taken to minimize these to acceptable levels.
2.9.7 Raising public awareness of the benefits of the project and keeping the public informed of construction activities will assist in the smooth running of the project. Public participation meetings have been held in the past and one was held in April 1999. Issues raised were noted and action will be taken to address these. The main issues are: (a) the project is urgently needed . (b) there should be effective cooperation amongst various agencies involved and (c) good quality work should be performed.
2.10 Construction Activities
2.10.1 Construction of the project is to be carried out under a number of construction contracts ending in 2005.
2.10.2 Construction of the administration buildings on the Southern Treatment Plant (STP) is already completed.
17 Construction Contracts
2.10.3 Four international construction contracts are currently proposed for the project:
* Eastem trunk-sewer tunnel - southern part ( 14 km of 3 m diameter tunnel) * Eastern trunk sewer tunnel - northern part (6 km of 2 m diameter tunnei) * Western trunk sewer * Southern Treatment Plant-equipment and civil engineering works
2.10.4 The remaining construction contracts for the project (Stage 1) works are to be carried out bv local contractors. These are as follows:
* Eastern trunk sewer - culvert * Interceptor sewers - northern areas • Interceptor sewers - southern areas * Five contracts for lateral and branch sewers * House connections * Southern Treatment Plant-auxiliarv buildinfls
Costs
2.10.5 The project is expected to cost $337 million and may require the import of mechanical and electrical equipment.
18 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE BASELINE ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Geographical Environment
Topographv
3.1.1 Tehran is located at the foot of the Alborz Mountains. at approximately l.300m above sea level. The city occupies the northern part of the alluvial Tehran Plain, sloping from the mountains to the flat featureless Great Salt Desert. To the south and west of the urban area lies a belt of fertile land forming the southern part of the Tehran Plain and the Varamin Plain.
3.1.2 The urban area is bounded by mountains to the north and east. with the ground sloping southward. falling 800 m over the 25 km from the northern suburbs to Shahr-e-Rev in the south. The gradient eases from 1:20 in the north to 1:200 at the southern fringe of the city.
3.1.3 The southern part of the Tehran Plain is essentially flat and is crossed by the Kan River. The Varamin Plain. to the east. slopes gently from 1.100 m to 850m, with much of it forming the alluvial fan of the Jaj-e-Rud River.
Settlement Pattern
3.1.4 Tehran City, for two hundred years the capital of Iran, presently occupies an area exceeding 700 km'. This incorporates a number of surrounding centers including Shemiran in the north and Shahr-e-Ray in the south. The Municipality, controlled by a mayor and council, is divided into 20 Regions. each with its own administrative staff.
3.1.5 The northern zone (Regions 1-5). generallv defined as the area north of Abbasabad Avenue. is mostly a high class residential area. with population densities below 100 people/ha and a pleasant suburban character.
3.1.6 The central zone (Regions 6, 7. 8, 11, 12. 13 and 14) contains a mixture of modern high-rise business development and residential areas with 3 and 4 story apartment blocks. The population density ranges from 100 to 300 people/ha.
3.1.7 The old commercial centers and crowded bazaar area comprise the southern zone of the city (Regions 9, 10. 16-19). The population is dense, on average 500 people/ha, and in some areas, 1,000 people/ha.
3.1.8 The town of Shahr-e-Ray (Region 20), adjoining the southern fringe of the Tehran Municipality, consists of 8 rural districts and 217 villages, with a population of, 400,000 population in the city.
3.1.9 Varamin town is the principal population center of the Varamin Plain, with three sectors divided into 8 rural districts and 221 villages. The population of 560,000 is approximately equally split bet-ween urban and rural areas.
19 3.1.10 The estimated land use pattern for the Tehran area is:
Forested 11% Meadows and Pastures 27% Agricultural (under permanent cultivation) 9% Urban 45% Other (desert. swamp. etc.) 8%
Forested areas are generallv in the north. east and xvest. w*hile pastures and agricultural areas are to the immediate south and east of the city.
ComrmunicationsNertvork
3.1.1 1 In Tehran Citv, the main road system in the central and southern areas is a rectangular grid svstem of broad tree-lined avenues, with narrow streets and alleys in each block. A series of parallel north-south roads links the northern suburbs to the center, and a major freewav connects the western district of Karaj. In addition to the bus system, there is a heavv reiiance on taxis. A large increase in the ownership of private cars has led to a serious problem of congestion.
3.1.12 Four major rail routes radiate from the Central Railwav Station to the south of the city center in Region 16. The three principal lines are: the Tehran-Ghazvin line westward, skirting the edge of the Alborz mountains; the Tehran-Saveh line south-west; and the line to Garmsar via Varamin, running south-east through the center of the Varamin Plain. A transportation plan in the early 1970s proposed an underground Metro system for the city to ease traffic congestion. Parts of this are presently under construction, and shown on drawing EA/5 and Tehran-Karaj line. which travels over land. started operation in Feb. 1999.
3.1.13 Four main hip,hwavs traverse the Tehran and Varamin Plains. Saveh Road runs south-west from Ghale Morghi Airport and through Nezarnabad. with the Saveh railwav line broadly parallel. Another road cuts southwNardacross the Tehran Plain from Shahr-e-Rev town towards Qom Road and rail links run south-east from Shahr-e-Rey to Varamin town and Pishva. then take differing routes on to Garmsar.
3.1 .14 Most of the industrv in Tehran is currently located in the center and south of the city (Regions 9. 16, 18. 19 & 20), with some also in the eastern part of Region 4. Much is on unsuitable sites close to residential areas. Having recognized this problem, the government has begun a phased program of relocation of the most polluting industries to specially designated zones south of the city. About 6.500 hectares of land has been allocated to these industries at six sites and more than 2,000 of the most polluting industries out of 15,000 workshops and factories have already left the city by 1999.
20 3.2 Social and Economic Environment
Population?
3.2.1 In the late 18th century. Tehran was a small trading center with a population of 20.000. but now it plavs a dominating role in the economic. social and political life of [ran. It is the seat of government the commercial capital. The 1986 census recorded a population of 8.7 million for Tehran Province. with 6 million in the citv itself.
3.2.2 Tehran currentlv has a high rate of population growth. The city is growing fastest in the southern Regions where there are fewer physical barriers to development. The g rowth of the southem suburbs which include Shahr-e-Rey and Eshghabad was around 7 to 8% per year. The government took actions to ease the problem of population growth. The Ministry of Health has allocated one billion Rials annually for birth control and has targeted population growth to fall to 2.9 % bv 1994. The latest census (1996) recorded a population of 11 million for Tehran province. with 6.7 million in the citv itself. The growth rate for province was recorded at 4.7 percent but for the city had dropped to 0.9 percent during the 1986-96 period. Current population is estimated at about 7 million (more than 8 million in dav time).
3.2.3 The number of refugees in the country is falling, with more than one million having returned to Iraq, leaving 150,000 (mainiy Kurds) remaining. There are still 3 million Afghan refugees. although the number of refugees living in the project area is unknown.
3.2.4 The population density varies from 100 to 1000 people/ha. with higher numbers in the older and poorer districts of the south. The total population and popuiation density of each Region of Tehran is shown in drawing EA/2.
3.2.5 The number of households in Greater Tehran. according to the 1986 census, is 1.66 million with an average of 3.98 persons per household and 1.1 households per dwelling unit (house or flat). The number of people in a household has increased slightly since the 1986 census, but the number of households per dwelling unit has decreased.
3.2.6 Before the implementation of a piped water network. the citv developed southward in response to the flow of water along the jubes and qanats. With a piped water supply and accelerated population growth, the citv expanded in all directions. Poor quality high-density housing was developed in the south and modem multi-storv apartment blocks were built in the north. The public services have not, however, kept pace with the population and current water sewage and power services are inadequate.
3.2.7 The town of Shahr-e-Rey lies south of Tehran citv (Region No.20), with a population of 400,000 in urban area. The area consists of 8 rural districts and 217 villages, of which only 199 are inhabited. The distribution of population between age groups is:
21 Under 15 vears 49.5% 15 to 64 vears 48.7% 65 years and older 1.8%
A verv high proportion of the population of Shahr-e-Rev is served by piped water (98.1 %). and 59% of houses have a bath.
3.2.8 Varamin is a satellite town of Tehran to the southeast of the city. It is divided into three sectors of eight rural districts. and has a population of 560.000 (1996). 51.3% of the population live in the 221 inhabited villages. and 48.7% in the urban areas. The average densitv of population is 288 people/km2. and their age distribution is:
Under 15 vears 45.5% 15 to 64 vears 52.1% 65 years and older 2.4%
In Varamin Town. 97.4% of the population receive piped water and 55% of homes have their own bath.
3.2.9 There are no villages located within one km of proposed STP site.
3.2.10 There are some small farming communities located south of the proposed STP site, the nearest of which is Quch Hessar more than one km away from the site, the residence of which are mainly seasonal farm workers.
3.2.11 Infortnation obtained from the Economic Intelligence unit (EIU) quarterly reports on Iran shows relatively high rates of unemployment and low rates of female participation. The large numbers of refugees in the countrv may influence the following figures.
Population of Iran (1991) 57.050,000 Economically Active Population 12.820.291 Participation Rate (all 15-64) 51.3% Participation Rate (Females) 10.2% Unemployment rate 14.2%
3.2.12 The labor force statistics (from 1986 EIU figures) show a relativelv high proportion in trade and construction (12%). There has been a significant growth in manufacturing employment at the expense of agriculture.
3.2.13 Twenty-five per cent of the population, however, are employed in agriculture. Farm labour in the region is mostly performed by Afghan immigrants. Workers and owners do not live on farms. but in the villages and towns.
Economic Background
3.2.14 At present, industrv is the major contributor to growth, and industrial exports are growing. The outlook for agriculture is good. but agriculture production is more affected by availability of water than any other factor. The oil sector is the largest
22 contributor for hard currencv, and the capacint to import is largely determined by the perforrnance of this sector.
3.2.15 There are no indigenous people within the project study area.
3.3 Cultural Environment
3.3.1 Tehran was created capital of Iran in 1787. At the start of this century. the whole city (the old bazaar area) was surrounded bv green spaces and all the districts were called gardens or parks. Tehran's development to a modern citv began in the 1920s, but most of its expansion has occurred since the 1960s. Tehran's rapid industrialisation. good infrastructure and public services, better employment opportunities. and place as the focus of the country s social. cultural and political activities. have all contributed to the burgeoning growth of the city. This has been exacerbated by migration into the area as a result of wars and natural disasters. The population and industrial growth has lead to a number of environmental problems.
3.3.2 Thleancient citv of Ray (now Shahr-e-Rav). to the south of the present conurbation of Tehran. is the historical focus of the area. Rav citv was. in the early years of Islam, the most important Muslim city after Baghdad. Now, however, only the ruins of buildings and remains of tombs are left. There are several important forts and palaces sites near to areas potentially affected by the project. but none of these structures would be directly affected by the project.
3.3.3 A number of important and historic religious buildings are located adjacent to the routes of the twvotrunk sewers. These are:
a A mosque at the junction of Val-ye-Assr Street and Dr. Beheshti Street, approximately 25 m from the main sewer. * A mosque on Val-ye-Assr Street opposite Shahid Assadi Manesh Street, approximately 60 m from the main sewer. A mosque near the junction of Shahid Rajai Street and Bisdto-Do Metri-ve-Charmsazi Street, approximately 100 m from the main sewer. * A mausoleum (Imamzadeh) at the junction of Shahid Rajai Street and Aramgah Boulevard, approximately 75 m from the main sewer.
In addition. there are likely to be a number of historical buildings adjacent to the routes of the interceptor and connecting sewers. Since these will affect most of the city, individual sites have not been identified.
3.3.4 The Cultural Heritage Organization has been contacted and is familiar with the project. including the sewer routes and the STP site. The locations of all known arehaeological sites have been established. and there will be continuing liaison with the Cultural Heritage Organization as the Tehran Sewerage Project proceeds.
23 3.4 Surface Water and Wasiewater
Rivers and Catchments
3.4.1 No major perennial rivers flow through the Greater Tehran area. The Jaj-e- Rud rises in the Alborz Mountains north of Tehran and flows east of the city, down to the Varamin Plain. The flow. which averages 310 Mm3/vr (million cubic meters per annum) at this point. is intersected by the Latian Dam which diverts approximately 80 Mm3/vr to Tehran as potable water supplv.
3.4.2 Downstream of the dam. the Jaj-e-Rud is joined by just one significant tributary, the Damavand Rud. contributing around 20% of the total flow at this point. Where the river debouches on to the Varamin Plain. the naturai alluvial fan of the river has been utilized as an irrigation scheme. An extensive network of canals was constructed in the 1980s and is currentlv used to irrigate an area of 35.000 ha.
3.4.3 At the head of the irrigation area. the Varamin Diversion Dam diverts the flow of Jaj-e-Rud to a network of lined canals. From these. water is conveved to each field by an extensive svstem of unlined channels. The Tehran canal from the proposed Southern STP Site at Shahr-e-Rev joins the main irrigation canal approximately 800 m south of the diversion dam.
3.4.4 A residual flow of between 11 and 110 Mm/yr. leaves the irrigation area and rejoins the original course of the Jaj-e-Rud which. flowing south. joins the Karaj River and the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals approximatelv 60 km south of Tehran. The Karaj River is intercepted by the Amir Kabir Dam in the mountains to the north-west of Tehran. diverting approximately 184 Mm3/vr to the city's water supply. The Karaj descends to the Tehran Plain and skirts the edge of the agricultural area. The water from the Karaj is used to irrigate parts of the Tehran Plain.
3.4.5 In addition to these two rivers. Karaj and Jaj-e-Rud. there are several ephemeral and a few perennial rivers which debauch on to the alluvial plain. About 70% of their flows occur during the four months March-June, with most of their discharges; going to recharge the underlying aquifer. The largest of these rivers is the Kan. passing 10 kmn east of central Tehran, with an average flow of 72 Mm3/yr. The Kan crosses the agricultural part of Tehran Plain and joins the Jaj-e-Rud west of Varamin.
3.4.6 To fulfil increasing demand for potable water in Tehran and hydro-electric power, sufface water from other catchments is being exploited. The Lar Dam completed in 1980, intercepts the River Lar. which discharges northwards to the Caspian Sea. Over 150 Mm3/yr is diverted to the Latian reservoir, on the Jaj-e-Rud, and thence to Tehran and the Varamin Plain.
3.4.7 Several watercourses flow from the Alborz mountains into the Greater Tehran area. These art shown in Drawing EA17. Several are prevented from entering Tehran by the Western Diversion canal. The remainder drain into the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals. which emerge from the south of the city. eventuallv to join the Jaj-e-Rud. The average canal flows leaving the City from 1985 to 1987 were 433.000m3/d in the Firouzabad at Javanmard Ghasseb and 413.000 m3/d in the Sorkhe Hessar at
24 Pol-Siman. Current estimates of the canal flows am 402.000 m3/d in the Firouzabad and 562.000 m3/d in the Sorkhe Hessar. As-the urban area has expanded northwards, sections of these canals have been channeled or enclosed. particularlv in the more affluent residential suburbs.
Waler Supplv
3.4.8 Until the 1930s, Tehran's water supply was obtained exclusively from the network of qanats. the traditional Iranian method of clean water supply for 2.000 vears. They are g-entlv sloping tunnels which tap the underlying aquifer and bring wvaterto surface qanats still exist. but now function as surface water drains and for irrig-atingthe trees lininQthe streets. eventuallv discharging to sewers or canals.
3.4.9 In 1933. the Karaj Canal was built, diverting water 46 km from the Karaj River, to meet the city's increasing demand. At this time, drinking water was mostly drawn from wells or purchased from water carts. Due to the increasing water demand and awareness of public health risks. however. in 1949 a public water supply authority was formed. which commissioned a piped supplv system and water treatment works.
3.4.10 Since construction of the piped supply network in the late 1950s. the population of the citv of Tehran has more than quadrupled to over 6 million. Construction of the Amir Kabir Dam on the Karaj River and the Latian Dam on the Jaj-e-Rud provided assured supplies of 280 Mm3/yr and 180 Mm3/yr respectively. Groundwater abstraction was also increased. with the sinking of boreholes at Kan. To the west of Tehran, two water treatment works were built. The construction of the Lar Dam, 50 km north-east of the city, provided an additional resource exceeding 100 Mm'/yr.
3.4.11 Presently, the piped network covers an area of around 500 km in Tehran. In other areas. the population is served by stand pipes, a declining number of private water companies and bv private wells. The current annual water consumption is approaching 875 Mm3/yr. In 1997, this was derived from the following sources:
Karaj River (Amir Kabir Dam) 32% Jaj-e-Rud River (Latian Dam) 20% Lar River (Lar Dam) 12% Groundwater sources 36%
3.4.12 Current water consumption per capita is 198 l/d, made up of 142 I/d domestic consumption, 44 I/d public & governmental consumption, and 12 I/d commercial &: industrial consumption. This is not expected to change, however the total demand will increase with population growth. Because of problems of pollution of groundwater from existing sewage disposal practices (see Section 3.5), the future use of water from this source is likely to be restricted. The TRWB estimates that potable water resources will be insufficient to meet demand bevond 2000.
3.4.13 The quality of the various sources of Tehran's water supply is shown in Table 3.1. Waters from the Karaj and Jaj-e-Rud rivers are currently purified at four water treatment plants. whose capacities are also shown. The water supplied does not exceed WHO or EC limits.
25 3.4.14 There are two competing water demands on the Jaj-e-Rud: domestic water consumption via the Latian Dam: and irrigation of the Varamin Plain. The mean qualitv of the river used for irrigation from 1968 to 1974 was: pH 7.8; 355 mg/I total dissolved solids: sodium adsorption ratio of 1.2. indicating a good suitability for irrigation,
3.4.15 Groundwater is abstracted outside Tehran for potable use within the city and the only treatment it receives is chlorination. The sources do not exceed the WHO or EC limits shown in Table 3.1. Groundwater from within the citv is not currentlv abstracted for potable use since it is more polluted (as shown in Section 3.5) but is supplied untreated to the 560 public baths in Tehran. The maximum water consumption occurs from June to mid-August. and is around 1.4 times the annual average. The peak demand is accommodated by increased pumping of groundwater and diversion of water from the Lar Dam. The TRWB has plans to drill additional abstraction wells near Tehran and. due to problems of deteriorating groundwater quality, is considering on-site purification of the water from some of these sources.
Sewage Disposal
3.4.16 Tehran is one of the larger cities in the world without a comprehensive piped sewerage system. Domestic and industrial wastewater is generally discharged to sewage wells. Various local STPs treat a total of 160,000 m3/d of sewage from about 800,000 people, draining 5,800 ha of the city. The majority uses the extended aeration process. Most of the STPs discharge effluents into the Sorkhe Hessar and Firouzabad canals.
3.4.17 The majority of the sewage of Tehran is disposed of to sewage wells, of which it is estimated that there are already over 3 million under Tehran. These are typically 15 to 20 m deep with a volume of 60 m3, although the size, number and depth of wells is ,governed by the permeability of the ground and the quantity of sewage to be disposed. The sewage wells are usually built under buildings or adjoining land. The liquid portion of the sewage soaks away or evaporates, wvhilethe solid portion accumulates and degrades in the well. Eventually the well becomes clogged. at which time it is emptied, or filled in and a new well is dug. In older properties, wells are usually located under the house, but in new developments. they are situated in gardens. Small dwellings may have a single well, but most houses have two or even three, with foul wastes and washwater being discharged to separate wells.
3.4.18 The wells have a limited life of between 10 and 30 years, and this method of sewage disposal is by no means a low cost option. The average cost of digging a new sewage well is 8.000,000 Rials and renovation of old ones costs 6,000,000 Rials.
3.4.19 Where large quantities of wastewater are produced, such as certain hotels and multi-story buildings, some form of treatment using package treatment plants is provided before discharge to sewage wells. This reduces the number of wells which would otherwise be needed.
26 TIabIe3.1 Sotirces aid quality of drinking waler sipplictl in Ich rani
Sotirce Water'I'reatment I'lant Water'rreatinent I'Iiot WaterTreatment Plants Well at Ya(l Ahad Well at Iaslahinak WI i() guidelie fir (ir i(IiiuiI drirking . . ______2. 3 and 4 drinking water water ( apilcity (M3/s) 2.7 - I( J 9 N/A_ -Ni/A
_(Mm3/yr) 8.5 3 _15 285 'N/A ? N/A __ Raw water source Karaj river Karaj river Jaj-e-Rudriver Troundwater r _____. Sampledate 27/8/92 Rangefir 19'() RangeIbr 1990 17/5/92 17/151)/92 Sampietype ' ntireated ntreated Treated Untreated 'I'realed Inlreated Intreated Total dissolvedsolids 168 180-264 185-265 194-273 205-277 280 -- -'585 ____0_-
Ilardiessi (mg/l as 128 i2X-18() 132-176 144-i68 148-20)4 204 2 8__ CaC03) Nitrate(mgN/I) ' 0.1 _ 8 _0(17-0 63 ().()7-().Y() 0.18-072 0.()9-()99 ' 2.52- - - - ...... '5 '-t -- -3 - - Nitrite (mgN/I) 0.002 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 .() )0( _ 0.t3
Amonia (mg/N/A) 1 O. [ ()0-0( _ 00) 0.0-0.66 - 0.0 0.0°) _ 0O( 0(41
Ii ii i iiiti i (idiiissihlle cortcciiratiofi
TNanaSinikanit AAlran-tab3.I .doe 08/10/99 6:02 PM 3.4.20 Several problems are encountered with the sewage well system. In the south. where ground conditions are often unsuitable due to the high proportion of fine materials in the soil. wells do not function adequatelv. Washwater and some foul water is discharged to jubes and other surface waters. although this practice has been officially forbidden. In areas of the north where the geology has a high silt and clav content and hence. low permeabilitv ("A" beds), the water table is often within 2 m of ground level. Here sewage wells fill up rapidly and require emptying every 3 to 6 months. Due to the costs involved. they are frequentiv allowed to overflow into the jubes. In one area. fecal matter is discharged directly to a surface water canal. The poilution of jubes affects the whole citv area and is exacerbated by their frequent use as public toilets. The discharge of sewage to the ground has adverse effects on the aquifer in terms of rising levels and contamination.
3.4.21 Since most sewage well failures occur from the blocking of pores with fine material, pumping out the wells serves little purpose. except as a temporarv expedient. With the total area of sewage well bases exceeding 50 km2. there is insufficient space in some areas to dig new wells. This situation is likely to become more critical in the future.
Industrial Wastewater Disposal
3.4.22 In addition to domestic wastewater, there is a wide variety of industries in the Tehran area generating effluents of different types. In co-ordination with the city's land use zoning plan, there is an ongoing program to relocate the most polluting industries south of the city. The-industries. have been classified into nine groups according to the types of effluent produced, and these are presented below in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 Classification of Industries in Iran Based on the Nature of Effluents
Group Types of fndustry I Leather tanneries, animal carcass processing, soap making 2 Wool washing, textile dying, paper recycling 3 Metallurgical industries 4 Stone cutting and processing 5 Glass making 6 Ceramic and tile making industries 7 Brick making industries 8 Metal plating industries 9 Car breakers
The priority for relocation of these industries is firstly group I then 8. 3, 4, 5, 9, 6, 7 and lastly 2.
3.4.23 Though Tehran is a large city with a sizeable industrial sector. there is little informnationavailable on the quantity and nature of industrial wastewaters produced. 3,345 industrial premises in Tehran have been surveyed as part of the 25-Year Plan, but only 450 questionnaires were returned. From this sample it was extrapolated that the southern region of Tehran produces 36,000 m3/d of industrial wastewater. The
28 estimates of the organic load from industrial sources originates in Volume 2 of the 1986 Rav-Ab report "Updated Studies of the First Stage of the Tehran Sewerage Project".
3.4.24 The Firouzabad canal is known to receive dischargzes from 60 public baths: several hospitals: leather workshops: 12 carpet laundries: a vegetable oil refinery; and a large number of car repair shops. The Sorkhe Hessar canal is known to receive discharges from: 6 leather workshops; 25 carpet laundries; a vegetable oil refinery; 9 stonemasons: 2 cement factories: one glycerine. margarine and cotton refinery; a large number of plastics manufacturers: and 4 large military bases. A large number of these industries are planned to be relocated bv 2002.
3.4.25 Large quantities of arsenic were being used in Tehran as a depilatory substance in tanneries and public baths for hair removal. But recentlv with tanneries being relocated outside of Tehran City limits and public sanitation practices changing as result of which almost no arsenic is being used in Tehran's public baths. Arsenic is not present in Tehran's sewave at significant levels. It should also be noted that with more houses having their own private baths. the public baths are going out of operation in increasing numbers.
3.4.26 There are 84 hospitals in Tehran, only a few of which currently have sewage treatment or effluent disinfection. Most discharge untreated sewage to surface waters or sewage wells. A survey is currently being undertaken of discharges from hospitals. It is intended that pretreatment of discharges will be provided where necessary to meet the Iranian Department of Environment Standards for discharge to sewers. These standards are currently under development.
Surface Water Drainage
3.4.27 In the urban areas of.Tehran. the network of jubes (traditional drains) forms the basis of the surface water drainage system. Jubes are nornally of rectangular cross-section and sited at the edges of streets or in the middle of narrow allewvays. Construction methods vary, but most are now formed from pre-cast concrete sections or in-situ concrete. The jubes are usually relatively free from obstructions. but may be restricted where crossed by roads or private accesses. Most are uncovered, except at road crossings. The jubes were originally designed for the supply of clean water to much of the city, and to irrigate trees. Their sizes and gradients. therefore. are not always appropriate for the drainage of surface water.
3.4.28 The main jubes convey their flow into the Firouzabad Canal, to the southwest of the city centre, and the Municipal Tunnel, which passes underneath central Tehran. The latter joins the Sorkhe Hessar I km north of Shahr-e-Rey. The two canals join the Jaj-e-Rud river to the south of Tehran.
3.4.29 The Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals are at present grossly polluted. Both the water and the sludge, which lines the banks. are black and foul smelling. Domestic and industrial solid wastes are frequently disposed of into the canals. The canal waters are often used to irrigate crops to the south on the Tehran plain.
29 3.4.30 No data are available on the quality of the canal sludges used in agriculture but the pilot plant investigation of the treatabilitv of waters from the canals in 1989 and 1990 produced primarv sludges from canal waters which had been allowed to settle for two hours. The average heavv metal content of these sludges is reproduced in Table 3.3 and compared to limits for sewage sludges to be used in agriculture. The limit for cadmium is considerablv exceeded. This data is representative of the settled sludges currently being used but not necessarilv biologicallv produced sludges which may originate from a STP.
3.4.31 In 1991. the qualitv of waters in the Sorkhe Hossar canal and the Firouzabad canal was surveved (15.000 chemical and 2.000 microscopic analyses). The results are presented in Table 3.4 in the form of mean and maximum figures. The data show that the principal water qualitv problem in Sorkhe Hesrar and Firouzabad canals is gross organic pollution. BODs levels exceeding 25 mg/I are generally regarded as indicative of sewvagepollution and this threshold was exceeded in every sample. The waters appear to contain a large amount of raw sewage. Mean concentrations of chromium and iron exceed safe limits for crop irrigation.
3.4.32 Microbiological parameters were not surveyed in the above study but the results of a more recent study of a study of jube (open surface water drain) quality along Vali-ve-Assr Street carried out between November 1991 and March 1992 reveal a similar pattern with counts of feacal coliforrns between 2 x 102 and 1.6 x 106 FC/100ml. Ascaris and other helminths were also isolated (up to 10 eggs per litre). This is again indicative of strong faecal pollution and the public health hazard posed.
Groundwater Recharge of Surface Waters
3.4.33 Some of the water from the Jaj-e-Rud is returned to groundwater under the Varamin Plain during periods of low irrigation water demand. The recharge basins (shown on Drawing EA/18 are all of earth construction and 1.5 to 2 m deep. Concrete siphons are used to prevent overspill of banks and allow the water to pass from one basin to the next.
3.4.34 The first oroup of basins was built near Abas Abad (point A on Drawings EA/I, EA/IS and EA/I 8) in 1989, with a total area of about 40 ha. These allow the recharge of about 1.5 m3/s. The second group of basins was built near the Varamin diversion dam in 1990. Twelve recharge ponds. each covering about 10 ha allow the recharge of about 8 m3/s.
Recreational Waters
3.4.35 Several water bodies within the Tehran area have recreational use. These are all located within parks and none are presently polluted by canal or jube water. In addition. there are a series of fish ponds at Eshghabad covering an area of 300 ha, and up to 4 m in depth. These naturally fill with the surrounding groundwater once they are dug, but are not currently experiencing pollution problems.
30 Table 3.3 The quality of settled sludge from the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals
Parameter Concentration in sludge I Range of limits for use in (mg/kg) agriculture (mg/kg) Cadmium 272 f 20-40 Chromium 650 I 1.00-1.500 Copper 480 1.000-1,750 Nickel 177 1 300-400 I Lead 375 1 750-1,200 Zinc 1.230 1 2.500-4,000
* Taken from reference 8. The higher limits should apply to alkaline soils such as those on the Varamin Plain. Table 3.4 W'ater Quality of Sorkhe Hessar and Firouzabad Canals (1991/1992 survey)
Parameter i Sorkhe Hessar canal Firouzabad canal Safe limit* for Safe limit* crop irrigation for livestock water drinking
Mlean Maximum Mlean Maximum water
BOD (mg/I) 115 1 300 109 1 200 1 _- SuspendedSolids(mgil) I 323 i 27.420 203 | 416 | Phosphate (mpial" 1 15.5 44.0 7'9 | 180 .Ammonia(meN/1) , 2.4 3.9 1 203 4 3 Nitrates(mgN/1) 6.0 49.7 6.1 11.0 330 100_ ChloridesIm/l) 107 5 208 146 F 84 Aluminium (rna/l) I 2.67 17.0 1.98 5.85 Cadmium (pg/) 4 7 3 7 10 50 Cobalt(ig/l) 9 24 22 | 100 50 1000 Chromium (mg/i) J 0.24 3.4 0.25 1 1.27 0.1 1.0 Copper mcil) 010 0.32 0.04 1 (.10 0.2 0.5 Iron (mel) 11.6 40.0 8.8 1 22.5 5 i None Nickel (mevl) 0.06 1 0.44 0.15 j .851 0.2 None Lead (maIl) 0.14 0.49 0 .07 0. 17 0.1 Zinc (meil) 1.67 2_'9.9[ 1.26-. 93 21 24
* from reference 5
TNanaSinkam A:\Iran-tab3.4.doc 08/12/9912:10 PM 3.5 Hydrogeology
Geologv
3.5.1 The Tehran Plain and the Varamin Plain consist of two large alluvial plains. These plains are formnedby material which has been deposited bv rivers flowing from the Alborz Mountains in the north. The Alborz range consists of a chain of mountains that trend from east to west. to the south of the Caspian Sea. They are composed of various sedimentarv and igneous rocks. and include significant areas of limestone. They are geologicallv "young" in age, having been forned by earth movements of Alpine age. They rise to about 4.000 m in height north of Tehran. and because they are relatively new. are subject to rapid erosion. Soils are thin on the mountains so that rates of run off following rainstorms are verv high. The resulting floods have been primarily responsible for transporting the weathered rock. and depositing the sediments on the plains where the gradients decrease.
3.5.2 There is another. much lower. range of hills to the east of Tehran. the Sepayeh, or Anti-Alborz. wvhichalso trend roughlv from east to west. They are anticlinal in structure. with the axis of the anticline dipping westwards. Their height decreases, until in the area of central and eastern Tehran. They are covered by alluvial sediments. The deposits are mainly Mesozic Calcareous formations but also include sedimentary rocks from Devonian to lower Tertiary age. Some volcanic rocks are included in the succession. The hills to the east of the Varamin Plain are similar to those of the Sepayeh. both structurally and lithologically. The low hills in the Eshghabad area are formed from strata of the Lower Red Formation of the Miocene. The strata consists of basic intrusive rocks - basalts. marls, clays, siltstones, and intercalated sandstones. These rocks should also be regarded as impermeable.
The Alluvium
3.5.3 "Alluvium" is the name that has been given to the varietv of deposits that form the Tehran and Varamin Plains. They consist of boulders. cables. gravels. sand silts and clays, all of which have been transported and deposited bv river action. as a result of weathering of the adjacent mountains. The gradients of the rivers carrying these materials have been greater in the mountains and decrease as the rivers reach the plains. Generally, therefore, the coarser materials are found nearer the mountains. and the finer materials. silts; and clays, are found out on the plains. However, near the river channels. even some distance out onto the plains. coarser deposits can be found as a result of flood flows.
3.5.4 Both the Tehran and Varamin plains are composed of this alluvial material, and their surfaces slope southwards with a decreasing gradient with distance from the mountains. Thick Bahada fans, increased by the rivers, are found as marginal features fringing the piedmont. The alluvium of the Tehran Plain has been studied in some detail. because of its importance for groundwater resources. The oldest division is that of the "A" beds. These are partly cemented conglomerates. having a high silt and clay content. and therefore tend to have a relativelv low permeability. They are of Plio-Pleistocene age, and have been folded into a series of east to wvesttrending anticlines and synclines. Some of the anticlinal folds, which have very steep or near
33 vertical limbs. are now represented topographicallv by a series of high-ground ridges in the northern part of the citv. A group of silty mudstones outcrops in the cave of two of the anticlines. and is exposed near the base of the "A" beds near the latian ridge. Thev are believed to attain a maximum thickness of about 500 m.
3.5.5 The "B" beds unconformablv overly the "A" beds. and form a heterogeneous generally flativing sheeting of alluvial sediments outcropping as eroded Bahada fans fringing the mountain margin and also the "A" bed ridges. The dip of these deposits is typically to the south at about 5". decreasing gradually southwards. Thev consist of mixed sequences of gravels. clavs. silts. sands. boulder beds. The most typical deposits of these beds are the gravel spreads. with some lenticular fine-grained siltv or sandy beds. Local bouider beds probablv represent mud floor deposits. In general, the deposits became finer towards the south. These beds are of Pleistocene age, and have a maximum thickness of about 300 m.
3.5.6 The "C" beds occur as flatlving deposits infilling depressions between the ridges of "A" and "B" beds. Thev are poorlv exposed. and are similar lithologically to the "B" beds. The gravels are poorlv sorted. and tend to become more extensive and more continuous towards the south. Their maximum thickness is about 150 m.
3.5.7 The "D" beds are the most recent and occur within the present river beds and form gravel fans covering parts of Shemran and the further suburbs of the city. They also thin southwards, having a maximum thickness of up to 20 m but are typically between 3 and 4 m thick.
3.5.8 Hydrogeologically,the "B" beds and the 'C" beds are very similar.The "D" beds are relatively insignificantand difficultto distinguishfrom the "C" beds.
3.5.9 The Alluvium of the Varamin Plain has not been studied in as much detail as that of the Tehran Plain. However. it is very similar. consisting of non indurated gravels, sands. silts and clays. Grain size decreases awav from the mountains. so that south of an east to west line through the town of Varam in. the upper horizons of the alluvium become sufficient fine grained to act as a confirming horizontal to groundwater.
Groundwater Movement
3.5.10 The alluvium of the "B" and "C" beds of the Tehran Plain, and the alluvium of the Varamin Plain, form good aquifers. Both the permeability and the grain size of the alluvium tend to be greater near the mountains. where the river flows are larger. The rivers therefore recharge the alluvium (supplemented by limited quantities of winter rain) at their highest levels, so the ground water flows generally southwards. following the surface slope. The hills of bedrock to the north-east of Shahr-e-Rey, which become covered with alluvium in a westerly direction, and a decrease in permeability, tend to, under natural conditions. cause groundwater levels in the alluvium to rise. The same effects, can be seen to the east of Varamin town. Here permeabilities decrease because of decreasing grain size to such an extent, that under natural conditions, the original wells have overflowed as a result of artesian pressure.
34 GroundwvaterResouirces
3.5.1 1 Originallv. the groundwater resources of both the Tehran Plain and Varamin Plain were similar. Now. however. there are substantial differences as a result of the abstraction of groundwater from the Varamin Plain. and the importation of water supplies into the Tehran area. There is a serious excess of groundwater in the Tehran Plain. and similarlv, excessive deficit of water in the Varamin Plain aquifer.
GrozundwaterResouirces Under The Tehran Plain
3.5.12 Groundwater from the Tehran Plain has been used for agricultural and domestic purposes since eariv times. Qanats were constructed into the alluvium to carry groundwater from the higher areas out onto the surface of the plain at lower altitudes. The numbers of qanats were increased as more water was needed. In more recent times. a number of wells and boreholes have been constructed for domestic, industrial, and agricultural wvatersupplies.
3.5.13 However. as the city has grown. the quality of the groundwater has deteriorated because of the verv extensive use of sewage wells. These wells were dug into the alluvium beneath or adjacent to properties sometimes down to a depth of 15 to 20 m. As the citv has grown. more and more water has been "imported" into the city from adjacent river basins such as the Karaj. After use. the sewage is discharged into the sewage wells. The effect of this, throughout much of the city, is to recharge the Tehran aquifer with substantial quantities of additional water. This has in turn caused a rise in the level of the groundwater in those areas where permeabilities are lower, that is the "A" beds under central and southern Tehran. The annual volume of water supplied to Tehran has increased from 370 Mm3 in 1978 to 875 Mm3 in 1997.
3.5.14 As the city does not have a sewerage system. the vast bulk of this additional water, once used, is discharged into the ground. Drawing EA/8 shows the groundwater contours under the central part of Tehran in 1988. The depth to the water table from the surface under a significant area of the citv is less than 10 metres. This rise in groundwater levels is causing serious problems. Basements and cellars are becoming flooded and sewagzewells are ceasing to function. Most properties have basements which contain central heating equipment for use in winter, and air conditioning equipment for use in summer. Such equipment is damaged when it becomes flooded. More seriously, from a public health viewpoint. sewage wells are ceasing to function. Furthermore. the fabric of many properties is becoming damaged. Because they are constructed without a damp-proof membrane. dampness rises up the walls.
3.5.15 To combat the problem of rising groundwater levels, the TRWB has constructed 100 wells in the central Tehran area. These have been specifically constructed and located in an attempt to keep the water table at least 10 m below the surface. The total annual abstraction was approximately 80 Mm3 in 1991. Electricity cost. plus those of maintenance are high. Corrosion of the pumps necessitates a regular maintenance programme.
3.5.16 There are a number of abstraction boreholes in the northern part of Tehran, away from the areas underlain by the "A" beds. Abstractions of groundwater for public supplies
35 have increased from a total of 20 Mm3/yr in 1978 to 138 Mm3/vr in 1991. There are also abstraction boreholes south of Tehran in'the Shahr-e-Rev area. Here there are 30 wells. between 60 and 70 m deep which were drilled in 1976/77 to provide water for irrigation. They currently pump water at nearly 0.5 m3/s (I 6 Mm3/yr).
3.5.17 Qanats are a significant feature of the Tehran Plain. They provide water to the southern part of the plain, but are also verv important in helping to keep the level of the water table down in central Tehran. The TRWB has constructed at least one specificallv for this purpose.
Groundwater Resources Under the Varamin Plain
3.5.18 The aquifer beneath the Varamin Plain is principally supplied with water from the Jaj-e-Rud river and the associated irrigation canals supplemented by small amounts of winter rainfall. A number of qanats have been dug in historic times, but now the groundwater is abstracted bv conventional wells and boreholes. The number of wells has increased from 321 in 1970 to 1.759 in 1989.
3.5.19 The volume of groundwater abstracted has similarlv increased from 252 Mm3 in 1965 to 475 Mm3 in 1989. The recharge to the aquifer in 1989 was calculated 346 Mm3, but 475 Mm3 was abstracted. This means that 129 Mm3 more water was pumped out of the aquifer than recharged to it. This "mining" of the groundwater is recognized as a serious problem by the authorities. The construction of the diversion dam on the Jaj-e-Rud River, and its associated recharge lagoons, means that the water resources of the area can more effectively be used, but there is likely to be a continuing deficit of water in the region. The average over-abstraction of groundwater from the Varamin Plain, has been calculated at 78 Mm3 a year for the last five years.
3.5.20 The depth to the water table has increased in recent years. Near the head of the plain, water levels have dropped from 50 to 90 m depth, and those around Varamin town have fallen from 25 to 30 m.
3.5.21 Over abstraction has caused a number of qanats feeding the southem part of the plain to become dry. This has. in turn. caused significant areas of formnerly productive agricultural land to be abandoned. Also, "mining" of the groundwater has caused a number of formeriy artesian wells to stop overflowing. Artesian flows of 0.05 to 0.06 m3/s have now ceased. A strict licensing system for the issue of permits to drill new wells means that the rate of decline in water levels should decrease.
Groundwater Quality Under the Tehran Plain
3.5.22 The sewage of virtually the whole of Tehran (except for a few small, recently developed areas) is discharged into the ground at some point, either within the city or via surface waters. The effect of this is to reduce the qualitv of the groundwater under the city, which is not currently abstracted for potable use. Drawing EA/9 shows the isonitrate contours for the Tehran area. The highest values considerably exceed the WHO guideline for drinking water of 45 mg/I as N03. These broadly correspond to those areas where the water table is highest. that is. under central and southern
36 Tehran. Groundwater from outside the city is abstracted for potable use. but is not of such poor quality.
3.5.23 A study of samples taken from 13 wells in the central area of Tehran from 1987 to 1991 revealed that WHO guideline concentrations for drinking water were not exceeded for total dissolved solids, iron. chromium. cobalt, cadmium. copper. lead, nickel, zinc or manganese. Conductivities ranged from about 850 to 1250 micro mho/cm. The mean nitrate concentration was 76 mg/l as NO3, and the mean ammonia concentration was 2.0 mg/l as N. exceeding the EC maximum acceptable concentration for drinking water of 0.5 me/l (there is no WHO limit). Both the latter are svmptomatic of sewage poliution.
Groundwater Qualitv Under the Varamin Plain
3.5.24 The quality of the groundwater beneath the Varamin Plain is generally good. Much of the water of the aquifer comes from the Jaj-e-Rud river. which. apart from the suspended solids content is of excellent qualitv. The suspended solids are obviously filtered out. so the aquifer is recharged with high qualitv water. As an excess of irrigation water is used. the amounts of dissolved salts increase. causing the shallow groundwater to become slightly more saline than the deeper groundwater. As the depth to the water table is considerable. this slisht "flushing " action ensures that there is no build up of salts in the soil. In September 1989 the electrical conductivity of the shallow groundwater varied from 500 to 1,000 pmho/cm near Varamin town and the diversion dam, and reached 5,000 pmho/cm at the edge of the irrigation area. Chloride levels follow a similar pattern, with less than 30 mg/I around the head of the plain, increasing to 50 mg/l near Varamin town and exceeding 200 mg/I at the margins.
3.5.25 The practice of winter irrigation, when water is available, helps to leach salts from the soil, thereby helping to maintain soil salinities at a low level. The salts are washed into the aquifer. but do not appear to seriouslv reduce the quality of the groundwater.
3.6 Agriculture in the Varamin Plain
Background
3.6.1 Agriculture has been practiced for centuries on the Varamin Plain using irrigation water diverted from the many branches of the alluvial fan of the Jaj-e-Rud and a qanat system in the south of the Plain. This diverted water flow is highly variable, depending on rainfall and snowmelt. More recently wells were drilled to provide a more constant supply, but by the late 1960s over-abstraction of the aquifers was leading to reduced qanat flows in the south. A FAO study proposed a concrete canal gravity flow irrigation water distribution system using Jaj-e-Rud water controlled by an upstream diversion dam. and seasonally supplemented by pumped groundwater. The FAO identified 70,000 ha of land suitable for irrigation on the Plain, of which 50,000 hectares are canalized and 35,000 ha are currently irrigated and cropped. Seasonal water shortages are experienced over this area. but at periods of high river flow. water is diverted into large ponds and some aquifer recharge achieved. During
37 times of peak irrigation demand the Tehran canal is used to convev about I m3/s of groundwater from Shahr-e-Rev to the Varamin Plain.
3.6.2 The Varamin project. 40 km from Tehran by good roads. is ideallv suited to supply the Tehran popuiation with a wide range of crops. This range can be extended by the adoption of more intensive production systems and this is beeinnin2 ivith the use of plastic structures to produce early vegetables.
Soils
3.6.3 Evidence of soil qualitv has been drawn from a 1968 Soil Institute Survey, the FAO report and visual observation of soils and crops of the Varamin Plain. Prior to implementation of the irrigation scheme. salinity problems were recorded. These areas have now been leached out verv effectively under intensive cropping, and no visual salinitv symptoms were observed in crops.
3.6.4 The soils are of a loamv type with a stone/gravel fraction. varving from clav loam to sandy loam. The clav content increases to the south, conversely the stone content increases northward. Top soils are deep, and the depth of the alluvial fan is considerable over most of the area. Only to the southwestem boundary of the project is there any evidence of shallower soils. In this area. but outside the area of the project. unirrigated areas are covered in surface salt. suggesting upward capillary rise of moisture from a shallow water table.
3.6.5 The soils have pH of 7 to 8.2, and organic matter is low at 0.5 to 1.0%. nitrogen and phosphate levels are both low, but potassium is high at an average of 420 mgtkg. Salinitv is low under present irrigation practice, where there is clearlv a very adequate leaching fraction. The presence in the soil of calcium. carbonate and gypsum was noted by the Soil Institute. This is favorable for the use of saline waters, and for the immobilization of heavy metals (given high pH).
3.6.6 From the available soil data. and crop observations. the area seems highly suited to irrigated crop production with some exceptionally favorable characteristics such as high pH. good natural drainage, favorable texture. good qualitv irrigation waters and favorable topography.
Crops and Cultivation Practices
3.6.7 The crops which are grown on Varamin Plain are mostly annual, with limited areas of perennial alfalfa and fruit orchards. Usually one crop is grown per year with only 3% of the area reported to be double cropped. The main crops have historically been wheat and cotton, but recently there has been an increasing emphasis on fruit and vegetables for the high Tehran market. Currently 40% of the agricultural area is given over to wheat and barley, 23% to cotton. 3% to sunflowers and the remaining 34% to fruit and vegetables.
3.6.8 The basic cultivation practice used is mould board ploughinz to a depth of about 0.23 m, followed by disc harrowing and ridging for various forns of flood irrigation. All are carried out with tractors.
38 Livestock Rearing
3.6.9 A large number of livestock are kept on the Varamin Plain with many reared within the irrigation area. The 1987 population comprised some 37.000 cattle. 30,000 sheep and 10.000 goats. and 261 poultrv units. Additionallv, about 250.000 migrant goat and sheep are reported to graze the area between March and June. There are also seven fish ponds.
3.6.10 Cattle are generally fenced and poultry kept in indoor units. Both usually take their drinking water from boreholes. Sheep and eoats. however. generallv range the area consuming crop residues and grazing alfalfa. Their most common water source is the arterial and field irrization canals. The available data on riverand groundwater quality showvthat by FAO standards. these waters are either excellent or verv satisfactory for livestock in terms of salinity. However. for the limited number of trace elements analyzed for in groundwater. manganese is possibly high (no absolute standard is available for livestock. onlv humans) but the others are well within accepted limits. The concentration of lead in water from one well has exceeded FAO standards for the qualitv of livestock water.
Sources and Qualitv of Irrigation Water
3.6.11 The current water supply to the Varamin Irrigation Scheme is from the Jaj-e-Rud river and boreholes within the scheme area. In periods of flood, the river carries a high silt load. The concrete canals are designed to maintain high flow velocities and keep this silt in suspension, but in the unlined field channels severe silt deposition necessitates regular cleaning. The total river flow varies, from 200 to 1,200 Mm3/yr, according to snow and rainfall levels in the catchment. This causes the variability, and hence, instabilitv of the irrigation water supply.
3.6.12 Presently around 12 Mm3/yr of water is abstracted from boreholes near the proposed STP site at Shahr-e-Rev. This supply is reportedly contaminated with untreated sewaze which has percolated down to the underground aquifer. The water is conveyed to the irrigation area along the Tehran canal at periods of peak irrigation water demand. Historically farmers have not been charged for water, but since the inception of the canalized irrigation scheme thev have been charged.
3.6.13 The current quality of the irrigation water is generally considered good. A few wells which are pumped within the scheme yield water of up to 1280 mg/l total dissolved solids. which is classified as a moderate to high salinity hazard. These must, however., be viewed in the context of them contributing a very small volume of the total irrigation supply. In general. the waters classify as being of low sodium hazard andi medium salinity. As such they are very suited for the range of crops grown.
3.6.14 The quality of the Jaj-e-Rud water was analyzed in the 1970s, indicating it to be of suitable quality for irrigation. Underground waters near Asgar Abad in the Varamirl Plain were found in 1989 to have heavy metal concentrations all well below the tolerable maxima recommended by the FAO for use in irrigation. Indeed the presence of copper, iron. manganese and zinc in the groundwater could be beneficial to crop
39 production given the alkaline nature of Varamin soils. The river water would not be expected to contain high or problematic levels of heavy metals. since there are no population centres above Tehran on the Jaj-e-Rud.
3.6.15 The analvses of the river and groundwaters both gyenerallvrecorded higher levels of sulfate than chloride in the anion fraction: this would be beneficial in controlling any salinitv hazards. The bicarbonate levels are moderate. and would onlv be a problem under sprinkler irrigation.
Irrigation Practices
3.6.16 The irrigation is virtually all of a flood tvpe. mainlv by furrows for cereals and cotton, but a small area of alfalfa is irrigated bv sprinklers. Small basins tend to be used for most vegetable production. but cucumbers and melons are often grown on raised beds, with irrigation furrows dug between the beds. Border strips and furrows are both used for alfalfa. There is virtually no irrigation in Januarv or Februarv, however, some farmers apply a single watering, reportedlv to. kill insects and leach the soil.
3.6.17 The efficiency of irrigation has been reported to be poor. The FAO originally conceived the scheme to be 64% efficient. but field losses are probably above the 226 Mm3/yr level. The main causes are poor land levels in fields and seepage losses from the unlined canals. Where leveling of fields has been undertaken, the uniformity of crop growth is superior.
3.6.18 The irrigation canals are also used for washing clothes.
Crop Yields
3.6.19 The current crop yields of the Varamin Plain are not monitored by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation. They are reportedly low due to a variety of factors including shortage of fertilizers. poor land levels. seasonal water shortages, and lack of an effective support service for farmers.
3.6.20 Observation of the spring crops in May 1992 has supported these views: poor weed control in cereals and use of outdated wheat were also areas of concern. It was observed, however, that the standard of management was good given the prevailing input constraints. and examples of verv good vezetable and wheat crops were observed where land had been leveled. In the absence of reported yields, local Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation officials suggested that yields were still at about the level recorded by FAO in 1970. However, they did report that a very good farmer had achieved 10 to 11 tonnes of wheat per hectare, which is very high, and indicates the potential of the area.
Use of Fertilizers
3.6.21 No information regarding the quantities or application rates of fertilizers are available. Artificial and animal fertilizers are used at present.
40 Farm Labour
3.6.22 Most of the farm labour is performed by Afghan immigrants and each winter several hundred seasonal workers come to work on the cotton farmns.Workers and owners do not live on farms. but in the village and towvnson the Varamin Plain.
Agricuilture in Other Areas
3.6.23 Aericulture in other areas to the south of the city itself. is being carried out on an unregulated basis. Water is obtained from Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals, and is used to irrigate crops. Sludge and plastics from the canals no longer are being used by locals.
3.6.24 A study to assess the extent of contamination of soil and crops grown in these areas with use of the canal water and sludge concluded that cadmium and zinc concentrations in soil were exceeding permissible levels. although some of the cadmium was probablv derived from phosphate fertilizers. Cadmium is a cumulative poison that can be harmful to humans and livestock. Heavv metal concentrations in crops were rarely found to be above recommended values but in some cases cadmium and lead exceeded these. Lead is not normally taken up by the edible parts of crops to any significant extent. the main risk being direct contamination of edible parts with sludge or wastewater.
3.7 Health
Standards of Public Health
3.7.1 Information has been obtained from a number of source documents regarding the current patterns of disease within Iran and particularly Tehran. Crude death rates and infant mortality provide gross measures of public health and wellbeing. There was a pattern of decreasing mortality rates for the period 1956 to 1972, which has been attributed to the provision of an adequate svstem for potable water supplies.
3.7.2 More recent data (1990) concerned with a range of diseases which mav be considered to be waterbome, are available from the Ministry of Health records. For the Tehran area, these show that over 100,000 cases of potentially waterborne illness were clinically diagnosed during 1990. The following diseases were recorded .
* cholera (El Tor biotype); * typhoid & paratyphoid; * shigellosis (bacterial dysentery); * amoebic dysentery; * infectious hepatitis (hepatitis a); and * helminthic disease (infection by intestinal parasites)
Of these. the two major classes of illness diagnosed were shigellosis (60%) and helminthic diseases (36.5%). The incidence of water related diseases such as diarrhea is decreasing but still significant. The number of cases of infection with intestinal parasites has decreased from 12,000 in 1994 to about 5.000 in 1997.
41 3.7.3 Dysenterv due to Shigella may be spread via contaminated water or food. However, the most important means of transmission is from person to person. usuallv within the domestic or institutional environment (schools. hospitals. etc). Hence, the current pattem of sewage treatment and disposal may not be the major factor determining the prevalence of this disease.
3.7.4 The incidence of parasitic diseases mediated by helminths is reported to be between 30% and 60%. A survev of inhabitants in the Shahr-e-Rev area was conducted over a 14 month period from March 1990 to April 1991. This revealed that 54% of the 8,810 faecal samples examined were found to contain parasites. There was a significantly greater proportion of females infected with helminths compared with males; 3088/4750 (65%) and 1663/4750 (35%). respectively.
3.7.5 There are three primary contexts for helminth transmission (principallv Ascaris and Trichuris):
transmission within areas immediately adjacent to dwellings that have been contaminated directly by feces. especiallv those of children:
transmission to persons working in agriculture where night soil or sewage is used as a fertilizer,
transmission to persons consuming vegetables that have been grown in fields to which night soil or sewage have been applied.
3.7.6 Transmission within the immediate dwelling area is probably the dominant mode in areas of poverty and inadequate sanitation. This is not the case in Shahr-e-Rey where 98% of the population are served by a piped water supply and it is reported that 59% of houses have a bath fitted.
3.7.7 The area around STP proposed site is an important vegetable growing location where some of the farns use untreated sewage effluent as a source of irrigation water. Consideration of the epidemiology of helminth infections leads one to the conclusion that the high prevalence of parasitic diseases is almost certainly the consequence of the cultivation, harvesting, preparation or consumption of crops irrigated with contaminated water.
3.7.8 The potential risk of schistosomiasis has recently been investigated. and there is no evidence to suggest that it is of epidemiological concern.
3.7.9 Though malaria is prevalent in the southern provinces of Iran bordering the Persian Gulf, it is not common in other parts of Iran including Tehran Province.
Surface Waters
3.7.10 The discharge of wastewater to open watercourses (jubes) results in significant contamination with faecally derived microorganisms. Results of surveys intended to assess the microbiological quality of surface waters have been carried out
42 periodically. Data in the Pre-investment Survey show that levels of faecal coliforms were as high as 1.6 x 10(+6)/lOOml. This survey also revealed the presence of human pathogens inciuding Salmonella tvphii. other salmonellas and helminths.
3.7.11 The results of more recent surveys carried out between November 1991 and March 1992 reveal a similar pattern with counts of faeccal coliforms between 2 x 10(+5) and 1.6 x 10(+6)/lOOml.Ascaris and other helminths were also isolated. It is evident that there has been little or no improvement during the intervening period.
3.7.12 The zoonotic infections. Anthrax and Brucella. in cattle and goats have been reported as being present in the country, although vaccination programmes are in place. It would therefore be prudent to assume that the causative organisms (Bacillus anthracis and Brzicella sp.: probablv B. melitensis) will be present in the sewage to be treated. Sources would include drainage from livestock handling areas. abattoirs, and tanneries. Dilution by unaffected effluents would greatlv reduce the concentration of these orgzanismsentering surface water canals. The use of these canals as source of water for livestock wvatering or irrigation of grazing areas potentially contributes to the cvcle of infection.
3.7.13 Surveys have shown that the sludges arising from settlement of contaminated water taken from the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals may contain levels of cadmium greatly in excess of the recommended by the EC as being suitable for agricultural use. Cadmium is a highly toxic metal which tends to bioaccumulate. The agricultural use of these wvastewatersand resultant sludges can only be considered detrimental to human health, with potentially long-term effects.
Groundwater
3.7.14 Data showing amounts of nitrate in groundwater in the Tehran area give rise for concern. Several areas experience levels in excess of recommended limits for drinking water. These sources are little used as drinking water supplies at present within the Tehran area.
3.8 Climate
3.8.1 The climate of the Tehran and Varamin area is essentially that of the central Iranian Plateau and is defined as continental, semi-arid to arid. The summers are dry and hot, with most rain falling in the winter and early spring. The meteorology is highly variable, however, from month to month and from year to year.
Precipitation
3.8.2 Precipitation mostly occurs from October to April (over 80% of the annual total), when frontal disturbances associated with low pressure systems move from the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas. An appreciable part of this falls as snow during the winter months, particularly in the northern area. Summer and early Autumn are usually very dry.
43 3.8.3 Annual rainfall levels varv greatly from year to year ranging from approximatelv 50% to 190% of the mean value. Levels are directly related to altitude. ranging from approximately 200 mm at Shahr-e-Rev in the south to 450 mm at Darband in the north. Tehran Plain and Varamin Plain experience lower levels. and average mean annual rainfall figures are computed to be:
Tehran City 225 mm Tehran Plain 205 mm Varamin Plain 155 mm
Temperature
3.8.4 Diumal and seasonal temperature variations are both extreme. In the coldest months of Januarv and Februarv temperatures of as low as -10 to -20° C are observed, whereas in the hottest months of July and August, temperatures can exceed 40 C. Temperatures at night often drop 20 to 25' C below the daytime maximum. Average temperatures for Tehran and Varamin are v-ery similar. except that spring temperatures (Februarv to May) are 3 to 4' C higher on the Varamin Plain.
Relative HEumidity
3.8.5 Extremely low values are reached in the summer time. when the relative air humidity may be as low as 20 percent at midday, rising to 63 percent in the early morning. Average daily values are 20 to 30 % in the summer (May to August) and 30 to 65% in the winter. The relative humidity of the Tehran and Varamin Plains is very similar throughout the year.
Wind
3.8.6 Wind is an important consideration because of its effect on evaporation rates and hence. water loss from lagoons and exposed water bodies. Wind velocities tend to be moderate in the northern and central Tehran areas. and higher in the south. The long terrn average wind velocitv is 9.8 km/hr. The windiest month is usually April. with an average wind velocity of 11:8 km/hr and average maximum of 29.8 km/hr.
3.8.7 In the Varamin Plain. the prevailing wind is west-southwesterly. and north westerly. Further north in Tehran. the direction of the strongest winds is mostly northerly.
Evaporation
3.8.8 Rates of evaporation increase with temperature. therefore. are highest during the hot summer months. In Tehran (Mehrabad Airport meteorological station) the annual evaporation is 1,674 mm with a peak rate of 240 to 250 mm/month in June and July. In the center of the Varamin Plain the evaporation is 2,295 mm/year with a peak rate of 410 mm/month.
44 3.9 Biological Environment
Flora
3.9.1 The plant cover in the Tehran Region is limited due to its climate. which is moderate in the mountainous area and semi-arid in the plains. The growing season is, for many species. confined to the spring, when temperatures are warm enough and there is sufficient rainfall.
3.9.2 The most important species of plants currentlv growing on the plains and lower mountain slopes are: thorn bushes (all tvpes). teasel. sainfoin. astragalus. soap root. alfalfa. ervsium. wild rue. prickly artichoke. moonflower. tavatera. sweet rout, rye grass. artemisia (wormrseed),hedge garlic. gramineous. wild iris and poppy anemone.
3.9.3 Approximatelv 1.4 million hectares in the Tehran Region is rangeland. open undulating landscape dominated by grasses Xith few trees. Overgrazing has caused deterioration of the rangeland and localized soil erosion. One third of the rangeland is used as summer resort ranges and the rest as winter resort ranges.
3.9.4 On the hillsides northeast of Tehran. the remains of Persian turpentine trees are scattered irregularly, along with: hawthorn, wild greengage, barberis, fig, snowberry, and almond.
3.9.5 Several areas of recreational forest have been planted to the east of Tehran, and on hillsides surrounding the Latian Dam on the Jaj-e-Rud. The forest also helps to prevent soil erosion and slippage into the reservoir. The areas of forest east of Tehran are: Sorkhe Hessar (700 ha); Khodjir (140 ha); Telov (400 ha); Latian (300 ha); and Doshan Tappeh (370 ha). Of these, Sorkhe Hessar and Khodjir Forests are within areas designated as National Parks. The nearest of these areas to the city boundary is Sorkhe Hessar. where belts of artificial forest fringe the eastern part of Tehran and include two racetracks.
3.9.6 South and south-east of Tehran, some parts of the region have a natural appearance of hills and plains, whose halophyte (plants tolerant of high salt concentrations) and xerophvte (plants adapted to drv conditions) covers are tvpical of poor shallow alkaline soils with extrusive stones and salinity problems. The plants have nco outstanding characteristics; there are no naturallv grown trees or shrubs and the ground cover is very scattered and deteriorated. The major species present are: Acamthelirnon, Aconthophullum, Astragalus, Alhaji, Artemisia, Pegamus, Capparia, Andrachne, Dendrostellera, Heliotropium. Salsolla. Ephedra, Centurea. Alyssum, Liziphora. Euphorbia. Boissiera, Anabasis. Brobus, Erodrum and Sueda.
Ornithology
3.9.7 Some surface waters receiving wastewaters form habitats for manv waterfowl. These include Ghaleh Nou. which is fed by Firouzabad Canal. where over 1.200 birds have been ringed for identification purposes.
45 3.9.8 The main species of wvaterfowl.waders. tree dwellers and predators of the wetlands and their surroundings include the following:
English Name Latin Name Greater Flamingo Pheonicopterms ruber Little Grebe Podiceps rutficollis Great White Egret Egrena alba Little Egret Egrettagarzetta Grev Heron Ardea cinerea Ruddv Shelduck Tadornaferruginea Shelduck Tadorna tadorna Mallard Anas platrhvnchos Teal Anas crecca Garganev .4nas querquedzdla Shoveler Anas clvptea Pochard Avthva ferina Tufted Duck Aythvvafuligula Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticular Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrius Lapwing Vanellutsvanellus Turnstone Arenaria interpres Little Stint Calidris minuta Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii Dunlin Calidris alpina Ruff (m.) and Reeve (f.) Philomachuspuguax Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus Redshank Tringa iotanus Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Common Sandpiper Tringa hvpoleucos Snipe Gallinago gallinago Black-Win 2ed Stiit Himantopus himantopus Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus Slender-billed Gull Larus genei Herring Gull Larus argentatus Terns (various) Sterna spp. Buzzard Buteo buteo Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus Kestrei Falco tinnunculus Swallow Hironda rustica Crested lark Galerida cristata Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba Sylvia Warblers (various) Sylvia -spp.
3.9.9 The above birds use the receiving water habitats for several purposes. Species such as the swallow use it for drinking; warblers and herons nest in the reeds. buntings and
46 sparrows feed on grainv plants: flvcatchers feed on the insects present: and molluscs are hunted bv waders such as plovers. shanks and sandpipers. Hunting birds including buzzards. kestrels and eagles feed off the small mammals and reptiles around the water bodies.
Protected Habitats
3.9.10 With the implementation of the new Environmental Protection Law in Iran. and the creation of Department of Environment (DOE). the previously protected regions have been reclassified. There are presently 8 National Parks. 46 Protected Areas. and 15 Protected Rivers. representing nearlv everv major habitat found in the country. The total land encompassed bv these designated areas is around 7.2 million hectares.
3.9.11 The protected habitats in the vicinity of the project area are listed in Table 3.5.
Table3.5 Protectedhabitats near the projectarea
RefNo. Nameof Area Designation Area [ha] Location
7 Sorke Hessar National Park 9.380 East of Tehran 6 Khogir National Park II. 570 East of Tehran 4 Kavir National Park 420.000 Southeast of Tehran 56 Kavir Protected Area 250.000 Southeast of Tehran 46 Jaj-e-Rud Protected Area 51.650 Southeast of Tehran 82 Jaj-e-Rud Protected River - East of Tehran 79 Karaj Protected River - West & South of Tehran
3.9.12 Of these areas, the only ones potentially affected by the project are the Kavir Protect Area and the Karaj River. The former extends northwards from, the boundary of the Kavir National Park (an area of greater importance) and borders the southern edge of the Varamin irrigation area. The protected section of the Karaj River is an area of approximately 1500 ha to the southwest of Eshghabad and Chal Tarkhan villages. These are shown on DrawingEA/16.
3.9.13 The major river in the Kavir Protected Area is the Band Alikhan River. formed by the confluence of the Karaj and Jaj-e-Rud. The wastewaters of Tehran eventually reaches this river via Firouzabad Canal and Sorkhe Hessar Canal. The river flows south to Salt Lake and is an important habitat for waterfowl and waders.
Protected Species
3.9.14 Another consequence of the establishment of Iran's DOE has been the implementation of regulations to protect endangered species. Protected species include: Persian fallow deer, Caspian tiger, onager gazelle; bear (Selenarctos thibetanus)p cheetah (Acinonyx jubatusu); crocodile (Crocodylus palustris); great bustard: and Caucasian black grouse.
3.9.15 Although, in general. little is known about the diversity or magnitude of Iran's biota, i: is recognized that the best way of protecting endangered species is the establishmenl of special reserves and protected areas, where most of these species are found. There are no endangered species present within the areas directlv affected by the proposed project.
47 3.10 Other Developments
Relocation of Industries
3.10.1 In order to improve the amenity of Tehran and reduce pollution, especiallv of surface waters. the government is implementing a phased relocation of industrv outside of the city. The DOE recognized 23 types of industrv Nwithinthe city as particularly polluting and unable to meet their standards for cities. 6.500 hectares of land, to the south of Tehran have been allocated for these new industrial estates in 6 locations. One of these is at Charmshar to the south of the Varamin irrigzationarea. The slaughterhouse has alreadv been transferred and the next industries to be moved will be the soap-making and metal plating industries currentlv located in regions 15 and 16. In addition. all livestock husbandry is to be relocated to Fashapoyeh. outside Tehran.
Provision of Green Spaces
3.10.2 A policv of increasing the area of green space wvithinTehran was delayed during the 1980s. Since 1989, however. several large new parks have been established, such as Pardisain Park (135 ha) north of the city and 2000 ha of parks around the graves of former leaders in the south of the region.
Improvements to Services in Tehran
3.10.3 The Iranian government is undergoing a progzram of improvement to services in Tehran. This will include the provision of recreation grounds and sports fields, local libraries, parks. subways and new electric buses. To improve the public transport infrastructure in Tehran. an underground rapid transit system has been designed and is currently under construction. The Metro network will probably be extended in the future. To alleviate Tehran's severe traffic congestion. there is an on-going program of new roads and intersections. in addition to improvements to existing highwavs.
Water Supply Schemes
3.10.4 To meet increasing demands for water in Tehran. further dams are being proposed to bring water into the catchment. The Taleghan Storage Dam has been planned, but not yet constructed. in the Taleghan Vallev south of the Alborz mountains. The objectives of the dam are to supply the Ghazvin Plain. generate hydroelectric power and supply part of Tehran's future potable water needs. The proposed total annual release is 460 Mm3 /yr, of which 150 Mm3 /yr would be for municipal use.
Other Sewage Treatment Plants
3.10.5 The STPs currently administered by Tehran Sewerage Company in various locations of Tehran are as follows:
I - GHEYTARIEH (currently serving a population of 15,000) 2- ZARGANDEH (currently serving a population of 25,000) 3 - SHARA - NASR (currently serving a population of 40,000)
48 4 - SAHEBGHARANIEH (currently serving a popuiation of 2,500) 5 - SHOOSH (currentlN serving a population of 75,000) 6 - EKBATAN (currentlv serving a population of 80.000) 7 - DOLAT - ABAD (currentlv serving a population of 55,000) 8 - MAHALAT (currentlv serving a population of 30,000) 9 - AEREATED LAGOONS (currently serving a population of OF SOUTHERN TEHRAN of 100.000)
Surface WEaterDrainage
3.10.6 Tehran municipality has commenced a program of improvements to the surface water drainage of the Citv, includina canal. river. tunnel, and sewer works. One scheme of particular significance is the Khavam Main Drain and Third Outlet. which intercepts existing surface water drains and includes 15 km of tunnel. ranging in size from 1.8 to 4.8 m intemal diameter at depths of up to 35 in. with associated access shafts. This tunnel commences in the north of Tehran and discharges via an open channel to the Kan River. to the south of the city. In addition. 300 kIm of open channels and sediment/boulder trap structures are to bc constructed. These are iocated along ravines in the southem slopes of the Alborz mountains to the north of the City.
49 4.0 ORGANIZATION, LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 Background
4.1.1 In order for the proposed Tehran Sewerage Project to be successfully implemented and operated. it Nvillbe necessarv to have in place an efficient organizational structure to manage the project and effective legislation & regulations guiding construction, operational safetv, and control of pollution to land & water.
4.1.2 In this context. this section describes the existing organizational and legislative background relating to the Project.
4.2 Organizational Structure
4.2.1 Whilst the Ministrv of Energy is the lead department with overall responsibility for the implementation of the proposed project. there are a number of other central and local government departments and service agencies with direct involvement in the scheme or the "environment" in which it will operate. If the scheme is to be constructed and operated successfully it is vital that the actions of these various organizations are co-ordinated properly.
4.2.2 The following organizations will have direct or indirect involvement in the scheme.
Water Supply and Seivage Treatment & Disposal
4.2.3 Responsibility at the local level for water resources, water supply, sewerage and sewage treatment & disposal in Iran has recently been reorganized. Previously, responsibility resided with regional water boards. including the Tehran Regional Water Board (TRWB).
4.2.4 In March 1992, the TRWB was reorganized into tNvo separate organizations. The TRWB remains in existence. with responsibility limited to surface and groundwater resources development and management (covering the same: water basin as previously), with several provincial water supply and sewerage companies created.
4.2.5 The provincial companies will be semi-private companies responsible for the provision of water supply, sewerage, sewage treatment. and for the maintenance of related facilities. The companies will purchase raw water from TRWB.
4.2.6 The Tehran Province Water and Sewerage Company (TPWSC) will cover Tehran and 23 surrounding urban areas. Similar arrangements will be made on a country-wide basis for all water basins and provinces in Iran.
4.2.7 These organizations are under the overall control of the Ministry of Energy, which has established an Advisory and Support Unit to assist the Boards and the Companies in their development.
50 4.2.8 For TPWSC. an organizational structure based on five main divisions of responsibility is established:
* Technical * Finance Regional Affairs Planning *Operations (of water treatment. water supplv. sewerage and sewvagetreatment in province of Tehran)
The Operations Division is currentlv under review. and separation of water and sewerage responsibilities is being worked out.
4.2.9 The TPWSC is owned by the Tehran Regional Water Board (39%), the Water and Sewerage Engineering Company (affiliated to the Ministry of Energy) (10%), the Mahab Ghods Consulting Engineers (18%). and the Tehran Provincial Municipalities (33%). It has the following corporate structure: General Assembly, Board of Directors. Managing Director. and the Inspector. The General Assembly is composed of representatives of the shareholders with the Minister of Energy as Chairman.
4.2.10 In order for the proposed Tehran Sewerage Project to be successfullv implemented and operated in a large metropolitan area. an efficient organizational structure to manage it was necessary; therefore in 1996 Tehran Sewage Company (TSC) was established. TSC is owned by TPWSC (80 %). Varamin Water & Sewerage Company (10 %) and southwest Tehran Water & Sewage Company (10%). Its corporate structure is similar to TPWSC, and it is responsible for collection and treatment of sewage in greater Iran. Figure 4.1 presents the organization chart for TPWSC.
4.2.11 A Project Management Unit (PMU) is to be established within the TSC to implement the Tehran Sewerage Project. This will be responsible for the following:
-Financial management: -Design of works: -Supervision of contractors: and -Ensuring that measures to mitigate adverse environmental impacts are carried out.
Environmental Protection and Pollution Control
4.2.12 Environmental protection and pollution control in Iran is the responsibility of the Department of Environment (DOE). The DOE is responsible to a policy making board called the Environmental High Council, consisting of representatives from various Ministries. This Council is chaired by the Vice President. Also represented are the Budget and Planning Organization and the National Iranian Oil Company. The DOE is responsible for all aspects of environmental protection, including water pollution control. effluent discharge standards, and wildlife conservation.
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Kirts)} | | Damnevandi { i Es)an SIammr i Vagainin 1 Wrier| A seweg | | Water& Sewage )l Wnler hSSt cw& | Wnicr & Sewnge | & St warc|
Figurc 4.1 Drart orgrunisa(lots struc(ire of (lie '1v4iruii I'troviicc \Vitter agid Sewerage Comujitmny 4.2.13 The Ministrv of Health is responsible for' public health. control of foodstuff & drinkinp- water. and medical care. It has an important role in monitoring the effectiveness of the scheme in terms of public health improvements and in the establishment of public health education programs.
4.2.14 The Ministrv of Housing and Urbanization is responsible for overall land-use control, town planning and building regulations. It has an important role in land-use planning to ensure that revised zoning plans are introduced. It also ensures that sewerage and sewage treatment facilities are protected from inappropriate development. It also has an important role in ensuring that future land-use plans for the citv take into account the capacity of existing and proposed sewerage and sewage treatment facilities. With regard to its building regulation responsibilities. the Ministry will have a key role in ensuring new developments make provision for acceptable connection to the public sewer.
4.2.15 The Ministrv of Industrv is responsible for industrial development in Iran and specificallv for industrial estates and relocation of industries. It will have an important role in the control of industrial effluent discharge to public sewers and watercourses in the citv. It also provides training and advice to industrialists, financial assistance for treatment facilities. and enforces relocation when necessarv.
4.2.16 The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs is responsible for labor affairs and for establishing & enforcing occupational safety regulations during construction and operation of the project.
4.2.17 The Municipality of Tehran provides all standard local govemment functions, including refuse collection and street cleaning, surface water, building control, traffic management. parks and open spaces. The Municipality will have an important role in the enforcement of building control. standards regardinz the provision of sewerage, and connections to public sewers of new and existing development.
4.2.18 The construction of the new sewerage throughout the City will have significant impacts on traffic. The Municipality will need to be closely involved in the development of traffic mitigation measures for the scheme.
.4gricultutre
4.2.19 The High Council of Agriculture of Tehran Province assists inter-agency co-ordination relating to agriculture. It is concerned with the problem of pollution of crops with heavy metals, the implementation aspects of the Tehran Sewerage Project relating to agriculture. and mitigation measures prior to project implementation. The High Council consists of representatives of the following:
the Tehran Regional Water Board: the Tehran Province Water and Sewerage Companv; the Department of Environment- Tehran Province: the Farmner'sCouncil: the Planning and Budget Organization:
53 the veterinary offices of Varamin and Rav towns. and the Headquarters of Water and Soil in Tehran Province.
4.2.20 The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation (MARC) is responsible for restricting the current farming practices of using polluted canal waters and sludges for agriculture on the Tehran Plain. It also has a role in co-ordinating the expansion of crop production on the Varamin Plain.
Project Co-ordination and Liaison
4.2.21 An overall project co-ordination committee has been established to bring together representatives of the above organizations.
4.3 Existing Legislative and Regulatorv Contracts
4.3.1 The construction and operation of the scheme will be governed and affected by legislation and other regulatorv controls. both specific to the scheme and also for the wider local. regional and national "environment". Relevant existing legislation and regulations are described below.
Surface Water Qualitv
4.3.2 The DOE is responsible for the control of water pollution in Iran. Current regulations governing the discharge of wastewater in Iran are contained in the 1975 Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act. Figure 4.2 presents the organization chart for EPO (now called DOE).
4.3.3 The Department of the Environment (DOE), The Ministry of Water and Power (now the Ministry of Energy) were given responsibility for the classification of all waters including surface water, ground water. lakes, and seas. For the purposes of the regulations. water was classified into various categories depending on use as follows:
Class I Potable Supply Class 2 Fisheries and animal life Class 3 Irrigation Class 4 Industry Class 5 Recreation Class 6 Small rivers and road ditches not covered under classes I to 5.
4.3.4 For water pollution considerations, all waters are considered as Class 2 if they have not been otherwise determined.
4.3.5 A special licence is required from the DOE or other related authorities for the discharge of any waste to the above classes of water.
54 (:iIRMAI CIIA~~~~CIMANM' ._ _ _ _ _ c Iran, fS i
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PUIrImC RELAnONS J_ Of rCE J
EDUCArION OUR |UR|LAL 'VC LEGAL
Alo Vuoo 1 | PJublii3ling C-O ...... Cnnirol nd Litbrary | | Section J | Sectilon mepotenj Sup''vihson
I _ _ _ AOUIHISMR Et orflCEC Or EPO ESrrCII nfANcA DEPUIY OUTSIDET[IIR AfFJt -- I -- t30AlORlESi
PROG"Lp"MARIFAL (MMONUEN VAL NATURA N%4UUAN P11OGRSA4MINO IIISTf A5ASSESSMEiNT ENRnONUENT Et HONuMEW pUREAU UUS(U(J BUREAUI OURCPJ UURlAU
_moc [ - i wildf;f 1 Secrelotiot Reseeoch - Socio-Ecariorttic, . flh,ech | ol Compoiqn Division J Sl5udiess~~~~~~~~~~~DivisiL Divi3ion D~~ionlOiv jot jl AqoinstA of cmagJSmoldng
Tachn?col~i~land^4ot;c Reqional ond yguI.r ond 5vI . 1thtoiv,ond Urban Studies |-| R.e.ach - paIIuIion I kA Division } | Divison OMson Research Disrion
I Rostatch' 1 ol;n1G - LLoboratariea I Reeearchc | Divisioon iin
Figure 4.2 OrganisM(initcltar( for (lic li vironnicialtnI'rolectlol Orgnutlisuiiton 4.3 6 The regulations for the discharoe of wastes to the various classes of water are mainly related to specified resultant conditions in the receiving. vaters. For Class I to Class 5 waters. these conditions cover increases in temperature. suspended solids and chemical substances: reductions in dissolved oxygen: and limits on pH. Classes 1, 2, and 5 waters have additional conditions for toxic substances. and Class I waters, there is an additional condition on biochemical oxvgen demand (BODs).
4.3.7 Conditions relating to wastes discharged to Classes 1. 2. and 5 waters include limits on settleable solids and the exclusion of pathogenic organisms. Thev also prohibit for Class I waters, the storage of rubbish and waste materials on river banks. Regulations for waters in Class 6 prohibit the discharge of wastes containing faeces or wastes of industrial or agricultural origin into drains of public roads. although such discharges are allowed under certain conditions, such as. if disposal to a public sewer or to underground strata is impossible. These conditions require that the effluents do not emit objectionable odors or contain organisms and place a limit on settleable solids. Additional conditions for effluents containing industrial or agricultural wastes include a limit on temperature. pH values. These regulations also specifv that fuels (including petrol and lubricating oil) are absent.
4.3.8 Conditions for the discharge of industrial wvaste water into public sewers are also covered in the Regulations. Permission is required by license from the appropriate authority for the discharge of all such effluents and in considering an application for a discharge, the authority is required to consider the protection of sewers and wastewater treatment works, the safety of health of personnel. and the cost of treatment. Industries are required to construct their own treatment plants but in special circumstances the authority may allow direct discharges of wastewater to a sewerage system for treatment elsewhere. General conditions for the issue of licenses to discharge industrial wastewater are given in the Regulations and these include limits on temperature. pH values. suspended solids. fat or grease. and size of particles. They also prohibit certain inflammable and toxic substances. Industries must provide sampling chambers and if required bv the designated authoritv. flow measurement facilities. In addition, the designated authority shall be allowed to take samples of wastewater and measurements of flow.
4.3.9 In addition to these regulations. there are separate standards published bv the DOE in 1973 entitled the "Maximum Permissible Discharge of Pollutants to the environment". These standards are defined by end use: surface water, groundwater, and irrigation. The irrigation standards appear to be based on FAO standards. The source of other standards is unknown.
4.3.10 Following the establishment of the Islamic Government. a new constitutional law was enacted, part of which dealt with the protection of the environment. Any economic or non-economic activity which would be destructive to nature or result in environmental pollution is prohibited.
4.3.11 This law introduced two main principles: firstly that environmental protection was not just the responsibility of the government but of all citizens. and secondlv, that no economic activitY should cause pollution (as specified bv regulations).
56 4.3 .12 In order to implement these fundamental principles. the constitution stipulated that the need for environmental protection be introduced into all other aspects of law in the countrv.
4.3.13 In 1982. the Clean Water Act was passed bv Parliament. In addition to prohibiting the pollution of water, this Act placed new responsibilities on the owners of water wells and subterranean canals to. within their ability, prevent their pollution. In circumstances where it was beyond their abilitv. they vere required to use the 'uidanceand assistance of relevant Govemment Ministries. who were obliged to prevent pollution and to provide necessarv assistance.
4.3.14 The DOE wvasgiven responsibilitv for preparing the necessary regulations for submission to the Council of Ministers for their approval.
4.3.15 One major initiative of the Clean Water Act is to require institutions and private sector organizations who use water for domestic. industrial. mining. and cattle breeding purposes to submit their proposals for wastewater treatment for approval to the relevant authorities.
4.3.16 The DOE wvasalso given the task. in conjunction with other relevant Ministries, of identifving and studying the existing quality of Iranian water resources. On identifying sources of pollution. the Department is required to review, compile data and then enforce relevant standards for water pollution control.
4.3.17 An inter-ministry committee was formed to advise on the establishment of appropriate regulations for the disposal of effluent into public water courses and to classify surface receiving waters. ground waters, lakes and coastal waters to determine their suitability and capacitv for receiving effluent.
4.3.18 Offices responsible for permits for the establishment of industrial and agricultural units were required to notify applicants of the regulations of the DOE. Where it was determined that a reduction or abatement of pollution from an industrial unit was not feasible other than bv relocation. the DOE was empowered. with the assistance of relevant Ministries to prepare relocation proposals which must bc implemented by the owners after approval bv the Council of Ministers.
4.3.19 The Municipalities are bound to notifv architectural or engineering companies responsible for new urban development of the requirements of the DOE regulations.
4.3.20 The First Socio-Economic and Cultural Development Plan published in 1989 contained proposals requiring ne'w industrial units to build appropriate waste water treatment plants and install pollution control equipment before commencing operation.
4.3.21 It was also proposed that the DOE should prepare plans for the elimination or reduction of pollution in any area or province. Thev were also empowered to request large industrial complexes and factories to contribute towards the cost of mobile
57 laboratories and equipment for monitorinz air and water pollution. DOE is largely following up these proposals.
Groundwater Quzalitv
4.3.22 Other than the 1973 DOE Regulations. there are no specific regulations governing groundwaters. In particular. there are no regulations regarding aquifer protection.
Monitoring and Enforcement
4.3.23 Responsibilitv for monitoring and enforcement of these regulations currently rests with the DOE. The Environment Protection Guards are currently responsible for enforcement. while a separate Water and Soil Pollution Research Division is responsible for water pollution monitoring.
4.3.24 Amongst the proposals of the First Socio-Econornic and Cultural Development Plan published in 1989 was a requirement that a percentage of annual income of industrial companies (0. 1 %) should be used for the procurement of facilities required for the prevention and abatement of industrial pollution. This proposal was introduced into law in 1990. and requires factories and workshops to put aside 0. I % of their annual incomes in a separate fund. and to use this fund as directed bv the DOE in accordance with the laws and regulations relating to environmental pollution. Funds not expended in any particular financial year may be accrued for future years.
4.3.25 In the event that polluters are able to be traced. and a case proven against them, they can be fined or imprisoned for up to one year.
Regulations Governing the Construction and Operation of Sewerage Facilities
4.3.26 Responsibility for making and enforcing regulations regarding building construction standards. specifically regrarding the provision of water services lies between the Ministrv of Energy, Housing and Urbanization. the TPWSC. TSC and the municipality of Tehran.
4.3.27 The existing public sewerage systems in Tehran are often misused by public leading to operational and treatment problems. This situation has arisen through the common misbelieve that a sewer can carrv anv unwanted substance or object. To remedy this problem, a public education campaign in affected areas is underway.
4.3.28 Draft regulations for the use of public sewers in Tehran have been included in the Water Laws Act of 1991, which introduced the reorganization of the TRWB, as discussed above.
Occupational Health and Safety
4.3.29 Facilities Establishment Act for Development of Urban Sewage and Water Networks and Renovation projects. providing finances for water and sewaze projects was passed bv parliament.
58 4.3.30 The Ministrv of Labor and Social Affairs is responsible for controlling occupational safetv in Iran. The General Office of Labor Inspection of this Ministry have published the following pamphlets as a guide for all emplovers.
the legislation and regulations of occupational safetv on construction sites: the legislation and regulations of public health and safety in workshops; * uidelines on safety and public health in workshops; and the safety le_islations and regulations in the manual drilling of wells.
43.31 It is recognized that the existing regulations and legislation relating to the constructio)n of the various seweraze elements and treatment works are inadequate and will need l:o be revised.
Environmental Assessment
4.3.,32 There is a genera] requirement in law that economic activities should not cause pollution and there are specific requirements for the preparation of environmental impact assessments for major infrastructure projects.
4.3.33 There are regulations prepared bv the DOE which deal generally with the prevention of pollution to water courses.
The Appendix presents the Iranian regulations regarding Environmental Assessment and effluent discharges including 1997 Collection of Environmental Protection Laws and Regulations.
Waste Disposal
4.3.34 Whilst there are regulations prepared by the DOE which deal generally with the prevention of pollution to water courses. it is understood that specific regulations guiding the disposal of solid wastes. such as sludge, or the design, maintenance, arld operation of "sacrificial" land or landfills are being developed.
Agriculture
4.3.35 DOE's standard for effluent use of irrigation and discharge to underground water has been adapted in the design of the project.
Planning and Development - Urban Master Plan
4.3.36 The development plan framework for the city of Tehran is currentlv provided by the Urban Master Plan which was approved in 1970. This plan sets out a plan for the development of the city for the 25 year period from 1966 to 1992.
4.3.37 The development of the City was planned in a series of 5 year phases, each one extending the boundaries of the city. Owing to topographical constraints, expansion of the city was directed westwards. Areas were zoned for residential, commercial, and industrial development. The latter largely on the western side of the City.
59 4.3.38 The Urban Master Plan was overtaken by events. with population growth exceeding the original planning assumptions. ULncontrolledgrowth in residential and industrial type developments has wvorsenedthe environmental and health problems created by the inadequate seNvagedisposal system in the city.
4.3.39 Alternative development proposals for the city have been considered including the creation of entirely new urban centers west of the River Kan in order to create a second local point for development and thereby. relieve pressure on Tehran.
4.3.40 DOE approval of the site for STP in October 1988 and based on their requirement of 500 meter no construction zone around it. Ministry of State and the Municipality of Tehran besides specifying that the site is located in allocated green belt of Tehran, advised that no construction permits will be provided in 500 meter radius of STP (March 1989).
Deceniralization of Industry
4.3.41 It is estimated that 45 percent of all industrial development in Iran is located within the Tehran Province owing to the availability of markets and good infrastructure. Much of this development has taken place in an uncontrolled manner within the city area and has resulted in considerable pollution to jubes and canals.
4.3.42 According to the DOE. there are 23 types of industrial activity within the city which cannot meet current DOE effluent discharge standards. In conjunction with the Ministries of Industry, and Ministry of Housing and Urbanization, a program to relocate industry from specific areas of the city to designated zones outside of the city boundary has been undertaken.
4.3.43 The program is understood to be underway with priority being given to relocating leather and soap manufacturing industries located in Regions 15 and 16 which are to be relocated on the Charmsar Industrial Estate area to the south of Varamin. Other industries are to be relocated graduallv.
4.3.44 These industrial areas are to include appropriate effluent treatment facilities. In these areas, waste discharges can be more closely monitored, and the relocation of industry should result in an improvement in the level of heavy metal contamination in the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar Canals.
Protection of Species and Habitats
4.3.45 Under the Game and Fish Act 1970, hunting and fishing in any formnis subject to the purchase of a license from the game and fisheries central office in Tehran. These regulations limit the time and seasons for hunting and place restrictions on equipment which may be used. The regulations prohibit the hunting and shooting in wildlife parks. protected regions and nature reserves, unless special licenses are obtained.
60 .Vatural Parks and Protected Areas
43.46 The 1975 Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act renamed the Wild Life Parks established by the Game and Fish Act as National Parks. and introduced the concept of Protected Areas. which mav be:
*National Monuments: or Wildlife Refuges.
4.3.47 Following the implementation of the new environmental protection law, many of the present protected areas will be reclassified and a number of these are expected to achieve National Park status. At present there are eight National Parks, forty-six protected regions and fifteen protected rivers in Iran. covering a total area of approximatelv 7.6 million hectares. Drawing EA/16 shows the location of these reserves. numbered in the order in which they were established.
4.3.48 The tremendous potential of these protected areas for tourism and recreation is now also receiving recognition and it is expected that adequate budgetarv allocations will be made in the course of the current five vear development plan to tap this great potential.
Endangered Species
4.3.49 Wildlife regulations have been introduced by the DOE to protect endangered species, such as Persian fallow deer, Caspian tiger, bear. cheetah. crocodile, great bustard, and Caucasian black grouse.
Archaeological and Cultural Heritage
4.3.50 Responsibility for archeology and cultural heritage rests with the Cultural Heritage Organization and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. It is not known whether there is a specific.schedule of historicallv protected sites.
61 5.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
5.1 Impacts on the Geographical Entvironment
Changes of Lanid Use
5.1.1 Change of land use is a permanent affect which can be considered as a "one-time" impact which occurs at the construction phase. There is no component of the project that will require anv change of land use. as the sewers and STP will not require any additional land and the canal from the STP site to Varamin is already complete. The area of land required for Stage I of the activated sludge works was acquired by TRWB before 1991 and enclosed with a 3 m high wall. The land within the wall is currentlv dereiict but the adjoining land is cultivated. growing market garden produce, except to the southeast. where there are derelict brick-works. Both these land uses are compatible with the STP and no change of land use is therefore, envisaged.
Relocation of Population
5.1.2 The project will not require relocation of people or demolition of any properties. Approximately. 10 families live within 500 m of the periphery of the STP site. These are farrmersworking on the adjacent land and probably will not require relocating as the perimeter wall will screen them against noise. It is possible, however, that this screening will not be effective against odors. Hence, scrubbers will be provided on vents at STP.
Disturbance During Construction
5.1.3 These impacts will occur during the construction of the sewers and STP butwill only be short term and affect different people at different times. Laying of the Westem Main Sewer. interceptor sewers and house connections wvillcause the following negative impacts:
* restriction on access to buildings; * noise due to trench excavation: * possible effect of vibration on old and sensitive buildings; * closure of roads and section of roads. causing increased traffic * congestion, longer journey times and diversions for pedestrians; * dust from construction activities: and * movement of construction traffic.
For residents of streets where sewers are being laid, these impacts will be felt but only for a short period. Impacts will also be moderate for people using or passing through the affected areas.
5.1.4 These negative impacts should bc considered against the permanent positive impact of greatly increased amenity to the streets of Tehran and Shahr-e-Rey, an ancient city which has considerable tourist potential. Additionally, after the sewers have been connected. sewage wells can be filled in and no further sewage wells will need to be
62 dug, preventing further damage to foundations of buildings under threat by probable earthquakes.
.1.5 The Eastern Main Sewer is to be constructed in tunnel to avoid traffic disruptio)n which would be caused by the cut and cover method of construction. The impacts of this sewverxvill therefore be restricted to the tunnel shaft sites. About 54 shaft sites are planned along the sewer route. The impacts at the shaft sites wiil be:
* severe disruption to vehicular and pedestrian traffic due to occupation of part i)f the carriage-wav and pavement at each shaft site, * noise and vibration from operation of drilling equipment: * dust and visual impact from piles of spoil near to shafts: and * noise impact of heavv goods vehicles (HGVs) removing tunneling spoil.
5.1.6 When planning of the sewerage scheme is further advanced. a detailed study of shaft sites will be required. in order for mitigative measures to be incorporated into the construction plan. A detailed survev of other underground installations will be required to enable the depth and route of the tunnel to be finalized.
5.1.7 Construction of the Southem STP will cause verv little disruption. Access for construction traffic xvill be via the Gas Access Road. which connects to the main Tehran to Varamin highway to the northeast. Apart from a small settlement at the junction with the main highway, there are only isolated farm properties served by the road. The Gas Access road serves other industrial purposes and is of reasonable standard. The impact of heavy construction traffic will therefore, be minimal.
Noise and Vibration
5.1.8 Potential noise impacts exist during construction and operational phases. When operational, the only noise source will be the STP. mainly from pumping equipmerkt. Approximately 10 isolated farm properties are located within 500 m of the site. These will experience an insignificant increase in noise levels during construction anld operation. Since a 3 m high boundary wall surrounds the site and will be retained, the screening achieved will reduce noise impacts to acceptable levels.
5.1.9 Construction noise impacts will be of two principal types: noise from construction plant. and traffic noise from vehicles carrving construction materials and spoil. Excavation of roads to lay sewers will have significant noise impacts on pedestrianas and residents of properties adjacent to the sewer routes. The phasing of sewer construction will ensure that noise impacts in each location are only for a short period of time and will be limited to normal daytime working hours. No construction will take place on Holy Days. Noise impacts, although temporary, will have be mitigated using standard silencing equipment. Internationally recognized regulations limiting noise will be included in the specifications of all contract documents for construction works aiid supply of mechanical and electrical equipment.
5.1.10 Drilling and mechanical digging of road surfaces can produce vibration levels which could potentially cause structural damage to foundations of old buildings, especially if they have already been weakened by earthquake activity. 'This impact is likely to be of
63 some si_nificance in Shahr-e-Rev. the ancient city to the south of Tehran and directly north of the STP. Much construction related ground-borne vibration will be alleviated bv the use of bored rather than percussive drilling techniques and the use of dead- Weight rather than vibratory compaction plant.
.1.11 Construction materials for the sewversand STP will be transported bv road. The sewerage is estimated to require 120.000 tons of concrete pipes per year: Stage I of the STP (included in the project) requires 300.000 m3 of concrete and 30,000 tons of steel. A considerable number of heavy vehicle movements will take place between the construction sites and various concrete factories throughout the citv and the pipe sources. Spoil transport will also increase vehicle movement to 15 trips to the municipality disposal site in the desert south of the citv. This traffic will be spread evenly. however. over the construction period and. given the present high traffic noise levels and congestion. will not result in a significant increase in noise levels.
Odor
5.1.12 One of the main public concerns regarding sew'age treatment plants is the potential problem of unpleasant odors. Odors from STPs are inevitable although their impact can be minimized by:
e location of STP away from residential areas; * installation of odor control equipment at the completed facilitv; and * careful planning and implementation of plant operation and maintenance to prevent formation and liberation of odorous substances.
Under normal operation of the plant, no significant odor problems should arise. If sewage for any reason becomes septic, or raw sludge is stored for long periods of time due to sludge treatment plant failure, odor problems will probably result. The plant has been designed so that exposure of raw sludge to the atmosphere will be minimized by:
* continuous withdrauval of sludge from the 6 thickening tanks: * transfer of raw sludge to primary digesters by enclosed pipelines; * anaerobic primary digestion in sealed tanks: and * using scrubbers before venting the collected gases from the sealed tanks.
5. 1.13 It is inevitable that in the summer months. odors will increase. Provided that the plant is operated and maintained properly, these will be neither severe nor frequent. The prevailing wind direction is north to north westerly, so anv odors arising willtend to be blown away from residential areas, and only a small number of isolated farming properties to the south of the site may be affected. The nearest village to the south is Ghoch Hessar, 1.5 km away, where only a slight odor may be discemible and only under extreme conditions. The overall effect of the project will be a long term reduction in odor problems through the provision of a sewerage system. Treatment of sludge for agricultural reuse should put an end to the current practice of removing sludge from Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals into unauthorized settling ponds. These are uncovered, uncontrolled and give rise to significant odors at present, particularly during the summer. After implementation of the project and removal of sewage from the canals, it is probable that this practice will stop.
64 5. 1. 14 There is an additional. albeit remote. possibility of odor problems due to an accidental release of chlorine gas. The health risk- of such an incident is. however, more important and is discussed in Section 5.7.
Visual Inpact
5.1.15 Although. bv its nature. construction of the sewers and STP will cause a reduction in visual amenitv in some areas. these impacts will be short term and only be cof significance close to parks and attractive or historical areas.
5.1.16 The onlv permanent visual impact will be that of the completed STP at Shahr-e-Rey, The lavout of the Stage I development at the site is shown in Drawing EA112. The site is enclosed bv a 3 m high brick wall which. due to the flat. barren nature of the surroundings, is visible from a distance awav. The color of the bricks is similar to the surrounding ground. however, and the wall is not therefore visually intrusive. There is some screening bv trees around the north end of the site. The presence of several visual detractors (overhead pylons. disused gasworks) means that at present. the area is of low aesthetic qualitv.
5.1.17 The tallest structures will be concentrated at the extreme western edge of the site and comprise of:
* 12 primary sludge digesters 23 m high and 15 m in diameter. * 6 secondary sludge digesters 16 m high and 20 m in diameter.
5.1 .18 These structures will be concentrated in a small area 260 m by 115 m.
5.1.19 Although these structures will be visible from a considerable distance, the STP wil[l have no significant negative visual impact because:
* the development will not reduce the visual qualitv of the site further; * apart from a few isolated properties. no residential areas have a view of * the site; and * the development will allow visual improvements to be made, such as planting of trees around the perimeter wall.
Impacts on Traffic and Transportation
5.1.20 There will be impacts on traffic flow and the transportation network of Tehran frorn the following activities:
* closure and diversion of roads during sewer construction; * traffic used to transport raw materials and spoil during construction of sewers and STP; * transport of sludge from STP to Varamin Plain; and * transportation effects as a result of associated developments.
65 5.1.21 Tehran alreadv suffers chronic road congestion at peak hours. This will be partially reduced bv the opening of the Metro system. parts of which will be in operation when sewer construction commences. The reduced Xwidthof roads during construction and the closure and diversion of roads will lead to additional delays and congestion. However. these impacts will be temporarv. When the sewerage netvork is complete. the reduced incidence of flooding should result in a positive long tern impact on traffic flows.
5.1.22 All construction materials and spoil will be transported bv road. The volumes of pipes, concrete and spoil involved will require over 100 Heavv load vehicle'(HLV) trips per day. This will have a slight impact on traffic flows but will be insignificant given existing congestion. Where possible. all lorries will be directed away from the city center and residential areas.
5.1.23 Access to the STP site will be made via the Gas Access Road from the Tehran Varamin highwav. Current traffic flows in this area are low.
5.1.24 Treated sludge will be transported from the STP to the Varamin Plain by road. The projected flows generated will be 26 lorrv trips per day along the main Tehran-Varamin highwav. This level of traffic will have minimal impact.
5.1.25 Construction of the sewer network in Tehran will be carried out to ensure there are no adverse effects on the Metro system. The Westem Main Sewer along Vali-ye-Assr Street will follow Metro Line Number 3, passing 11 stations. The Eastern Main Sewer, to be built by tunneling, will cross Lines 3. 2 and 4. The location of these sewers will avoid any above or below ground structures associated with the Metro. The Western Main Sewer will be laid on the opposite side of Vali-ye-Assr Street avoiding the Metro works, and the eastern trunk sewer will be in a tunnel aligned to run below. and hence, avoid the Metro lines.
5.1.26 Since the interceptor sewers and house connections will be constructed at comparatively shallow depths. they will also avoid the Metro svstem.
5.2 Impacts on the Social and Economic environment
Impacts on Population
5.2.1 The area of Tehran where population growth is currently fastest, the southern regions, will be directly served by the project. The Iranian government is currently backing family planning and the Ministry of Health has allocated 5 billion Rials annually for birth control. The target population growth is below 2.9%. The predicted improvements in health and reductions in infant mortality as a result of the project, may make people more willing to accept the birth control program. The reduction in disease rates may, however, reduce mortality rates. In conclusion, therefore, it is impossible to predict with any degree of confidence what effect the project will have on population levels. However, with the reduction in illness associated with improper management of sewage, the life expectancy will increase
66 lim7pactson? EmploYment an1dIticomne Distribuition1
5.2.2 It is estimated that the project will emplov 400 people in management. operation and maintenance of the sewerace network, STP. and effluent & sludge re-use projects. Tile positions will be permanent and others vill be created to cover environmental monitoring. The number of construction jobs to be created will not be known until the construction program has been finalized but w,ill almost certainlv be several thousand. The project has also been designed to increase the agricultural productivity of the Varamin Plain. with a consequence. large increase in rural employment.
5.2.3 The project therefore will have a positive and substantial impact on employment. Tllhe staffing requirements will be for a combination of skilled and unskilled workers. It is believed that much construction work and agricultural laboring is currentlv done by Afghan refugees. This opportunity is likely to be extended by the project.
5.2.4 It is impossible to assess whether the project wouid have anv effects on income distribution. although in the short term. it is unlikelv.
Impacts on the Economtv
5.2.5 The latest estimates of the cost of the different components of the project arepresented below in Table 5.1. The total cost at 1999 prices. spread over the 5 years construction period. will be in the region of $337 million.
67 Table 5.1 PROJECT COSTS
Item Local currency cost Foreign currencv (million Rials) cost (million USS) Pipe manufacture and supply 19.700 27 Laying of pipes and manholes 151.650 18 Tunnel (includina culvert secuon 127.300 75 STP 92.200 94 Consultant fees and technical assistance 22.500 40 Sub Total 413.350 254 Contingencies Physical 44.560 22 Price 153.170 31
Total project cost (Stage 1) 611.080 307
5.2.6 In addition to the capital cost of constructing the project. certain recurrent costs will be incurred to run and maintain the plant. These have been estimated as 14 million Rials over an operational period of 23 vears. The project will. however. bring in revenue from the sale of sludge and effluent to farmers and anv charges which are made for provision of sewerage and sewape treatment. estimated as I million Rials over 23 years.
5.2.7 The net present value (NPV) of the construction project has been estimated using the assumption that the Tehran Sewerage Company will only be able to sell treated effluent and sludge at the low prices currently obtainable for these products. The project. however, may enable the TSC to review its tariff and charging policy and, in the longer term, significantly increase household connections which may enable some cost recovery on the STP to be made. This aspect needs further consideration in connection with the financial and organization plans for the TSC. The net present value of the project is estimated as a cost of 592 billion Rials, including recurrent cost and revenue but excluding price contingency benefits. A discount rate of 8% has been used.
5.2.8 This purely commercial consideration of costs and returns does not properly evaluate the project impacts in terms of the benefits to the communitv as a whole, which can be considered as the NPV of the "do-nothing" described in Section 6.1. That gives the "do-nothing" NPV of [xxx] billion Rials. It should be noted that this does not include many intangible environmental benefits.
5.2.9 Another possible but unquantifiable economic impact of the project, is the consequent effect on the construction industry in Iran. The scale of the engineering work involved will engage a significant proportion of the country's construction capacity. This may have the effect of increasing prices for manpower and materials.
Urban Development
5.2.10 The provision of a sewerage system for the city will remove a major constraint on urban development. It is likely that further development will take place in all areas served bv the new network. This development will produce positive economic impacts in terms of construction activity and employment. However, unless this development
68 takes place within a properly planned framework. it is possible that the sewerage sNstem could bc overvhelmed.
5.3. Impacts on the Cultural Environment
Ihnpacts on Historical and Cultural Siles
5.3.1 Historical and cultural sites are potentiallv affected by three types of impact:
-destruction or demolition: -vibration and settlement as a result of construction activities. including tunneling; and -effect on amenity value of the site.
The project will not require the demolition of anv historical or cultural buildings, nor will directly affect anv known archaeological sites. The sewers have been carefullv aligned awav from the manv historical monuments in Shahr-e-Rev.
5.3.2 During construction. there are potential indirect effects on historical sites in Tehrain city due to vibration from drilling and compacting equipment: and loss of amenity due to dust. noise and visual intrusion. Good construction practices, including those described in Section 5.1. should mitigate the effects of vibration. settlement, and dust. Some loss of amenity to historical buildings is, however- unavoidable. Three mosque s and a mausoleum are situated adjacent to the Western Main Sewer route. Given the temporary nature of this impact, it is considered acceptable.
5.3.3 During the extensive excavation of the city's streets it is possible that archaeological remains may be discovered, although finds are only. likely in the ancient city of Shahr-e-Rey. The Cultural Heritage Organization is the designated authority and will be consulted in all matters relating to archaeological sites & remains. Thie specifications-of all the contract documents will include the requirement for reference to this organization.
5.3.4 The long term permanent impact of the project on the cultural environment willbe, positive due to the reduced incidence of flooding, improved amenitv, and aesthetic rnialinr nf the citx \which chnild nvteich an-v temnnrqrTrvneaat\x'e imnactq
Impacts on Public Attitudes
5.3.5 An assessment has been made of possible conflicts of the project with social attitudes or customs. Two issues were identified as potential problems:
-attitudes of farmers towards using human waste products for agriculture; and -public attitudes towards a new system of sewage disposal.
5.3.6 Because of the current shortage of irrigation water. it is reported that farmers on the Vararnin Plain are eager to obtain supplies of treated sewage effluent. This suggests that there are no social objection to the use of sewage-derived products. The current
69 widespread unofficial agricultural use of sludge from Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals \ould appear to confirm this. For the effluent and sludge re-use programs to function w-ell.there is a need for enhanced education of the farmers involved.
5.3.7 No problems are envisaged concerning the willingness of the citizens of Tehran and Shahr-e-Rey for their environs to be sewered. Piped sewerage and sewage treatment svstems have alreadv been installed in some small areas of the city and no conflict in social attitudes encountered. There is. however. a potential reluctance of people to have their dwellings connected to their sewerage svstem. especially where there are no immediatelv apparent problems with the existing sewage well system. This should be overcome bv a clear and comprehensive publicity and awareness-raising program to inforn people of the benefits of the project.
5.4 Impacts on Surface Waters
5.4.1 It is expected that the widespread provision of sewerage and sewage treatment in Tehran will result in improvements in surface water qualitv with consequential health benefits. as it has done in other cities. but such predictions are difficult to quantify at this stage and will depend on the effectiveness of project implementation.
Impacts of Sewer Connections
5.4.2 The connection of premises to sewers instead of sewage wells will lessen the problems of building damage due to water logging, flooding and overflowing of sewage into jubes. qanats and eventually canals. The extent of this will depend on the rate of connection of domestic and industrial premises to the sewer system and the ability of the authorities to enforce such connections.
Jubes. Qanats, the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar Canals
5.4.3 These can be expected to contain lower quantities of pathogens, organic matter and heavy metals. The project will significantly reduce the health hazards posed by the surface waters within the city, along with visual and odor nuisances. Canal flows can be expected to fall as flows are diverted to sewers.
5.4.4 The current unofficial practices of using canal waters and sludges in agriculture on the
..... 1 -1 - I'l ",-\s."-, svatss- ._ ,*1r - .1. 11 ... ,puv, these practices cannot be safe unless the quality of surface waters is monitored and use accordingly, controlled. Otherwise these practices will continue to pose a health hazard and should be discouraged.
Impacts Relating to Industrial Discharges
5.4.5 The DOE has undertaken a programme of monitoring industrial discharges to surface waters. The relocation of industries outside Tehran has also resulted in some improvement.
70 5.4.6 It should be emphasized that the relocation policy will onlv transfer pollution problems to sites outside the city rather than solve them. unless adequate treatment of these industrial wastewatersis undertaken.
Impacts of Other Sewage Treatment Plantts in Tehran
5.4.7 All the STPs in Tehran are expected to function with lower influent and their performance is expected to improve. This will reduce the contamination in dischargezs to the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals..
Impacts on River Water Qualitv
5.4.8 The project should affect improvements in the phvsicochemical and microbiological quality of the Karaj and Jaj-e-Rud rivers downstream of Tehran. Health hazards posed to downstream users such as desert nomads and local people south of Tehran should be reduced. The project will not affect the qualitv of rivers which are used fcor Tehran's water supplv.
Impacts on Water Szupply
5.4.9 The use of treated sewage effluent for irrigation of the Varamin Plain should reduce the agricultural water demands on the Jaj-e-Rud river. This will allow the abstraction of larger quantities of river water for supply to the city, provided that the necessary improvements in the water supply infrastructure can be made.
5.4.10 Reduction of the use of sewage wells should cause improvements in groundwater quality (particularly the nitrogen content) within the city.
5.4.11 The two factors described above should ease Tehran's imminent problems of water demand exceeding supply, but can only postpone these while total water consumptioln continuesto increase with population growth.
Impacts on Recreational Waters
5.4.12 The project is not expected to adversely affect the quality of recreational waters in Tehran.
5.5 Impacts on the Hvdrogeological Environment
Impacts on Groundwater Movement Under the Tehran Plain
5.5.1 General groundwater movement and flows will not be affected by the proposed project, except locally in the vicinity of the proposed trunk sewers. Where the sewers are constructed beneath the existing water table. they may cause a local lowering of the water table to the depth of the sewer. This depends in practice on the method cf construction of the sewer. Since it is going to be sealed, no groundwater can enter it. Hence, groundwater levels will not be affected. If the trench in which the sewer is laid has a highly permeable fill placed around it. then the trench would act as a land drain, though no water would enter the sewer. This would be interpreted as benefits in those
71 areas where the water table is too high. and causing building damage. Also. where sewage wvellshave become ineffective as a result of rising groundwater levels there would be clear benefits if the water table were iowered. This is only likelv to occur. however. adjacent to the line of the deeper sewers and where they would be beneath the water table.
Impacts on Ground waterResources in Tehran
5.5.2 Groundwater resources are likelv to be reduced as a result of the connection of substantial numbers of properties to the proposed sewers. This is not likely to cause problems. however. because the groundwater resources in the more sensitive areas are not widely utilized because of problems with its quality. Reference has already been made to the substantial efforts on the part of TRWB to reduce the level of the water in central and southern Tehran. There are 84 pumps operating at present to prevent the water table rising even higher. The construction of the sewers. connections to them and existing pumping to keep the water table from rising too far only affect the shallow ievels of the aquifer. The deeper lavers would not be affected.
Ihnpacts on Groundwater Quzalitvin Tehran
5.5.3 The most significant impact of the project will be on the improvement of groundwater qualitv as a result of the reduced quantitv of sewage discharged into the ground. Similarly, the quality of the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals is expected to improve. These canals (and the jubes also) contribute poor quality water to the aquifer where the water table is beneath their beds. When the quality of water in the canals and jubes improves, then the quality of groundwater in the vicinity of them will also improve. Similar arguments apply to the qanats. The quality of the water in the qanats will improve as the quality of the general groundwater improves.
Impacts of the Reuse of Treated Effluent on the Varamin Plain
5.5.4 There are no known hvdrogeological reasons why the treated effluent should not be suitable for both irrigation and groundwater recharge. Provided that the effluent meets the proposed standards it.will pose no health risks. There are no anticipated quality problems in recharging the aquifer, with the projected quantities.
-~~r-JS D-'-'' &-Hv -i*>***44w @i-s I& *& -1&11 UII UL Varamin Plains. There is a major surplus. of groundwater in the Tehran Plain, and a serious deficit in the Varamin Plain.
5.5.6 The existing recharge lagoons fed by the Jaj-e-Rud river, demonstrate that substantial amounts of water can infiltrate through the lagoons into the aquifer. Treated effluent, however behaves differently to river water, in that the former may give rise to both physical and bacterial clogging, whereas the latter will cause mostly biological clogging. The suspended solids content of the treated effluent is expected to be considerably lower than that of the river water, so infiltration rates will not be reduced as a result of physical clogging on the beds of the lagoons. Biological clogging of soil in the lagoons will be eliminated by periodic scraping or scarifying of the ground
72 surface. as appropriate. It should be feasible to recharge the proposed quantities of treated effluent into the aquifer.
5.6 Impacts on Agriculture
Impact on Crop Production
5.6.1 The project will have a beneficial effect on crop production bv ameliorating two of the factors currentlv contributing to low vields. namelv:
providing an assured supply of a natural fertilizer in the form of treated sewage sludge; and reducing the incidence of seasonal water shortages.
5.6.2 There is the potential for the following additional measures to be taken in conjunction with the project to further improve crop yields:
creation of an effective support service for farmers: more effective weed control; and use of modem high yield wheat varieties.
5.6.3 It is estimated that the improvements in crop yield of the Varamin Plain shown in Table 5.2 will be achieved by the use of treated effluent and sludge from the Souther,n STP. These are projections made by the FAO for full development of the Varamin irrigation project over 18 years. It should be noted, as mentioned in 2.8, that sludgie will only be applied directly to cotton and cereal crops, but other crops will be rotated with these and hence receive some advantage from the nutrient-rich soil.
Table 5.2 Projected Improvements in Crop Yields in the Varamin Irrigation Scheme
Crop Yield [tons/hectarel % improvement in yield without project with project Wheat 1.8. 3 67 Barley 2.0 3.5 75 Cotton 1.5 3 100
Tomatoes and aubergines 33.0 40 21 Cucumbers 4.7 to 1o.0 6 to 15 27 to 50 Alfalfa 9.3 13.0 40 Green fodder - 60.0 - Sunflowers - 2.0 Safflowers - 2.5 Fruits 2.1 20.0 850
73 5.6.4 The project therefore. if combined with the additional measures proposed above. will have a significant positive impact on crop yields.
5.6.5 The total area of crop production will also be increased from 35.000 ha to 50,000 ha. The cropping pattern of the full scheme is likelv to be very similar to the existing situation. So the extended area for irrigation will give a 40% increase in production of each crop.
lmnpact on Fertilizer Consumption
5.6.6 The three main nutrients required by crops are nitrogen. phosphorus. and potassium. Potassium concentrations are usually very low in both treated sewage effluent and sludge. The annual nitrogen and phosphorus contributions from the project have, however. been estimated using the pilot study concentrations for treated effluent and average UK values for sludge. The combined nutrient contribution of effluent and sludge will be 96 kg nitrogen and 71 kg phosphorus per hectare. In practice the available amounts of these nutrient will be lower, as nitrogen and phosphorus in sludge tend to be less available to crops in the short term than in artificial fertilizers. The contribution is nonetheless substantial and equates in gross terms to an equivalent of 1 1.000 tonnes of urea and 8,000 tonnes of triple super phosphate per year. It will, therefore, be possible to reduce consumption of artificial fertilizers by similar amounts, offering a significant financial saving.
Impact on Soil Qualitv
5.6.7 Sludge will add organic matter to the Varamin soils. This will have little effect for many years, however, given the proposed application rate. Current low levels of nitrogen and phosphate will be raised by the use of sludge, and the effect of this on soil quality will be positive.
5.6.8 In addition to nitrogen and phosphorus, treated effluent and sludge will supply many of the trace elements required for crop growth. In the high pH soils of the Varamin Plain. limited contributions of zinc, iron, manganese and copper at acceptable levels considered by FAO are likely to be beneficial.
5.6.9 Consideration of available analyses of effluent and sludge indicate that the use of
.lIULAL .IlI VIII. *-All.1 11A pA uu:ztUUdUj' &ls ,U . A,,Ip Ui.L . Vll iIAL)uA , diLU that the only likely problem with sludge may be high levels of cadmium. This has been based on the analysis of six potentiallv toxic metals in sludge from the pilot sewage treatment study.
5.6.10 In the absence of Iranian standards, EC limit values have been used to assess the impact of applying treated sludge in the Varamin Plain. From the pilot plant study, the concentrations of 6 potentially toxic metals in the treated sludge have been calculated, assuming a 4:1 mix of primary and activated sludges. These are given in Table 5.3, together with the EC limit values for heavv metal concentrations in sludge for agricultural use. The higher limit values should be applied. given the alkaline nature of Varamin Plain soils.
74 Table 5.3 Predicted heavv metal concentrations in sludge to be utilized on the Varamin Plain
Element Concentration in final Range of E.C. limit TSludge from pilot plant sludge mix (mc'kg dry concentrations for use of exceeds E.C. limit value? weight) sludge in agriculture I______,(mgfkg dr-vweight)f I Cadmium 222 20-40 YES Chromium 755 1.000-1.500 NO Copper 501 1.000-1.750| NO |Nickel 186 300-400 NO Lead 362 750-1.200 NO Zinc 1.384 2.500-4.000 NO
TNanaS inkarn A:\Iran-iab5.3.doc 08/12/99 3:07 PM 5.6.11 The onlv metal analyzed for in the pilot plant sludge which exceededthe EC limit value was cadmium. It should be noted however. that analysis for arsenic and mercurn was not undertaken. The EC limit values for arsenic and mercurv in sludge for agricultural use are 16 to 25 mg/kg drv weight. There is no EC limit value for arsenic. although the UK Department of the Environment recoginizes it as a potentially toxic element and have set a maximum permissible concentration in soil of 50 mg/kg drv weight. It is strongly recommended that an analysis of mercurv and arsenic concentrations in the sludge is undertaken before anv of it is applied to agricultural land.
5.6.12 The EC Directive 8 sets two sets of limit values for heavv metal concentrations in soils. neither of which should be exceeded. The first set refer to concentrations of heavy metals in soils. the second to amounts of heavy metals which may be added annually to agricultural land, based on a 10 year average. To use the first set to assess the impact of the project requires existing concentrations of metals in Varamin soils and the depth of soil into which the sludge would be mixed. Baseline data on heavy metals is bein2 collected.
5.6.13 An estimation of the average annual application rate of each metal has been made and compared to EC limit values in Table 5.4. These have been calculated from the proposed application rate of 8 tons/ha of sludge (65% dry matter). The equivalent dry solids application rate is 5.2 tons/hectare. The EC Directive requires that the average annual dry sludge application over a 10 year period is used. For the Varamin scheme, this has been calculated to be 1,560 kg/ha/year, assuming a maximum of three application to each field over a 10 year period. From Table 5.4 it is apparent that the EC limit for cadmium will be exceeded with twice the acceptable amount applied over 10 years. It is, therefore, essential that a monitoring program is initiated to record levels of metals, especially cadmium, in the soils of the Varamin scheme area.
5.6.14 This assessment has been based, however. on the results of a single pilot plant study carried out in 1990. The concentrations of metals obtained may not correspond with those that will result from the completed STP. A full sludge monitoring program should therefore, commence as soon as the STP becomes operational.
Impact on Crop Qualitv
5.6.15 The potential impact on crops of using treated effluent and sludge in agriculture is the accumulation of heavy metals. This has implications for human and livestock nutrition and can arise from crops taking up excessive amounts of certain elements that are toxic to humans and livestock. The limit values for heavy metals in sludge and soils are designed to ensure that concentrations in crops do not exceed safe levels.
5.6.16 It is difficult.at this stage to assess whether any elements are likely to accumulate in crops at levels to exceed recommended limits. Projected heavy metal concentrations in the sludge have been calculated from the results of the Pilot Plant Study, which did not analyze for mercury, arsenic, selenium or fluorine. There is evidence that these elements have adverse effects on livestock and humans when present in crops.
76 Table 5.4 Average annual application rates of metals to soils of the Varamin Plain
Element Annual application rate E.C. limit of annual Proposed application rate (10 year average) application rate (10 vear exceeds E.C. limit value? [kg/ha/vr drv weight] average) [kg/ha/yr drv l______weight] Cadmium 0.3 0.15 YES Chromium 1.2 3 NO I Copper 0.8 12 NO ._~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. Nickel 0.3 3 NO Lead 0.6 15 NO Zinc 2.2 30 NO
TNanaS inkam A:\Uran-tabS.4.doc 08/12/99 3:14 PM 5.6.17 On the basis of the limited information presently available. the main concern regarding the use of sludge is the possible accumulation of cadmium in crops. Cadmium is a cumulative poison, affecting livestock and humans. In practice. however. with the relocation of industry from Tehran and the high pH of the Varamin soils. cadmium levels may not exceed limit values.
5.6.18 The impact on crop qualitv cannot therefore be assessed at this stage. Adverse impacts can be prevented oniv by detailed monitoring of:
* treated sludge after storage at the southern STP; * treated effluent; * soils at a number of locations throughout the agricultural area; and * the different crops grown.
impact on Livestock
5.6.19 There are two potential adverse impacts of the project on livestock namely:
* impact of toxic materials from sludge applied to fodder crops; and * impact of toxic materials in treated effluent used for drinking water.
The former would only affect livestock within the Varamin area, whereas the latter may affect any livestock feeding on crops grown on the Varamin Plain.
5.6.20 Research regarding the efficiency of metal removal by the conventional activated sludge process in other countries indicates that, for most metals, removal is between 70% and 90% (zing, lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, aluminum and iron). For nickel and cobalt, generally only 20% removal is achieved due to, their higher solubilities.
5.6.21 A preliminary estimate of the likely effects of using treated effluent from, the STP as drinking water for livestock has been made. The likely quality of the effluent has been obtained from the analyses of the treated effluent from the pilot plant study using wastewater from Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals. The concentrations are
10VIJP,1I_G LU I n UpjjC Li L Z!,I I1 I ILU I _.. IL 'IIUU IU Ub; LIU LCU Li JUL * acWua C.'LVsC4LU to be worst case scenarios as the planned mitigation measures would ensure that the concentration levels are much lower.
5.6.22 Of those analyses which were made, none exceeded FAO guideline limits. Several important potential toxic materials were however omitted: arsenic, fluorine,molybdenum, selenium, and mercury. The findings from the pilot plant show that there is a possibility of lead and zinc approaching the upper limit levels. Since all the effluent used will be diluted with other water sources, currently without high metals contamination, it is unlikely that there will be any adverse impacts on livestock. A monitoring program will be required however, to confirm this.
78 Table 5.5 Suitabilitv of treated effluent as drinking water for livestock
Parameter Maximum concentration FAO upper limit (mg/I) in treated effluent from _ pilot plant [mg/Il Aluminum T 0.6 5.0 Cadmiun 0.021 0.05 Chromium 0.146 1.0 Cobalt 0.046 1.0 Copper 0.024 1 0.5 Lead J 0.09 1 0.1 Nitrate+ nitrite 8.75 1 100 Nitrite 81.0 10 Zinc { 20.4 24
TNanaSinkam A:Iran-tab5.5.doc 08/19/99 12:25 PM 5.6.23 It is difficult to quantify the effect on livestock of sludge use in agriculture. Many of the elements present in sludge are potentially toxic to livestock. namely cadmium, lead. fluorine. molvbdenum, selenium, and mercury. These can enter the animals body by consumption of vegetation in which elements have been absorbed and accumulated or vegetation externallv contaminated with sludge.
5.6.24 Since sludge will only bc applied to cotton and cereal crops, a potential risk to livestock couid arise where waste products from these crops are used as fodder. Because sludge will be applied to the whole Varamin land area on a four year rotation. however, livestock will be grazed on land to which sludge has been applied in a previous year. Provided that the concentrations of toxic elements in the sludge, soils and crops do not exceed limit values, there should be no adverse impacts on livestock.
Impact on Agricultural Practices
5.6.25 The use of treated effluent as irrigation water will allow the expansion of the Varamin scheme from 35,000 ha to 50,000 ha and the total crop production will increase. It is likely that the proportion of different crops grown will not change greatly. The effect of the project on stabilizing and increasing the supply of irrigation water to the area, and to a lesser extent the nutrient benefits from sludge, may, however, lead to a greater expansion in the areas of land given over to fruit, vegetables, and salads than to other crops.
5.6.26 It may be necessary for the authorities to use regulatory or economic instruments to prevent a move towards higher production of cash crops at the expense of staple food production.
Impact on Agricultural Workers
5.6.27 The WHO guidelines for sludge and effluent reuse in agriculture are designed to prevent health risks to consumers of crops and agricultural workers. Provided that these standards are met, there will be no adverse impacts on agricultural workers. The methods by which effluent and sludge will be applied to the crops will be designed to minimize human contact with sludge. Irrigation will continue to be by flood methods and sludge will be ploughed into the soil immediately after application. If appropriate, ;1n1 vnork_-.~oo1+,41.o.r1 Fr-,,,J*-.E-;11 _An ~ oo *- ~~1- ~~~
Impact on Supply of Irrigation Water
5.6.28 A considerable positive impact of the project will bc to stabilize the supply of irrigation water to the Varamin scheme. This will have the following beneficial effects:
* an increased area of land will be able to bc used for agriculture, and * crop yields per hectare should increase.
80 5.7 Impacts on Health
Improvements in Public Health
5.7.1 The current routes of infection for these waterborne diseases identified as being important in Tehran are considered to be primarilv associated with the current pattern of human excreta disposal and other related activities such as irrigation and direct contact with contaminated waters.
5.7.2 It is evident therefore, that improvements in the ways in which sewage is collected, treated and disposed of. will have a significant impact on the incidence of these water related illnesses.
5:7.3 This route of transmission from man to water and back to man (with food an important intermediate vector) will be broken. Nevertheless, the link between poor standards of public health and inadequate mechanisms for the disposal of human excreta is complex. It is difficult to ascribe or predict the health benefits arising from a proposed improvement, such as the Tehran Sewerage Project. Complementarny measures including good sanitation at the individual or family level, health education, pest control and programmes of medication will be necessary if the potential health benefits of the scheme are to be realized. The estimated expenditure on per annumi basis on medication used to control parasitic illness in Tehran is 15 billion Rials (1990/91). Medication alone will not have a sustained effect on the incidence of helminthic illness, although programmes of mass chemotherapy may have a short term effect. Long term reductions in rates of infection can only be achieved througi concurrent improvements in sewage disposal and hygiene (at the domestic level).
5.7.4 It will be necessary to instigate a programme of mass chemotherapy when the scheme is operational. This should commence at a time when worm burdens are the greatest there is some evidence (from the Shahr-e-Rey survey) that this is in the month of August. The program should be repeated at intervals of no greater than 60 days until such time as monitoring shows that infective eggs are no longer found in the soil of the agricultural areas. The economic effects of such a program are likely to be an increase in the use of drugs such as Levamisole, Mebendazole and pyrantel amoate. Over the longer tern, the use of anti-helminthic preparations is likely to decline
5.7.5 Other benefits are considered likely to accrue from implementation of the scheme. In summary the principal benefits are considered to be those mentioned below.
* Connection to an integrated sewerage system will significantly reduce the amount of sewage disposed of to open watercourses which are used as a source of irrigation water. In addition, direct contact activities (such as from any child coming in contact with sewage) will also be considerably reduced with corresponding reduction in the risk of disease transmission.
* Prevention of groundwater contamination with nitrates and possibly micro organisms (viruses) are considered to pose the greatest risk in this respect.
81 Adverse Impacts Due to Agricultural Use of Treated Effluent
5.7.6 Health impacts arising from the reuse of treated effluent have been a matter of considerable concern and scrutiny in arid and semi-arid zones of the world. One result of this has been the production of guidelines predicated on the imperative to protect public health. Most notable of these are the so-called Engelberg standards, promulgated under the auspices of the WHO.
5.7.7 It is considered essential to maximizing the potential improvements to public health arising from the project. Hence, the sewage treatment process is designed in such a manner to ensure that it can be operated at all times for the treated effluent to meet the WHO guidelines. These guidelines are based on epidemiological studies concerning health impacts of excreta disposal and effluent reuse. At the present time, they provide the most appropriate guidelines to underpin the design of sewage treatment processes and effluent and sludge disposal options. The quality objectives applied to the treated effluent (as described in the draft review of sewage treatment process alternatives) are in accordance with the Engelberg standards.
5.7.8 In order to meet the criteria for eggs of intestinal nematodes or helminths (less than I per litre) and faecal coliforms (less than 1,000/100ml) the treatment process must be designed in such a way that these criteria are consistently achieved. It is noted from the aforementioned review of treatment options, that it is proposed to employ chlorination in order to achieve the faecal coliforrn standard (the health aspects of chlorine are discussed below). Chlorination will be required throughout the year, since unauthorized use of treated effluent in the Tehran canal will probably be difficult to prevent.
5.7.9 It is intended that nematode removal be achieved through the combined effects of primary and secondary settlement within an essentially conventional activated sludge process followed by tertiary treatment (filtration). Tertiary treatment has been added even though a mission to the area during May 1991 undertaken under the auspices of IJNDP, recommended that:
* rapid gravity filtration was not required since the results of studies conducted elsewhere in Iran indicated that a conventional activated sludge process was
* the chlorine contact tank was not necessary since the effluent conveyance channel would effectively serve the same purpose.
5.7.10 The recommendation by the UNDP mission to dispense with tertiary filtration was based on the results of analysis of intestinal nematode egg concentrations in raw sewage and the resulting final effluents at the Shoosh and Saheb Gharanieh STPs in Tehran. The raw sewages entering these STPs were found to contain intestinal nematode eggs in the ranges 20 to 168 per litre and 15 to 366 per litre respectively, although in the case of the Sabeb Gharanich STP the upper value of 366 per litre was represented by a single sample whereas the remaining 95 samples exhibited a range of 15 to 79 per litre.
82 5.7.11 Evidence from operational activated sludge STPs (which incorporate secondary settlement) is that the removal efficiency of intestinal nematode eggs is between 0 and 2 orders of magnitude . The final concentration of eggs is a function of the load entering the works. Thus the final effluent numbers are a direct function of the raw sewage levels. Consistent attainment of the WHO guideline level infers that the concentration of nematode eggs in the raw sewage must not exceed 100 per liter given that the treated sewage effluent may not be diluted with river water at all times (s, e Section 2.5). Given that the activated sludge sewage treatment system has been designed to produce a sludge of good settleabilitv and low upflow velocities in the secondary sedimentation tanks, it is predicted that a removal efficiency of 2 orders of magnitude (99%) will be achieved. However, to address the issue of high level (:f nematode eggs (at concentration greater than 100 eggs per liter) and for consistenlt performance, tertiary treatment system has been added to the process.
5.7.12 At present. the likely concentration of intestinal nematode eggs in the raw sewage to be received by the new STP is variable. It is unclear whether the findings from the Shoosh and Saheb Gharanieh STPs can be extrapolated to the catchment area due to be served by the proposed plant. There may be differences in socio-economic status and incidences of helminthic disease between these areas which result in dissimilar levels of intestinal nematode eggs in sewage in these two areas compared with the catchment area for the new STP.
5.7.13 Evidence from the literature provides some data concerning the range of concentrations of intestinal nematode eggs n raw sewage. Raw sewage in Aleppo (Syria) contained between 1,000 to 8,000 Ascaris eggs per liter. Studies in North-Eas;t Brazil revealed that raw sewage contained 300 to 1,800 eggs of Ascaris and other parasites per liter (hookworms 100 to 300 egg/1). The Syrian experience may be considered the worst case scenario since the prevalence of the disease was reportedto be 42%, a figure comparable with that observed in Tehran in 1990 (the levels are believed to be lower now). However, it is possible that per capita water consumption was lower than that in Tehran. If this were to be the case, a degree of dilution must be taken into account. thereby reducing the concentration of eggs in the proposed works influent. There is a possibility that the influent intestinal nematode egg concentrations will be in excess of 100 eggs per liter.
5.7.14 The effluent from the proposed sewage treatment plant should achieve the WHO
not exceed a mean value of 100 per liter. This view is based primarily on the published scientific data relating to the performance of activated sludge plants in removing nematode eggs and is consistent with findings of the UNDP mission to Tehran in May 1991. Only the data from the small STPs of Saheb Gharanieh and Shoosh in Tehran exist to verify the assumption that the influent to the proposed works will in practice contain less than 100 eggs per liter.
5.7.15 In order to ensure consistent performance of STP, satisfactory performance of the tertiary treatment system should be ensured.
83 Adverse Impacts Due to Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge
5.7.16 The WHO guideline for intestinal nematode eggs is less than I per 100 grammes dry weight of excreta or sludge, which can be achieved by storage of sewage sludge for a period of one year. The project incorporates this stage, hence, assuring compliance with WHO guidance with respect to nematodes.
5.7.17 The zoonotic infections Anthrax and Brucella in cattle and goats have been reported as being present in the country, although vaccination programs are in place. It would therefore be prudent to assume that the causative organisms (Bacillus anthracis and Brucella sp.; probably B. melitensis) will be present in the sewage to be treated. Sources would include drainage from livestock handling areas, abattoirs, and tanneries. Dilution by unaffected effluents would greatly reduce the concentration of these organisms entering the treatment works. Storage of sludge for a period of a year will effect a further reduction in the number of surviving organisms, although the spores of Banthracis are particularly resistant. Overall the risk of transmission through the agricultural use of sewage sludge is considered slight. These will be monitored and only when the levels are within the guidelines, will the sludge application proceed.
5.7.18 Contamination of sludge with heavy metals or other toxicants has been considered. On the basis of current evidence it would appear that the only contaminant of real health concern is cadmium and appropriate mitigation and monitoring programs need to be in place with effective implementation
Adverse Impacts Due to Chlorination
5.7.19 Two hazards have been identified arising from the proposed use of chlorine as a disinfectant at the sewage treatment works.
5.7.20 Firstly, the transportation, storage, and use of liquid chlorine poses clearly identifiable risks of human injury in the event of an acciden'tal release of gas. These risks can be minimized by attention to the design of the chlorine storage and handling facilities at the plant. In conjunction, adequate means of ventilation, provision of safety equipment, and a well defined emergency response procedure must be put in place.
international practice. Chlorine has been successfully and safely transported in Tehran for about 40 years in connection with water treatment plants. No additional adverse impact is therefore, envisaged.
5.7.21 The second issue concerns the formation of dis-infection byproducts as a result of adding chlorine to sewage effluents. Chlorinated species such as trihalomethanes and MX (3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(H)-furanone) have been demonstrated in chlorinated sewage effluent. The health impacts arising from the chlorination of sewage effluents are unclear. On balance, the risks to health from microorganisms in an non disinfected effluent are almost certainly greater than those posed by disinfection byproducts in a chlorinated effluent. However, as appropriate mitigation and monitoring program needs to be in place and effectively implemented.
84 5.7.: Notwvithstanding,all efforts should be made to minimize the amounts of disinfection bvproducts formed by using the smallest dose of chlorine commensurate with achieving the WHO standards for treated effluent.
5.7.23 The disinfection parameters necessar-v to achieve the WHO standards suggest that a dose of 5 m/ I(based on literature) followed b' a contact time (after intimate mixing) of not less that 30 minutes will be required . The residence time in the conveyance channel is estimated at 10 hours (I m/s over 36 km). indicating that for the majority of its length the contact period will be in excess of 30 minutes. On this basis. a contac:t tank within the works appears superfluous. However. assuming limited storage on site following chlorine addition. it is conceivable that for the first 1.8 km (i.e.. to provide a resident time of 30 minutes) the faecal coiiform levels will be in excess of those required. If treated effluent were to be used for irrigation or. more importantly in terms of health risks. children or others were to come into direct contact with the effluent in this zone immediatelv downstream of the plant. health risks would ensue.
5.7.'4 It is considered appropriate that the configuration of the plant is such that the minimur contact period of 30 minutes is achieved either within the boundarv of the works or in a secure area where people are denied access to the treated effluent stream.
Adverse InmpactsDue to Operation of the Sewage Treatmeni Plant
5.7.25 As mentioned previously, the review of treatment processes has identified a conventional activated sludge process as being appropriate. One issue of concern regarding the operation of activated sludge plants is that of aerosol production and the resultant public health impacts. Studies on the health impact of wastewater facilitie; on surrounding populations have been inconclusive in determining whether increased reporting rates of illness were significantly associated with proximity to the plant or due to socio-economic factors.
5.7.26 A number of studies have been carried out to determine levels of airborne indicator and enteric organisms around wastewater facilities or sludge handling plants. In general, the majority of these studies demonstrated elevated levels compared with control sites. However, the lethal effects of dehydration, especially in combinatior with the presence of sunlight, limit the distance at which effects can be observed. A. study of the distribution of heterotrophic bacteria, faecal indicators, and coliphages (bacterial viruses) in the vicinity of an unenclosed activated wastewater sludge plani observed that only heterotrophic bacteria remained at significantly higher than, base-line densities beyond 250 m downwind from the center of the aeration tanks. Furthermore, this study confirned similar observations that densities were higher al: night, presumably due to the lack of the killing action of sunlight.
5.7.27 Studies of treatment plant workers have produced no evidence to suggest that exposure to sewage aerosols increase their risk of contracting an infectious disease.
5.7.28 It is reasonable to conclude therefore, that the operation of the sewage treatment plant will not pose a risk to health of the operators or those who live or work in the immediate area as the distance to the nearest farrn is more than 500m from the center
85 of the plant. and workers will follow-occupational health & safety practices in addition to under2oincgmedical surneillance.
.Adverse Impacts Duie to Grountdwvater Recharge
5.7.29 There are four water quality criteria which should be considered in any recharge scheme usinMreclaimed water. These are:
* pathogens: * total mineral content * heavy metals: and * stable organic substances.
5.7.30 The present consensus is that trace organic contaminants are perceived to be a greater threat than the other three classes of contaminants.
5.7.31 In order to minimize the contamination of the treated effluent and sewage sludge with toxic metals it will be necessarv to instigate a scheme of trade effluent control (minimizing their discharge from sources such as industries) with the objective of reducing the input of such substances to the sewerage svstem.
5.7.32 The health impacts of groundwater recharge with recycled water have been investigated at a number of locations. Probably the most extensive study is that carried out in Orange and Los Angeles Counties where recharge has been practiced since 1962. The proportion of reclaimed water in potable supplies ranged from 0 to 23%. The results of the study suggested that the use of reclaimed water had no measurable effect on groundwater quality or the health of people ingesting the water.
5.7.33 The lesser concem regarding possible microbiological contamination is due to the fact that passage of water through soils is very effective in removing bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Nevertheless. it will be important to ensure that the route where by treated effluent enters the groundwater facilitates this purification phenomenon. Issues requiring attention relate to:
* the mode of application of treated effluent during irrigation; * the use of suitably designed and constructed infiltration basins for aquifer recharge; and * the correct design and construction of structures such as sewers and tanks which convey or store effluent which has not received full treatment, in such a way as to prevent leakage direct to groundwater.
5.7.34 It is concluded that provided heavy metal contamination can be adequately controlled at source, there will be no adverse health effects from the use of treated effluent for aquifer recharge. The most stringent conditions would need to be applied in circumstances where the recharged aquifer was being used as a source of water for potable use. Such scenario would require (in addition to trade effluent controls) monitoring of the treated sewage effluent and groundwater to determine levels of heavv metals and other contaminants and. if necessary, modification of recharge rates. The objective being to maintain the quality of groundwater commensurate with the
86 WHO Guidelines for drinking water for those parameters which are unaffected by conventional water treatment practices (principally metals and non-volatile organic substances).
Adverse Impacts Duieto Pests
5.7.35 Vermin act as vectors for human diseases. including salmonellosis (cockroaches), malaria (mosquitoes). and leptospirosis (rodents).
5.7.36 It is considered that the project will have little impact on the prevalence of rodents and cockroaches. Insects that enter the domestic environment mav promote disease transmission bv moving faecal pathogens into houses and onto food. The actual contribution to human disease via this route is unclear and the direct faecal-oral route is the more probable major route of transmission.
5.7.37 The removal of human excreta from the immediate v'icinitv of domestic dwellings will reduce the possibilitv that transmission of faecal pathogens directly to food may occLr. The control of human excreta will not eliminate the risk completely since alternativ,e breeding sites will exist. A program of insecticidal control will be required to control the populations of flies and cockroaches. Preventing insects coming into contact with human excreta should reduce the proportion of the populations which harbor pathogeris exclusively of faecal origin (such as poliovirus. Hepatitis A, Shigella, Entamoeba histocvlitica and the eggs of roundworrns and hook-worms).
5.7.38 It is quite probable that flies will breed in the sludge drying beds. Such flies are not migratory, and since there will be sufficient food in the drying beds. they will not usually spread further than 100 to 500 m from the breeding sites. Since there will only be a small number of people working in the vicinity of the sludge drying beds and hence. within, the range of these flies. they are not expected to pose a significant health hazard.
;.8 Impacts on Climate
5.8.1 The impact of the project on regional and global climates will, almost certainly, be negligible. Certain aspects of the scheme will though produce emissions of gases which are believed to contribute to global warming. The treatment of sewage and sludge at the STP will convert much of the organic matter in the sewage to methane and carbon dioxide. It is estimated that 25.7 tonnes/day of methane and 38.l) tonnes/day of carbon dioxide will be produced. At the STP, the methane produced will be used as fuel to heat the digesters, converting it to carbon dioxide.
5.8.2 It should be recognized that this sewage currently decomposes anaerobically in sewage wells through natural processes, producing similar quantities of methane and carbon dioxide. Since methane has a contribution to global warming approximately 21 times that of carbon dioxide on a molecule-for-molecule basis (one molecule of carbon is converted to one molecule of carbon dioxide), burning of the methane can be considered as reducing any contribution from the sewage of Tehran to global warming.
87 Conversion of the methane to carbon dioxide will result in total production of 108.7 tonnesidav of carbon dioxide.
5.8.3 However. the power consumed by the plant will be generated bv burning fossil fuels which produce carbon dioxide. The average power consumption of the STP will be 7.77 MW (over 24 hour davs and seven dav weeks). The power will be supplied from gas and oil-fired power stations in Tehran linked to the Iranian National Grid. The power consumed wvill be only 0.30% of Tehran's current electricitv consumption (2.572 GW). and 0.038% of Iran's electricitv consumption (20.7 GW). The emissions produced bv the generation of this additional power will be negligible in comparison with those alreadv produced.
5.8.4 The chemical processes involved in the production of cement for pipe manufacture (20.000 tons per annum) will result in the production of 27.5 tons of carbon dioxide per dav. The effect of these emissions cannot be quantified at this stage but will probably be insigznificantin regional and global terms. The figures of carbon dioxide should be put into context: the driving of 100.000 cars for 50 km per dav will produce 200 tonnes of carbon dioxide per dav (assuming an efficiencv of 20 niles per gallon).
5.8.5 Transport requirements of both construction and operational phases will produce emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. The quantities of these will be small in comparison to those produced by the total vehicle usage in Tehran.
5.8.6 At the STP site. sizeable bodies of water will bc exposed to the atmosphere and evaporation will occur. The estimated evaporation rate from Stage I is 1000 m3/day, 0.25% of the influent flow. The sewage which will be transferred by the project to the STP is currently exposed to the atmosphere as it flows along the jube and canal network. There is unlikely therefore to be a sizable variation on current evaporation rates and so relative humidity will be unaffected.
5.8.7 In conclusion, it is considered unlikely that the project will have any significant adverse effects on the local, regional or global climates.
5.9 Impacts on the Biological Environment
Impact on Habitats
5.9.1 The only part of the project which will cause a permanent loss of habitat is the STP at Shahr-e-Rey. The land required for Stage I has already been acquired by TRWB and enclosed by a 3 m high wall. The site is currently barren and has little vegetation of any type. Although an ecological assessment of the site has not been made, there is almost certainly no flora or fauna of any value present.
5.9.2 Construction of the STP at this site provides considerable opportunity for ecological enhancement of the vicinity. Consideration should be given to the planting of trees and shrubs around the site perimeter to provide visual & noise screening, and a new
88 habitat. The overall long term effect of the STP on the local flora and fauna could therefore. be positive.
Impact on protected species and habitats
5.9.3 No protected species have been recorded in the areas directlv affected by the project. The project is likely. however, to have an indirect positive long-term effect on the Kavir Protected Area to the south of the Varamin irrigation scheme. The wastewaters of Tehran eventuallv reach the Band Alikhan River (the major river of the Kavir Protected Area). an important habitat for wvaterfowland wvaders.Although the furLire qualitv of this river depends on many factors. it is likely that the provision of sewerage in Tehran. and consequent reduction in wastewvater discharges to Sorkhe Hessar and Firouzabad canals. wvilllead to an improvement in the long term. The impact ofl:he project. therefore. on the Kavir Protected Area will probablv be positive in the long term.
Disturbance to Fauna
5.9.4 There is some evidence wvhichsuggests that certain construction activities can have adverse effects on animals in the vicinity of the works. The possible disturbance effects of constructing the STP have been considered. Since the immediate area is almost devoid of animal life and subject to previous industrial activity (gasworks and oil refinery), it is unlikely that there will be any disturbance as a result of constructing tlhe works. While in operation.,the plant will result in a slightly higher ambient noise level around the site, but experience suggests that birds and other animals adapt to this and suffer no adverse effects.
Indirect ecological effects due to improvements in surface water quality
5.9.4 Implementation of the project is predicted to lead to improvements in surface water quality for Firouzaba and Sorkhe Hessar canals and the rivers to which thev discharge. The ecologJical consequences of this are uncertain at this stage. but likely to be positive.
5.10 Impacts on Other Planned Developments
Impact on program of industrial relocation
5.10.1 The project will have no effect on the phased plan to relocate industries from Tehran 'to 6 locations to the south of the city. The two projects, in conjunction however, will improve the environment of Tehran.
Impact on Green SpaceProvision
5.10.2 There is potential for increasing the amount of green space around Tehran as a result of the project. Since the quality of surface waters will be improved there is clearly scope for creating new parks and green corridors adjacent to rivers and canals in the city.
89 fInpact on Program of Improvenmentto Services
5.10.3 The sewerage and sewage treatment of Tehran is an integral part of the strategic improvement of the city's services. It should have a positive effect on the other components due to the improvement in amenitv and reduction in surface water pollution in the citv. Construction of sewers and tunneiing wvi1 be designed and phased so as not to interfere with the Metro in anv wav. It is possible. however. that future extensions to the Metro netnvork will be somewhat constrained bv the locations of the two Main Sewers.
Inpact on?Water Supply Schemes
5.10.4 It is anticipated that construction of the Taleghan Dam will go ahead given the increasing demand for electricitv and potable water in Tehran. Further proposals may be deferred. however. if the use of treated effluent reduces future agricultural water demands on the Jaj-e-Rud river.
Impaci on Other Sewage Treatment Plants
5.10.5 The STPs currently under construction. at Gisha and Shahrak-e-Ghods will be completed as planned. Construction of the South-Western STP will commence following the completion of the project.
5.11 Summary of Environmental Impacts
5.11.1 The likely direct and indirect environmental impacts of the project are summarized in Table 5.6. The impacts are those predicted providing that suitable mitigative measures are implemented. Although there are a nurnber of negative impacts predicted, no severe negative impacts are considered likely in the long tern. In many cases, predictions cannot be easily made and the implementation, monitoring and effectiveness of mitigative measures will determine the significance of many impacts. The major environmental issues are: (a) the impacts of effluent and sludge from their reuse in agriculture and reinjection of surplus water into groundwater aquifer; and (b) the release of toxics (including metals such as cadmium) through industrial discharges. The impacts could be significant without appropriate mitigation measures but not greater than the baseline. The quality of data available will be validated during project implementation.
90 Table 5.6 Summarv of environmental impacts (Part A)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONAL SECTOR _ PHASE PHASE Geographical IChange of land use Slight negative I None Environment Relocation of population I None None Disturbance to people Severe negative 1None Noise Moderate negative Insig:nificant Vibration Moderate negative None Odor None Slight negative Visual impact Moderate negative Insignificant Impact on traffic and Severe negative I______transportation l Social and Economic Impact on population None a Positive Environment levels | __._. Impact on empioyment Positive Positive iImpact on the economy Negative Positive Impact on the I Not known Not known iindizenouspeople Cuitural Environment Impact on historical and Slight negative Positive cultural sites and buildinas Impact on public None None attitudes
TNanaSinkam AA:ran-tab5j6.doc 08/19/99 12:47 PM Table 5.7 Summarv of environmental impacts (Part B)
ENVIRONMENTAL i IMPACT CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONAL SECTOR PHASE PHASE | Surface NVaters Sewer connections None Positive Jubes. qanats and canals None Positive Industrial discharges None Positive Other STPs in Tehran Not known Positive River water qualitv None Positive Water supplv None Positive Recreational waters None None Hydroaeolo2y Groundwater movement I None Positive Groundwater resources None Not known Groundwater qualitv None Positive Impact of affluent reuse on | None I Positive Varamin Plain l Agriculture Crop production NNone I Positive Fertilizer consumption None Positive Soil qualitv None Slight negative Crop qualitv None Slight negative Impact on livestock None Insignificant Impact on agricultural practices None Positive Impact on agricultural workers None None Impact on supply of irrigation None Positive water
TNanaSinkarn A:Uran-tab5.7.doc 08/23/99 4:57 PM Table 5.8 Summarv of environmental impacts (Part C)
ENVIRONMENTAL I IMPACT CONSTRUCTION OPERATICIiNAL ,SECTOR _ PHASE PHASE Health General health impacts None Positive Impact of agricultural use of None Insignificant treated effluent Impact of agricultural use of None None sewage sludge _ Impact due to chlorination None None Impact due to STP operation INone None Impact due to groundwater None None recharge Impact due to pests i None Insignificant Climate Impact on local climate NNone I Insignificant i______LImpacton global climate None Insignificant Biological environment Impact on habitats Insignificant Positive Impact on protected species None Positive and habitats Disturbance to fauna Insignificant None Ecological effects due to None Positive improved surface water quality . Other developments Impact of programme of None None industrial relocation Impact on green space None Positive provision Impact on programme of None Positive improvement to services in Tehran Impact on water supply None Positive schemes Impact on other STPs None Positive
TNanaSinkaam A:\Uran-tab5.8.doc 08123199 5:06 PM Major Adverse Impacts of the Project
Effluent Quzaliny
The effluent should be of acceptable qualitv so that it can be used in agriculture and surplus if any. recharged into groundwater. This means that the effluent qualitv should meet WHO quality 2uidelines for use in agriculture and drinking Xvater quality for recharging to ground water. One of the major parameter of concern is the level of nematodes which should be less than I egg per liter for water used in agriculture.
Sludge WVater
There is a possibilitv. given the proposed sludge use application rate and without the planned mitigation measures. that the limit values for cadmium in sludge used in agriculture could be exceeded. Based on the on_oing relocation of industries and the control of industrial discharges to the sewer svstem. the levels for toxics (including heavv metals such as cadmium) is not expected to exceed the EU and FAO guidelines fort the use of sludge in agriculture. Monitoring and assessment of heavy metals in sludge and soils is being undertaken to ensure that limits are not exceeded and allow the formulation of an acceptable sludge reuse strategy.
94 6.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT
6.1 Option 1: No Project
6.1.1 The "do nothinc' option is that of continuina with the status quoof using sewage wells for sewage disposal. with no further construction of sewer networks. the Southern STP, or South-wsesternSTP. This Section compares this option with the proposed project.
Surface WVaterPollution
6.1.2 This option would essentiallv lead to a continuation of the current surface anld groundwater problems described in Sections 3.4 and 3.5. The situation can be expected to deteriorate as the population of Tehran (and particularlv the population density) increases. The sewage well svstem is so dispersed across the city that it could bc much more difficult to monitor and ensure levels of treatment. particularly of industrial wastew.aters.
6. 1.3 Qanats. jubes and canals would continue to be polluted by overflowing sewage wells and illicit discharges, and contain excessive quantities of pathogenic micro-organisms, organic matter, solids and potentially toxic elements such as heavy metals. The illicit uses of the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canal wvatersand sludges on the Tehran Plain would remain hazardous. resulting in the contamination of crops. It is unlikely that all these practices could be controlled.
6.1.4 The program of relocation of polluting industries outside Tehran will result in a decrease in industrial wastewater flows within the city, but some will remain. In many cases provision of on-site treatment wvould be difficult and failure to provide this service would result in pollution of canals or groundwater.
Groundivater
6.1.5 Groundwater levels would continue to rise. causing increased building damage and waterlogging. Avoidance of waterlogging would require greatly increased expenditure on pumping to lower the water table and may not be feasible. Pollution of groundwater would also continue to increase, particularly from ammonia and nitrate nitrogen. This would either pose increased health hazards to consumers or reduce the quantities of water available for drinking, public baths etc.
Agriculture
6.1.6 The lack of treated sewage effluent for re-use in irrigation of crops on the Varamin Plain would result in lower crop yields than those predicted for the project. Expansion of the Varamin irrigation area from 30.000 ha to 50.000 ha would not be possible. The alternative would increase use of water from the Jaj-e-Rud. This is of good quality for irrigation and there would be less likelihood of accumulation of toxic elements in crops but this source is also abstracted for drinking water for the city. The use of untreated waters from the canals or effluents from the existing STPs in Tehran for crop irrigationl of the Varamin Plain could pose a health hazard and is not recommended. The lack of sufficiently treated sludge would lead to higher requirements for fertilizers than
95 projected. The use of sludges from the canals or untreated sludges from the existing STPs in Tehran on the Varamin Plain poses a health hazard to workers and consumers and is. therefore. not recommended.
Health
6.1.7 Incidences of water-related diseases such as ascariasis and shi2ellosis in Tehran could be expected to remain high or even increase as the population increases. The costs of working davs lost and remedial drugs consumed would remain high.
Construction Imipacts
6.1.8 Not constructing the sewer network would a void manv of adverse construction impacts associated with the project within the city (such as noise. disturbance, traffic interruption, and dust). The Shahr-e-Rey STP site would be free for other uses and those nearbv would not be subject to disturbance. noise. and odor impacts. The high construction costs and concrete & steel requirements associated with both aspects wvouldbe avoided.
6.1.9 However the regular and widespread construction of sewage wells would still be necessary. This would cause localized disturbances and produce spoil which would need to be disposed of. Though the STP site would not be needed for this option, a greater area of land within the city itself would be required for sewage treatment. At present sewage wells cover about 90 km2 of the city and limits of space may bc reached in the more densely populated areas.
Economic Analysis
6.1.10 Table 6.1 shows the costs of continuing with present methods of sewage disposal and not implementing the project. though many benefits and costs are difficult to quantify. The period covered is 30 vears from commencement of the project with a discount rate of 8%. It can be seen that the total net present cost of not implementing the project, 567 billion Rials, is in fact very similar to that of implementation given in Section 5.2, 592 billion Rials. Costs for the provision of sewage wells, medicines, and working days lost would be paid directly bv individuals and indirectly by the economy. It should be noted that many of the positive benefits from implementing the project such as improved surface water quality and decreased competition for water resources between public consumption and agriculture have not been included.
Conclusions
This option is rejected on the grounds of both economic cost and adverse environmental impacts (on water resources, surface water quality, groundwater levels and quality and health).
96 Table 6.1 Summary of costs of not implementing the proposed project
ITEM Net present value [million Rialsi Renewal of existino sewage wells (600.000 in the Stage I area) -218,839
Construction of new sewace wells in the Stage 1 area -153,000
Increased water treatment (due to nitrate pollution of -124,200 groundwater)
Abstraction to lower the water table in Tehran -3,100
Medicines for water-borne and parasitic diseases (assuming that i -107,535 50% of the consumption of anti-parasitic drugs in Tehran is related to water-borne disease)
Lost working days (assuming a daily income of 6,000 Rials, -78,000 that currently one working day per person per year is lost due to water-related disease, and that this would be reduced 50% by implementation of the proposed project)
Providing local sewerage treatment works in areas where -15,902 sewage wells cannot be used (about 2,300 ha of impermeable ground)
Use of other water sources for irrigation of the Varamin Plain -3,940 (146 Mm3/yr at 2.7 Rials/m3)
Use of artificial instead of sludge on the Varamin Plain -4,278 (assuming a market value of 10,000 Rials/m3)
TOTAL -708,794
TNanaSinkam A:\;ran-tab6. 1 .doc 08/23199 5:29 PM 6.2 Sewage Treatment Using Waste Stabilization Ponds
6.2.1 The draft review of sewage treatment process alternatives considered the use of waste stabilization ponds for " proposed project instead of the conventional activated sludge process. Under this option. the construction of the sewer network, all activities within the cirt. and the effluent and sludge reuse schemes would be same as for the proposed project. Waste stabilization ponds are a series of shallowvearthen basins through which sewagzeflows without mechanical aeration or mixing. The ponds would be used instead of the treatment plant at STP.
Svstem Design
6.2.2 A waste stabilization pond system designed for Stage I flows would consist of:
*an inlet works as for the proposed project: * 12 anaerobic ponds 289 m bv 125 m by 4 m deep: *64 facultative ponds 595 m by 205 m bv 1.5 m deep: 64 maturation ponds 658 m by 95 m bv 1.5 m deep: and *chlorination equipment as for the proposed project.
6.2.3 Sludge would be produced in the anaerobic ponds. These would be operated on a 4 year rotation, with 9 of these in operation at a time and 3 used for storing sludge for one year. The anaerobic ponds would be lined with concrete to facilitate the removal of sludge. The facultative and maturation ponds embankments would be protected with concrete to prevent erosion due to wave action and to prevent the growth of vegetation at water level. Sludge thickening and digestion equipment would not be needed.
Proposed Site at Eshghabad
6.2.4 The total land area required for the above is about 1,545 hectares (3,750 m by 4,400 m). A further 2.200 hectares would be required for stage 2. The proposed Southerm STP site at Shahr-e-Rey is inadequate for this. The site identified for waste stabilization ponds is west of the village of Eshghabad. approximately 15 km south of the Shahr-e-Rey site. This is the only suitable site which could be used without major land acquisition probiems. It is 5 km from the Tehran-Garrnsar railway and 6.5 km from the Tehran-Varamin highway. A newly formed tributary of the Sorkhe Hessar canal forms the eastern boundary of the site, and near the southern boundary of the site the Sorkhe Hessar canal is joined by the Firouzabad canal and a tributary of the Jaj-e-Rud river. It is also probable that the Firouzabad canal crosses the site.
6.2.5 The site forns part of a natural shallow basin, and comprises mainly of low grade agricultural land. In some parts of this site, owing to the very shallow water table (0.7 to 3 in below the surface), ponding has occurred at the surface together with the deposition of salts in the surface soils. Little information is available on soils in this area.
98 Pathogen Removal
6.2.6 Chlorination of the treated effluent wouid oniy bc required in March. April (possibly)l, and November. reducing the amount of chlorine used. The pathogen standard would be achieved bv the ponds themselves from Mayvto October.
6.2.7 The design criteria for waste stabilization ponds assume that the WHO standard of less than one intestinal nematode egg per litre will be achieved. Evidence from investigations of operational waste stabilization pond systems indicate that the necessary degree of helminth removal will be achieved provided that the design criteria are observed. The total retention time of the proposed svstem, 47.5 days, is; sufficient for the removal of intestinal nematode eags without tertiarv treatment.
Additional Svstem Requirements
6.2.8 Sewagzewvould be transported from Shahr-e-Rey to the Eshghabad site via a 18 km longzrectanguiar box culvert. Up to 8 m3 /s of treated effluent would then have to be pumped back up to the Tehran canal for transport to the Varamin Plain. This would require a pumping station (against a head of about 130 m) and two 1.500 mm diameter pipelines 20 km long for the Stage I flows. The Firouzabad canal may have to be diverted around the site.
6.2.9 Due to the shallow groundwater table in the area it would be necessary to construct the ponds entirely above ground, entailing a high earth-moving cost. A waste stabilization pond system would not normally be constructed on a site with these ground conditions.
Power
6.2.10 The total installed power requirement for the entire Stage I works including the effluent pumping station would be 20 MVA. Electricity would have to be brought from 20 km away by supply lines. Power consumption would be 77.524.000 KWh per annum, higher than for the proposed project. There would be 2 diesel standby generators: giving a total output of 2 MW to provide sufficient power for operation of the essential plant and equipment during any mains power failures. Ninety per cent of the power consumption would be for the pumping of treated effluent back up to the irrigation area.
Evaporation and Seepage from Waste Stabilization Ponds
6.2.11 The total surface area of water across the site envisaged in the Stage I design is over 1,200 hectares, so a considerable quantity of water could be lost by evaporation. Taking rainfall into account, it is predicted that 22 Mm3 of water would be lost each year (a mean of 60,786 m3/d or 15.2% of the total flow). Perhaps more seriously, the predicted mean daily water loss during the month of peak irrigation water requirement., June, is 118,570 m'/d, or 30% of the total raw sewage flow.
6.2.12 Since the facultative and maturation ponds would not be lined. there would be some seepage of pond contents to groundwater. This is estimated at 103,680 m3/d, or about
99 25% of the raw sewage flow. This is on the basis of very little information on soil quality in the area.
6.2.13 Thus the predicted effluent flow from the waste stabilization pond system is 235,534 m3 /d. only 59% of the raw sewage flow.
Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal
6.2.14 The above svstem should produce a pathoigen-free sludge cake containing about 50% dry solids. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is 33.330 cubic meters per year (40,000 drv tons per year. or a weight including water of about 80.000 tons par year), less than for the proposed project. 17 transport lorries would be required to make two 80 km round trips pet dav to the Varamin Plain on 150 working davs per vear. This implies an annual mileage of 408.000 km. and an annual diesel consumption of 820 m3.
Materials
6.2.15 Stage I of the waste stabilization pond STP would require 7.922,299 m3 of excavation, 521.577 m3 of concrete and 52.057 tonnes of steel. The ponds would have to bc constructed entirely above ground due to the shallow water table. There would be a lower requirement for imported specialized equipment than for the proposed project.
Staffing
6.2.16 It is proposed that 208 personnel be employed for the operation of the Stage I STP, to be made up of:
* 1 works manager and I assistant manager. * II in laboratory control and monitoring (I chemist and 10 technicians); * 14 in administration: * 98 in operations. and * 83 in maintenance.
Requirements would increase with the implementation of Stage 2 of the project.
Schedule
6.2.17 The timescale for construction of the system would bc as for the proposed project except for:
* Detailed site and soil surveys during the first two years: * STP construction for the next four vears: * Works commissioning during the following year.
Impact on Local Population
6.2.18 It is possible that the village of Eshghabad will be directlv affected by land take for the construction of the stabilization ponds and associated works. It wili be affected by
100 the loss of much of the agriculture land on which it depends. The village of Eshghabad is a small farming community with a resident population of 32(, expandinz during winter months to approximately 520 with immigrant farrn laborers;. The village is served by eiectricity but obtains its water supply from qanats. It has a primaryvschool for 30 students and has a public bath. If constructed in this area, the scheme mav require the relocation of the village Eshghabad near to the village of Chaleh Tarkhan. It is not known whether adequate employment can be provided in this area.
6.2.19 The construction of the sewage and effluent pipelines to the Eshghabad site will have an environmental impact. alLhough until the final routes o these pipelines have been decided. no firm assessment can be made. However. both the sewage and effluent pipeline routes would have a considerable short terrn impact on the agricultural areas through which thev would be constructed.
6.2.20 Onlv the village of Eshghabad would be affected bv noise during construction. Residents of the village would only be affected where construction works encroachi the villaze, or if construction traffic was allowed to pass through or use the village. Any potential impacts could be minimized bv relocating the population prior to commencing construction works.
6.2.21 Given the nature of the soil and the climate. dust mav be a problem to adjoining farms during construction. Given the scale of the proposed project, it may be difficult to control dust nuisance.
6.2.22 Anaerobic and facultative waste stabilization ponds can produce strong odors, particularly hydrogen sulphide. if they are operated at incorrect loadings. The designs presented above use loading rates which should avoid this problem.
6.2.23 Access to the site area can only be achieved via unsurfaced minor rural tracks. It is unlikely that the route from the main Tehran to Varamin highway will need to be strengthened in places to enable the heavv construction traffic to gain access. Given the isolated nature of the site no significant impacts to any local population will occur.
6.2.24 The construction of the Stage 2 waste stabilization pond should have indirect effects on a greater number of settlements.
Impacts on the CultwualEnvironment
6.2.25 A cultural hill is located close to the village of Eshghabad. Whilst this feature is unlikely to be directly affected by the construction works. care will have to be taken to ensure that it is protected against damage caused by construction traffic or unauthorized use by workers.
Impacts on Surface Waters
6.2.26 From initial study, it is likelv that the Sorkhe Hessar and Firouzabad canals and a tributary of the Jaj-e-Rud river cross the site of the proposed first stage stabilization ponds. If the scheme is to be constructed. it will be necessary to either divert these
101 substantial watercourses or to culvert them through the site. Care will be needed during construction activities to prevent accidental pollution to these watercourses.
6.2.27 Evaporation and seepage from the ponds would result in a smaller quantity of effluent being available for irrigation. and hence. fewer water resource benefits.
Impacrson Groundwater
6.2.28 The water table in this area is very shallow. Care wil] have to be taken during construction works to ensure that accidental spillage of fuel. construction materials do not cause pollution to aroundwater. Should pumping be necessarv during the construction works. care would also have to be taken to prevent contaminated water being discharged to adjoining water courses.
6.2.29 Given the shallow water table and the likelihood of seepage from facultative and maturation ponds. there is potential for the contamination of groundwater in the area. It is difficult to predict whether or not there will be adverse impacts without a detailed studv of the soil conditions in the area. The extent of local groundwater abstraction for human consumption is not known. In addition. the effects of seepage from ponds on local groundwater levels are not known and the potential for damage to agricultural land in the vicinity of the ponds as a result of higher water levels is not known.
6.2.30 If sludge is stored on site temporarilv or for long term care, will have to be taken to ensure that leachate does not pollute any adjoining water course or groundwater.
Impacts on Agriculture
6.2.31 The construction of stabilization ponds on this site would involve the destruction of about 300 hectares of land presently used for agriculture. The construction of the Stage 2 waste stabilization pond system would result in the destruction of a further large area of agricultural land. Evaporation and seepage from the ponds would result in a smaller quantitv of effluent being available for irrigation. and hence, smaller agricultural benefits than for the proposed project.
Impact on Health
6.2.32 The possibility that species of Culex mosquitoes may use the open tracts of water as breeding sites has been considered in the design criteria for the use of the waste stabilization pond svstem. Mosquito larvae require still water to allow their development. The only parts of ponds which can provide such an environment are banks which become covered with debris or overgrown with grass or emergent vegetation. Mosquito nuisance can be avoided by the instigation of suitable maintenance procedures (regular cutting of grass around ponds and removal of debris)21 . All health benefits within Tehran would be as for the proposed project.
102 Impacts on Clinmate
6.2.33 Though the predicted evaporation loss is a significant part of the sewage flow. it is thought that these quantifies are small in comparison to the atmospheric water cycle and would have little impact on climate. This has not been examined in detail.
Impacts on the Biological Environment
6.2.34 There are no known protected or important species of flora or fauna affected by the construction of the ponds.
6.3 Sewage Treatment Using Aerated Lagoons
6.3.1 The draft review of sewage treatment process alternatives considered the use of aerated lagoons for the proposed project instead of the conventional activated sludge process. Under this option. the construction of the sewvernetwork. all activities within the city., and the effluent and sludge reuse schemes would be same as for the proposed project. Aerated lagoons are series of shallow earthen basins through which sewage flows with mechanical aeration.
System Design
6.3.2 An aerated lagoon system designed for Stage I flows would consist of:
* an inlet works as for the proposed project; * 8 aerated lagoons 461 m by 163 m by 4 m deep: . 16 sedimentation basins 236 m by 157 m by 3.8 m deep; o 24 maturation ponds 603 m by 166 m by 1.5 m deep; and * chlorination equipment as for the proposed project.
6.3.3 Sludge would accumulate in the sedimentation basins. These would be operated on a 4 year rotation. with 12 of these in operation at a time and 4 used for storing sludge for one year. The aerated lagoons be lined with concrete to prevent scouring. The sedimentation basins would be lined with concrete to facilitate the removal of sludge. The maturation ponds embankments would be lined with concrete at the water level to prevent the growth of vegetation and to protect the embankments from wave action. Sludge thickening and digestion equipment would not be needed.
Proposed Site and Ground Conditions
6.3.4 The total land area required for the above option is about 480 hectares (3,100 m by 1,150 m). A further 650 hectares would be required for Stage 2. The proposed Southem STP site at Shahr-e-Rey is inadequate for this. The site identified for aerated lagoons is that at Eshghabad proposed for the waste stabilization pond system described in Section 6.2.
103 Pathogen Removal
6.3.5 Chlorination of the treated effluent wvouldonly be required in October. November, March. and April, reducing the amount of chlorine used. The pathogen standard would be achieved by the maturation ponds themselves from May to October. The total retention time of the svstem. II davs. is sufficient for the removal of intestinal nematode eggs without tertiary treatment.
Additional Svstem Requiremtents
6.3.5 Arrangements for the transport of sewage to and treated effluent from the site would be as described in Section 6.2.
Power
6.3.7 The total installed power requirement for the entire Stage I works including the effluent pumping station would be 68 MVA. Electricity would have to be brouzht from 20 km away by supply lines. Power consumption would be 329.812.000 KWh per annum, much higher than for the proposed project.There would be 6 diesel standby generators giving a total output of 18 MW to provide sufficient power for operation of the essential plant and equipment during any mains power failures. Twenty per cent of the power consumption would be for the pumping of treated effluent back up to the irrigation area, and 75% for aeration.
Evaporation and Seepage from Aerated Lagoons
6.3.8 The total surface area of water across the site envisaged in the Stage I Design is over 340 hectares, so a considerable quantity of water could be lost by evaporation. Taking rainfall into account, it is predicted that 6.3 Mm3 of water would be lost each year (a mean of 17,258 m3/d or 4.3% of the total flow). Perhaps more seriously, the predicted mean daily water loss during the month of peak irrigation water requirement, June, is 33,664 m3/d. or 8.4% of the total raw sewage flow.
6.3.9 Since the maturation ponds would not be lined. there would be some seepage of pond contents to groundwater. This is estimated at 20.736 m3 /d, or about 5% of the raw sewage flow. This is on the basis of very little information on soil qualitv in the area.
6.3.10 Thus the predicted effluent flow from the waste stabilization pond system is 362,006 m3 /d, only 90% of the raw sewage flow.
Quantities of Treated Sludge for Disposal
6.3.11 The above system should produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 50% dry solids. The expected volume of sludge for disposal is 56,840 cubic metres per year (68,210 dry tonnes per year, or a weight including water of about 135,000 tonnes per year). About 28 transport lorries would be required to make two 80 km round trips per day on 150 working days per year. This implies an annual mileage of 3 672.000 km, and an annual diesel consumption of 1.340 in .
104 Mlfaterials
6.3.12 Stage I of the aerated lagoon STP wouid require 4.976.628 m3 excavation, 510,505 mn3 of concrete and 50.754 tons of steel. The lagoons. basins and ponds would have to be constructed entirelv above ground due to the shallow water table.
Staffing
6.3.13 It is proposed that 275 personnel be emploved for the operation of the Stage I STP, to be made up of:
* I works manager and 2 assistant managers: * 13 in laboratorv control and monitoring (I chemist and 12 technicians); * 15 in administration: * 128 in operations: and * 116 in maintenance.
Requirements would increase with the implementation of Stage 2 of the project.
Schedule
6.3.14 The timescale for construction of the system w%ouldbe as for the wvastestabilization pond option.
Impact on Local Population
6.3.15 The impacts of relocation, disturbance, noise. and dust on the Eshghabad area would be similar to those described for the waste stabilization pond option, though not as large., since a smaller area of land would be required.
6.3.16 The most likely source of odor would be the decomposition of settled sludge in sedimentation basins. The minirnum. water depth above the sludge laver must be at least 1.8 m in warm climates. This figure would be accommodated in the design of ponds in this location. so odor nuisance is unlikely.
Impacts on the Cultural Environment
6.3.17 These would be as for the waste stabilization pond option.
Impacts on Surface Waters
6.3.18 The aerated lagoon system could avoid disturbance of the surface waters near the site. Evaporation and seepage from the ponds would result in a slizhtly smaller quantity of effluent being available for irrigation, and hence. fewer water resource benefits.
105 Impacts onlGroundwrater
6.3.19 Impacts on groundwater would be same as for the waste stabilization pond option. The risk of pollution would be smaller. since there would be a smaller total area of unlined ponds.
Impacts on Agriculture
6.3.20 The destruction of land presentlv used for agriculture could probably be avoided. The Stage 2 aerated lagoon system might result in the use of some agricultural land. Evaporation and seepage from the maturation ponds would result in a slightlv smaller quantity of effluent being available for irrigation. and hence, smaller agricultural benefits than for the proposed project.
Impacts on Health
6.3.20 The risk of mosquito breeding in sedimentation basins and maturation ponds could be avoided by the instigation of suitable maintenance procedures (regular cutting of grass around ponds and removal of debris)2 1. All health benefits within Tehran would be same as for the proposed project.
Impacts on Climate
6.3.22 The predicted evaporation losses are small in comparison to the. atmospheric water cycle and would have little impact on climate. This issue has not been examined in detail (and probably does not need to be studied).
Impacts on the Biological Environment
6.3.23 There are no known protected or important species of flora or fauna which are likely to be affected by the construction of the aerated lagoon svstem.
6.4 Sewage Treatment Using Oxidation Ditches
6.4.1 The draft review of sewage treatment process alternativesl considered the use of oxidation ditches for the proposed project instead of the conventional activated sludge process. Under this option the construction of the sewer network. all activities within the city, and the effluent and sludge reuse schemes would be same as for the proposed project.
System Design
6.4.2 An oxidation ditch system designed for Stage I flows would consist of:
* an inlet works same as for the proposed project; * primary sedimentation tanks same as for the proposed project; * 9 anoxic basins 24 m by 24 m by 5 m deep; * 18 oxidation ditches 145 m by 20 m by 3.5 m deep: * 36 secondary sedimentation tanks of 28 m diameter:
106 * chlorination equipment same as for the proposed project: and * sludge treatment svstems same as for the proposed project.
The above system should produce a pathogen-free sludge cake containing about 65%M: drv solids. Quantities. volumes and transport costs would be same as for the proposec. project.
Proposed Site
6.4.3 The Shahr-e-Rev site would be used for the oxidation ditch svstem. as is the case for the proposed project.
Power
6,4.4 The total installed power requirement for the entire Stage I works including the effluent pumping station would bc 13 MVA. Power consumption would be 63,792 KWh per annum. slightlv less than for the proposed project. There would be 3 diesel standbv generators giving a total output of 4.8 MW to provide sufficient power for operation of the essential plant and equipment during any mains power failures.
,Vfaterials
6.4.5 Stage I of the oxidation ditch STP would require 414,363 m3 of excavation. 295,375 m of concrete and 28.833 tonnes of steel.
staffing
6.4.6 Staffing requirements would be same as for the proposed project.
Schedule
6.4.7 The timescale for construction of the system would be same as for the proposed project.
Impact on Local Population
6.4.8 The impacts of relocation, disturbance. noise. odor and dust on the Eshghabad area would be similar to those described for the proposed project.
Impacts on the Cultural Environment
6.4.9 These would be same as for the proposed project.
Impacts on Surface Waters
6.4.10 These would be same as for the proposed project.
107 Inmpactson Groundwater
6.4.11 These would be same as for the proposed project.
Impacts on Agricullture
6.4.12 These would be same as for the proposed project.
Impacts on Health
6.4.13 These wouid be same as for the proposed project. with similar concerns over the ability of the svstem to achieve helminth egg removal and provide a disinfected effluent on discharge to the Tehran canal.
Impacts on Climate
6.4.14 These would be same as for the proposed project.
lrnpacts on the Biological Environment
6.4.15 These would be same as for the proposed project.
6.5 Comparison of Sewage Treatment Process Alternatives
6.5.1 The draft review of sewage treatment alternatives 1 contains a detailed financial and economic analysis of four sewage treatment options: the proposed project using a conventional activated sludge system and the three processes described in Sections 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4. A summary of the financial analysis, using market prices currently ruling in Iran, is presented in Table 6.2. This does not include costs of provision of sewerage and house connections, only the STPs themselves and provision for effluent and sludge reuse. The recurrent costs include power. staffing, consumables and sludge transport.The benefits art those accruing from production ot- irrigation water (treated effluent) and fertilizer (treated sludge).
Table 6.2 Summary of Financial Analysis of Options in Sewage Treatment
FinancialCosts Sewage Treatment (millions of Process Rials at mid- 1992prices) Conventional Waste Aerated Oxidation Activated sludge Stabilization Lagoons ditches (Proposed project) Ponds Capital Cost -267.270 -326.481 -398.090 -311.998 Recurrent Cost -16.628 -19.597 -32.341 -18.698 (per vear) Benefits (per 905 572 946 905 Year)
108 Table 6.3 Summarv of Economic Analvsis of Options in Sewage Treatment
IEconomicCosts Sewage Treatment (millions of Process Rials at mid- 1992 prices) | Conventionai Waste Aerated Oxidation Activated sludge Stabilization Lagoons Ditches , ______i(Proposed proiect) Ponds _ _ _ Capital Cost 1 -312.437 1 -468.523 1-41.003 -350.128 RecurrentCost -28.483 -36.068 -74.332 -29.857 (per_ _ear) Benetits (per 4.09- 2.616 4.374 4.095 Year) _ 216 Net Present Value -312.576 -479.196 -683.608 -361.276 using 10% Discount Rate l _ Net Present Value 423.790 643.444 -974.406 1486.482 using 5°i Discount 1Rate . _ |
6.5.2 A summary of the economic analvsis is presented in Table 6.3. This has the same coverage as the financial analvsis, but also reflects the true costs and benefits of the project to the Iranian economy. The costs attempt to reflect real resource and opportunity costs, subsidies. price and trade controls, exchange rates and inflation. They take account of historic costs such as that of the Shahr-e-Rey site, which has alreadv been purchased. but has an economic value. The costs are discounted over a 20 year period.
6.5.3 The three alternative sewage treatment processes are shown to have higher financial and economic costs than the proposed project.
6.5.4 The alternative of sewase treatment using waste stabilization ponds is rejected on the following grounds: * relocation of the village of Eshghabad and disturbance of other populations; * unknown ground conditions at the Eshghabad site: * high construction costs due to the high water table: * possibility of groundwater contamination due the high water table; loss of agricultural land: * higher financial and economic cost than the proposed project; and * possible further loss of agricultural land due to the rise of groundwater levels as a result of seepage from ponds.
6.5.5 Waste stabilization ponds are normally characterized by lower capital equipment costs and current cost (particularly energy and manpower) but higher land costs than activated sludge systems. The viabilitv of the option therefore, is highly sensitive to the cost of land and the environmental impact of its use as stabilization ponds. In this case, however, the option is more costly in terrmsof equipment and civil works than the proposed project. There are a number of reasons for this but the most important is the need to pump treated effluent from the ponds to the distribution centre from which
109 it is conveyed to the Varamin agricultural area This involves additional costs associated with pumps. pump houses. pipes and civil works and the costs otfoperating these. These costs are largely absent from the STP options which use the Shahr-e Rey site, the proposed project and oxidation ditches.
6.5.6 It is important to investigate the economic and environmental implications of not conveying wastewater in this wav. If the treated effluent was not pumped to higher elevations the following alternatives are possible.
* The treated effluent could be conveved to the irrigation svstem at a lower level. It is not currently known whether this is possible. at what cost and how many farmers and what crops it would serve. The benefits to agriculture in the Varamin Plain would be certain to be significantlv less than under the preferred option. * The treated effluent could bc used to recharge the groundwater all year round. There would be no benefit to agriculture in the Varamin Plain. * The treated effluent could be discharged into appropriate canals and rivers. There would bc no benefit to agriculture in the Varamin Plain.
6.5.7 The alternative of sewage treatment using aerated lagoons is rejected on the grounds that this would entail much higher economic and financial costs than the alternative of using waste stabilization ponds or the proposed project. whilst incurring the adverse environmental impacts of the formner.Most of the greatly increased recurrent economic costs are attributable to provision of aeration.
6.5.9 The alternative of sewage treatment using oxidation ditches is rejected on the grounds that this would entail higher economic and financial costs than the proposed project, with similar environmental impacts.
6.6 Water Conservation and Waste Minimization
6.6.1 The premise of this option is the idea that measures to reduce the consumption of water and production of waste in Tehran could result in lower or weaker sewage flows, the theory being that this could allow a smaller STP to serve the sewered area, giving economic and envitonmental benefits. However. this may not be feasible or effective in-practice.
Measures
6.6.2 Water consumption in Tehran is 200 liters per capita per dav and is not expected to increase.
6.6.3 The authorities could promote lower water consumption and the use of water saving devices and discourage the use of wasteful appliances but this has not alwavs proved successful elsewhere. The most effective encouragement would bc the imposition of more realistic (less subsidized) prices for wvater.These should reflect resource costs and rates of consumption and reflect the cost of sewage disposal as well as supply (this would be more effective than separate prices for water and sewage disposal). However. the structure of domestic wvater tariffs should not be so as to discourage the use of quantities of water necessary to maintain health and quality of life: rather they
110 should discouraQe excessive use. Thus. charges could be related to numbers of taps per household or propertv values. with much lower charges for those who are served bv standpipes (who use much less water).
6.6.4 A decrease in industrial water consumption could also be encouraged by the imposition of realistic tariffs along with the promotion of wastewater reuse within industry for non-potable uses and recoverv of materials such as metals.
lInpacts
6.6.5 It is difficult to predict the effect on water consumption and waste production for that the above mentioned strategies. Enforcement would be difficult, and the best persuasion financial. Assuming that reductions could be achieved. it is unlikely thai: this would have any adverse environmental impacts. There could be positive environmental impacts in terms of lower resource use by industry, reductions in environmental pollution and lower economic and resource costs for sewage treatment. A smaller STP could serve the proposed Stage I sewered area.
6.6.6 However. it is not expected that this would change requirements for the Stage I STP. If the above reductions could bc achieved (and observed bv monitoring sewage flows and strengths), then this would allow Stage I STP to serve a part of the Stage 2 area. Requirements for the Stage 2 STP (not yet designed in detail) could then be revised downwards.
6.6.7 It should bc noted that the designs of all the STP units except for inlet works and sedimentation tanks are based on organic load rather than sewage flow. The above measures would not alter domestic production of organic waste (BOD5), so design requirements for most of the STP would not bc affected. .The industrial component of the raw sewage BOD5 is not yet fully understood. and so prediction of changes cannot be made.
Conclusions
6.6.8 Measures to encourage lower water consumption and waste production could bc implemented, particularly by use of realistic water supplv and industrial discharge tariffs. This would have environmental and possibly economic benefits, but would not alter the proposed project for the Stage 1 STP.
111 7.0 MITIGATION MEASURES TO MINIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL IMIPACTS
I Objeclives of the Environmental Wanagement Plan
The main objective is to address all the major environmental issues satisfactorily. The major environmental issues have been identified earlier in Section 5. Impacts of the Project. The EMP covers mitigation measures. monitoring, and institutional strengthening for effective implementation (during construction and operation). These are designed to eliminate or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts. It also identifies actions needed to implement the mitigation measures by (a) identifying a set of responses to be taken: (b) determine requirements for ensuring that those responses are made effectivelv in a timely manner: and (c) describe the means for meeting those requirements.
7.1.1 The Project Management Unit of TSC has compiled a list of the mitigative measures which are included in the Project Implementation Plan. The purpose of this plan is to ensure that the defined objectives of the Tehran Sewerage Project are achieved whilst preventing or minimizing any potentiallv adverse environmental impacts. The EMP will be carefully coordinated with the construction programme of the project, to ensure that each relevant mitigative measure is implemented at the most appropriate time and that resources are efficiently allocated.
Baseline Information
7.1.2 In order to properly gauge the performance of the project as a whole and to set the future direction of developments, the situation will be fully monitored and compared with the established baseline. Each issue to be affected by the project has been identified and a programme of monitoring has been designed to efficiently establish a datum for future changes. Areas of concem will not only include the quality aspects of water and soil, but also social issues. agricultural production. general public health, and the economic well-being of the communitv.
Monitoring
7.1.3 It is important to realize that while the collection of dait is necescary. the information gained must be useful. There is no advantage in collecting a x Ide range of data, if a use for it has not been defined. Programmes and procedures for monitoring have been developed taking full consideration of economic and physical restrictions and budget allowances.
7.1.4 A formal public education programme has also been started out in conjunction with the EMP. This programme is outlined in Section 7.6.
112 7.2 Measures to Minimize Disturbance During Construction
7.2.1 During the construction of the project particularly the sewerage network, the potenti.al for causing disruption to public activities is the greatest. Monitorinz during this stage will need to be continuous and will cover traffic impacts. noise and dust nuisances,, disposal of spoil. and safery. Public liaison would have to be maintained.
7.2.2 The conditions of the contracts will include requirements for the work to be performed as per international specifications. If the contracts are properly prepared ancl supervised. then disturbance will be minimized. Monitoring of the impacts during construction will be undertaken by the Environment and Safety Officer (ESO) in the Project Management Unit as part of their contract supervisory duties. and Department: of Environment. Dedicated and fully trained personnel will be appointed to carry out: this monitoring.
7.2.3 Monthly reports wvillbe submitted to the TSC on the environmental impacts of construction wvithrecommendations for dealing wvith any problems including corrective actions to be taken.
NVoise
7.2.4 During construction, all feasible measures (mentioned below) will be undertaken in order to minimize the impacts of noise on the community. These measures will include:
* selection of up to date. well maintained plant with reduced noise levels ensured by suitable in built damping; • further screening of plant equipment such as air compressors and dewatering pumps, particularly in the streets of Tehran. bv the use of sandbags, where necessarv; - providing residents with advance wam'in2 of construction activities: * confining noisy work to normal working hours in the day, wherever possible; providing the construction workers with suitable hearing protection and training them in its use: and * restricting construction traffic movements during the night-time.
7.2.5 These measures will be included in the contract documents and undertaken by the contractor. The PMU will ensure that they are carried out as part of its contract supervision function.
Vibration
7.2.6 Vibration impacts from the construction phase will be mitigated by the following measures:
* the use of appropriate equipment that is modem and well maintained; * limiting the use of percussive equipment in the excavation of sewer trenches and tunnel shafts
113 * limitinq the use of percussive equipment in the excavation of sewer trenches and tunnel shafts * the use of dead-weight rather than vibration compaction plant when compacting trenches close to buildings; * providing supports for existing buildings that are likely to be disturbed or damaged; and * the location of works away from sensitive buildings.
7.2.7 These measures will be included in the contract documents and undertaken by the contractor. The PMU wili ensure that thev are carried out as part of its contract supervision function.
7.2.8 As a precaution against excessive compensation claims for damage to property caused by vibration, a programme of pre-construction audits will be developed well in advance of the construction programme by the PMU's site supervisory staff. This programme will involve the detailed inspection of all structures likelv to be affected bv the project. in order to establish a baseline for defense or the minimization of claims. Particularly susceptible buildings will be carefully surveyed to determine support requirements for the prevention of damage.
Dust
7.2.9 The majority of dust problems caused by the construction of the project will be mitigated by the implementation by the contractor of a few simple procedures:
construction activities causing dust will be not be carried out on excessively windy days; * unsealed routes for earthmoving equipment and general transport will be regularly sprayed with water during dry weather; excavation workfaces will be sprayed with water: * stockpiles of excavated material will be covered with tarpaulins or sprayed with water during dry weather: and construction employees will be provided with masks for protection against the inhalation of dust and be trained in their use.
7.2.10 These measures will be included in the contract documents and undertaken by the contractor. The PMU will ensure that these are carried out as part of its contract supervision function. Rather than leaving the perception of nuisance from dust to individuals, weather conditions in which precautions should be taken by the contractor will be specified by the PMU and included in the contract documents.
Disruption
7.2.11 Disruption impacts will principally be experienced during the construction period and these will be mitigated by the following measures:
114 * There will be liaison between the PMU and the transport. police. metro. electricity, telephone. gas, and water supply authorities at an earlv staae; * There will be coordinated planning of traffic diversions by the PMU. police ancl the transport authorities and restrictions in accordance with the construction programme. with advance warnings to the affected residents and road users; * The continual services of the police will be used in the diversion and control of traffic. * The PMU will coordinate the planning and construction of the sewerage system with the construction of the Metro and anv other planned construction activities, ir. order to achieve efficiencv of progress. * The PMU will design and specify the construction works to minimize disruption. * The PMU will exercise care in the selection of tunnel shaft working areas and identify the locations of all qanats in the vicinitv of the works. * Under the supervision of the PMU, the contractor will restrict the length of open trench and the amount of materials stored adjacent to the excavation works to that necessarv for construction.
Community Relations
7.2.12 By establishing good community relations. any disruption experienced by the community should quickly become apparent and will consequently be resolved with due consideration for the community's needs. Bv providing advance publicity on the work program and through the establishment of liaison arrangements between members of the public, contractors and the project team, anv adverse public reaction to project nuisance can be minimized.
7.2.13 As construction contractors move into a residential area, the PMU will inform residents of the works to take place, their duration, and whom they should address their complaints to. A procedure will be established to enable the public to complain about excessive nuisance, disruption or disturbance due to the Tehran Sewerage Project. The public should be able to do so via both the Public Relations Unit of the TSC and the DOE-Tehran Province. If the complainant is not satisfied with the response from the TSC, then he or. she has the right to refer the matter to an independent ombudsman to be appointed by the Govemor of Tehran.
Resettlement
7.2.14 Although no permanent resettlement is envisaged for the project, it is possible that there will be occasional cases where the temporary relocation of citizens may be necessary. In these circumstances, physical and monetary assistance will be given, to ensure that no-one is significantly inconvenienced by any disruption.
7.3 Measures to Minimize Disturbance During Operation of the STP
Noise
7.3.1 Noise impacts during the operation of the project will be confined to a few pieces of equipment in the Sewage Treatment Plant. These are expected to be: compressors;
115 pumps: and stand-bv generators. There w ill also be some noise from the movement of vehicies. By specifying appropriate silencers on the equipment and screening the noisier areas of the STP with structures. there will be insignificant impact on local residents. Traffic will be routed to keep this nuisance to a minimum. Impacts on the STP employees will be further reduced as thev will be provided with hearing protection equipment by the TSC and trained in its use. In addition, all plant equipment wvillbe well maintained to maintain their efficiency and noise levels.
7.3.2 A formal maintenance programme will be established bv the TSC on the STP site and elsewhere where plant is iocated. Noise levels will be regularly monitored within this programme and anv defective equipment will be promptly dispatched for maintenance by the TSC.
7.,.3 Land use Nvithin 500 meters of the STP has been formally allocated as a -green/agricultural area. This will restrict the development of housing towards the site and consequently avoid complaints regarding noise in the short or long term.
Odor
7.3.4 The PMU will minimize any problems caused by odour during operation of the STP and associated works by:
* designing the STP to ensure minimum odour at the site boundary, such as strategically locating the sludge treatment works with reference to the remainder of the STP and the neighboring settlements: careful planning and implementation of the STP operation and maintenance to prevent the formation and liberation of odors: providing covers to containers and equipment likelv to cause an odour nuisance and scrubbing of malodorous vapors: and * designating the area around the site as green belt, thus restricting development towards the site.
Screenings Disposal
7.3.5 The screenings from the STP will be disposed of by the TSC in an environmentally acceptable manner by transporting in enclosed containers and burying in a municipal landfill. Disposal in the landfill has been designed to ensure that groundwater or surface runoff from the site will not be contaminated. Standard procedures will be developed for the safe disposal of screenings with appropriate legislation for waste disposal.
Visual Impacts
7.3.6 Although the visual impact of the STP will not be significantly adverse, it will be beneficial to screen the STP as much as possible. Trees and bushes will be planted around the perimeter of the STP by the contractor to enhance the appearance of the overall STP and the taller parts of the STP which will be painted a non-intrusive
116 colour in order to alleviate any negative impact from a distance.These items will be included in the construction contract.
7.3.7 The allocation of a green belt within 500 meters of the STP. as outlined above, will ensure a more aesthetic appearance of the STP.
7.4 Measures to Ensure the Health and Safetv of Workers and the Public
7.4.1 By training all emplovees in the areas of occupational health and safety prior to their commencing work and regularlv thereafter. anv adverse effects on their health and safetv will be minimized.
Planning
7.4.2 Public access to the STP effluent in the Tehran canal will be restricted where disinfection will not be completed in the interests of public health and safety. To ensure this. the first 2 km of the channel will be fully restricted bv the installation of a secure fence.
7.4.3 The design of the STP wvillinclude measures for preventing attraction and breeding of pests. A regular eradication programme will be carried out using the application of biodegradable pesticides at appropriate levels.
Construction
7.4.4 The contractor will ensure that construction employees are trained in safety procedures for all relevant aspects of construction and that these procedures are always adhered to. The PMU will make regular checks that the contractor is following safe practices.
7.4.5 In order to ensure that all work is carried out safely, everv team employed by the contractor or TSC will be lead by a fully trained supervisor with easy access to emergency services. In addition to this. an appropriate number of site personnel will be trained in First Aid.
7.4.6 Formal emergencv procedures will be developed for each construction site for the event of an accident.
7.4.7 The safety of the public at all stages of the construction will be ensured by appropriate public education and safety measures such as the use of barriers, flags, and bollards.
Operation
7.4.8 The TSC will ensure that operation and maintenance personnel of the STP are fully aware of the hazards involved in the running of a system of this nature. All site employees will be trained in hygienic procedures designed to avoid infection from wastewaters and sludges. The workers will be educated in the dangers of leptospirosis and provided with documentation to alert medical practitioners to the possibility of such an infection when diagnosin2 them. Thev will also be inoculated against infectious diseases such as polio and tetanus and be under medical surveillance.
117 7.4.9 Formal emergency procedures will be developed by the PMU in conjunction with TSC for dealing with accidents. These procedures will involve the coordination of emergency services such as the fire brigade and health services.
7.4.10 In particular. emergencv procedures will be developed in the event of the release of chlorine gas. A warning device for the detection of chlorine gas will be provided where chlorine is to be used.
7.5 Emplovee Training and Working Conditions
7.5.1 To ensure that the project achieves its objectives. a suitable training programme will be developed. Many different levels and fields of personnel will require instruction in their intended works and the complexitv of this training will vary greatly. While the initial training will involve the preparation of employees for the commissioning of the project. it is important that a formal training programme be carried out regularly so that all levels of staff can be given opportunities for promotion and newvstaff trained as necessarv. Training of personnel in the processina of data from all monitoring programmes will also be undertaken.
7.5.2 The Government will encourage development of courses in local educational institutions that will be directly applicable to the project. for example in trades, science. public health engineering, and management, to secure a readily accessible qualified workforce for the future.
7.5.3 The TSC will also develop close relationships with equivalent organizations in other countries. Through such a relationship, personnel could be trained and a wider breadth of experience could be gained.
Construction Workers
7.5.4 During the construction of the STP and the associated w orks. adequate facilities will be provided for the construction workers. This will include the provision of temporary housing, suitable transport to and from the construction sites, washing, sanitation and ablution facilities, and ease of access to commercial facilities where necessary.
Sewage Treatment Plant Staff
7.5.5 Staff at the Sewage Treatment Plant will be trained in the operations and maintenance of the STP as well as in occupational health and safety, while those in supervisory positions will also be trained in the supervision and management of their personnel. The persons controlling the management of the STP will be highly experienced and fully qualified in a science or engineering field as well as in management.
7.5.6 The contractor responsible for the construction of the STP will also be made responsible for the operation of the STP and the training of staff for a period of 2 to 3 years after the commissioning of the STP.The contractor will be required to provide comprehensive operation and maintenance manuals. In addition, the contractor will be required to provide standard operating job procedures as a part of the training scheme.
118 7.5.7 It is important that the STP be regarded favorably as a place of emplovment. Any cultural aversion to dealing with human waste will be considered with tact and taken into account in the design of operating procedures. Positions will be permanenit wherever possible. job status and promotion prospects will be good and salaries must, be of a level to support this. Job incentives will also be available to employees in the form of bonuses and sponsored education. The organization will be structured to facilitate a flexible approach.
7.5.8 Facilities for personnel at the STP and other places of emplovment will be hygienic and maintained in good condition. Operating personnel will have access to full washing, sanitation. and ablution facilities at all times.
Analytical Services
7.5.9 Laboratories will bc staffed bv fully qualified personnel who have been trained in correct and up-to-date procedures for the analysis of waters. soils. treated effluent and sludge, and crops. This training will initiallv involve the secondment of four or five relevant Iranian nationals to independent analvtical organizations for a sufficient period to allow them to gain an insight into procedures involved. Laboratory staff will be trained in occupational health and safetv and supervision of personnel.
Environmental Protection Guards
7.5.10 Because the Environmental Protection Guards of the DOE are to have considerable contact with the community, it is essential that all staff within it are trained in public relations. Instruction will also cover relevant legislation and standards, sampling and monitoring procedures. enforcement procedures and occu.pational health & safety, where applicable.
Customer and Public Relations
7.5.11 In order to avoid any confusion that may be felt by the community in the implementation of the project. staff in the Customer Ser. .ces and Public Relations Departments of the DOE and the TSC will be trained in communication, the role of the project in the development of Tehran, and gene-' public hen!"V<;issues. The staff will be continually informed of the progress of the project r -.c1vijil, on a long-term basis, always be aware of the relevant issues.
7.6 Measures to Ensure that the Objectives of the Project are Achieved
Public Health Education
7.6.1 The Ministry of Health, assisted by the TSC, will conduct a public health education campaign on matters related to the Tehran Sewerage Project. These will cover:
personal hygiene: the need for safe disposal of faeces (especially those of children);
119 * the health hazards associated with polluted waters such as the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals: * the health hazards associated with the use of untreated sewage and sludge on crops; and * health benefits of the Tehran Sewerage Project.
7.6.2 A comprehensive programme will be carried out at all levels of the community. After an initial full-scale programme. continuing efforts will be required to ensure that each sector of the community comprehends the advantages of the project. Care will bc taken that the programme compliments the cultural values of the people. The whole education process will be scheduled so that ultimately it is verv effective.
Complementary Medical Programmes
7.6.3 The Ministry of Health will instigate programmes of mass chemotherapy to combat helminthic disease progressively in each area of Tehran after it is sewered.This will commence at a time when worm burdens are the greatest: there is some evidence (from the Shahr-e-Rey survev) that this is in August.The programme will be repeated at intervals of no greater than 60 davs for a period of twelve months. the effectiveness being monitored from review of influent egg concentrations at the STP and health statistics collated by the Ministry of Health. Mass treatment of agricultural workers and their families will probably be less expensive than the identification and treatment of exposed persons. since the effluent will be used on many small farms.
Public Education about the Project
7.6.4 The Public Relations Department of the TPWSC will instigate a programme to educate the public about:
' the benefits of the Tehran Sewerage Project as a whole: * the advantages of using a sewer system rather than sewage wells: and * the correct use of the sewer system (such as a prohibition on the disposal of large objects into the system).
7.6.5 Farmers will be educated in the safe and efficient use of treated effluent and sludge in agriculture and a formal advisory service will be set up under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation (MARC) to facilitate this. In most cases. the service will be provided at no cost to the farmers in order to achieve the best results.
Connection to the Sewerage System
7.6.6 It is possible that some individuals will be unwilling to have their properties connected to the new sewerage system, preferring to continue with the use of traditional sewage wells. hile public education by the Ministry of Health and the TSC should minimize this, the DOE will enforce connection through its Environmental Protection Guards. The continuing use of sewage wells will be forbidden in sewered areas.
120 lndustrial Wastewaters 7.6.7 In order for the project to achieve its objectives. it is important that industrial discharges in Tehran are quantified and regulated. The institutional responsibilities for dealing with industrial discharges will be made clear to those who generate them: * the DOE will reguiate industrial discharzes to the environment: and * the DOE and TSC wili regulate industrial discharges to the sewer system.
Industrial Wastewaters Discharges to ihe Environment 7.6.8 The DOE has established an inventorv of all current sources of industrial wastewaters in Tehran (as shown in Table 7.1) and will monitor their connection to the sewer svstem. Industries will have the choice between connection to the sewer and providinp: full treatment themselves tocomply with the standards set bv the DOE.
7.6.9 The DOE will be able to charge a fee for each discharge to the environment (rivers, canals, groundwater) by industry which will be based on the quantity and quality of the discharge, thus introducing the concept of "polluter pavs" and emphasizing to the industrial sector the advantages of treating wastes at source.
7.6.10 The DOE will have the power to set and enforce limits for BODS, suspended solids, ammonia, pH, metals, toxic and hazardous substances. temperature and flow. It prohibits discharges which contravene the established standards through its Environmental Protection Guards. This will cause relocation of the industrial discharge Source, improvement of onsite treatment, or connection of the discharge to sewer. The limits will be established under the Technical Assistance component and will be consistent with internationally recognized good industrial practices.
7.6.11 Industry will be given access to advice on the most modem and effective methods of industrial wastewater treatment by the DOE through its Environmental Education Department. in order to allow that sector to make a reasonably smooth transition to full compliance with the new legislation.
Industrial WastewatersDischarged to Sewers 7.6.12 TSC will have full jurisdiction over industrial wastewater sources that are seeking connection to the sewerage svstem. The TSC will have the ipTentiveto ensure that the treated effluent from the STP complies with the standards set bv the DOE.
7.6.13 The TSC will establish an inventory of all industrial discharges to the sewer network as they are connected and will have access to information with DOE on them.
7.6.14 The TSC will have the power to set limits for BOD5, suspended solids, ammonia, pH, metals. toxic and hazardous substances (including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercurv, nickel, and zinc), temperature and flow for each industrial source discharging to the sewerage system, and DOE will enforce them. TSC will coordinate these activities with DOE in order to ensure that its own discharges from the STP meet the set standards which will be monitored by the DOE and independently verified.
121 Ust of lt usk _~~~~~~~~~~~~C 1_W .RSI Oi.- I.AVV,V. I _r. AVERAGE (:llJ^o*lASlO ttW9VVlE AJUI1( n1QI) llJDUtrIRAL 1ItJDi 101NL 0. 01: PRETIfEAIMENt UNIf WUASli uqUN _ _ ___M ___Q REMEtlf (m3lday) Om |39coo is 165 Cc r1|d| Mii iro |Zn Ili '1l | Cis ( Al CDI WX. -lour Fas; ~20 9 fi4 A1e 3rS e 96 2u g|Xt'x bLs * tis.f.i,i t!i__. i I ' )iP:d. 25 2 sv2 e2 4t,ose 12V 22 X73 Deleenl ~~20 1 &10 IsnI-M /031 onro0 455.W0 | IIP & IZaper Iorg # 760 -- Wz 14t(0 7^l- 1J4 a 43 3 41 SlOf REQUIW-D - ^!r|{ fSSz; WX X X nX ¢; 1fii.=7e ++ };' 1i'6&!}'-- tf XtlS t ]00 ' 0 2 10 - - -4!W_ | MlLL 33 _ - L . . .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,, _ , .- . . __~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ tllew11 irilhSlles SlOIbe Ilalcofitercicer reqzdl~eprtalralfrtsrnl lotsewer *rlil n l)elsenitile tl laGiilr is 1}tjl i lit pcinill, aatl lt/lI eln lent Will b S^ul2rly checJ.; 13N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..._...... _. 7.6.15 The TSC Nvillcharge a fee for each discharge to the sewerage svstem which is related to the quantitv and quality of the discharge. This will again introduce the concept cif "polluter pavs" and encourage industrial pretreatment including neutralization. 7.6.16 The TSC will have the power to forbid a particular discharge to the sewerage system or require on-site pretreatment where that discharge could damage the fabric of the sewers or endanger performance of the STP. In this case. the industry will have to provide its own treatment to comply with the DOE standards. 7.6.17 The TSC will be able to levy fines on or refuse licenses to those customers who fail to comply with its requirements. The TSC will give advice on appropriate methods of pretreatment of industrial wastewaters prior to discharge to sewer where necessarv. Industrial Discharge Legislation 7.6.18 The negative impacts of industrial wastewater discharges to the surface water, to agriculture. and groundwater via the new sewerage svstem and STP will be mitigated bv the above monitoring system and the enforcement of trade waste control legislation. A technical assistance component of the project wvill address this issue. This legislation will include standards and conditions of discharge to the sewerage system, supported by effective enforcement in the event of non-compliance. The legislation will outline a standardized and unambiguous approach to the control of industrial discharges to the sewer system. The DOE is willing to negotiate with (as well as monitor) industry and the TSC. Each case will be handled individually with licenses realistically setting long and short-term targets. taking all scientific and economic factors into account. These measures will supplement the ongoing program on relocation of industries from Tehran. Water Conservation and Waste Mininmization 7.6.19 Measures to encourage lower water consumption and waste production will be implemented, particularly by use of realistic water supply and industrial discharge tariffs. 7.6.20 Sources of cadmium within the city will be identified and quantified by the DOE. Once identified, action will be taken to relocate these industries out of Tehran or to ensure that their production of waste cadmium is separated out or minimized. The industrial sources of cadmium may include electroplating, stabilization of plastics, pigments production. and the production & disposal of batteries. Transport 7.6.21 It is essential that sufficient transport facilities be provided for the employees of the Sewage Treatment Plant and the associated works to make the STP easily accessible. The TSC will provide transport to the STP for employees. The STP access road will be maintained in a good condition. The road from the Sewage Treatment Plant to the sludge holding bay at the Varamin Plain agricultural area will also be regularly 123 maintained. The transport used for sludge transfer will also be maintained in a good condition to ensure a reliable service. Agriculture 7.6.22 Because the project will have a considerable effect on the agricultural sector. its peration wviI]be examined. The irrization water distribution svstem will be evaluated and modified to improve the overall efficiency of the re-use facilities. Proper flow measurement svstems will be set up to measure. with a reasonable degree of accuracy, the volumes of water and treated effluent used by each of the farners. Farmnerswill be educated in the most effective methods of farming. Government investment in the region would improve the production of the area and increase the financial benefits. 7.7 Environmental Monitoring 7.7.1 The principle upon which the allocation of responsibilities for monitoring is based is that of separation between those who implement and those who regulate. The TSC is to implement the project while the DOE w ill independently monitor the impacts of the project. Regulatorv Monitoring bv the Department of Environment 7.7.2 The DOE will be responsible for the monitoring of discharges to the environment and their effects to ensure that the required standards are met and adverse impacts are minimized. Where necessary, the sampling and analysis may be carried out by specialists such as other government departments. private companies or academic research institutions (but not the TSC). The DOE will be responsible for funding and overseeing their activities and collation and dissemination of the resultant information. The following items will be covered. 7.7.3 Final effluent from the STP will be regularly monitored to ensure compliance with the standards for BOD5 suspended solids. total nitrogen. faecal coliforms and intestinal nematode eggs described in Table 7.2. It is recommended that one 24-hour flow-weighted composite sample is taken every week, that is samples wvill be taken once an hour over 24 hours. then mixed in direct proportion to the effluent flow at the time of sampling. This would then produce one sample for analysis which is representative of performance over 24 hours. 7.7.4 Effluent mixed with river water used in irrigation on the Varamin Plain will be regularly monitored for compliance with FAO standards5 at the point of use, that is in the irrigation channels. If this is not feasible, then it will be satisfactory to separately monitor the effluent at the STP and the river water in the Jaj-e-Rud and combine the results. 124 I Table 7.2 INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT DATA FOR STP Parameter Unit Influent Effluent BOD mg/I 320 25 Suspendedsolids mg/i 400 35 Fecal Coliform MPN/100ml 25,000 <=1,000* Nematodeeggs eggs/liter <10 <=1* Cadmium mg/i <=0.01 <=0.01** Chromium mg/l <=0.07 <=O.1-** Lead mg/l <=0.1 <=.01** *WHO Limit **FAO Limit 7.7.5 Treated sludge disposed of to agricultural land for use as a fertilizer will be monitored for compliance with the standards for metals in sludge and application rates described in the 1986 EC directive on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture8 (cadmiur, chromium. copper. nickel. lead. mercury and zinc). Several spot samples will be taken from each batch of stored sludge taken to the Varamin Plain. It will also be necessary to measure sludge moisture content to calculate the above. These figures and sludge application rates will allow estimation of future compliance with limit values f:)r accumulated metals in soils8. The DOE will ensure that treated sludge is being stored for at least one vear prior to its use on agricultural land. 7.7.6 Soil in areas where effluent or siudge are used in agriculture wvillbe monitored for the above metals to ensure compliance with the 1986 EC directive on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. Concentrations will be measured before anv application takes place (baseline) and after each year of application. so each area will be monitored everv four vears. It will also be necessarv to measure soil pH. 7.7.7 As described in Section 7.6. the DOE will regularly monitor all effluents discharged by industry to the environment (canals. rivers. and land). 7.7.8 The DOE wvillmonitor the qualitv of Tehran's surface waters such as the Firouzabacd and Sorkhe Hessar canals. This should reveal improvements in water quality and highlight any continuing pollution problems. The parameters to be monitored include: BOD5, suspended solids, ammonia, nitrates, metals, fecal coliforms and intestinal nematode eggs. 7.7.9 There is uncertainty surrounding the level of arsenic contamination in Tehran due tco historic data of concern. It is recommended that the following be monitored for arsenic by the DOE as part of the above programme untii it is shown that there are no problems of this type: * discharzes to the environment from industry and public baths: * effluent and sludge from the proposed STP: * soils and crops in the Varamin Plain; * groundwater from under the City and the Varamin Plain; and * surface waters such as the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals. Sewage Treatment Plant Operation Monitoring by the TSC 7.7.10 The TSC will perform operational monitoring to ensure that STP performrs satisfactorily and that effluent and sludge from the STP complies with the set standards with monitoring by the DOE. 7.7.11 The raw sewage arriving at the STP and the final effluent will be regularly monitored by the TSC for BOD5, suspended solids. total nitrogen, faecal coliforms, and intestinal nematode eggs to assess performance. Spot samples will be taken once a day so that the operators can respond to any irregularities.Treated sludge disposed of to agricultural land for use as a fertilizer will be monitored for moisture content, pH. cadmium. chromium copper, nickel, lead, mercury, and zinc. These samples will be 126 for use within the TSC. not for the assessment of compliance with standards by the DOE. 7.7.12 The TSC will also monitor particular units within the treatment works such as the primarv sedimentation tanks and aeration tanks to assess their perforrnance. Knowledge of the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids within the aeration tanks and the settleabilitv of the activated sludgc will allow optimisation of operation. 7.7.13 Particular attention will be paid by the TSC to review the performance of STP in removing intestinal nematode eggs. If the effluent quality data show that the arithmetic mean number of eggs is greater than the WHO guideline of one per litre, then the TSC will review the treatment process and operations to ensure compliance with the WHO guidelines. The Appendix presents performance data from currently operating sewage treatment plants. The data show that the influent levels of nematode eggs is less than 100 eggs per liter and the effluent had less than I egg per liter. 7.7.14 The quality of the treated effluent will be carefully controlled at the STP to the required limits. using efficient and up to date methods using accurate analytical procedures. All discrepancies detected will be immediately notified to those concemed. and the problem promptly dealt with at the source. A suitable response system will be developed at the STP. in the event that problems do develop, and all relevant staff will be fullv trained in the corrective measures to be taken. Provision will be made for the diversion of non-complying STP discharges to nearby surface waters. thereby preventing its discharge to agricultural land. Discharges to the Firouzabad canal will take place in accordance with established procedures which will take account of physical and chemical effects on the canal having regard to the particular circumstances prevailing at the time. 7.7.15 As described in Section 7.6, the TSC will monitor all effluents discharged by industry to the sewerage system and hence, to the STP for BOD5, suspended solids, ammonia, pH, metals. toxic substances, temperature and flow where necessary.The Appendix presents: (a) List of Equipment and Instruments Required for Laboratory at STP; and (b) Required Number of People in the Laboratory at STP. 7.7.16 The waters of the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals are not likely to conform with the recommended WHO standards for unrestricted irrigation due to numerous other discharges to them.. The quality of these canals will be improved by strict control of such discharges by the DOE. Existing small sewage treatment plants should be upgraded to the standards used for the Southern STP or their final effluent discharges connected into the proposed sewerage system Groundwater Recharge 7.7.17 Treated effluent recharged on the Varamin Plain will become part of the groundwater resources managed by the TRWB, who will establish a monitoring programme to confirm that groundwater quality is not adversely affected. The content of nitrate, ammonia and metals in the groundwater beneath the Varamin Plain will be monitored at existing or new wells. Groundwater resources will be carefully evaluated by the 127 TRWB so that zones where recharge would bc inadvisable. such as adjacent to potable water wells. can be identified. 7.7.18 Supporting legislation will be developed for the categorization of these well heacl protection zones. with adequate enforcement procedures and appropriate penalties. Permissible frequency and quality requirements of recharge will be investigated at an early stage to enable the optimum development of a discharge strategy. Contingency plans will be developed for the event that the qualitv of the treated effluent does not meet specified standards for recharge. Agriculture 7.7.19 Adverse impacts of the use of treated effluent and sludge on the agricultural land will be effectively mitigated by the imposition of industrial effluent controls as outlined above. In addition. the MARC will be responsible for monitoring the following in the Varamin Plain: - general suitabilitv of crops for consumption: - plant tissue quality (heavy metals, boron. and arsenic); - contamination of crop by pathogens: - crop production; - the health of livestock; - nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content of soils, fertilizers, manures and sludges; and - moisture retention properties. pH and carbon-to-nitrogen ratios in soils. 7.7.20 If the MARC does not carry out the sampling and analysis itself, then this may be carried out by specialists such as other government departments, private companies or academic research institutions (but not the TSC). The MARC will remain responsible for funding and overseeing, their activities and collation and dissemination of the resultant infornation. Samples will be analyzed bv reputable laboratories and the data made available to the DOE. 7.7.21 Baseline data will be established at an early date for the existing conditions in the agricultural area. in order to refine the effluent & sludge re-use strategies and identify any deficiencies or potential hazards. This data will be regularly updated during project implementation. 7.7.22 The MARC will also have access to data on concentrations of metals in sludge and soil held by the DOE. In the event that the limits are exceeded or there is concern over crop quality, the MARC will have the power to prohibit the consumption of the crops grown in the areas affected. 7.7.23 The MARC will keep a formal record of volumes of sewage sludge used and chemical constituents in conjunction with the DOE. An electronic database will be set up and maintained by the MARC. It is considered that the introduction of a suitable computer model would be beneficial in this regard. 128 Monitoring and Evaluation 7.7.24 In order that the environmental effects of the Project are adequately controlled by the mitigation measures. the DOE is preparing a forrnal Strategic Monitoring Plan (for Qualitv Assurance and Quality Control) and will produce periodic review reports throughout the life of the Project for the Minister of Energy and the Governor of Tehran. The Ministry of Energy will have the overall responsibilitv to ensure that the adverse impacts from the project are maintained to acceptable levels and corrective actions are taken when requzired. A summarv of the monitoring activities discussed below is provided in Tables 7.3 through 7.8. During construction. monitoring program will include dust and noise. The monitoring reports will also include data on BOD. COD, suspended solids. cadmium (and other heavv metals as necessary), fecal coliform. and nematode eggs for the treated effluent. The sludge will be monitored for nematode eggs, coliform. toxic metals (including arsenic. cadmium. chromium, lead. and mercury, as appropriate). In addition. odor. noise, and vibration will be monitored at receptor sites to ensure that these are at acceptable levels. Soil and agriculture produce from Varamin plain will be monitored for significant pollutants including heavy metals such as cadmium (for soil and produce), and fecalcoliform & nematode eggs (for agriculture produce). The surface water in Varamin canal will also be monitored for chlorine. The Ministrv of Health will monitor the public health indicators (such as gastrointestinal diseases) to assess project impacts. A project monitoring report will be prepared on the effectiveness of the EMP once every 6 months and sent to the Bank after review and clearance from the DOE. 7.7.25 The DOE will review baseline data and implement its own environmental monitoring program: TRWB will monitor groundwater resources: and Ministry of Agriculture will monitor the agriculture produce from Varamin Plains. It will indicate changing environmental conditions and identify impacts of the scheme as thev occur. If these agencies identify significant adverse impacts. appropriate mitigation measures and institutional changes will be made and arrangements for amendments to the Management Plan will be made. Interagencv coordination will be effectively implemented through liaison sub-committees with the project committee (chaired by the Deputy Minister of Municipal Water & Sewage Affairs in the Ministry of Energy) meeting at least once every 6 months. 7.7.26 The strategic monitoring will review the effectiveness of the Management Plan for mitigation measures, for example: the revision of legislation to improve environmental protection; measures to minimize disturbance due to construction; development of re-use strategies by the Ministrv of Agriculture; occupational health and safety training and procedures for emergencies during construction and operation; public health education by the Ministry of Health; control of industrial discharges by the Environmental Protection Guards of DOE and the TSC ; and the water conservation and waste minimization program. 129 I 1. During construction: 1.1. Dust & Noise Table 7.3 Dust and Noise Monitoring Program Parameters to be Location Frequency of sampling Standard Responsibility analysed I and analvsis I Dust At construction sites Every day 150 jig/m3 DOEIESO* Noise At construction sites Every day 70 dB (A) DOE/ESO ESO = Environment and Safety Officer in the Project Management Unit 2. During operation: 2.1 Treated effluent Table 7.4 Treated Effluent Quality Monitoring Program Major Parameters Location of Frequency of sampling Standard Responsibility to be anaiysed monitoring points and analysis BOD5 20 mg/i DOEIESO* COD 200 mg/I DOE/ESO* pH 6-9 mg/l DOE/ESO* Oil & Grease 10 mg/I DOE/ESO* TSS 35 mg/I DOE/ESO* TDS 600 mg/l DOE/IESO* Cl 600 mg/l DOElESO* Mg 100 mg/I DOE/ESO* MPN 30 mg/l DOE/ESO* Nematode egg At STP Site Every Day 1 egg/liter DOEIESO* Faecal Coliform 1000 MPNt100ml DOElESO* S04 500 mg/i DOE/ESO* S03 1 mg/I DOE/ESO* H2S 3 mg/l DOEIESO* CH20 1 mg/i DOEIESO* C6H5OH 1 mg/i DOE/ESO* Dye 75 mg/I DOE/ESO* Mn 1 mgIl DOEIESO* Chlorine 0.2 mg/I DOEIESO* * ESO = Environment and Safety Officer in the Project Management Unit I 2.2. Treatedsludge Table 7,5 Treated Sludge Quality Monitoring Program Parameters Location Frequencyof sampling Limit Rsnbi I ______I ______I and analysis Responsibility Nematodeegg 1 egg/100grn DOEIESO* Coliform 1.000 MPN/l00mi DOE/ESO* Arsenic 1 mg/kg DOE/ESO' Cadmium At STP site EveryBatch 20 mg/kg DOE/ESO* Chromium 1,000mg/kg DOE/ESO* Lead 750 mg/kg DOE/ESO* ESO = Environmentand SafetyOfficer in the ProjectManagement Unit 2.3. Odor & Noisearound STP Table 7.6 Odor and Noise Monitoring Program Parameters Location Frequencyof sampling Responsibility I__ _ analvsis_and I _I MalodorousGases DOE/ESO* NH3 DOE/ESO H2S At treatmentplant Everyday DOE/ESO Mercaptans DOE/ESO Noise DOE/ESO * ESO = Environmentand SafetyOfficer in the ProjectManagement Unit 2.4. Soil Table 7.7 Agricultural Soil Monitoring Program Major Parameters Location Frequencyof sampling Standard Responsibilitv and analysis HeavyMetals: Cd 0.15 mg/kg DOE Ni 3 mg/kg DOE Cu 12 mg/kg DOE Zn 30 mg/kg DOE Pb AtVaramin Plain Once in 6 months 15 mg/kg DOE Cr 3 mg/kg DOE Alkalinityv 6-8.5 DOE I 2.5. Produce Table 7.8 Agricultural Produce Monitoring Program Parameters to be ation of monitoring po Frequency of sampiung Responsibility analysed I and analvsis Heavy Metals: Cd DOE Cu DOE Hg DOE Zn DOE Pb At Varamin Plain Once in 6 months DOE As DOE Cr (6+) DOE Faecal Coliform DOE Nematode eggs DOE 7.8 Finance Budgets 7.8.1 Budgets for all components of the project will be reviewed regularly and with allowances for maintenance and contingencies like equipment breakdown. Budget control will be carried out by the TSC. with regular reporting to the Ministry of Energy. A computerized cost control system would enable monitoring and analysis of all cost and revenue data and would provide perfornance indicators for the project. Revenue 7.8.2 The setting of the rates for the collection and treatment of the sewage from Tehran must be carefullv considered. It is essential that all costs are covered. Nevertheless, realistic costs and pavback periods must be cited in the economic evaluation of the project and in the setting of rates to minimize anv adverse economic impacts. 7.9 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 7.9.1 The EMP covers mitigation measures, monitoring, and institutional strengthening during implementation (construction and operation) to eliminate adverse environment and social impacts, offset them. or reduce them to acceptable levels. It identifies actions needed to implement the mitigation measures by (a) identifying a set of responses to potentially adverse impacts; (b) determine requirements for ensuring that those responses are made effectivelv in a timely manner; and (c) describe the means for meeting those requirements. Mitigation of Adverse Environmental Impacts Major Issues 7.9.2 The EMP includes mitigation measures to ensure that the defined objectives of the Tehran Sewerage Project are achieved whilst preventing and reducing potentially adverse environmental impacts. Tables 7.9 and 7.10 provide a summary of mitigation measures for the major environmental issues as discussed below. The mitigation measures are to be executed by the Construction Contractor and STP Operator with supervision by TSC. Monitoring will be carried out by TSC's Environment and Safety Officer (for dust and noise during construction; for treated effluent & sludge, odor, and noise during operation) and Ministry of Agriculture (for agriculture produce and soil). Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) monitoring will be performed by the DOE. 133 Table 7.9 Summarv of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures-Construction SignificantAdverse Responsibilityfor Target MitigationMeasures Implementation EnvironmentalImpact ' (Supervision) Constructionof SewerageNetwork and TreatmentPlant 1 Noisegeneration Noisenuisance is * No noisyconstruction activities during night ConstructionManage ______.avoided (ESO*) 2 Generationof dust Nuisancedust * Water spraysare to be used where nuisanceConstruction Manage emissionsare avoided dust generationoccurs (ESO) * Installwind fenceswhere needed 3 Traffic congestion Trafficcongestion is * Restrictmovement of constructionvehicles to ConstructionManage minimized.Traffic and from the sites to daylight hours (unless(ESO) hazardsare managed advisedby traffic police otherwise). to minimizerisk to road - Liasewith traffic policeto minimizetraffic users. disruptionin the vicinityof constructionsites. * Puttingup sign posts and arrange alternative routes if required. 4 Damage to accessThe conditionof roads * Site access roads will be inspectedregularly Construction Manager roads and streets used for constructionis and repairsmade where necessary (ESO) not substantially * All roads and streetsused for laying pipes degraded will be coveredand paved 5 Soil erosion and The erosionof soil on * Vegetation clearance will be kept to a ConstructionManager transport the constructionsite minimumat STP site. (ESO) and transportof solids * Trees and plantswill be plantedat STP site from construction works is minimized * Soil transportwill be kept to minimum 6 Air pollution The ambientair quality * Wastes are not to be burnton site ConstructionManager is not substantialiy * Constructionvehicles to be well maintained (ESO) to minimizeexhaust emissions. from construction works 7 Public health and site Publicdoes not have * Barrier fencing and warning signs are to be ConstructionManage security direct or indirect installedaround the work site perimeter,and to (ESO) contactwith the controlaccess of unauthorizedpersonnel. ______constructionsites ._| *ESO= Environmentand SafetyOfficer in the ProjectManagement Unit I Table 7.10 Summary of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures-STPOperation SignificantAdverse Target MitigationMeasures Responsibilityfor EnvironmentalImpact Implementation(Supervision) Odorgeneration Odoris notoffensive to persons Minimizeodor generation; cover tanks; STPManager (ESO*) beyondthe sewagetreatment maintaina bufferzone; plant trees at plant thefence. Healthof employees The riskof employeesat STP * Maintainhygiene and have medical STPManager (ESO) acquiringinfections from contact surveillance&vaccination; manage withwaste water is adequately wastewateroperations to minimize controlled. contactof personnelwith sewage; maintainshowers and sanitary facilities; providefirst aid and have an emergency responseplan in place. Effluent The--isk of publicand farmers * Adequatetreatment (retention time) STPManager (ESO) acquirinqinfection from contact willbe providedto control the numberof w.ith effluentand produce is nematodeeggs; chlorine will beused to au quatelyX'ntrolled. disinfectthe effluent Sludge Therisk ofpublic K d farmers * Thesludge after dewatering and STPManager (ESO) acquiringinfection f, *m contact digestionwill be bio-degradedand dried withsludge and procuce is forone year. adequatelyc, ntrolled. * ESO= Environmentand Safety Officer in the ProjectManagement Unit. Effluent Qualitn 7.9.3 The activated sludge process is capable of reducing the concentration of intestinal niematode parasite eggs to less than 1% of the concentration in the raw sewage entering the system. A UJNDPmission has indicated that based on analyses of sewage from a restricted area of Tehran. the process proposed is capable of producing an effluent which will comply with the WHO guidelines for intestinal nematode eggs in effluent to be used for irrigation. From the outset of operation, a program for monitoring of effluent egg concentrations will be instituted. Additional treatment has been provided to ensure compilance with all the appiicable WHO guidelines including those for nematode eggs. 7.9.4 TSC will also provide secure fencing along the first 2 km of the Tehran-Varamin Canal starting from the Sewage Treatment Plant to protect public health by ensuring that dis-infection is complete. 7.9.5 The Department of Environment (DOE) has issued guidelines for conducting Environmental Assessment and promulgating standards for industrial discharges to surface water and effluent discharges from the sewage treatment plant. In addition, there are standards for ambient dust, noise. and odor. These will be adhered to in the project. In addition, the treated effluent will meet the WHO' guidelines for treated water to be used in agriculture. These guidelines specify a nematode level of less than I egg per liter and total fecal coliformnlevel of less than 1000 MPN per 100 ml. The BOD level of the effluent at the STP discharge point will be less than 25 mg/l. Sludge Qualitv 7.9.6 For the use of treated sludge as soil conditioner. compliance with the European Union (EU), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and WHO Guidelines (including the limit of less than I intestinal nematode egg per 100 gms of dry solids) will be ensured by providing adequate treatment including a drying period of one year. Industrial Discharges 7.9.7 The polluting industries are being relocated and the remaining major industries will have to comply with the DOE's limits for effluent dischar_c. These regulations are being enforced. In addition, the project will only provide connections to industries that do not discharge toxics which may affect the performance of the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). The Technical Director of STP and Director of Department of Environment will jointly approve all industrial connections. The project will ensure that the industrial effluent discharges are pre-treated (where required) to levels which comply with the World Bank's Environmental Guidelines mentioned in the "Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook" after taking into account the reduction achievable at STP for all the significant parameters of concern. In summary, the project will follow internationally accepted Good Practices and comply with applicable Iranian regulations. 136 7.9.8 The Project Management Unit has drawn up a detailed Environmental Management Plan which includes mitigation measures to epsure that the defined objectives of the Tehran Sewage Project are achieved whilst preventing or minimizing any potentially adverse environmental impacts. Tables 2 and 3 provide a summary of mitigation measures for the major environmental issues as discussed below. The mitigation measures are to be carried out by the Construction Contractor and STP Operator with supervision by TSC. Also. QA/QC monitoring wvillbe performed bv the DOE. Other Mitigation Measures 7.9.9 The general disruption during construction will be mitigated by coordinated planning of construction activities. This will include coordination with the authorities from the municipalitv, transport. police, electricity, telephones. gas, and water supply before commencing construction activities. Appropriate permits will also be obtained. The other adverse impacts during the construction phase, namely noise. vibration and dust will be mitigated by the careful design of the Project and adoption of Good Practices. These will include providing wind breakers and wetting of spoil to prevent fugitive dust emissions w here appropriate: limiting noisy activities to dav time and providing mufflers to minimize noise nuisance; worker safety measures such as wearing overalls, safetv hats. work boots. and gloves; controlling traffic and placing warning signs at construction sites: and securing the sites (especially where trenches are cut) by fences, brick, or prefabricated partition walls. The contract documents will include requirements for these measures to minimize disturbance from construction activities and will be monitored everyday by the Environmental Safety Officer (ESO) to ensure contractor's compliance. 7.9.10 Liaison arrangements will be established between the public, contractors, and the Project Management Unit. A procedure has been established to allow the general public to lodge complaints at the Project Management Unit about excessive disturbance due to construction. 7.9.11 The contractor will provide suitable and reliable equipment for construction, with a formal maintenance program established to ensure efficient operations. The TSC will develop and establish suitable procedures for the operation and maintenance of the Sewage treatment Plant. The employees will get appropriate training. Training in emergency procedures and occupational health & safety will be provided for all employees of the contractor and the TSC. Suitable safety equipment will also be provided. 7.9.12 Odors from the treatment plant will be minimized (scrubbers will be provided on vents, where needed) by careful planning and implementation of the plant operation and maintenance. The established buffer zone wvillensure that the visual, noise and odor impacts are acceptable. Solid waste from the STP will be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner in a municipal landfill. 7.9.13 The Environmental Protection Guards of the DOE will establish and impiement formal programs for the monitoring of discharges to the environment from the Sewage Treatment Plant and industry: treated sludges: surface water: soil: and agriculture produce from the Varamin Plain. wvithset procedures in the event of 137 noncompliance. It will develop a system of controls on discharges to the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals. The DOE has developed and implemented standards for the control of industrial discharges to the environment. DOE will also develop and implement the standards for the control of industrial discharges to the proposed sewer svstem under the technical assistance component of the project. No connections will be given to industries that may discharge toxics (such as heavy metals includinp cadmium) which mav impact the performance of STP or whose discharge is not expected to meet the pretreatment limits which will be based on the World Bank's Environmental Guidelines mentioned in the "Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook" after taking into account the reduction in concentration expected at STP. To monitor this and other projects. DOE has equipped three laboratories where currently 6 people are emploved and it is planned to employ 4 more. Tehran sewage project would require 8 persons at the laboratorv located in southem STP. 7.9.14 TSC will establish *and implement formal programs for the monitoring of raw sewage, operational parameters. treated effluent and sludge at the Sewage Treatment Plant. and industrial discharges to the sewer. The TSC will develop education programs and advisory services for the industrial sector in conjunction with the DOE. 7.9.15 TSC will also provide secure fencing along the first 2 km of the Tehran-Vararnin Canal starting from the Sewage Treatment Plant to ensure that dis-infection is complete and public health is protected. 7.9.16 The Ministry of Health will conduct a public hygiene education campaign to reduce the incidence of solid waste entering the sewer system. This includes video and TV program and distribution of literature such as leaflets and brochures. 7.9.17 The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Cooperation (MARC) wvillestablish and implement formal programs for monitoring the quality of agricultural produce and health of livestock located on the Varamin Plain. with set action procedures in the event of deterioration in qualitv. It will review agricultural and irrigation practices on the Varamin Plain in light of effluent and sludge reuse and develop education programs (including advisory services) for the farmers on the Varamin Plain. 7.9.18 The TRWB and the DOE will evaluate groundwater resources and qualitv in the Varamin Plain and develop legislation for controlling the quality of recharge to groundwater. 7.10 Implementation Schedule and Cost estimates 7.10.1 The implementation of Environmental Management Plan (comprising of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional building measures) would require an investment of about US $2 million (US $1.5 million for additional treatment to control treated effluent quality, US $0.32 million for establishing a laboratory, and US $0.18 million for capacity building including training). In addition, US $0.14 million would be required annually for operation and maintenance (O & M) of the proposed investments in environmental mitigation and monitoring measures. This includes US $0. I million for annual costs for 0 & M of environmental activities ($40,000 for 5 138 laboratory staff. $60,000 for utilities. laboratorv chemicals. supplies, and maintenance. and $10.000 for training). Allthese have been included in the project costs. 7.10.2 It is anticipated that the project will be effective in 2000, by which time all documents and approval procedures would be ready and contracts signed. The construction will start in late 2000 and is likelv to be completed by the Year 2005. 7.10.3 Many of the measures described in Sections 7.1 to 7.8 will be carried out by the various bodies concerned and these costs have been budgeted: - evaluation and review of standards and legisiation: - liaison between the PMU and services: and - public health education. Costs Included in the Contracts 7.10.4 The following items will be included in the construction contract prices: - measures to minimize disturbance to the public due to noise, vibration and dust; - traffic diversions: - training of employees in emergency procedures. health and safety, and - provisionof safety equipment. Costs to the TSC 7.10.5 Costs to the TSC for the following items have been incluudd in [he calculating net present value of the project: - operational monitoring of the STP at the on-site laboratory; - establishment of operation and maintenance procedures: - training of employees in emergencv procedures. environmental management. - health and safety; and - provision of safety equipment Costs to the DOE 7.10.6 The following items are not included in the estimated project cost and these will be covered in a separate technical assistance package: - monitoring and inventory of industrial discharges to the environment, estimated at 40 million Rials per year (employing 4 drivers, 6 laboratory staff and 2 clerks); - provision of advice to the industrial sector in treatment of wastewaters, estimated at 4 million Rials per year (employing one chemist); 139 - monitoring of treated effluent and sludge from the STP and soil quality on the Varamin Plain estimated at 40 million Rials per year (one chemist, 8 laboratorv staff. 2 drivers and one clerk); and - training of DOE employees in environmental management, monitoring, and health & safetv. Costs to the Ministry ofAgriculture and RuiralCo-operation 7.10.7 The proposed Varamin Plain Unit of the MARC will require approximately 48 million Rials per year (one manager. 10 technicai staff. and 3 clerks in addition to those currentlv emploved by the TRWB). 140 8.0 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK TO IMPLEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8.1 Policies, Legislation and Standards Existing Framework 8.1.1 The existing legislative and institutional framewvorkhas been described in section 4. The intention of this review is to propose their reinforcement where necessary. Policies and Plans 8.1.2 In order for the Government of Iran to formulate plans for the further development of the City of Tehran. the formulation of appropriate national policies relating to water supply and wastewater treatment and disposal would be beneficial. By realisticallv elaborating on the goals of the Government. these policies would indicate the direction of future development and wouid provide a framework for relevant legislation. 8.1.3 In order to optimize the positive economic and environmental benefits of the project and the sewage svstem protected from overloading, the requirements of the Tehran Sewage Project will be incorporated into the next revision of the Urban Master Plan for Tehran. 8.1.4 This Urban Master Plan will take account of proposed infrastructure development including this project, the Metro system and other policy initiatives, and set out areas for proposed development and redevelopment. It will also establish buffer zones around the proposed STP and other associated facilities. Legislation 8.1.5 While there is a bodv of legislation bearing on the construction and operation of the project. it is essential that this is comprehensive and that all environmental aspects of the project are properly addressed. Areas to be included are: sewage collection and treatment and the tariffs attached thereto: construction control; waste disposal; surface water pollution; groundwater pollution. trade effluent discharges; agricultural usage of treated sewage and sludge; and occupational health and safety. 8.1.6 All existing legislation has been reviewed and an institutional strengthening program has been planned to achieve appropriate institutional support. In addition to this, it is recommended that encompassing legislation, or a Consolidation Act be developed by the Govemment of Iran to link the existing legislation. Legislation governing the use of sludge in agriculture will be developed by the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministrv of Health. and the DOE. 141 Standards 8.1.7. Properly managed, the use of standards will ease the detection and control of any future pollution. as well as defining operational requirements for the Sewage Treatment Plant and local industry. All standards relating to the project have been reviewed and realistic and achievable targzetshave been set. with due reference given to the end use. These w ill be evaluated at regular intervals and modified as appropriate. Additionai standards will also be developed to provide targets for areas not currently covered. Standards will exist for the qualitv of potable water, groundwater. surface water. trade effluent discharges. treated effluent and treated sewage sludge. Guidelines 8.1.8 The implementation of the project will create areas of uncertaintv for certain sectors of the communitv. and the provision of guidelines will ease this in many cases. By recommending procedures in the industrial sector for occupational health and safety, housekeeping and the treatment and monitoring of wastes at source. and in the agricultural sector for the application of treated effluent and sludge and health practices. valuable assistance will be given in a supportive manner. The provision of guidelines for the community in sanitation and public health would assist in a more rapid transition to a cleaner environment overall. and will be a priority. 8.1.9 In addition to the project-related guidelines, it is advisable to reinforce the national guidelines for environmental assessments in their progressive application in evaluating project impacts. This will provide a framework for future monitoring of impacts and allows the project results to be evaluated. 8.2. Overview of Responsibilities 8.2.1 There are many different aspects to the administration of the project and the organization must be structured with minimal complexity and have . htforward lines of communication. It is also essential that the budget anu levei of authority attached to each relevant department or unit truly reflect its resDonsibilities. The proposed responsibilities of the various bodies involveu in the Tehrmn Sewerage Project are shown in Table 8. 1. 8.2.2 The TSC is to be responsible for the implementation of the Tehran Sewerage Project, that is the design of works, supervision of ce.1tractors. oneration of the STP and ensuring that measures to mitigate adverse environrne- .i impacts are carried out. It will regulate discharges to the sewerage system and charge for them. It will inform the public on the use of the sewerage system. It is to establish a Project Management Unit (PMU) to implement the project. 8.2.3 The DOE (Tehran Province) is to monitor the project impacts during the construction and operation phases. It will set standards for effluent discharges to the sewerage network from domestic and industrial sources. prohibiting those which exceed the standards. It-will also monitor and regulate effluent and sludge from the STP. 142 Table 8.1 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES TEHRAN SEWERAGE COMPANY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT (DOE) MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL CO-OPERATION (MARC) Project illintgemienit Untit Strategic Un,it(proposed) * Supervisionof designof sewerageand * Developmentand implementationof Strategic I arauininPlhi,li it SouthernSewage Treatment Plant (STP) Monitoring Plan * Development ol strategies for the re-use of * Supervisionof contractors . Establishmenitand review of environmenital treatedefflueit and sludgeon the Varamin l'iain . Formulationof plan of measuresto mitigate standardsfor industrialeffluent discharges to the * Monitorinigcrop produictioniand crop quality on adverseimpacts network. the VaraminilPlain * Ensuringthat ilitigation mieasuresare carried * PrlovisioI ol advice lor Varamin Plain farners out Environnenteal P'rotectionGuardis on the safe and efficient re-use of treated . Commissioningof thieS'VP . Monitoring of construction impacts and effluent and slidge Sewerage Operations Dept. enforcementof restrictions * Operationsand maintenanceof the sewer . Monitoring of treatedeffluent and sludge from network the SiP with enforcementof standards MINISTIRY OF HEALTH Sewage Trentcltetit PlauitOperations Dept. * Monitoring industrial discharges to tile (proposed,) environimient * Monitor public health for disease associated * Operationsand mainitenaniceof the STP, effluent * Enforcement of environmental discharge with the project, especially these associated re-tiseand sludgere-use standardsor connectionto the seweragesystem reuse of slidge and treated efflueit with in . Monitoring and laboratoryanalysis of raw agrictilttire. sewage,final cffluent and operational Laboratories * Conduction ol a public health edtication parameters . Analysis of STP eflluents, sludge, soils anid campaign. industrialeffluent discharges. * Implementation of a programme of' nass Tradle WJ'asteOperations Dept. (proposed) chemilothierapyto combatl helintilic disease * Monitoring of industrialdischarges to sewer Public Relations Office * Establishnientand enforcementof limits on . Informing the public on the need to avoid in(dustrialdischiarges to sewer pollutioni TEIIRAN REGIONAL WATER 1BOAIDI) . Provisioniof advice to industryon methiodsof pre-treatmenitof industrialwastewaters Eu,vironi,i,entalEducation Bureau * Monitoritig of groundwaterresour-ces hbeneatI C()stoitnerserices Dept. (Operationss) * Provisionof adviceto industryon pre-treatment the Varamin Plain. * Collectionlof fees from domestic,iidtistrial of industrialwastewater to be dischargedto the customersaind dealing with any queries sewer. * Monitor-inigof graoundwaterquality beneatlithe P'ublic Relations Dept. Varamin Plain. * Informing the public aboutcorrect useof the * Monitoring of surfice water (Sorkhe- lesar and seweragesystem FiroozabadCanals) in Varamin and Tellran. * Respondingto complaintsfrom the public about disturbance 8.2.4 The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation (MARC) is to supervise an(d regulate the re-use of treated effluent and sludge on the Varamin Plain. It will monitor crop qualitv and production. It will inform the farmers about safe and productive methods of re-use of effluent and sludoe from the STP. 8.2.5 The Ministrv of Health is to conduct an education campaign to inform the public about general aspects of public health relating to sanitation. hvgiene. and pollution and a mass chemotherapy campaign to reduce the incidence of helminthic diseases. 8.2.6 The TRWB is to be responsible for the monitorine. evaluation. and use of th:! groundwater resources in the Varamin Plain. 8.3 Involvement of the TSC 8.3.1 The role of TSC is described in Section 4.2. Project.Management Unit 8.3.2 The structure of the PMU will include the follovwingfunctions: - Design and Procurement To provide detailed design and contracts for the sewerage network. the STP, effluent and sludge re-use facilities. - Implementation To ensure that the works are implemented satisfactorily, on schedule. and wvithinthe allocated budget. - Environmental To implement the Environmental Management Plan including the specific mitigative measures and monitor for the parameters listed. 8.3.3 It is recognized that the PMU may perform the above activities itself or employ other agencies to under-take them. Operations 8.3.4 The Operations Division of the TSC is currently made up of seven departments. 8.3.5 The Sewerage Operations and Maintenance Department will be responsible for operation of the sewerage network. A new Sewage Treatment Plant and Laboratories Department will be established within the TSC Operations Division for operation of the Southern STP and other STPs in Tehran. since there are many differences between the operations of sewerage systems and sewage treatment plants. This will also be responsible for operational monitoring of the STP as described in 7.7. 8.3.6 A new Trade Waste Department will also be established within TSC Operations Division to fulfill the responsibilities for industrial discharge regulation described in 144 Section 7.6. This will monitor industrial dischar2es to the sewer network utilizing either its own laboratories or those of the SevwageTreatment Plants and Laboratories Department. It will set charges for industrial customers and impose limits necessary to protect the STP. Its staff will have the power to enter industrial premises discharging to the sewer network. It will advise on suitable methods of pretreatment of industrial wastewaters prior to discharze to sewer. 8.3.7 The existing Customer Services Department (also part of the TSC Operations Division) will collect fees from domestic and industrial users of the sewerage system. 8.4 Involvement of the DOE 8.4.1 The existing structure of the DOE and its responsibilities are described in Sections 4.2 and 4.3. Environmental Prolection Guar(ds 8.4.2 The responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Guards are to be widened and it is proposed that the division is strengthened. In particular. new sections will need to be established to regulate disturbance due to construction (noise, vibration and dust) and to monitor and regulate discharges from industrial sources. The industrial pollution section will need to set up a database in order to regulate all industrial sources and their connection to sewer, as described in Sections 7.6 and 7.7. 8.4.3 The Environmental Protection Guards will require appropriate authority and adequate resources to be effective, the enforcing procedures must be clearly defined with effective penalties in order to achieve a standardized approach that is consistent throughout industry. The unit's role in licensins and monitoring discharges to the environment will, however, be a co-operative one. with emphasis on close liaison with industrv. Laboratories 8.4.4 The project will bring about not only an increase in the workload of the Laboratories section. but also a broadening of its scope. For this reason, the DOE may have to use the laboratories of the Raazi Institute and the Soil and Water Institute in Tehran in addition to its own. The DOE will conduct an assessment of the analytical requirements of the Tehran Sewage Project as soon as possible, in order that facilities can be expanded where necessary. 8.4.5 For the whole monitoring process to be effective. it is essential that independent quality checks be made. Quality of results is an essential requirement and suitable quality control procedures and checking of results will be included in the daily operation of the laboratories as a matter of course. Suitable laboratories will be reviewed with respect to their equipment needs and supplies, and developed appropriately. All appropriate analyses must be available in Iran, with minimal dependence placed on foreign laboratories. 145 Strategic Un7itof the DOE 8.4.6 It is recommended that the DOE develop and implement a Strategic Monitoring Plan in order to assess the progress of the project. This is discussed in Section 9.0. The DOE wvill also develop and review appropriate environmental standards and regulations covering noise. disturbance. effluent discharges. re-use and other aspects of the project. Since the Environmental Protection Guards' role is day-to-day monitoring and enforcement of regulations. it is proposed that a separate Strategic Unit be established within the DOE at the same level as the Environmental Protection Guards. Its roie will be to formulate technical poiicy and perform strategic monitoring. 8.5 Institutional Needs of the Ministrv of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation 8.5.1 It is recommended that the Ministrv of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation establish a Varamin Plain Unit to manage irrigation water & sludge properly; to ensure the technically correct and safe use of effluent and sludge; to monitor soil & produce; and to provide advice to farmers in order to realize the full potential of the scheme. The Unit could be formed from existing TRWB personnel responsible for the management of the agricultural area. with additional staff. The general manager of the Unit will be responsible for provision of the following services: - Water supply management, - Water quality monitoring; - Scheme maintenance: - Sludge supply and monitoring; - Field canal development; - Advice service for farmers (agricultural extension service); - Veterinary services: - Agricultural inputs: - Land leveling services: and - Field irrigation development 8.6 Establishment of a Project Liaison Comnmittee 8.6.1 The effective implementation of the projecL and assoc X.ed health protection measures requires the involvement of severr! Governme.a agencies and Ministries. To this end the Ministry of Energy will e ablish a Tehran Sewage Project Liaison Committee. The chair of the Commir e is plar" a to be the Deputy Minister of Municipal Water & Sewerage Affairs in the :. ;lister of Energy. Its members will be representatives of the following organizations: - The Project Management Uni; - The Tehran Province Water and Sewage Company; - The Ministry of Energy; - The Environmental Protection Guards for the Tehran province; - The Strategic Unit of the Department of Environment: - The Tehran Regional Water Board: 146 - Tehran municipalitv: - Local regions of Tehran served by the project: - The Varamin Plain Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Cooperation, - The Ministrv of Agriculture and Rural Cooperation: - The Ministry of Education and Culture: - The Ministry of Health: - The Ministry of Housing; - The Ministrv of Industry; - The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs: - The Ministry of Post and Telephones: - The Ministrv of Roads and Transportation: - The Planning and Budget Organization: - Electricity Board: - Gas Company, - Transport Police: - The veterinary offices of Varamin and Ray towns: and - The Farmers' Council of the Varamin Plain. 8.6.2 The function of the Liaison Committee will be to minimize adverse impacts of the project on other services. other interests and the public. This will minimize interference with project progress due to external factors. The Committee will be responsible for project coordination. The full committee will meet at least once every 6 months: most liaison will take place through several sub-committees, each dealing with a major aspects of the project. The roles of the sub-committees are described below. Planning Sub-Committee 8.6.3 The PMU will coordinate project activities with the Municipanty of Tehran, local regions of Tehran. the water supply departTr .. of the TCC. electricity and gas supply services. the Ministry of Housing, t' .1inistrv r' I'ost and Telephones. the Ministry of Roads and Transportation, Metro. and t'.; ifanisportpolice. This will aim to minimize interference with other services and involve the following: 1. co-ordinate planning of traffic diversions and restrictions in accordance with the construction program, with advance warnings to the affected residents: 2. setting up the required regulations for building drainage and associated works; 3. obtaining approval to lay sewers in public roads: 4. ensuring that the manhole covers and tunnel access shafts do not obstruct any future works; 5. inspection and approval of building drainage: and 6. ensuring that the project is taken into account when developing plans for new housing development. 147 Agricultural Sub-committee 8.6.4 The TSC will coordinate project activities wvith the Varamin Plain Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation. the MARC. the veterinary offices of Varamin and Ray towns and the Farrners' Council of the Varamin Plain. This will involve the following: - enforcement of crop restrictions: - testing the feasibilitv of crop restrictions in a trial area. since there is no local experience of them at present: - monitoring soil quality: - promoting suitable effluent irrigation and sludge, re-use practices to minimize health risks to agricultural workers: and - setting up of regulations for periodic monitoring of soils and putting limits on effluent and sludge reuse. 8.6.5 The PMU will coordinate project activities with the TSC and the Ministrv of Labor and Social Affairs as appropriate. This will involve the following: - reviewing health and safetv practices on the project: - inclusion of primarv health care in the existing operational safety regulations; and - setting down employers' responsibilities in occupational health & safety matters. Public Health Sub-committee 8.6.6 The .TSC will coordinate project activities with :ef DOE. aie Ministry of Education and Culture, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Health. This will involve the following: - public health education campaigns: - education in schools about personal hvgiene, the prevention of pollution and the Tehran Sewage Project itself; - setting up measures to reduce exposure of the public and project workers to diarrhea and parasitic diseases; - providing hygiene education for crop producers, handlers and consumers; and - treating agricultural workers and their families for intestinal helminthic infections, when needed. Industrial Sub-Committee 8.6.7 The TSC wvillcoordinate project activities with the DOE and the Ministry of Industry. This will involve the following: - including environmental provisions in the issuing and renewal of licenses for industrial works and setting effluent discharee limits: - encouraging good housekeeping and clean technology; 148 - providing information to the DOE on premises violating the regulations: - co-ordination of advice services to industrv - providing facilities and know-how to industries for substitution to less polluting chemicals: and - co-ordination of the use of discharge standards to reduce pollution and minimize waste production. 8.7 Institutional Needs 8.7.1 The existing institutional framework relating to sewage treatment. control of environmental pollution. industrial discharges and the reuse of effluent and sludge has been reviewed with the intention of using existing institutions where possible and proposing their reinforcement, where necessary. A summarv of the training program (presented in Table 8.2) for reinforcing the skills of the project team (comprising of about 50 staff members) will be prepared. 8.7.2 While the Environmental Protection Guards of the DOE are to perform regular monitoring, the DOE has also established a Strategic Unit to develop environmental standards. to review legislation. and to implement the Strategic Monitoring Plan. 8.7.3 The Ministry of Agriculture is to establish a Varamin Plain Unit to manage the reuse of treated effluent and sludge in agriculture. This will involve providing advice to farmers and monitoring agriculture produce to ensure that reuse practices are considered acceptable as per EU/WHO/FAQ guidelines. 8.7.4 A Tehran Sewerage Project Liaison Committee has been establi-hed with the Deputy Minister of Municipal Water & Sewage Affairs in the Mini -y of Energy as its Chair to allow liaison and coordination between the Projec: N,anagement Unit, the TSC and relevant government & other agencies on as n'.d basis. These agencies include: the DOE, MARC (the Varamin P': - ;an Municipality, various ministries including Ministry of Industr Lh. Ministrv of Interior, Ministrv of supply services. The proiect co . meet at least once every 6 months. Subcommittees will deal with nn.- ., relating to planning, agriculture, working conditions. public hea.I.A.and indu:trv. 149 I Table 8.2 TrainingProgram 1 Personsto be trained Duration Subject 2 Operationand maintenancestaff 1 day / year Occupationalhealth & safety procedures 3 Constructionstaff 1 day / year Occupationalhealth & safety procedures 4 Operationand maintenance(O & 8 weeks Environmentalmanagement/O&M of treatment M) staff 8wes plant 5 Environmentalmonitoring staff 1 week Environmentalmonitoring, QA & QC 6 Laboratorystaff 1 week Samplingand analyticalprocedures, QA & QC 9.0 STRATEGIC MONITORING PLAN 9.1 Objectives of the Strategic Monitoring Plan 9.1.1 In order that the environmental effects of the proposed project are adequately controlled bv the mitigation measures contained in the Management Plan of Mitigation Measures set out in Sections 7.' to 7.7 it will be necessary for the proposed Strategic Unit of the DOE to prepare a formal Strategic Monitoring Plan. 9.1.2 The objectives of this plan are: - review the baseline data; - indicate changing environmental conditions: - identifv impacts of the project as they occur: - identify and unforeseen aspects requiring monitoring, mitigative measures or institutional changes: and - recommend amendments to the Environmental Management Plan including impact mitigation measures. 9.1.3 Strategic monitoring will need to be undertaken at different levels. and at different stages of the project in order to be effective. The DOE will produce periodic review reports throughout the life of the project. These will be prepared at 6 monthly intervals. Regular costs will be incurred in the production of the review reports. These reports must be of good quality and therefore suitable facilities for the production of them must be readily available. 9.2 Strategic Monitoring by the Department of Environment 9.2.1 The proposed section of the DOE to be developed to consider strategic matters, the Strategic Unit (described in Section 9.4) will monitor the effects of the project and review the Management Plan of Mitigation Measures, producing regular reports for the Minister of Energy and the Governor of Tehran. 9.2.2 It will review the effectiveness of the Management Plan including the impact mitigation measures. in particular the following: - the revision of legislation to improve environmer- . protection; - measures to minimize disturbance due io construction such as noise, vibration, dust and traffic disrupt on: - regulatory environmental monitoring 'y the Environmental Protection Guards; - development of monitoring and re-use strategies by the Varamin Plain Unit of the Ministry of Agricuiture and Rural Co-operation; - the complaints system for the public; - liaison through the Tehran Sewerage Project Liaison Committee: - occupational health and safety training and emergency procedures for construction and operation; - public health education bv the Ministry of Health: 151 - control of industrial discharges by the Environmental Protection Guards and the TSC: and - the water conservation and waste minimization program. 9.2.3 The report will review baseline information and summarize the results of monitoring bv the Environmental Protection Guards. It will review the performance of the sewerage svstem the STP and the re-use svstems. and recommend changes where standards are not conformed to. It will also collate, review and disseminate the results of the followvingmonitoring activities. relating them to the project: - monitoring of groundwater resources by the TRWB: - monitoring of agricultural activities in the Varamin Plain by the Varamin Plain Unit of the Ministrv of Agriculture and Rural Cooperation: - monitoring of general public health and disease rates in Tehran Province by the Ministry of Health; and - monitoring of standards of living. population growth. and urban development bv various government departments. 152 10.0 INTERAGENCY CO-ORDINATION AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 10.1 Consultation with Other Governmental Agencies 10.1.1 Other government organizations consulted by the TSC over project-related issues were: - the Environmental Protection Organization: the Planning and Budget Organization: - the Headquarters of Water and Soil in Tehran Province: - the lrrization Office of Varamin: - Tehran municipalitv: and - public health authorities: Issues Discussed With Healt/ Authtorities 10.1.2 Consultation with the public health authorities of the affected areas covered the following issues: - the improvement of personal hvgiene and public health: - the need for effective control of disease transmission in the Varamin Plain and Shahr-e-Rev: - the control of transmission of diseases such as antnrax among livestock in the area: - the measures to decrease health risks to farrners and consumers, such as health education and washing of vegetables K_re use: - measures to control helminthic diseases and livestock diseases, - the necessity for farm workers to wear boots. and obligation of employers:, and - the necessitv of public awareness and education in the Varamin area. Issues Discussed WithtAgricultural Autlhorities 10.1.3 The following points have been discussed with the agricultural authorities: - the need for rimorewater in Varamin Plain: - the need for cleaner water in the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals; - the need for mitigation measures such as controlling heavy metals in soils and crops and monitoring by the Soil Research Center; - the need for leveling of farmland for more effective irrigation: - the need for efficient leveling machinervy and - the need for agricultural extension services in Varamin to monitor long term; adverse impacts of the project. 10.2 Consultation with Non-Governmental Organizations 10.2.1 An environmental assessment group comprising individuals with specialist knowledge and experience have organized and held a number of meetings to consult affected groups and obtain comments from local non-governmental organizations. The 153 complaints about the present situation and concerns about the project were then reviewed by the group. 10.2.2 The non-governmental organizations consulted were: - the Farmers' Council: - the Veterinary offices of Varamin and Rav towns: - independent agronomists; - environmental researchers; the Monthlv Farmer (Keshavarz) magazine: - independent public health engineers: - the National Iranian Oil Company: - independent experts in air. soil and water: - the Co-operative Organization of Farmers in Varamin Area: - the Islamic council of farmers in Shahr-e-Rev: - owners of livestock in Varamin Plain: vegetable producers in Shahr-e-Rey; - the local religious council for southern districts of Tehran: - the local council of farmers in Eshghabad and Chaleh Tarkhan: and - various university professors and other experts. Viewpoints of Non-Governmental Organizations 10.2.3 From the meetings which have been held to date. and the opinions collected from various bodies and individuals, the views of Non-Governmental Organizations can be emphasized as follows. - The implementation of the sewerage project should commence as soon as possible. - The project has been promised by the Government. bu: irnt implemented, for 20 years. - The standards of management. pipe laving. construction and monitoring should be of the highest qualitv. - The need for institutional strengther of all ..ncies at the provincial level. - The need for institutional strengthening oG the new water and sewage companies. - The need for proper envirom.'.iental' .. agement of the project. - The need for more action rather :..an continued endless. exhaustive study and hesitation. - The need for inter-agencv co-ordination and training, education and public awareness. - Technology transfer is essential for training of staff at all levels. Concerns of Farmers 10.2.4 Several meetings were held with farmers and agricultural organizations and the following issues were discussed: - the improvement to the environment if the project were implemented: 154 the negative and positive impacts of usina treated sludge as a soil conditioner. the impacts of reuse of treated effluent on the Varamin Plain, the positive impact of the project on the future water quality of the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals: the recharge of groundwater in Varamin Plain and solution to the problem of over-pumping: the farmers awareness of possible water logging problems and how to use sludge; the awareness of children using the water from irrigation canals for recreation: and the public hazard from children and livestock gaining access to polluted canals and the need for mitigation measure to reduce these risks. 10.2.5 The views and concerns of farmers were recorded and assessed. They can be summarized as follows: - The farmers of Shahr-e-Rey emphasized the importance of treating Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals. - Farmers are concerned about heavy metal pollution of soil and crops leading to the avoidance by consumers of crops grown in the area. To date, mitigation measures such as using groundwater sources for irrigating vegetable crops have not convinced consumers of their safety. - The farmers insisted that the qualitv of effluent should be of acceptable quality to protect their reputation. - The farmers welcomed the reuse of treated sludge as a soil conditioner since the sludges which some of them use at present from Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals have produced good results. - They are, however, concerned about the risks of using sludge, particularly heiminthic diseases and toxic effects of heavy metals. - Farmers of Shahr-e-Rev argue that the pollution of Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals is not their fault, and believe that their right to clean irrigation water has been affected by the irresponsibilitv of the inhabitants of Tehran. 10.3 Other Consultations 103.1 The Environmental Assessment team have taken full advantage Of re.ecntseminars and symposia on environmental issues, pollution and water resources to address the public on effects of the project. 10.3.2 The Second Intemational Conference on Environmental Planning and Management (ICOEM-92) was held in Tehran from April 26 to 28. 1992. The audience were briefed on the project. and the possible effects on the public, consumers and farmers of the present situation of sewage disposal in Tehran. The lecture was given by Dr Imandel, a member of the environmental assessment team. 10.3.3 A seminar on "Survey of the Water and Sewage in Big Cities of Iran" was held in Shiraz from 13 to 14 May, 1992. and included a lecture on the project bv Engineer Maleki, a consultant to the environmental assessment team. 155 10.3.4 In addition the TSC and Ray-Ab organized a campaian of public awareness via the mass media which took place in July 1992. A film of present sewage disposal problems was shown on TV, together with information on public health and the likelv impacts of the project. The project has also been discussed in the radio program "Safetv in the Family", which has a large, mainlv female. listeners. Public consultations will continue throuohout the life of the project. 10.4 Public Participation 10.4.1 Numerous non-governmental organizations and independent experts were consulted over the period Januarv to June 1992 and from 1999 onwards. The common view held was that the Project should be implemented as soon as possible and without further protracted studies or delays. A need was expressed for strengthening of the new water and sewage companies and all agencies at provincial level. There was a concern that the Project should be managed in an environmentallv acceptable wav and the need for inter-agencv coordination. training, public awareness. high qualitv construction. monitoring. and good management was widely seen. Recently held public meeting also confirned these views. Surveys of stakeholders including affected residents, industries, and farmers have also been conducted and their suggestions noted. 10.4.2 The farmers of Tehran and Varamin Plains emphasized the need to improve the surface water qualitv in the canals of Tehran. the waters from which are used in agriculture despite their contamination. They welcomed the use of treated sludge as a soil conditioner provided that consumers of their crops are reassured of their safety. 10.4.3 Details of the Project have been presented at several recent conferences (including one in April 1999), seminars, and TV & radio campaigns of public awareness. Public consultation and information campaigns will continue throughout the life of the Project. 10.4.4 The appendix presents a summary of discussions in a Public Meeting held recently in April 1999. The public meeting discussed the project objectives: project de..ription: alternatives to the project and alternate design options available. major enI -mental issues and mitigatory measures available; and feedback from the public. The ma: reedback from r ie public was that the project is urgently needed, it should be executed in good qualitv ..signs. govemment agencies should coordinate with each other. and TS'. s capacitv snovlc!' enhanced to meet the project needs. These suggestions have been noted and act:ons o01them, planned. 156 11.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 11 1 The Tehran Sewerage Project will provide sewerage and sewage treatment for the city of Tehran. a citv with a present population of about 8 million. Treated sewage effluent and sludge from the proposed sewage treatment plants will be utilized in agriculture. 11.2 Once operational. most of the impacts of the project will be positive. The Project will cause a significant improvement in the chemical. biological and microbiological qualitv of pollutecl surface waters in Tehran. This will lead to considerable public health benefits for the population of Tehran. in particular a reduction in the incidences of water-related diseases, There will be consequent benefits to amenitv. the indigenous people south of Tehran usint; polluted surface waters and the Kavir Protected Area through which these waters eventually flow. The project will be accompanied bv a hvgiene education program. I 1.3 The discontinuation of the use of sewage wells will prevent the contamination of groundwater with nitrates and micro-organisms. Groundwater levels within the citv are expected to fall reducing damage to buildings and services. 11.4 The use of treated effluent and sludge for agriculture in the Varamin Plain will lead to increased crop production. a reduction in dependence on artificial fertilizers and a more assured supply of irrigation water. allowing an expansion of the cropped area from 35,000 to 50,000 hectares. Competition for water with demands for potable water for Tehran will also be eased. 11.5 Any potentially adverse impacts from the use of treated effluent for agriculture and groundwater recharge will be mitigated by the setting up of a formalized. efficient and regular monitoring program to check effluent and sludge quality. There is a possibility, given the proposed sl,udge use application. that EU limit values for sludge use in agriculture for cadmium may be exceeded. Sources of cadmium within the city will be identified and quantified bv the DOE. Once identified. action will be taken to relocate these out of Tehran, or to ensure that their production of waste cadmium is separated out or minimized. 11.6 No data are available for existing heavy metal concentrations in the Varamin soils or possible reductions in heavy metals discharges due to the planned relocation of industry. Programs will be established for the monitoring of these to enable the formulation of a safe sludge re-use strategy. The sludge will also, be subject to a quality monitoring program, and its use restricted to cereal and cotton crops. 11.7 Recharge of groundwaters on the Varamin Plain will increase resources, redressing the water LI1- _I_...__.. ^: .I 1. I . . X- . Ml-Ualaw J Lhii: UiU L.I; L4i1 I; hl. Ii Ilia 1£ LAUI. C.AfC.LLCU Lt I.)dUI'. ali UC;Li-Louatlofl in the quality of Varamin Plain groundwater. 11.8 In comparison with the positive environmental impacts, the negative environmental impacts will be small and of concern mostly during the construction phase of the project. Adverse impacts during construction are likely to be those of traffic congestion and disturbance to the general public. Noise and vibration from construction activities will effect people and sensitive buildings, although these w ill only be temporary effects. The extent of these adverse impacts will be minimized by the implementation of effective mitigation measures. presented 157 in this report. The project will have a positive impact on emplovment. resulting from, the increased construction activities. 11.9 The general disruption durina construction will be mitigated bv co-ordinated planning of construction activities involving the transport authorities. the police, and electricity, telephone. gas and water supply authorities at an earlv stage. The other adverse impacts during the construction phase. namely noise. vibration. and dust will be mitigated by the careful design of the Project and adoption of good working practices. The contract documents wvillinclude requirements for measures to minimize disturbance from construction activities. A procedure will be established to allow the general public to complain to the Project Management Unit about excessive disturbance due to construction. 11.10 The contractor will provide suitable and reliable equipment for the construction of the project, with a formal maintenance program established to ensure efficient operations. The TSC will develop and establish suitable procedures for the operation and maintenance of the Sewage Treatment Plant. and its employees trained in them. Training in emergencv procedures and occupational health & safetv will be provided for all emplovees of the contractor and the TSC. Suitable safety equipment will also be provided. 11.11 The TSC will provide secure fencing along the first 2 km of the Tehran Canal to protect public health in case dis-infection is incomplete. 11.12 The activated sludge process is capable of reducing the concentration of intestinal nematode parasite eggs to less than 1% of the concentration in the raw sewage entering the system. A UYNDPmission has indicated that based on analyses of sewage from a restricted area of Tehran. the process proposed is capable of producing an effluent which will comply with the WHO guidelines for intestinal nematode eggs in effluent to be used in irrigation. However, there is a lack of data to support this, specifically related to the proposed Sewage Treatment Plant. From the outset of operation, a program of monitoring of effluent egg concentrations will be instituted. The TSC will then review the data and plant operation. Additional treatment will be added (if required) to ensure compliance with the WHO guidelines. 11.13 The Environmental Protection Guards of the DOE will establish and implement formal programs for the monitoring of discharges to the environment from the Sewage Treatment Plant and industry, treated sludges, surface water quality, and soil quality in the Varamin Plain. with set procedures in the event of non-compliance with standards. It will develop a system of controls on discharges into the Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar canals. The DOE will review and develop legislation and standards for the control of industrial discharges to the environment and implement monitoring procedures and licensing of discharges. There is Ui1k..ALIAi1LL .1UI UU1IU 6L, LAIC I a di C11J LMLaiJsaluil.,Ia II i ii ,ail. Liu. U Lu u uiel-i-IS ill tile past and a lack of recent monitoring. Arsenic will be monitored by the DOE as part of the above program until its absence is demonstrated. 11.14 The TSC will establish and implement formal programs for the monitoring of raw sewage, operational parameters, treated effluent and sludge at the Sewage Treatment Plant and industrial discharges to the sewerage network. The TSC will develop education programs and advisorv services for the industrial sector with the DOE. The Operations Division of the TSC will establish two new Departments: Sewage Treatment Plants and Laboratories for operation 158 and maintenance of sewage treatment plants: and Trade Waste to deal with industrial discharges to sewer. 11.15 The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Co-operation will establish a Varamin Plain Unit to implement formal programs for the monitoring of qualitv and quantitv of agricultural produce and the health of livestock located on the Varamin Plain. with set procedures in the event of deterioration. It will review agricultural and irrigation practices on the Varamin Plain in the light of effluent and sludge re-use and develop education programs & advisory services fcr the farners on the Varamin Plain. 11.16 A Tehran Sewage Project Liaison Committee is to be established to allow liaison ani co-ordination betveen the PMU. the TSC, the DOE. the Varamin Plain Unit. the municipality, various ministries. transport authorities, and electricitv & gas supply services. Sub-committees will deal with planning, agriculture, working conditions. public health, andI industry. 11.17 No relocation of people is expected to be necessary for the construction of the Project. Indigenous peoples, will not be adversely affected. The Project is not expected to have adverse impacts on the economy: cultural sites: the biological environment: air pollution.; climate: or other development projects. 11.18 The option of continuing with current methods of sewage disposal in Tehran has also been considered. Although this option would avoid the adverse temporary construction impacts of a piped sewerage system, this option is rejected on the grounds of both economic cost and adverse long term environmental impacts. The NPV of the proposed Project is estimated at: 592 billion Rials, taking into account charges to the public for sewerage and sewage treatment and charges to farmers for treated effluent and sludge. The NPV of not implementing the Project is estimated at 709 billion Rials, due to the costs of provision of new sewage wells; provision of local sewage treatment plants where sewage wells cannot be used due to adverse ground conditions; pumping to reduce groundwater levels: lost working days due tco water-related diseases; medicines to combat intestinal parasites: the use of additional water resources instead of treated effluent for irrigation, and the use of artificial fertilizers instead olf treated sludge. This approach would also perpetuate the current pollution, flooding, andl problems of water resources and public health. 11.19 The proposed treatment process and the others are described in the separate "Review of Sewage Treatment Process Altematives" Report. Waste stabilization ponds and aeratedl lagoons are rejected on the grounds of both economic cost and adverse environmental impacts. The oxidation ditch process is rejected on the grounds of economic cost. 11.20 Measures to encourage lower domestic and industrial water consumption and waste production will be implemented. particularlv bv use of realistic water supplv and industria.l discharge tariffs. This altemative would have environmental, and possibly economics benefits, but would not negate the need for the Stage I Southern Sewage Treatment Plant. II- successful, this could allow a revision of the Stage 2 requirements. 11.21 The overallconclusion to be drawn fromthis report is that the TehranSewerage Project should proceed at the earliest possible opportunity.providing relief for the citizens of Tehran from the present unsatisfactorysewage lisposalsituation. 159 12.0 LIST OF REFERENCES 1- Southern Sewage Treatment Plant Review of SewvageTreatment Process Alternatives. Acer John Taylor and Ray-Ab Consulting Engineers. 2 - Pre-investment Survev of Sewerage Needs and Facilities in Tehran (S volumes). Sir Alexander Gibb and Partners with John Taylor and Sons in association with Tehran Boston Engineers and Dr. Ing. Gh. R. Kuros (July 1975). 3 - E. C. Council Directive concerning urban wvastewater treatment fref- 91/27 I/EEC). European Community (Mav 199 1). 4 - Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture and aquaculture. Prepared by Mara, D. and Caimcross. S. World Health Organization, Geneva (1989). 5 - Water Qualit for Agriculture. Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, Revision 1. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Rome (1985). 6 -Assistance to Tehran Sewage: Wasteivater treatment and reuse in Tehran. Report of a mission to Tehran by D. Mara and R. Stott. UNDP Project No 1RA/851002 (May 1991). 7 - Integrated Planning of Irrigated Agriculture in the Varamin and Garmsar Plains. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome (1970). 8 - E. C. Council Directive on the protection of the environment, and in particular the soil, w'hensewage sludge is used in agriculture (with amendment covering chromium) (ref. 86/278/EEC). European Community (1986). 9 - Guidelines for Drinking Water Qualitv. World Health Organization, Geneva (1983). 10 -Pilot plant study. Investigation of treatability of Firouzabad and Sorkhe Hessar Canals Wastewvater.Ray-Ab Consulting Engineers (1990). 11 - E. C. Council Directive relating to the quality of *vater intended for human consumption. (Ref. 80/778/EEC) European Community (1980). .j~.,n , , . . _, . _ ., LC T ... ; n . . .: c .. r ...r _f- C .n_ JL 1 .i...C .-- - I.-s-u-XI Us I I- Lit L vv 1y:E . Ult/ u. -i"uar. .vs* VI anlu o:lI Fertility Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Iran (1968). 13 -The heavy metals content of crops in south agricultural area of Tehran. Shariati et al.. Research Institute of Soil and Water (Iran) publication no.5, nos. 3 and 4 (1989). TNanaSinkam \\StreetTalk\Projects a Files4 a \INA\IRAN\D\5216\SPN'chap7-ea.doc 09/02/99 5:02 PNM 160 13.0 LIST OF TElHRAN SEWERAGE PROJECT E.NNVIRO.NNIE.NTAL ASSESSMENT PREP,APERS Name Profession Dr KrarnatalahImandel EnvironmentalHygienist M.rMoharnad Bahri-Kia Public Health Enginecr Mr Ahrnad Babaci Water & Sewage Lawyer Mr Abas Hajihariri Water TreatmentEngineer Mr Ali Akbar Rajaci : EnvironmentalScientist Mr MahmoodRoshan-Zamir Sewage TreatmentEngineer Dr Abas Sotodehnia VeterinaryVaccination Expert Mr Mohamad R SharatiaSoil Scientist Mr Qazi Eiddan PollutionResearcher ,MrAliakbar Qaforian AgriculruralEngineer Mr Parviz Ghavarni Hydrogeologist Dr Ataolah Ghobadian Agronomist Mr MNahmoodGhaheri : IndustrialSewage Treatment Engineer Mr Bahram Kochekpoor IrrigationExpert MUrHeruic Mainonian : EnvironmentalScientist Mr Siroos Mahrnoodi : Chemical Engineer Mr Ali Mohseni Sewage TreatmentEngineer Mrs Neshat Majd Water & Waste Analyst Mr Farhad Sedigh Draughtsmnan Mr MechdiEmarni Draughtsman C:) Mr C H Hayw ard CharteredCivil Engineer Mr C J Davis CharteredCivil Engineer Mr R W M Hoare CharteredCivil Engineer Mr J Riden Hydrogeologist Dr J Farnworth Agronomnist Mr D Clark : Econornist Mr K M Keeley EnvironmentalPlanner Mr A F Godfree Public Health Microbiologist Mr J F Dolan WastewaterEngineer RT-EDA-04230S Page 185 of 188 14.0 GGLOSSARY 14.1 Local Terms Canal Canal is a generic term used in Tehran to include open or enclosed channels and watercourses conveying wastcwater and surface water. Somc canals follow the routes of old watercourses but in these circumstances substantial lengths have been regulanrzedand improvedhydraulically. Iube Jubes are part of the traditional Iranian water distribution system and in areas with no altemative water supply would normally comprise a comprehensive network of interconnected channels capable of serving every property. In Tcilran they are generally open channels, rectangular in section situated adjacent to the carriageway and now perform the dual function of surface water drainageand the supply of irrigationwater to the trees liningthe streets. Qanat Qanats provided the principal source of unpolluted water before the construction of the potable water supply system. Their construction, by traditionalmethods extending back over 2,000 years. is in the form of a low gradienttunnel excavated from the required point of use until the water table is encountered where a collection system of horizontal shafts may be constructed. The underground works can extend for several kilometres and the penetration is normally sufficient to ensure that annual variationsin water table do not prevent the continuoussupply of water. Sewage welLs Sewage wells are currently the most comrumonmethod of sewage disposal in Tehran. These comprise a vertical shaft dug into the ground. at the bottom of which is an enlarged chamber. Domestic and industrial wastewaters are discharged into the wells, where the liquid portion evaporates or soaks away while the solid portion accumulatesand degradesin the well. RT-EDA0423/05 Page 186 of 188 IBRD30287 orXa tn . _--:-- .n S.ne o- - . AoAMD - 7 *Telran 1 ISIAMICREPIJBUC OFIRAIN x< IsLAMI LIC.A;W TEHRANSEWERAGE PROJECT. PROJECTLOCAllON . -- Ii|PROJKCT AREAS A ,9 _m _ J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t.NE1e999 . MAP PPCwI~ C O f ~~~~~~~~~~A &.AMICREKJSWC OF IRAN TEHRANSEWERAGE PROJECT PROJECTLAYOU\T m \Vx LL f/ (1 m I ~IV I~~~)IaAf i Vi > i ~ISLAMIC*EPUBLIC W..,...... ,'.- . , -;- I , .... 2 . . ;-t . . . . F o W _k- \ . \ -- /- / -f;-- _',__-%\:. -. ',' ,.-_ .t~~~~~~~,11 \ vVARAMINIRRIGATION SCHEME 4 -, ;; _- - -o. , LEGENDL* -- '- .?;_ __25 YEARS LOUNDARYOF 7EHR),N IRRIGATION VARAMINCANAL ------ LEGEND 'C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SWAG-OOJC 25~YEARS BOUNDARY OF~TEIrIRIN ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C,....~ ' I(HA~ AI FRS*aIoI, SAG WA1? soa^o - IRRIGATION~ VARAMII4~ CANAL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ENIRNMNTL SS'SMIN . ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A?ASRfd2 rHfAN" S[wFa1*G[ Pwojrcr Mi '~ *l '< 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, ;p 4! -A t - , , -,. 4,- -,.,. . (, ., A, I .,_/- . ______LEGENDj i1-^t -_- i j JLts --- 25 YEARS 0OUNDARY -O Om-~TUNNEL ROUTE E?ATP-AI. - "-MAIN SEWER , STP SCIVAGETREATMENT PLANT , - I O A SO._ -- ^ 11 SURFACEWATER STREAMS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~19-AtA*Cr.O"At WAt{ A 10~4, - ,'1 * -_J, , , .----- MAINEAST- WESTEUI SEWER. SA ABn __ * t " I.*t0A 51t 'WC NAG( 0-OftC I SECOND STAGE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSE55WNT 9wT%*ft"LvTp M. A/$ *ioonoo LEGEND A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A-,-%-- e) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CRlOSSINGLOCATIONS X- iMAIN SASTEIiN SEWERlTUNNEL IfI 4 I' U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AAINV#LMT1EA1SEWER ROUTIF ~~~* ~~METRO ROUTE L=._LcjI7 LI~~~ -JsH ( zi~ ~ ~ i I , 19o, IT 0 -r~~ l '; ' s . _'~%J, v,. _ 0;) . ^tth*^" s1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~stvViNafP*OItcl2 l W" FIRST STAGE E NVIRON ^ME T^rL A 5SISSSMENhT . H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AINSEWER ANO MCETRO CROSSt# (7,n: LEGEND _ 25 YEARS BOu.UNDARY OF TXIMRAN If -- -- WAlER~~~~~~~~~~~~SRFCESTREAM i,I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~k JA IL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AS,L-E-SORKIIE" \*~ ~ ~ ~ \ I ., ,ROADgW FHESAR AZAfi MONVM,IENTY | A sd y MAI i~ ~ -,N%- ~ ~ ~ ~tV 9 11 0 J 4 iJj I~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~l%%**~~~* ~ ~ % - - "; ' ...... ,,-' Ia u,IORAt *All A *0AP. WERNsfWI.*G( Pao,gct SOUT*IERtN STP FlRsr STAGE ENVIRONMENTAL A3S3NES Nr1EO SURFAcLE WATER STriEAMS t. IF L_____I LJ~~~l I. .7 not*o~LE1GEN r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ tO7r< IMMOAOA( ASOOL ARM GHMAIIE BAIRI seLL AO *Q^o1H ^eMtVC1 Et POWIE ^41<0t FIlOUZ ASD9AD CANAL k/ ' \ VEOETABfES fARMS OC.) 0 N0 I - II ~~~~~~~~~~~~~V(QrETAOiFARNI2 CV EO#1. BL FIAIMS r1OIUCERMCFtOC AI '.4 '. A 00 1 \ s ~~~V(G(1ABGf15 AfMS SLUGOR~ S(TrLSNG ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ FISTSTG HOCHHI4 SAN VILLAGE * V IR S TA AS E SOUINERNIT Sr iff LOCATION AtTENRIATovr 0.5 (,Al X \/'Ali ,rt ' g e#' lIllIAN ~ ~ ANMI ak IALLIDVIVNI *UAIIINN-Xt L, IONhI PClilIo coo PS.6 SICONKSNEUAIES NOWEN tLltitt 1, tttts ICIN t N INARL.ROl ~FALLI IIOCINE *1" Ufuf Ftit1t1tal gCltts¢I.tH*I IltftliOAt L INEVIANE IOZI W&l[n reANo PA^ fI 1|tNALEVA EtEttlttlA LEE. VOLCANIC OGCh Q 0 AEOLONICAL MAP , ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~STVDYARE-A S SAH MEWtl \A\ . t 1*141liv~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NA~11 I_1 \ a $A .1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V%AXMIN;>t I / X\\\- X S~~~~~~~~~- "GIA N ArVI I MAIM CANALSt lIiAiIO ,,002 sellellz t112 .. _ttELwLifLiii Is '11000~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6~1 COIOU IN r# t < -V\ . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- to a _ .... IOIIO Ifs l; :tWO4000D ,,,,. 9^It'ttl I w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,gl aa Mn~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 21 e tt tSS n .'n @ iEHRisn s AItI ROAD TOWtNV IL L A G .Etl Mcv V4Ei1t yte j8}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a V) VARAtMIN IRRIGATIOIO ARlEAS 2,inRAii SEWVERAGEPROJECt .. RAMIN VIRIGATION AREAS t.. - 1)91flI th'y1 n"j.,., iAll______3-----. N. K 0 N., 0 .4 a a 0 a 2 p - N - - - * Ia p * tIc. 2.AL I! a - a I I APPENDIX B IRANIAN ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS r\tbpQfSIDHIII Project Pr.'ecutivePrepration & Presentation of a Summary of Pre Studieson Pmjec:r nnager | Sugested Project Possbiflty Provincial No Ds eed a Yes Environmental Corprehensive Organization \ I Start of Projects Unknown Project =YorutIve F reiiminary Assesment and Presenting a Bnef Studies on Projects Manager Report Possibility Environmental No Assesment Prehiminaru Comoletion of Information Crnlce Evaluation is nev uv" O.se. nitna Coarnp.nmn / DVsits, Interviews. Sueys.... i,n 30 days) A..s.. 7 Yes Project Executive Comprehensive Assesment & Presenting EA eport Manager Environmental No __Y Assesment Final Evatuaion Assesment of Reports Office D*s* itnu."Conmoonofth. e = on Project's Possibilitv (in 90 days) Study Environmental Assesment . Project_ , . - Office Project Aproval is not Aproved Planning, Investment, Location . oject Executive Project Execution .onstuctio P Manager Preperation, Construction, Environmental Operation Assesment Supervision of Project 1ITM I CONTAMINANTS ELEMENTS t SURFACE WATER I WEL S I tIK(:iATION I I Aq 1 0.1 0.1 2 1 Al 5 5 5 3 As 0.1 I 0.1 0.1 4 B 2 1 1 5 Ba 5 1 1 6 Be 0.1 1 0.5 7 rCa 75 _ - _ 8 Cd 0.1 0.1 0.05 9 C: 1 1 0.2 10 Ci- 600 600w 600 11 I CH20 1 1 1 12 i C6H5OH 1 neqlecible 13 CN 0.5 0.1 0.1 14. Co 1 1 1 0.05 15 I Cr+6 T 0.5 1 1 1 16 Cr+3 ! 2 2 I 2 17 i T 1I 1 0.2 18 | F 2.5' , 2 2 3 3 ~~~~~~~~~3 20 Hg I negleaibie I neglecible neolegible 21 Li 1 2.5 2.5 1 2.5 22 1IMg 100 100 100 23 1 Mn 1 _ 1 .1 24 I Mo I 0.01 T 0.01 1 0.01 25 Ni | 2 1 2 1 2 26 NH14 | 2.5 1 27 1 N02 | 10 10 28 NO3 1 50 10 1 29 1 hosonate 6 _ _ - 30 Pb 1 1 1 31 1 Se 1 0.1 I 0.1 32 I SH2 3 3 ! 3 33 S03 1 1 1 34 ! S04 400 400 500 35__ V 0.1 I 0.1 0.1 36 Zr 2 2 1 2 37 Oil IGrease 10 j 10 10 38 ! ABS ( Detergent) 1.5 ! 0o5 0I5 39 S OD5 30 (momentarv 50) 30 (momentarv 50) 1 100 40 I COD 60 (momentarv 100) 60 (momentary 100' 200 41 Do 2 - 2 42 7DSS ,43 TSS 40 (momentary 601 - 100 LA Fs 0 45 pH 6.5 8.5 59 6 8.5 46 Radio active substances 0 0 0 47 Turbidity 50 0 50 4.8 Colour 75 75______75 49 Temoreture7 r -_ __ _ 50 No. of Digestional Coliform 400 100mi 4001 100mI 400/ lOOml 51 No. of Total Coliform ( MPN) 1000 /100mlm 1000 iloomI0 1000/ 10OmI 52 . Nematod Ecas wDiscn3ar-e V.Ath higner!' ncentration is permissible !f thg rene=Tnrs ouality Of Cl, S04, and TDS is not increased more than 10% because of effluent, within 200 meters. - Discharge with higher concentration is permissible if the effluents- quality of Cl, S04, and TOS is not more than 10% above the water being used. Present industries are permitted to reduce BOD5, & COD for at least 90%. Temperature must b- at a level Which will not increase the receptoe's Tempreture more than 3 C Contaminations of Waste Water Enivironmiiental Protection Agenicy (EPA) I AU 0.D 2 0I -2 5 8In5 I As 0DI 0_1_0_1__9___6 4 2B0 s co I1 33 Se 3 a Cd~~~~~~~~ - ..------ 9 CI 0.2 3I35 v (3) 0) 30 C1 6G0 600 (In 36 Zn 2 2 II CH02 I3 37 Oil & Gjease I(3 to 10 12 C6H50H I ngI38 ABS ____1. 13 CN 0.1 0A 0.5 39 BOD5 I00 34) 30 14 CO 003 40 con 20o) 60 60 15 C6I3.5 41 DO 2 2 16 Cr.3 2 2 ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~242 IDS 2 37 Cu 0.2 3343 Tss I______1SF 2 ~~ ~~~2.5 ~ ~~~~~244 SS 39 FS 3 .1 3 45 pif 6-11.3 5.0.-90 6 ~~~~~~~)Hg~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~46 RadIoac3IvIly 0 0 03 21 Li .5 212.S 47 TwhiillIy S 22 Mg 3(3 30 Ina) 48 Color 117 24 MO 93 0 CIloit 43------ 23 NI 2 _ _ _ 26 NH4 31 2 P , s l ______Iafl.our SL Motabari Ave. 'Tehrnn. 15957 - OFFI-IAL TRANSLATION ESIRONNENTPROTECTION ORGANTZATION COLLECTIONOFZ,NIRONMENT PROTECTION LA.WSTDU REGULTIONS Compiled by: Legal & Parliamentary Affairs Bureau September 1997 Emblem of the State Islamic Republic 3f Iran ARTCLEiV O Tur I.?RI{CONSTI7UIO0N: :n the Islamic Republic o- Iran, protection of the envizonen- in which the present generation and future generations shall live a developing socal life, shall be regarded as a public duty. Hence, economic or othe- activi ties which may pollute the environment or destroy it irrerlaceably, shall be prohibited. UAWFOR PROTECTTON &IMPRO.EV{EHT OFEIRO0.Y!.EYT 'Approved on 'LS June 1974 & Amended on 15 November 1992) ATICLE 9: It i s forbidden to take any action that would cause the pollution o- the environment. 'Polluting the environment means the mixing with or scat:ering of external materials in water, air, soil or land , to the amount that would change its physical, chemical or biological nature in a way that would be detrimental to humans or other living beings , or plants or buildings and works. ARTICLE 11: The Organization shall specify the factories and work- shcps which cause pollution of the environment, as directed by the regulations and provisions stipulated in the rules of procedure mentioned under Article 10, and notify, stating reasons, their owners or officials, as the case may be, .o -_r-;cvaz_-uses -f zollution or If to stop operating. In the event that they fail to take action within the deadline given, their activities and operations shall be prevented at the order of the Organization. In the event that the persons concerned have objections to the Organization's notice or order, they may fi;.-t=mplaint with the local General Court. The court /sha 1 immediatelY and out of turn - r 9_,\ rManscur SL, Motahari Ave. Tchran- 15957 YV - in^veszi: e the _ssue and if -- finds the objection to st and, _iz shall ru I e for annulment of the notice or the li:fung of Prohibition. The court ruling shall be bindin g . NOTE: The Organirzation's Director may issue orders for the preventing of the operation and activities of sources and factors with immediate hazards without advance nortice. -SECONYD- FV-YEA:Ra; `CONOVIC, C OC7AL &CTt,U? DELOPHENTPL.{ SF ;E7STS ICT REPUELI' OF IPA2 ( Approved11 D&C;effe199) n NOTE 83: To Prevent and to stcp poll ut'n of water -resources by industrialwaste, industrial plants and factories located in cities and industrial estates are compelled to estab- lsh and operate networks for collzction and transpcrt of industrial waste and industrial waste treatment facilities as direc:ed by standards cF the EnvironmentProtection Organiza: on and through particiPation or supervision of _J 6.the Water and Sewage Companies :n the -rovinces. AIVAC OU'N TSP.'EI W:iTLAW - TIZ TAT [LiG"THUNISTEYNTQJ .kRTICLE688: Any action tbat is ident-fied as a threat to pu'1 ic h-giene, e.g. polluting of drinking water, distribution or contaminated water, unhygienic disposal of huaman and animal excrement and waste material, dumping toxic matter in rivers , 'itter in the streets and unauthorized slaughter of livestock , unauthorized usage of untreated sewage or waste water of sewage treatment plants for agricultural purposes, is prohibited. Offenders shall be sentenced to a prison term of up to one year , if they are not eligible for stronger punishments under specific laws. RULESOF PROCEDUURE FORPREVENTION OFWATER POLLUTION (Approved on 8 May 1994) ARTICLE 1: Terms and w r,ed in the present Rules of Procedure have the 'llo,idgeefinitions: 1. ORdGANZATrON::-Envlronment Protec:ion Organization. IanlsourSt. Motaihan Ave. Tehrun 15951 2. Supreme Ccunc4j: Supreme - ounc -orZl Protection of Envilronmentl. 3. WA.TER?OLLU`TIN: A change -. solubleshe or suspended matter or a change of temperature and other physical, chemical and biological properties of water to the exzent that would make :t de,rimental or unusable for the usage it was stipulated Zor. 4. WAT1ER POLLUTING MATERIL adminis zratcon and operat:on of pollut:ng materials sources , e.a. factories, workshops and cther industrZal -fci 7ities , either cr i.imselfor as representative of other natural person(s) or legal entities, or who is personally responsible for creation of pollution. 14.TOXIC & &XZARDOUS WASTE7 H.ATE-RJ'LS: Any polluting waste material or a combination of materials and waste that have the power to cause great harm and damage to health of humans or other living beings or plants , or cause negative ef`ects in them as a result of:contact and repetizlon, which is capable of polluting -water. ARTICLE 2: Taking any action that causes pollution of water is prohibited. ARTICLE 3::The Or-anization , in cooperation with Ministries of 'Energy,. Ag-icul_ure , Jahad Sazandegi (Construction Crusade), Heaith and Medical Education and other ministrJes and organizations concerned, as the case may be , shal' examin- and identify the quality of _.r.nian waters as _ar as pollution is concerned. NO'TE : Ministry of Health and .4edical Education shall operate as directed by its own laws and regula- tions in respect of drinking waters beginning C at the stage of collecting water. NOTE- 2: In -espect of contamination of water in seas and lakes as well as barder -rivers with petroleum, the Law _or P-otection of Sea and Border Rivers ifromContaminat-on with Petroleum shall apply. A.RTICLE4: The Organization has a duty to identify the various sources of wate.rpollution by a-propriate means. Officials have a duty to provide the necessary documents and information to the Organization if requested. NOTE 1: finistries of Interior, Health and Medical Education, Agriculture, Energy, Industry, Mines and Metals and jahad Sazandegi and, as the case may be, other institutions concerned, shall render the necessary cooperation to the Jrgan#.- __-. --~ menta:on of the provisions of the present Article. NOT'E 2 : Documents and information with a confidential characteristic , whLichthe officials provide to the Organization, shall be considered confiLden- tial and they shall not be used except in .Iegal inpaT1ces. N -. . . - . -., /.\. 9fi Mansour SL- Mo"hban AVE. ,J - T,hrun - 15957 _- - ARTICTE 5: Standards concerning water pollution shall be prepared by the Orgarnizat :on , in cooperati on wi-th the ministries and institutions mentioned in Article 3 of the present Rules of ?-ocedure, upon statin- methods of assessment and other regulations concerned, and be implemented. NOTE: :n respect of the regulations concerning the dump- i.ng of any kind of sewage in the urban public sewage system and collec::ng, keeping, transport- :ng and disposing of^ solid waste materials, a permarent commission consistIng o: the fullY authorized representatives OL the Mnistries of En erg y ''ealth and .Med_ial' E-2ucatiLn, , Interior, Industry, Mines and Metals and Envronrnent -nrctecticn Organizat:on as well as other organizations in charge of the urban water and sewage shall be establi 4shed in the Mirnistry of I.nterior and the decisions taken shall be put in for_ce. ARTIBCE G: The s rte r clssif Cati on of Admitting Wate rs, in cluding sur-ace , Underground, lakes and coastal -waters, shall be graduall - determined and announced, i n considerat i on o f the absorption power and na ourification of pollutants according to pri-;orities, by the Organization in coo?erat-on with the mPinistries and insi-tutions mentioned in Article 3 of the present Rules of Procedure. ARTICLE 7: the Organi2zation has a duty to take samples of sewage and solid waste materials of t-he polluting sources and specify typet-e and degree c- contam:ination of each source. I: the event that the intensity of pollution of each ^I the polluting source exceeds the standards * . stipulated by Article 5 of the present Rules of Procedure, the Organization shall notify the official concerned in writing to remove the pollution. In the notice, the type of pollution, its extent and a deadline for ending the pollution , that will be determ.ned in proporti on to facilities, shall be stated expressly. NOTE: In the case of industrial estates and compounds which have public sewage systems, samples will be taken from the public sewage of the industrial and non-industrial estates and compounds and necessary actions shall be taken to end pollution at thr.asponsibili^ty of the company and compound. In 7cas.es t-iat the units based in those estates and c-arrpounds have industriwAl sewage containing toxic mathaerials of heavy metals, and they cannct be-controlled through the public sewage system, ',,jr .7wL )@ 73l Mansour SL. Motahan Ave. Tehran .15957 tne unit concerned at the discretion of the Environment Protection Organization, shall be obligated to undertake zreatment. 'RTICLE S; Cff cials are obliged to end 'he pollution as required by standard level withain the deadline stipulated in the notice. Otherwise , activities or operation o.f the source concerned shall be prevented until pollution has been removed, as di rected by Article 1I of the Law for Protect:on and 7nprovement of Environment. .ErTICLE-: thne event that the official of Po'luina source proves by means cm reasons and documents acceptable to the Crgan zati that removing the pollution is nt praczizabe within the stipulated deadline, the Organ- izat:-on may give such sources suitable additional dead- line , provided that the continued activities of those sources do not pose serious h-azards to health of htmans ard other liv-ingbeings. .'rT L7Ln IG: exercise of its statutory duties, the Organization is permitted to inspect by means of its agents any of en.ePolluting sources. In the event that inspection of any source recui-es, on the strength of other laws I authorization from the prosecutor , measures shall be taken to obtaiLn authoriz=ticn from the prcsecutor's re?resentative. NOTE: Officials are obliged to render necessary coope- ration to the Organization's agents for implemen- tation of provisions of the present Rules of iProcedure. ARTICLE11 : When issuing permits for construction and expansion of industrial , mining, agricultural, livestock breeding, poultry breeding , slaughter units and compounids Min:stries of Industry, Interior, Agriculture and Jahad Sazandegi, or other author:ties in charge of issuing permits for the above-ment4oned units and compounds , have a duty to notify the applicants of the binding and requlations stipulated by Article 5 of the present Rules of Procedure. Issuing operation licences -forthe above units .shall depend on compliance with the above-mentioned standards and regulations. ARTICLE 12: The authQrrtpen concerned shall send copies of estab- lishmenc .atdopertion licences issued for the uanits men:ianed inrArtic ee1, to the Organization. < lr , ; S jjaMansour SLt M1tahari Ave. 'J Tehran - 15957 - ARTICLE 1S: ŽHin_szriesof Hous ng and Ur-an Development, interior and mun_cipalities and their subordinate organizations and units, as the case may be, shall notify the planners and executors concerned of the standards and regulazions stipulated by Ar_icle 5 of the present Rules of Procedure , when preparing comprehensiveand gu:ding plans of cities, estates and residential and heal,h complexes; and the municipalities shall do so when issuing licences in cit:es. ARTICLE 14: Dum,pingaand scattering sewage or any kind of polluting mazerla! from miscellaneous sources in admitting waters in excess of the standard limit, is prohibited. The Organization, in cooperation with the ministries and Ins-itutions concerned, shall dezermine the types and classifications of polluz_t: and miscellaneous sources. ART CI 15: !n -i-stancesthat the Organ-Za-ion discerns , based on adequate evidence, tha _ is not possible to reduce or t: end pollution arising ---m the existing pol'luting SourCes by any means other t.ian moving them to appropriate locations, a plan shall be prepa-red in that respect in cooperation with the Ministries of Agriculture, Jahad Sazandegi, Industry, Housing and Urban Development, EnergY and rabour and Social Affairs -andshall be put in force upon ratiJfication of the Councv:l 0o Ministers. ART_CLE 16: The Organization is authoriLzed to establish the use of proper means and mettods for miscellaneous sources when required. ARTICLZ 17: Diluting as a means of treatment is prohibited at the stage of dumping , except in specific instances which do not, at the discretion of the Organi-ation, involve risk of polluting the environment. ARTICLE 18: Off-cials are obliged to take measures to avoid direct disposal of sewage into admittng waters in emergency cases when t eat v_ .sewat f : r ansy reasons. ARTICLE 19: Tn instances where injun=ction is issued to prevent the operation and activity of a factory or a workshop on the strength of Article 11 of the Law for Protection and Improvement of Env-ironment and the Note to it , the issue shalr-1-zeported to the prosecutor of the -- -,jud.lc:al/authority': ccncerneda or ssuance of app-opriate i nstruCZ= - ns . *r tel:(+ Ib1)- b -; l_;,1 I.; ,;S_,Jt rNvansour SL MOtMahanAvc. - - Tehrin 15957 A?'T'C;_ 20 The Organiza zon shall tak-e proper measures and put them In .orce I n crder to prevent water pollution and to encourage all the offic;als cf polLuting sources to end pol'lution and to create incent:ves 'or finding the proper means and methods and ^o research in this area . ART:CE 2:^: The rormaIitIes for serving of notice by the Organrzazton on :he officlals of polluting sourzces shal11be coverned by the Civrl ?rocedure Code. ARTCLZ 22: rn the event-- thawa ;-'alf. p-rvisions of the present Rules of Procedure causes any camages to marine i e and natural resources , a court of Justice shall sentence the of=icials, at the pet tion of the -rganlza::on, Do pay and compensate for the damages i .rre~d. T'6he R.ules of P-rocedure for Prevention WaWater ?o' 'tion (subject or- Resolui or No. 903-2 dated 19 December 1985 ) are s-perseded. G ?;ESOLUlTION COt{C. NiN TP.NSLFEBOFPOLLUTING O3TRU5ER I{DUCTRTE.RS |F TE:,-ATNCOTN(PV TONDR ZM_-TNTPS 3 JUNE1990 COCTTI OF -'ae industries ndlluting and obtrusive to the liv:- cnvironment in h.e city c T-rn (Greater Tehran), livestock and poultry breeding plants in the ci.- f Teiiran {Greater Tehzan) siall be transferred :be-Fond tne ci'y l_ZI-mit as di rected by detailed and executive plans tha-t shallI be prerar-d acccrding to the following cr-:er4a. 1. . committee .-- er the responsiLbility of the Tehran Governor- General and ccsisting of representa-ives of executive agencies concerned and Tehran Municipality shall prepare the detailed and executlve plans for t-ans:er c environment-polluting and obtrusive industries from within the limits of c:ty of Tehran. They shall be put in force upon ratification by a commission ::noi::_z;- - ~ = 2.-2 '-;- o . .C.eavv Industry, industry, 2ahad Sazandegi, Commerce , HousIng and Urban Development, Labour and Social Affairs, director of Environment Protection Orcanizat-on and Tehran Mayor. > Iran.-an industrial Towns Company shall be the executor of the industrial Estates Plan to accommodate the polluting and obtrusive industries,,z-n;y of Tehran, and all the agencies concerned stal'l b obli;ed _'to cogperate and to provide the :n:ras:ruc:!ar and.u:ilities-reuirements or the said estates ,11.- 3 Mansour SL. MoLaharl Ave. ' ' , _ _ Tehran -IS957- 3. S -v~nee; -r. , 1 j ot s of nd, s outl-a under the numbers he_rwi * , shai'l be =rovided to the iranii7anIndustrial 7'owns Company to accommodate the industrles transferred outside the rai:os f cit-y ). -ehran. a) Along Karaj-_Eshtehard Road: Sehatabad, Morad-Tappeh,Ghelich- abad properties and two plots on Properties Ncs. 1159, L160 and 1161. b) .ILona Thran-Ghom Road: Shamsabad, Mohammad_bad and Ghabar- abad propers7'zes. c) Along T_ehr^an-VaramiZ Road: Dolatabad and Assadiabad (Tappeh Siah) properzies. d) .ong Th mA-Zn-Saveh Road : NassJ7rabad, Deh-iEssan and Sefi-dar propert:es. A}Along Karza-Ghazvin Road: Najmabad property. f) Along mean-GarnsarRoad: Aliabad, Ghermez-Ta'pehand Abbas- abad properz-es. 4. Operat:i.oons, in^dtustrial, manu- -act Zr:g and gUild workshops wh_ich sh,a 1 be _I f_ied to be po'lu : and., obtruszve to the environ- ment of ci-y of Tehran, as directed by theae stipulated n the da-e-ailed and executive plans of t-ransfer,shall1 be :rans- toIe premi_ses chosen in the Propert:es stated under Fiara^craF;h2, w~t-i- a deadline that shall be determined at the proposal of the :ran_an rndustria- Towns Company and ratifiad by the commiss I= stiPulated by Parsagraph1. Tehran Muunicipality -nvro-_rnmen:-?ro:rction Orgazization and other organizat - ons concernesd- shal prevent the continuation oF their activities in zhei_ presenz Premises , as directed by the r_ul_tions, after he said de-d'-. Manufacturing, industrial and gu-ild units eligib'e under the present paragraph, operating without licence, shall be given idenJtigicationca-ds after being transferred to properties stipulated by Paragraph 3 upon confir-mationof the industrial milistry concerned , provided that the industrial ministry concerned approves of their continued operation. 5. -ahad Sazarndegi shall prepare and put in force the executive PI-ansazd !~.or Z::ans-: er…-, =k rd breed- .ng,units , traditional or industrial , licensed or unlicensed cut of limits of city of Tehran. 6. The commissior.stipulated by Article 5 of the Law for Establish- ment of Supreme Council of Urban Development shall take action to change the application of premises to be evacuated as a result of ImpIementat==rOf transfer plans, in consideration of -theirarea, thelr Zocatior> locz' and regional raquzrements: ... ~ I~ , R-rel. (+ 98:1) 87:1877, -;:,A 3 ManSoUr SL. IoLcahan Ave. . - J T ehrtnn. 1595c7 ; 7. :era2 Nun;c:pali:y, Pnvronxnent?rotection Organization and Ministry o. -e_l_r and Med2cal Education have a duty to cooperate with execu,ors of transfer plans in respect of trans- fer and closure of polluti_ng and ctzrusive industries n the ervir.onmenTt of c1ty o Tehrtr and lives-ock and poultry breeding uirts w- -hi n -im Mits o- c Ity Of T ehran . . ?rzovissionsof Notic_e No. NM/I2-4762 dated 22 AprZ 1989 shal1 be superseded as o- zhe date the present n.otice is served. O|TG2C'WASTKE - 'On the s.-reng-tho_: r.c-C of Rules cf Procedure for Prevent2l-on .O' Water Polli_ -rj Z2NTRODUCT32YN& ?-FNTINS: TjhIefollowing standard has been prepared on the strength of Ari_cle 5 of Fules of Procedure for Prevention o0f Water Pollution, in consi:eration o-fArti-le 3 of theP sm- Rules of Procedure, by the En--vironmentProtection Organization. in cooperation. with the F> in4nistries of Health and Medical Education , Energy , Industry, Mines and Metals, :nterlor and Agriculture. :n the -resent standard , the words used have :he foll owing c- ;nt-i L t ons . Sur-facewater:Seasonal or permanent waters, natural or artificial 1 akes and marsh 'lands. - Leaching ?it : A pit or a cavity which tas tte capacity of scaking and its bottom 4s at least three meters from the h-ghest hydrostatic level. * Leaching Trench: A group of horizontal canals in which sewage is dumped for permeating in land; their bottom is at least three meters from the hiighest hydrostatic level. Side Passage: A canal which guides the sewage to another section or the outlet canal, without passing through a section of the -reatment -lanz or throuch whole of it. * Compound Sample: ?reparation of a 24-hour sample from samples taken at time i7ntervals of maximum of four hours. GENERAL CONSIDEFkTIONS: 1. Dumpi_ng of sewage should be based on standards stated in the form of maximum density of pollutants and it is essential to comply with those standards under the supervision of the Environ- msnt P:vrotection Organizationr. 2. f:f,icais of PorlTin sotLces shall treat the waste water resul-ting from production -p to the standard level, through engin- ,.A-'r , . i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A AEVAVV ' Tel.: (+ 9821) 87,1877 .:.".) ,2-* 3 MDansourSL. M,totihan Ave. (Telrin 15957 ', I' r.i S;Stud -S and use ot appropriat:eand econ3omical technology. 3. Measurement of density of pollut ing material and the amount of -low in the sewage shall take place inmediatelyafter the last treatment p-ant and before entering :-e envir-onment. 4. Measurement shal'ltake place on the basis of the compound sample before tlhesewage treatment =1ants, to conform with t;e standards statd. In the system wi-h disconi.nuous discharge measu-rmerntaurIng -,ischargeshall serve as criteria. 5. Mud or o-ther soLid mataerial produced in sewage treatment facilities shail be treated properly before disposal and the --inai disposal of those nmater:tls must not pollute the environ- men.. 6. The __a_d sewage shall enter the admitting waters uniformly and in suc" a wav that maximum mix-M wll t take place. -- 7. The outgoin^igsewage shall not a-ave n-;leasant smell , nor contain roam and float_i".g'items. 8. T.e colour and turbidity of the outgoing sewage must not change tangibly the natural appearance of admitting waters and o! -he discharge point. .9. Method4s of examin ng polluting parameters shall be based on those provided in the book Standard Methods -for the Examination ;ofWater and Waste Water. 10. It i s prohibited to use thne septict taik and the imb:offtank system, upon using pits or leac-ing traences irnareas where the distance o_ the bottom of the pi t cr the trench from the under- ground water level is less than t--ee meters. 11. Complying with the standards concerned , the outgoing waste water must not change the quality of water for the specified usage. I^ ^ 4 zino the treated or untrfeatedwaste water in order to reduce the density oI polluting material to the ievel of standards reported, is not acceptable. 13. It is authorized to use evaporation methods for waste water upon obtaining approval of the Environment Protection Organization. 14. Using side passage is:pribited. Side passages used only. for -reso 1vlng .rob'lems- o-reatment plants, or those used to collect s-imultaneously :.He urban -waste water an-d ai-.nwater , are perml tted. Tel.: (4- 9821) 87Z877 - - (3,Mansour Stc Mor-aharl Ave. ,- _ AVrTV_ Tchr.n I I5957 ',di9\:,Y- ls Ja...... 15. Sewage tr-eatment facilitnties shal 2 be designed, construc.ed and operated to provide for the necessary predictions to m:rnimz7e pollution iln times of emergency, e.g. unsuitable climatic condirions, power Jfailure , inadequacy of mectanical equi.pment etc. Tae indus:r:al waste water the pollution of which does not exceec the present standards, may be cisposed without treatment UpOn cota g approval of the Organ-zar:cn. TA.LE G- OUTG'-7: WASTE -WATERSTANDARD .tem Po lluti-ng' Discharge irnto Discharge into AgricultIure & M 45 Nickel, Ni 2 2 2 26 Ammonium, NH4 2.5 -- 27 Nitrite, N02 10 l0 -- 28 Nitrate, NG3 50 10 -- 29 Phosphate 6 6 -- 30 Lead, Pb 1 1 1 31 Selenium, Se 1 0.1 0 .1 32 Sulfide, S:i _ 3 : 3 _3 Sul1 t.e, S03 .1 ' 1 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~. , -R *, XoShang;, z [z*iW-V .-- Tei.: (-- 96Z1) 87E1877 - YAVY - 3 Mansour SL. MoLahari Ave. _ J . _- 5 .,L...*. Tchran .15957 j('"-" - J.s; I4 Sulfate, S04 400 (Note 1) 400 (Note 2) 500 - 3~~5 va0Lm, . .1 0.1 3 7 OiJ f2t O 10 (oO J;8 D3etergen't,.kS 1.5 0. 5 O.05 539 p0 (D rox0(Myet. . 0 . O) O (6Moment. 50 40 'CD (Note 3), COD 60 (moment. 00)60 -Momeat. 100)'00 t ~~41 Di'uted Oxygen (rminimum)y,uDo -- 2 42 Total Dou(uted SO T edsr,vS (Note 1) 2i -- 513 'Total Scusp (ended & - ~~SoL-ds, mT_SQ 40 (Momentary 60'i - oo 0 4 Sedimine,t04 Soli 0s,SS *' 45 pX (approxmately) 6-5 6-8.5 ' ads occ_hve 0 3 0 ir dith mateia of 200 mtd-Tan s 50 oey c 50 48 CICLOUZ (un;it : colour) 75 7 .b49 temperat-be,T (sNote 4p) t- i t-150 Digeste cenitorm - {~~~(Pe!-100 mL) 400 -1OC 2 00 51 .4ozan coD by alem(nper I 00 m l ), .wN I OC0 'vC tOOO- 5 2 Nema_ocda --- Note 5) NOTE 4': e.petr eth a densshyoln exoessteor redu te stepueatedr by r-he tabie shall be permitted __- zhe outgo-in,.waste water does .-,ot 4ncrease the deris-ty cf chlr-i_de, 5sul-'te and soluble amittingsourc-e bymorlng soutce wd thire a rndiug withi2 metersa my more than luf per cent. 'NOTE 2: Discharge with a density 4n excess of the amount stipulated by thte tmble shall be permitted if the increase in chloride, sul=;ate and other soluble mater4als of the outgoi-ng waste- ,water in propcrtion to the watr b onsumedis not more thoul 10 per cent. - : ~NOTE 3: Tlhe existing industries will be permitted to reduce BGDs ando:O by at least 90 per cent. NO-LE4 Temperature should not increase or reduce the temperature of the admitting source by more than 3' degrees centigrade withi n a radius of 200 meters from its entry point. NOTE 5: The number af .nematod&e in the treated Zrban sewage, if i. used -o- t r.rigat ion 0f,crodu-e t'obe consumed raw, shou'd not exceed oane per LiUter. .2 ad3 ,dB 3edE 1t XcdBd d3 ''K1 li ', C3 i1J ' ?M-J_ . - N1 ''i~~~~-dB ji cidB -~ ~~ ...... - . -. ' es!A:;fQt;-t xlalWHO - Ambient Air Standard 5lt < 8, 5.;>. l~~~~~~~~ * . -'a.. .. ,' -A;, 1 - I - ' F---- -: i si-*- .* .St =l - ..* , . *_ -- . I l: _____ I ,1 , iJ' k - I~~ I l I - | . 11 .~ .' I .~L , -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .~ . . r.-~~~~~~~ s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~______|______|_I := I -? X9 I *X td'' .A,., * '-I...... q a __;_____l____| ______: ...... A . -.. q ...... , .. 1 : ,1 i4 IENI I iI U I, 11 | ~N I 1s. n"l. '1 -itl S |~~~~ Iw1,'' S k, i. - - '~1 j' - I' - ' "'"' . ; I I APPENDIX C DATA ON INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT QUALITY FROM SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS NM4STRY OF 11-iRC-Y; tMA ?RCVZICe 'A T=AND >G Zt£C ,. .. . APPLICAN: ^^=¢ogc >I SAiYOIG DAME: 7sS01ns. 94 J} 9 I-ZST DAM:,og. 731 1,- . RESMUtAL CELR CEM - TREA-MZT WA7--4 fm.gl -J u- z7ka OF R .V WATIn : C ¢T_;b4J I4EATME OF -MrkTIM WAIM 0 C ~~~> lkm. . _ ,0 i~~~~~~~~~~A ~ ,tAW EWaLL¢-r7M -' _= i i !.m81U'S-'-tSn C=4RS 4: El ,r : c L}> ' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 0 r.OCa- isPtR C:- T.JR , .u i ...... _ t ~ ~~~~ ! LIs:s^>astos _OC __...... A .1 t -,-sWsUC^s*blaSrA ' 0 . 3 | ;~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i~ ~ ~. HO -- - ; ! ;~~n=. 4CBLE-M-AINA zbWt'J I . . . ^ t t~~~~~~~~~ MNiS TRY0? EM\_ry J ePMOVD4C_ -W'A Nr: S S AGE COZC 'ANY DSPARh'ilea-T QUFCZ? ::N.z.'RCWLA.aORAWRM 3BOLOGICALL-J. koTO.Y , , A?PLPCA2NT: 7::n 3xwerageComrny : SkWPLNG!?ACE ASOC SCURCE. Sah sW GCham-tei.Smwerg:,ean ?,_zt SAMPLINGDA7:. , l3101/9 61.