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Beliefs that Bias Food & Agriculture
Questions I’m Often Asked
Lindsay Falvey 2013
The Institute for International Development
© Copyright retained by the author. The text words may be copied in any form in context for educational and related purposes. For other purposes, permission should be requested from the author.
The Institute for International Development, Level 1, 19 North Terrace, Hackney, South Australia 5069 Australia
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Falvey, J. Lindsay, author. Title: Beliefs that bias food & agriculture : questions I'm often asked / Lindsay Falvey. ISBN: 9780980787566 (paperback) Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index. Subjects: Sustainable agriculture--Religious aspects--Miscellanea. Religion and sociology--Miscellanea. Environmental education--Miscellanea. Other Authors/Contributors: Institute for International Development (Australia), issuing body. Dewey Number: 338.927
!!" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey Question and Answer
How to reprise lost paradise, where clansmen were always content? On this we ever ask advice, not noting our command’s contempt. Replies arise if we ask right, as sages’ sayings still console, except when wished as black or white, thus missing their integral whole. Each answer’s angst makes us ask more – thus are our suspect lives sustained, supremely sure if we spark war, for our ideals are deep ingrained. We’re punished by our primal rites, wedding hubris with hoarded wealth, monopolizing basic rights, and molding ethics in our stealth. Blinded by our biased questions, we trust faith as truth we squander, never knowing our great fortune – blind in paradise we wander.
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(%&" -&5!0!(" 0/6)(,+" %*#&" .6,0%*'!)?" ./R&,"f"76(")/("!5"&!(%&,"/)&"/5"(%&'&"5*0(/,'"5*!8'1"J)"*)+"0*'&D" (/(*88+" ?,*H!)?N7*'&-" ,63!)*)(" .,/-60(!/)" *00/6)('" 5/," /)8+" *7/6(":W"*)-")!)&".&,0&)("/5"R/,8-"3!8A"*)-"3&*(",&'.&0(!#&8+1" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey :P" F/,&"!3./,(*)("!'"(%&"'+'(&3"/5"3!4&-"?,*H!)?"*)-"0,/.",&'!-6&'" /00*'!/)*88+" '6..8&3&)(&-" R!(%" 0/)0&)(,*(&'D" R%!0%" .,/-60&'" '/3&"bb".&,0&)("/5"R/,8-"3!8A"g76("/)8+"'!4".&,0&)("/5"3&*(h1PX" =,*0(!0!)?"*)!3*8"'0!&)(!'('"A)/R"(%&"0/)(,!76(!/)'"/5"*)!3*8'"(/" 5//-"'&06,!(+D"'60%"*'"%!?%8!?%(&-"!)"(%&"@/41"" " "" ""In a food-insecure country, animals increase food security by: 1. consuming products unsuited to humans 2. occupying lands unsuited to agriculture 3. providing manure for crop nutrient recycling 4. providing draught or traction for agriculture and other purposes 5. remediating key human nutrient deficiencies 6. acting as self-reproducing food (protein) bank, used timely31 7. being a food producing asset for landless farmers32 8. being a live store of food products for insecure times. 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'6'(*!)*7!8!(+" 0,!(&,!*" 3*+"R&88"7&"(%&"5!,'("'(&."!)"&55&0(!#&"'6'(*!)*7!8!(+",&?68*(!/)1"" ;a" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER RISKS " Climate change will have profound and far-reaching effects on the environment, ecosystems, natural resources, economy and human life. In relation specifically to 260%"*"58&4!78&"!)(&,.,&(*(!/)"/5"'6'(*!)*7!8!(+",&?68*(!/)",&8*(&'"disaster risks, climate change is expected to result in more frequent and intensive climate-related hazards. It will magnify existing patterns of disaster risk and present .,!3*,scenarios that!8+" surpass (/" the '3*88" existing capacity *)-" of '67'!'(&)0&" the humanitarian and 5* development,3&,'" !)" .//," 0/6)(,!&'1" communities. L/R&#&,D"The Fourth Assessment *0,/''" Report of the Intergovernmental *88" *?,!068(6,*8" Panel on Climate Change ,&?!/)'D" 8*,?&N'0*8&" *?,!76'!)&''&'"indicates that climate change is *8'/" likely to &4!'(D"alter risk patterns *)-" in several (%&'&" ways9: *,&" 3/,&" '6!(&-" (/" (%&" t Increase the frequency and intensity, reduce the predictability and change the R&*8(%+")*(!/)"*..,/*0%"(/",&?68*(!/)1"=*,*-/4!0*88+D"'/3&"VES'"spatial distribution of extreme climatic hazards, such as temperature extremes, floods and droughts, heat waves, wild-land fires and storms, with a range of effects in different regions. Some impacts will occur in regions with no history of 08*!3"(%*("'60%"5!,3'"a given hazard. 3*+"0%//'&"(/"/.&,*(&"!)".//,")*(!/)'"(/" &'0*.&",&?68*(!/)"!)"(%&!,"%/3&"0/6)(,!&'"t Increase the risk and vulnerability of particular social groups and economic sectorsf "R%&,&"(%!'"!'"(,6&"!(" CLIMATEas existing CHANGE vulnerabilities AND areDISASTER compounded RISKS by climate change-related processes, '%/68-"such as sea level 7&" rise, %!?%8!?%(&-" glacier melt and ecosystem *)-" stress and R%&,&" degradation of !(" natural !'" )/(D" -&#&8/.3&)(" Climateresources. change The will increase have in profound vulnerability and will far-reaching vary by region: effects regions on the dependent environment, on ecosystems,subsistence natural agriculture resources, may beeconomy affected and by foodhuman and life. water In relationshortages; specifically small island to .,/5&''!/)*8'"disasterdeveloping risks, climatestates and change coastal '%/68-" is expectedzones will 06,7"to experience result in '60%" more a rise frequent in ?/''!.1"sea level;and intensive regions 26'(*!)*7!8!(+" !)" 5//-" climate-relateddepending onhazards. water It from will glaciermagnify melt existing for agriculturepatterns of anddisaster human risk consumptionand present .,/-60(!/)"7+"?8/7*8"*?,!76'!)&'scenarioscould experience that surpass water the shortages. existing capacity of the humanitarian'"0/3.*)!&'"!3.8!&'"*-%&,&)0&" and development (/"(%&".,!)0!.8&'"*)-".,*0(!0&'"/5"(%&"%/3&")*(!/)1"communities. " The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change " indicatesDiagram 1:that Climate climate Change change and is likelyDisaster to alterRisks risk patterns in several ways9: t Increase the frequency and intensity, reduceClimate the change predictability will increase the risks facing and particular change groups and the sectors, such as in small island developing states and coastal zones 26'(*!)*7!8!(+"spatial distribution of extreme %*'" climatic ,&0&)(8+" hazards,due to sea level such rise and 56,(%&,"as in regions temperature depending on water extremes, 0/)56'&-"from glacier (%&" )&768/6'" melt for agriculture and human consumption. It will also increase the floods and droughts, heat waves, wild-landvulnerability fires of regions and dependent storms, on subsistence with agriculture. a range of ,%&(/,!0"effects in different /5" regions. 08!3*(&" Some impacts 0%*)?& will occurD" in *"regions'67Q&0(" with no history 5,*6?%(" of R!(%" /.!)!/)D" a given hazard. Climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of climatic hazards, and reduce their predictability . It will also &3/(!/)" *)-" '.&068*(!/)"change the spatial distribution (%*(" of these, 0/3.,/3!'&'" including some '0!&)(!5!0" .,/0&''1" J" tNeedIncrease to scale-up the risk and vulnerability ofimpacts particular likely in regions social with no history groups of a given and hazard. economic sectors actionsas , existingboth to vulnerabilities are compounded by climate change-related processes, reduce risk and to 0/)(&)-"adaptsuch to climate as sea level (%*(" rise, glacier (%&"Climatic melt hazards3*Q/," and which ecosystem typically impact ,&8&#*)0&" stress and degradation /5" of 08!3*(&"natural 0%*)?&" (/" 5//-" all regions to varying degrees, such as change. resources. The increase in vulnerabilitydrought, floods, hurricanes will / vary cyclones, by region: regions dependent on storm surge, wild fires, and heat waves. :XP '&06,!(+"!)"7/(%"5//-subsistence agriculture may be affectedN!)'&06,&"*)-"5//-"'&06,&")*(!/)' by food and water shortages; small island "!'"*'"*" developing states and coastal zones will experience a rise in sea level; regions ! 5/06'"5/,"-!'*'(&,",!'A"3*)*?&3&)("*)-"5/,"*?,!068(6,*8",&'&*,0%1"! depending on water from glacier melt for agriculture and human consumption could experience water shortages. F*)*?&3&)("! *..,/*0%&'" (/" ,!'A'" !)(,/-60&-" 7+" 08!3*(&" 0%*)?&" ! Diagram 1: Climate Change and Disaster Risks *,&"R&88"A)/R)"*)-"*,(!068*(&-"R!-&8+D"'60%"*'"!)"(%&"5/88/R!)?"9 Disaster Risk Reduction: Global Review 2007. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. :X^ Climate change will increase the risks facing particular groups and C!?6,&D "R%!0%"!)-!0*(&'"(%&"*006368*(!/)"/5",!'A'"!)"(&,3'"/5"sectors, such as in small island developing states and coastal zones due to sea level rise and in regions depending on water from glacier melt for agriculture and human consumption. It will also increase the vulnerability of regions dependent on subsistence agriculture. 6 !)0,&*'&-"5,&T6&)0+"*)-"'&#&,!(+"/5"6)5*#/6,*78&"08!3*(&"&#&)('1"RESILIENT LIVELIHOODS Climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of climatic hazards, and reduce their predictability . It will also I&'!8!&)0&" /5" 5//-" .,/-60(!/)"change the spatial distribution of these,(%6'" including some ,&8!&'" /)" ,!'A" 3*)*?&3&)(" Need to scale-up impacts likely in regions with no history of a given hazard. actions , both to .8*))!)?"*)-"*?,!068(6,*8",&'&*,0%"reduce risk and to !)"0%*)?&*78&"&)#!,/)3&)('"f" adapt to climate Climatic hazards which typically impact all regions to varying degrees, such as change. drought, floods, hurricanes / cyclones, *'")/(&-"&*,8!&,"*'"(%&"7*'!'"5/,"&55&0(!#&"5//-"'&06,!(+".8*))!)?1"storm surge, wild fires, and heat waves. " !! "! ! ! ! "#$%!&#'(! !9 Disaster Risk Reduction: Global Review 2007. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. ! ! ! 6 RESILIENT LIVELIHOODS )*+,-.-!)/-0+'! ! ! ! "#$%! 12#.3+-! "&'()*#+,! "343,5'! -)*#+,$!!! 65-32#4-5! 73'+! "! 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J(" !'" ./''!78&" (/" 6'&" 5&,(!8!H&,'" 3/,&" &55!0!&)(8+" f"(%*("%*'"7&&)" Nutrient losses to urban areas, along with research for marginal areas, remain Nutrient-&3/)'(,*(&-" losses to urban 5,/3" *?,!068(6,*8" areas, along ,&'&*,0%D" with research *)-" !(" !'" for ./''!78&" marginal (/" areas, remain underfunded, with a dearth of well-trained integrative scientists.8 Small farm (Figure underfunded,&-60&"(%&", with.,/./,(!/)"(%*("!'"06,,&)(8+"R*'(&-1"L*#!)?"/)8+"6'&-" a dearth of well-trained integrative scientists.8 Small farm (Figure 11) yield increases are5&,(!8!H&,'" needed *(" and %!?%" we 8&#&8'" well /#&," know (%&" that .*'(" smallholders %6)-,&-" +&*,'" can /," exceed '/D" R&" broadacre yields.11) Assumptionsyield increases that are smallholder needed and farms we well will knowdisappear that smallholdersas poor can exceed %*#&" )/R" 7&0/3&" -&.&)-&)(" /)" (%&3" 5/," (%&" -*!8+" 3!,*08&" /5" countries mimicbroadacre rich country yields. demographics Assumptions are symptomaticthat smallholder of the farms ignorance will disappear of as poor .,/-60!)?" &)/6?%" 5//-" 5/," (%&" R/,8-1" $%&" E,&&)" I&#/86(!/)" global food production,countries its mimicreal efficiencies rich country and the demographics welfare value are of smallholders symptomatic who of the ignorance of feed themselvesglobal in contrast food production, with the cost its ofreal feeding efficiencies urban andimmigrants, the welfare as India value well of smallholders who knows. feed themselvesBeliefs in contrast that Bias: Questionswith the I’m costOften Askedof feeding – Lindsay Falveyurban immigrants,:P`" as India well knows. Figure 11 Farm Sizes (ha)9 9 Smallholder food research requires intellectual Figure 11 Farm Sizes (ha) objectivity now Smallholder uncommon among food scientists research trained requires in intellectual Western modes.objectiv Whileity s ome now uncommon smallholders among may shift scientists trained in from subsistenceWestern to semi modes.-commercial While production some smallholders and may shift perhaps to commercialfrom subsistence and even possibly to semi -tocommercial advanced production and producers (Figureperhaps 12), most to commercial may not. It andwill evendepend possibly on to advanced their return in producers investment (Figure (ROI) as12), assessed most may by not. the It will depend on smallholders themselves.their return Those in investment on marginal (ROI) lands as or assessed by the with other limitationssmallholders will remain themselves. isolated Those from on most marginal lands or commerce. Policieswith other specific limitations to smallholders will remain isolated at from most subsistence levelscommerce. through to Policiescommercial specific transition tound erpin smallholders national food at security. subsistence levels through to commercial transition underpin national food security. Irrigation has ever been critical to increased production, such that agriculture now uses about 80 percentIrrigation of hasall water ever in been a country critical like to increasedIndia. Climate production, unpredictability such that is agriculture now expected to increaseuses about with 80 droughts, percent of floods, all water cyclone in a scountry and the like likeIndia. being Climate less unpredictability is amenable to knownexpected management to increase strategies. with droughts,The tried and floods, tested cyclone meanss of and coping the like being less with uncertaintyamenable in these circumstances to known management has been well strategies.-managed The food tried reserves. and tested means of coping with uncertainty in these circumstances10 has been well-managed food reserves. Figure 12 Subsistence to Commercial Smallholders Analysis of the 10 efficiency of Figure 12 Subsistence to Commercial Smallholders such reserves calls for Analysis of the efficiency of application of different such reserves calls for valuations from the ‘food as commodity’ approachapplication. It is of different clear that in valuations times of from the ‘food as shortage, food commodity’ is ascribed approach. It is high values byclear individuals that in times of and by governmentsshortage, in the food is ascribed interests of socialhigh stability values. It by individuals is but one ofand the by clear governments in the lessons from interests agri-history. of social stability. 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The data is from the "lower" estimates at census.gov (http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html) . Author El T This work has been released into the public domain by its author, El T at the English Wikipedia project. This applies worldwide. In case this is not legally possible: El T grants anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless <'"!)"*?,!068(6,&D".,/(&!)"%*'"7&&)"(%&"?,*!8"/5"360%"such conditions are required by law. 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(/" ,63!)*)('" !)" <'!*" f"*)-"(%!'"!'" .,&0!'&8+" R%&,&" 5//-" !)'&06,!(+" !'" %!?%&'(1" F*,A&(" -&3*)-" R!88" *8R*+'" 7,!)?" (%&" 8646,+" .,/-60(" (/" (%&" *5586&)(" 0/)'63&,D" *)-" 7&??*,"(%&".//,"*)-"3*,?!)*8"6,7*)!(&"!)"(%!'")&R"R/,8-"/,-&,1" $%*(" !'" *" 3/,&" '!?)!5!0*)(" &(%!0*8" -!8&33*" (%*)D" 5/," &4*3.8&D" &)#!,/)3&)(*8",*(!/)*8!H*(!/)'"/5"#&?&(*,!*)!'31"" :_b" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey Environmental vegetarianism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 17/03/13 11:43 AM Environmental vegetarianism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Environmental vegetarianism is the practice of vegetarianism or veganism based on the indications that animal production, particularly by intensive agriculture, is environmentally unsustainable.[1] The primary environmental concerns with animal products are pollution and the use of resources such as fossil fuels, water, and land. Contents " 1 Environmental impact of meat production$%&" *,?63&)(" 5/," &)#!,/)3&)(*8" #&?&(*,!*)!'3D" !)" 5*0(" /5(&)" 2 Related economic and social considerations#&?*)!'3D" !'" 7*'&-" /)" /7'&,#*(!/)'" (%*(" !)-6'(,!*8" *)!3*8" 3 Criticisms !)-6'(,!&'" ./886(&" *)-" ,&8+" /)" )/)N,&)&R*78&" ,&'/6,0&'D" R%!0%" 4 See also !3.*0('" )&?*(!#&8+" (%,/6?%" 08!3*(&" 0%*)?&D" *!," ./886(!/)D" 8*)-" 5 References -&?,*-*(!/)D"-&5/,&'(*(!/)D"*)-"7!/-!#&,'!(+"-&08!)&1"M!#&'(/0A"!'" 6 External links '*!-" (/" 0/)(,!76(&" 6." (/" WXNPX" .&,0&)(P:b"/5"?,&&)%/6'&"?*'" &3!''!/)'" &4.,&''&-" *'" :XXN+&*," >SW" &T6!#*8&)('1P:`1" C6&8&-" 7+" &3/(!#&" (&8&#!'!/)" *-#&,(!'&3&)('D" (%!'" *,?63&)(" *..*,&)(8+" 0/)#!)0&'"'/3&".&,'/)'"(/"5/,?/"3&*("!)"(%&"!)(&,&'('"/5"\'*#!)?" (%&".8*)&(]D"R%!0%"*'"&4.8*!)&-"&8'&R%&,&"!'"/5(&)"*".,/4+"5/,"8/'(" Environmental impact of meat7&8!&5'" production (%*(" /55&," !33/,(*8!(+1PWX"$%&"-,!5("!)"*)!3*8".,/-60(" 0/)'63.(!/)" !'" '!?)!5!0*)(D" 76(" !)" 5*0(" (%&" 5/88/R!)?" C!?6,&PW:" Main article: Environmental impact of meat!)-!0*(&'"*"?,&*(&,"?8/7*8")&&-"5/,"!)0,&*'&-"?,*!)" production .,/-60(!/)1" " Industrial monoculture is harvesting large quantities of a single food species, such as maize, or cattle. Monoculture is commonly practiced in industrial agriculture, which is more environmentally damaging than sustainable farming practices such as organic farming, permaculture, arable, pastoral, and rain-fed agriculture.[3] According to a 2006 Food and Agriculture Organization report, industrialized agriculture contributes on a “massive scale” to climate change, air pollution, land degradation, energy use, " deforestation, and biodiversity decline.[4] " The FAO report estimates that the 26../,(&-"The predictable 7+" *,?63&)('" increase in animal/5" /#&,?,*H!)? product proportionsD" 5&&-N?,*!)" on .,/-60(!/)the plates " PWW livestock (including poultry) sector *)-"56(6,&"?8/7*8"of people living in 5//-"-&3*)-developing countriesD "!("!'",&8*(!#&8+"&*'+"(/"0/)086-&" will bring new challenges to (%*("\(%&"8!#&'(/0A"'&0(/,"&3&,?&'"*'"/)&"/5"(%&"(/."(R/"/,"(%,&&" (which provides draft animal power, global agriculture.[2] 3/'("'!?)!5!0*)("0/)(,!76(/,'"(/"(%&"3/'("'&,!/6'"&)#!,/)3&)(*8" leather, wool, milk, eggs, fertilizer, pharmaceuticals, etc., in addition to Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey :_`" meat) contributes about 18 percent of global GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions expressed as 100-year CO2 equivalents. 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C!?6,&P_;" R!(%" !3*?&'" /5" E,&&A" -&!(!&'" *)-" (%&!," (&3.8&']" *''/0!*(!/)'" R!(%" 08!3*(&" g'6)" *)-" 08/6-hD" -&?,&&" /5" '/!8" -&#&8/.3&)("g%/6,?8*''h"*)-"'/!8"(*4/)/3+1" " Gregory J. Retallack Research " " Figure 6. Model of the deities of ancient Greece and their associated soils and vegetation. Climate (sun–cloud) and degree of development of the soils (hourglass) are also indicated by symbols. Soil horizon terminology follows Soil Survey Staff [(2000).!55&,&)(" '/!8'" '6!(" -!55&,&)(" *?,!068(6,*8" *0(!#!(!&'"*)-" -/063&)(*(!/)"*)-",!(6*8'"*''/0!*(&-"R!(%"&*0%"-&!(+"(&88"/5"(%&" ,&8*(!/)'%!."was a consistent correlation /5" -!55&,&)(" of soil type *?,!068(6,!'('" with particular deities R!(%" (Figure (%&!," 6). Temples '/!81" to V/(" Athena '/" and Zeus on soils of citadels (Anthrept) contrast with those of Artemis and Apollo on -!'(*)("rocky soils !)" (Orthent, (!3&" Xerept) *,&" (%&" of wilderness. ,&8!?!/)'" Hera (%*(" and Hermes 6)-&,.!)" were worshipped U&'(& on,)" clayey *)-" F!--8&"soils (Xeralfs) c*'(&,)" suited to 068(6,&'" cattle grazing.f"(%&"<7,*%*3!0",&8!?!/)'1"S,!?!)*(!)?" Sanctuaries of Demeter and Dionysos are on fertile 5,/3"soils (Xerolls) )/3*-!0" suitable 8!5&'(+8&'D" for mixed farming, (%&'&" whereas ,&8!?!/)'" alluvial (&)-&-" soils (Fluvents) (/" '!)?8&" of large -&!(!&'" farming (%*("/#&,'&&"\(%&!,".&/.8&]"estates were sacred to Hestia, Ares andf"/(%&,"(,!7&'"*,&")/("(%&!,"\7,/(%&,']" Hephaestos. Temples of Aphrodite and Poseidon are on arid soils (Calcids) near fishing harbours, but caves were sacred to Persephone and /,"Hades. \)&!?%7/6,']" /5" (%&" 3/-&,)" >%,!'(!*)" (&*0%!)?'1" J(" !'" !)'(,60(!#&"Such deity-specific (%*(" (%&" land-use 5!,'(" near 3&)(!/)" the major monuments /5" *" 0!(+" of !)" ancient (%&'&" Greece<7,*%*3!0" support a multicultural view of ancient Greek polytheism, in which concepts of divinity from tribes of different economic heritage came together with different emphases within different city states (Sourvinou-Inwood 2000). In Athens, for example, the founding tribes of Ion (c.1050BC) were ‘Oπλητoς (warrior), !ελε´oντoς (farmer?), Aιγικo´ρεoς (shepherd) and Aργαδεω´ Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey (husbandman?), each with their own cults and festival calendars (Herodotus 485-425WXP BC " Histories 5.66). Other mixes and emphases of economic-religious tribal groups prevailed in other cities, in accord with local soil resources. 655 '(/,!&'" !'" (%*(" &,&0(&-" 7+" (%&" /6(0*'(" >*!)D" (%&" 0,/." 068(!#*(/," R%/"36,-&,&-"%!'")/3*-!0"7,/(%&,D"<7&81P_a" $%&">*!)"*)-"<7&8"3+(%"!'")/("Q6'("*7/6("*"7*((8&"5/,"(%&"8*)-"3(9. -("76("*"0/)(&'("5/,"5&,(!8&"8*)-"R!(%"R*(&,1"V/3*-'"f"5,/3"(%&" E,&&A" \)/3*']" ,&5&,'" (/" '&*,0%!)?" 5/," ?//-" .*'(6,&" f".,&5&,,&-" '60%"8*)-'"*'"360%"*'"0,/..&,'1"<)-"7/(%",&0/?)!H&-"(%&"#*86&"/5" ?//-" '/!81" J)" -/3!)*(!)?" 3/'(" '!(6*(!/)'D" ?,/6.'" /5" 0,/..&,'" !)" 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(%&" 8!(&,*(6,&1P`:"$%&"'+'(&3"!'"(%&"7*'!'"/5"'/N0*88&-" \.,&'0,!.(!/)" 5*,3!)?]" R%&,&7+" &*0%" 5,*0(*8" /5" 8*)-" %*'" 5&,(!8!H&," *..8!&-" *00/,-!)?" (/" !('" '/!8" (+.&D" %!'(/,+D" 0,/." *)-" 06,,&)(" )&&-'" 0/)(,/88&-" (%,/6?%" *" (,*0(/,N3/6)(&-" E=2" -*(*" 7*)AB" (%&" (&0%)/8/?+"&4!'('"!)"3/-&,)"*?,!068(6,&D"76("(%&"!)0&)(!#&"(/"6'&" !("!'"*("7&'("#*,!*78&1"@/(%"e.%/55]'"*)-"\.,&'0,!.(!/)"5*,3!)?]"*,&" &4*3.8&'"/5"7,!-?!)?"(%&"?*."7&(R&&)"-!55&,&)("*?,!068(6,*8"?/-+-. 7+"R!'&8+"8&*,)!)?"5,/3"(%&"&4.&,!&)0&"/5"/(%&,"*..,/*0%&'1" " " " <)/(%&,"&4*3.8&"/5"(%&"*..,/*0%"3*+"7&"'&&)"!)"*",&0&)(",&#!&R" /5"2/6(%&*'("<'!*)".,*0(!0&'D"*'"!)"(%&"5/88/R!)?"[!*?,*31P`W"$%!'" )/(&'" (%*(" (%&" &55!0!&)(" 6'&" /5" 5&&-" ,&'/6,0&'" !'" (%&" .,!3*,+" W:X" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey -,!#&," /5" .,/-60(!#!(+" 5,/3" *)!3*8'" '!)0&" *#*!8*7!8!(+" /5" *,*78&" 8*)-D"R*(&,D"5/''!8"56&8'"*)-"5&,(!8!H&,'"!'"0/)(!)6*88+"-&0,&*'!)?1" @+"'%!5(!)?".,!/,!(!&'D"!)0,&*'&-".,/-60(!/)"/5",63!)*)(".,/(&!)" 5,/3" R*'(&" *)-" 8/RN#*86&" .,/-60('" !'" 5&*'!78&1" $%*(" ,&'&*,0%" 0/)086-&-" (%*(" 5!4&-" ,&0!.&'" /5"(&0%)/8/?!&'"*,&"R*'(&568"*)-" /5(&)" !,,&8&#*)(" *)-" 0&,(*!)8+" 8&''" &55&0(!#&" (%*)" .*,(!0!.*(/,+" 318 Devendra and Leng (2011) Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 24(3):303-321 ,&'&*,0%N&4(&)'!/)N5*,3&,"8!)A*?&'1P`P"" " G" " Plate 4. Future animal protein production will come from integrated small to medium -sized farms that are close to markets. The figure illustrates the different2/3&"/5"(%&".,! components involved/,!(!&'"5/,"5&&-",&'/6,0&"6'&"(%*("*,/'&"5,/3"(%!'" and their linkages (R. A. Leng, 2009b; adapted from T. R. Preston, 2009). ,&#!&R" !)086-&-9" !)(&)'!#&" 6'&" /5" 0,/." ,&'!-6&'B" !)(&?,*(&-" search for sustainability,63!)*)( of integratedN/!8" .*83" systems. '+'(&3'B" We are of 6'&" the /5"this /!8" context, .*83" 7+ theN .,/-60('B" priority development R!-&," of ruminants firm belief that (&0%)/8/?+"in striving for these, *-/.(!/)B" the availability '+'(&3'" and use 3&(%/-/8/?!&'B"(buffaloes, cattle, goats 3!(!?*(!/)" and sheep) in /5" key agro-ecological of the feed resources08!3*(&" should 0%*)?&" spearhead !3.*0('" this objective /)"5&&-B",&'&*,0% in zones (AEZs) is N an&4(&)'!/) important N strategy5*,3&," for the future.The pathways that 8!)A*?&'B" are consistent +&*, withN,/6)-" quantum 5&&-!)?" jumps in'+'(&3'D" justification *)-" for!)(&?,*(&-" this priority focus 5*,3!)?" rests directly with the productivity. Against'+'(&3'1" the backgr 260%"ound '(,*(&?!&'" of the advances -&5!)&" that (%&"potential 06,,&)(" multifunctional 0%*)?&'" contribution !)" (%/'&" in general, especially have already been'+'(&3'1" made " in Asia, the opportunities to their capacity for meat and milk production, and hence the achieve improvements" are quite feasible and include development of the relatively weak ruminant sector in most improved understanding$%&" %/8!'(!0" of inter alia *..,/*0%" the following: /5" (,*-!(!/)*8"countries '+'(&3'" in Asia. The &4(&)-'" efficient 7&+/)-" and more intensive use of 5*,3!)?" (/" 8!#&'(/0AD" &#&)" R%&)" )/(" .*,(" /5" !)(&?,*(&-" 5*,3!)?" • The benefits and implications of crop-animal-fish- the available biomass from the forage resources, crop soils- water interactions residues in addition to AIBP and other NCFR to the extent Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey W::" • Scaling up and large scale development of annual possible will be the primary drivers of performance and crops-animals and fish integrated systems, and productivity enhancement. Key development strategies • Stratification and development of production options include concerted application of productivity-enhancing in tree crops-ruminant integrated systems. technology adoption from the large pool of information Concerning the latter, agroforstry systems have been already available, and an urgent expansion of scaling up of singled out by the ADB (2009) as an important pathway for technologies in the context of farming systems. It is also C sequestration in South East Asia. The potential to suggested that the future for animal protein production will be for integrated systems from small to medium -sized sequester carbon is reported to be 0.70-3.04 tCO2/ha per farms that are close to both rural and urban markets (Leng, year, reduce CH4 emission by 0.02 tCO2-eq/ha per year, and 2009b; Devendra, 2010b). Plate 4 illustrates the reduce N2O emission by 0.02-2.30 tCO2-eq/ha per year. Additionally, the use of improved grasses and legumes.The components involved and their linkages. concept is an important strategy that enhances soil fertility through the inclusion of a legume crop, and possibly also C REFERENCES sequestration. The systems also provide good opportunities ADB 2009. The economics of climate change in South East for integrated production of food, feed and energy merits Asia: a regional review. Asian Development Bank, major development attention Manila, Philippines, 225 ppU Banarjee, A. 1994 .Dairying systems in India. Wrld. Anim. Rev. CONCLUSION 79:34-41. Cagauan, A. G., C. Van Hove, E. A. Orden, N. M. Ramilo and R. D. Feed security and the efficient use of the feed resources Brankaert. 1996. Preliminary results of a case study on are fundamental to maximize productivity from animals. In integrated rice-fish-azolla-ducks system in the Philippines. In '+'(&3'1" C/," &4*3.8&D" !)" 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(/"*"0&,(*!)"'!H&"f"0*)"7&"3/,&"&55!0!&)(D"*8(%/6?%"?&)&,*8!H*(!/)'" *,&" 0/)5/6)-&-" 7+" -!55&,&)0&'" 7&(R&&)" 3*)*?&3&)(" ,&T6!,&3&)('" 5/," -!55&,&)(" 0,/.'" *)-" )*(6,*8" &)-/R3&)('1" <)/(%&," 0/)5/6)-!)?" 5*0(/," !'" (%&" !)#/8#&3&)(" /5" /6('!-&" /R)&,'%!.D" )/R" ./.68*,8+" 8*7&8&-" *'" \8*)-" ?,*7']" R!(%/6(" (%/6?%("/5"(%&"%!'(/,!0!(+"/5"(%&"*0(!/)'"/,"!('"./''!78&"7&)&5!('1" W;a" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey c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c*'(" <5,!0*D" 4 R%&,&" (%&" 7&)&5!('" &40&&-&-" (%&" 0/'('" /5" ./8!0!)?D" (&0%)/8/?+D" gr0*.!(*8"adually in B *)-"ritain2 3*). Olm*?&3&)("stead and Rho (/"de (2 *88/R"000, 693 !3.,/#&-"-4) cite three gro .,/-60(!#!(+"ups of forces that r /#&,"eshaped ag- ri6)-&,6'&-"culture in the Nort 8*)-'1"hern part o L/R&#&,D"f the US over the*'" cent &#&,D"ury: mech/)0&"anical an )&R"d biolog *..,/*0%&'"ical innovations in ag- riculture, the growth of non-farm wages, and the transportation and communication ^;brevolutions. 7&0/3&" R!-&'.,&*-D" '3*88" 5*,3'" .,/#&"3/,&"&55!0!&)(1 "2/3&" W0/33&)(*(/,'"e find no evidence of ri '(*(&-"sing farm si (%*("ze in the .8*)(*(!/)"Asian historical r 0,/.'"ecord. Her ,&3*!)&-"e are two examp (%&"les. Chart 2.3 shows mean cultivated area per rural household in China during periods of private ownership of la&40&.(!/)D"nd3 from 2AD to *8(%/6?%"1600AD. The d (%&"ata sho '3*88"w great va 5*,3"riation. L ,677&,"ee (1921) of .fe,/-60(!/)"rs two important /5" reasons fo$%*!8*)-"r this: the effe0/)(!)6&'"ct of wars on p*-Q*0&)("opulation size(/" and.8*)(*(!/)'" the impact of tax !)" reg F*8*+'!*"imes on particfip"&*0%"ation in cen- suses. It is hard to see a trend in the series, though. For India, Fukazawa (1983, 201) offers some fr%*#&"(%&!,"/R)"&55!0!&)0!&'"!)"-!55&,&)("&0/)/3!&'1agments of evidence from village surveys in Western India which sugges"t large falls in average size of" land holdings during the nineteenth century in Maharashtra and gradual falls in average land hold- ings from the early twentieth century to the end of the colonial regime. ^;` $%&" 5/88/R!)?" C!?6,& "!)-!0*(&'"0%*)?&'"!)"5*,3"'!H&'".&," ,&?!/)'"/#&,"aX"+&*,'B"!("6'&'"*"8/?*,!(%3!0"'0*8&D"R%!0%"3&*)'" C(%*("hart 2*)".1: M!)0,&3&)("/5":"/)"(%&"#&,(!0*8"'0*8&"!'"*":Xean farm size by continent, 1930-1990 N5/8-"!)0,&*'&1"" s 6 e r a t 5 c e h 4 n i e Europe z 3 i s Asia m 2 r N. America a f 1 n S. America a e 0 Africa m g 1930 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 o l -1 -2 year " J("'&&3'"(,!(&"(/",&0*88"(%*("'3*88"5*,3'"(&)-"(/"7&"!)"(%&"(,/.!0'" Source: FAO Statistics division at http://www.fao.org/es/ess/index_en.asp *)-" (%*(" ,!0%" 0/6)(,!&'" (&)-" (/" 7&" 0/)0&)(,*(&-" !)" (&3.&,*(&" T,&?!/)'1able 2.1: H^aXisto"ri@6("cal dat !("a o !'"n fa R/,(%"rm size in 3&)(!/)!)?"Western Europe.%&,&" *'" !(" 0*)" 8&*-" (/" Percentage of holdings less 1 hec- 1.5 2 hec- 3 hec- 5 20 th0a/6)(&,.,/-60(!#&"n: ./8!0!&'"tare (%*("hecta *''63&"- tares U&'(&,)"tares *?,!068(6,&"hecta- hecta- !'" (%&"3/,&"&55!0!&)("*)-"!'"(%6'"'6!(*78&"5/,"-&#&8/.!)?"0/6)(,!&'1"res res res pre 19th Century E.260%" England *)", c. 12 &,,/,"80 !'" 3*-&" 7+" 6)T6&'(!/)!)?" 32. *''63.(!/)'"7 (%*(" Savoy, 16th c. 52.4 87.1 Sainte-Croix, France, 16th c. 38.8 Bohemia, early 18th c. 35.7 56.71 Beliefs that Bias: Questions2 I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey 2 W;_" Hochberg Germany, 1788 45.0 94.6 19th Century Ireland, 1845 23.6 Norway, 1850 80.0 England and Wales,1851 41.5 Germany, 1882 58.0 76.6 94.2 2 Canadian farms were around 40 ha on average 1870 to 1880, and increased to an average of around 80 ha in 1920 and over 100 ha by 1950. In England and Wales the rise was coparatively slight. The proportion of hold- ings with more that 121.5 hectares of crop and grass rose from 3.4% in 1875 to 5% in 1966 (MAFF, 1968). 3 For much of the period from the Tsin Dynasty to the Yang Yen (Tang), 280-780 AD, there was public land distribution (Lee, 1921). 06,,&)(",!0%")*(!/)"*0(!/)'"R!88".,/-60&"'!3!8*,"7&)&5!('"!)"/(%&," '!(6*(!/)'1"$%&"5*0('"*,&"(%*("./.68/6'")*(!/)'"R!(%"'(,/)?"'3*88" 5*,3&,"7*'&'"%*#&"(R/"'!?)!5!0*)("*-#*)(*?&'"/#&,"(%&"U&'(&,)" *..,/*0%&'D"#!H9" • 23*88" 5*,3&,'" !)" .//," )*(!/)'" R%/" 5&&-" (%&3'&8#&'" *)-" (%&!,"5*3!8!&'",&.,&'&)("*"'*#!)?"/5"*("8&*'("PX".&,0&)("/5"(%&" 5//-" (%*(" R/68-" 7&" ,&T6!,&-" !5" (%&+" R&,&" 5/,0&-" /55" (%&!," 8*)-"*)-"!)(/"0!(!&'1" • 23*88"5*,3'",&3*!)"(%&"3/'("&55!0!&)("/5"(%&"R/,8-]'"5*,3'"!)" (&,3'"/5"'6'(*!)&-".,/-60(!#!(+".&,"8!3!(!)?",&'/6,0&D"R%!0%" 3&*)'"(%*("U&'(&,)N'(+8&"7,/*-*0,&"*?,!068(6,&"!)".8*0&"/5" '3*88" 5*,3'" R/68-" ,&T6!,&" 3/,&" 8*)-" (/" .,/-60&" (%&" '*3&" 5//-" /6(.6(" /)" (%*(" 8*)-" g.86'" (%&" *--!(!/)*8" PX" .&,0&)(" 3&)(!/)&-"*7/#&h"f"(%&"(/(*8")&&-&-"&40&&-'"(%*("*#*!8*78&1" " S)0&" (%&'&" *,?63&)('" *,&" .,&'&)(&-D" ./8*,!H&-" #!&R'" '%!5(" (/" *''63&"(%*("(%&,&" 36'(" 7&" '/3&(%!)?" 6)5*!," R!(%" 8*,?&" *?,!76'!)&''" .,/.&,(!&'1" <5(&," *88D" !(" !'" '*!-D" !5" '3*88" 5*,3'" *,&" 3/,&" &55!0!&)(D" R%+" *,&" 8*,?&" 5*,3'" 0,&*(&-" 7+" .,/5!(N/,!&)(&-" 76'!)&''&'Z" W;b" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey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f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e2<"!)"WXXa"5/,"&4*3.8&D" :^".&,0&)("/5"*88"5//-"R*'".,/-60&-"7+"(R/".&,0&)("/5"5*,3'D"*)-" R%!8&" (%&+" 3!?%(" 7&" 0*88&-" 5*3!8+" 5*,3'D" 3*)+" R&,&" *8'/" 8*,?&" !)0/,./,*(&-"76'!)&''&'1^a:"$%!'"'6!('"(%&"&0/)/3!0"./8!(!0'"/5" (%&" U&'(1" @6(" 78!(%&" &4.&0(*(!/)" /5" ,&.,/-60!)?" (%!'" .*((&,)" !)" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey W;`" Foreign investment in farmland Mostly poor countries with weak land governance The countries where large numbers of deals have been reported tend to be Forests, grassland and cropland 5 poor. Destination countries have lower GDP per capita than origin countries, Share of area acquired by land cover class, % much lower if FRPSDUHGWRµH[FOXVLYH¶RULJLQFRXQWULHVZKLFK are not targeted at all for investment. Destination countries show net exports of USD 30 per capita Crop- ± USD 99 per capita if they have at least one operating project ± while origin Marginal Other* land land 18 countries are net food importers, with net imports of USD 12 per capita ± USD 22 12 2 211 for exclusive origin countries. Grass- Forest Countries with large numbers of reported deals also tend to have weak land land governance ± in terms of regulatory frameworks, government effectiveness, the 27 31 .//," *)-" 5//-" -&5!0!(" )*(!/)'" 0*)" .,/-60&" 6)!)(&)-&-"rule of law, corruption control, investor protection and land governance. For 0/)'&T6&)0&'1" signed deals, however, the countries with the highest number of signed " * Other refers mostly to bare land <'" *0A)/R8&-?&-" !)" (%&" !)(,/-60(!/)D" *?,!76'!)&''" 0*)" *8'/"contracts or projects in production do not exhibit significantly lower general -!'8/-?&" '3*88" 5*,3&,'" !)" .//," 0/6)(,!&'D" *'" !886'(,*(&-" !)" (%&" Sources: Land Matrix, Globcover, ESA, DB Research governance indicators but weaker land governance institutions. This may ^aW 5/88/R!)?" [!*?,*3 "/5"5/,3&,"8*)-"6'&"7&5/,&"5/,&!?)"suggest that investors are interested in countries which offer a relatively strong *?,!76'!)&''" *0T6!'!(!/)1" J)" 3+" /.!)!/)D" '60%" -!'8/-?&3&)(" 0*)" 7&"#!&R&-"*'"&!(%&,B"" general institutional framework ± for investment protection and smooth business • *)" *76'&" /5" ./R&," !)" R%!0%" '3*88" 5*,3&,'" *,&"operation ± but low land tenure security ± allowing easy and possibly cheap 6)0/3.&)'*(&-"*)-"6)!)5/,3&-"#!0(!3Former land use of acquired land'D"/, " 6 access to land.13 There is, however, no clear evidence of a causality since it • *"8/?!0*8"&0/)/3!0"-&#&8/.3&)("(%*("36'("7&"!3.8&3&)(&-" !)"0/)Q6)0(!/)"R!(%"?//-")*(!/)*8"?/#&,)*)0&1Number of cases " could be that the countries with weak governance are attractive for other " reasons, for instance yield gaps. Commercial Forest/ agriculture conservation 3 7 Mostly countries with high yield gaps and good accessibility Spatial analysis of land deals14 indicates that investors tend to target forest land, Common pool 16 grassland and cropland to similar degrees (see chart 5). They also tend to target cropland where the yield gap is relatively large, and where additional inputs (water, fertilizers, seeds, infrastructure and know-how) may create greater yields.15 It is often land covered by mosaics of cropland with vegetation and Smallholder forests, likely related to smallholder agriculture. This may indicate that investors agriculture 56 compete for land with local communities ± as confirmed by data from a smaller " database (82 observations for which former land use information is available) " Note: Based on 82 observations 0 5 10 15 20 Sources: Land Matrix, Anseeuw et al., DB Research !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 12 Arezki et al. (2011). 13 Anseeuw et. al (2012a), Arezki et al. (2011), Deininger et al. (2010). 14 Anseeuw et al. (2012a). 15 Arezki et al. (2011). Also find that the determinants of large agricultural investments are agro- ecological suitability, yield gap and weak land governance. 4 | November 13, 2012 Current Issues 8&?*8" /78!?*(!/)'" (%*)" 76,&*60,*('D" R%!0%" !'" (,6&" !)" 3*)+" -&#&8/.&-" )*(!/)'" 76(" !'" )/(" *" 0/)#!)0!)?" &4.8*)*(!/)" !)" /(%&," ,&?!/)'1"" " I&?*,-8&''" /5" (%&" ?/#&,)*)0&" *)-" 3*)*?&3&)(" ,&*'/)'" 5/," -!55&,&)0&'"7&(R&&)"*?,!76'!)&''"!)#&'(/,'"*)-"/(%&,"8*,?&N'0*8&" *?,!068(6,*8" -&#&8/.3&)(" .,/Q&0('D" (%&,&" *,&" A&+" 5*0(/,'" /(%&," (%*)".,/5!("(%*("*55&0("*?,!76'!)&''"-&0!'!/)'D"!)086-!)?9" • =/8!(!0*8"'(*7!8!(+" • C/,&!?)"!)#&'(3&)("./8!0+"" • I&.*(,!*(!/)"*)-"(*4*(!/)"./8!0+" • 2/0!*8",!'A'"*)-"7&)&5!('"/5"(%&"!)#&'(3&)(" • <#*!8*7!8!(+"/5"(&0%)/8/?+"*)-"&4.&,(!'&" • =,/4!3!(+"(/"3*,A&('" " >/)'!-&,*(!/)" /5" '60%" 3*((&,'" &4.8*!)'" (%&" -!#&,'!(+" /5" *..,/*0%&'" 6'&-" !)" *?,!76'!)&''" !)#&'(3&)(" f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`aX'1" J('" 3*Q/," -,*R7*0A'" '&&3" (/" 7&" 0/)(,*0(" -&5*68(" *)-" %!?%" (,*)'*0(!/)" 0/'('^aP"76("!("-/&'"/55&,"!)0/3&D"(&0%)/8/?+D"*-#!'/,+"*)-" 3*,A&(" 7&)&5!('" (/" '3*88" 5*,3&,'" *)-" -!#&,'&" '6..8+" 8!)&'" *)-" ,&-60&-"0*.!(*8"&4./'6,&"(/"*?,!76'!)&''&'1">/)(,*0("5*,3!)?"%*'" 5!#&" ?&)&,*8" 3/-*8!(!&'D" #!H9" 0&)(,*8!H&-" .6,0%*'!)?" *'" 5/," (/7*00/D" 0/((/)D" '6?*,0*)&D" 7*)*)*'D" 0/55&&D" (&*D" 0/0/*" *)-" ,677&,B")608&6'"&'(*(&'"/5"*?,!76'!)&''&'"/55&,!)?"/../,(6)!(!&'" 5/,"'*(&88!(&"?,/R&,'"*'"5/,"(,&&"0,/.'"*)-"-*!,+!)?B"368(!.*,(!(&" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey Wa:" *0(!#!(!&'" /5" '(*(6(/,+" 7/-!&'D" *?,!76'!)&''&'" *)-" '3*88" 5*,3&,'" *'" !)" >%!)*B" !)5/,3*8" &)(,&.,&)&6,'" '&*'/)*88+" 0/)(,*0(!)?" 5*,3&,'" *'" 5/," 5,&'%" 5,6!(" *)-" #&?&(*78&'" -&'(!)&-" 5/," '6.&,3*,A&('B" *)-" !)5/,3*8" !)(&,3&-!*,+" '670/)(,*0(!)?" /)" 7&%*85"/5"*?,!76'!)&''&'1^a^" " $%!'"!'"'!3.8+"*)"&4*3.8&"/5"/)&"5/,3"/5"*?,!76'!)&''"/.&,*(!/)" !)"-&#&8/.!)?"0/6)(,!&'"(%*("%*'"R/,A&-",&*'/)*78+"R&881"J("*)-" /(%&," 5/,3'" %*#&" &4!'(&-" '!)0&" *(" 8&*'(" 0/8/)!*8" (!3&'D" *)-" R!88" 0/)(!)6&"(/"&4!'("f"!)"7/(%"7&)&5!0!*8"*)-"/(%&,"5/,3'1"U%&,&"!("!'" 8&''"(%*)"7&)&5!0!*8D"8&''/)'"&4!'("5,/3"-&#&8/.&-"0/6)(,!&'"f"(%*(" !'D"(%/'&"R!(%"'(,/)?",&?68*(/,+"&)#!,/)3&)('"*)-"*)"/.&,*(!/)*8" ,68&"/5"8*R1"@6("(%&)"-!'06''!/)'"0*)"7&"56,(%&,"0/)56'&-"R%&)" 4&)/.%/7!0",&*0(!/)'"(/"5/,&!?)"!)#&'(3&)("*,&"3*)!.68*(&-"5/," 8/0*8".6,./'&'1" " @6(" 7&5/,&" 0/)'!-&,!)?" 5/,&!?))&''D" R&" '%/68-" .6(" (/" ,&'(" 6).,/-60(!#&"*,?63&)("*7/6("R%*("0/)'(!(6(&'"*"-&#&8/.&-"/,"*" -&#&8/.!)?" 0/6)(,+" f"(%&"(&,3'",&3*!)"T6*8!(*(!#&D"58&4!78&"*)-" &6.%&3!'(!0" '%/,(%*)-" (%*(" 0*)" 7/(%" 0/)56'&" *)-" &*'&" 0/336)!0*(!/)1" <" -&#&8/.&-" 0/6)(,+" !)" c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a;" !)-!0*(&'"(%*("5/,&!?)"76+&,'"/5"*?,!068(6,*8"8*)-"*,&"*?,!76'!)&''" 0/3.*)!&'"/,"!)#&'(3&)("56)-'1"$%&'&"*,&"(%&"06,,&)("!(&,*(!/)'" /5"(%&"5/,&!?)"/R)&,'%!."/)"R%!0%"<6'(,*8!*"%*'"*8R*+'",&8!&-"5/," *--!(!/)*8" 0*.!(*8D" &3.8/+3&)(" ?&)&,*(!/)D" )*(!/)*8" !)0/3&D" &4./,('D" (*4*(!/)D" )&R" (&0%)/8/?+D" !3.,/#&-" 3*)*?&3&)(D" -&#&8/.3&)("/5".,/0&''!)?"5*0!8!(!&'"*)-"/.&)!)?"/5")&R"3*,A&('D" WaW" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey '60%"*'"7&&5"(/"K*.*)1^aa"J("!'"!)#&'(3&)("8!A&"(%*(D"R%!0%"(*A!)?" .!/)&&,!)?" ,!'A'" /#&," (%&" .*'(" WXX" +&*,'D"%*'".,/-60&-"7/(%" '600&''&'"*)-"5*!86,&'"*'"!("/.&)&-"'60%")&R"#&)(6,&'"*'9^a_" • (%&"<6'(,*8!*)"/3.*)+"geOh"f"WXWDXXX"%&0(*,&" =&&8" I!#&," *)-" M!#&,.//8" =8*!)'" -&#&8/.3&)(" !)" :bW^" 5/," '%&&."*)-"0*((8&" • (%&" d*)" [!&3&)]'" M*)-" >/3.*)+" geOh" f":^WDXXX"%&0(*,&" -&#&8/.3&)(" !)" $*'3*)!*" !)" :bW;" 5/," -*!,+" 5*,3!)?" *)-" 0%&&'&"3*)65*0(6,&^ab" • >*)*-!*)'" E&/,?&" *)-" U!88!*3" >%*55&+]'" :XXDXXX" %&0(*,&'" !,,!?*(!/)" -&#&8/.3&)(" )&*," F!8-6,*" !)" :b`;D" R%!0%" !)-!,&0(8+" &)0/6,*?&-" J'*76,/" $*A*'6A*"5,/3"K*.*)"(/" &4.&,!3&)("R!(%"0/33&,0!*8",!0&"?,/R!)?"*("2R*)"L!88^a`" • (%&" <,?&)(!)&*)N@,!(!'%" d&'(&+" 5*3!8+]'" !)#&'(3&)(" !)" V/,(%&,)" $&,,!(/,+" 7&&5" *)-" .!/)&&,!)?" /5" ,&5,!?&,*(&-" '%!..!)?D"5,&&H!)?"*)-"0*))!)?"/5"3&*("!)":`:^^_X" • e2" 56)-'" '6../,(" 5/," (%&" C/??" [*3" L63.(+" [//" ,!0&" *-#&)(6,&"!)"(%&"V/,(%&,)"$&,,!(/,+"!)":`;a" • K*.*)&'&"*)-"e2"!)#&'(3&)("!)"(%&"S,-"I!#&,"J,,!?*(!/)"<,&*" !)"(%&":`_X'" • e2"0/((/)"?,/R&,']"-&#&8/.3&)("/5"*"0/((/)"!)-6'(,+"/)"(%&" V*3/!"I!#&,"!)":`a:"" " $%&" .,!#*(&" '/6,0&'" /5" '60%" 56)-'" 3*A&"(%&!,"!)#&'(3&)("8&''" 0/)(&)(!/6'" (%*)" !)#&'(3&)('" 7+" /(%&," ?/#&,)3&)('" f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eliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey WaP" Foreign investment in farmland Gulf States (except for Saudi Arabia) and to a lesser degree in China and South Korea. Foreign investors have sometimes built a partnership with a domestic company, for instance, this has been the case for investors from China, the UK or USA: investing in Ethiopia, the Philippines and Tanzania. Such a partnership may be required by legislation in some countries and it can be a way of reducing the costs of complex local administration. Foreign investors also often act in partnership with each other. Investors from the USA, the UK and South Africa have formed such partnerships in about a third of the deals in which they are involved.16 Investment originates increasingly in emerging countries European investors in land by country 11 According to Land Matrix, investment originates from three groups of countries: emerging countries (Brazil, South Africa, China, India, Malaysia, Korea); Gulf %, 2007-2010 out of a total of 2.2 m ha States and countries in the ³*OREDO1RUWK´(USA, Europe). Chart 12 displays the Belgium top 20 investing countries in terms of total area covered by land deals ± Italy France 3 reported and reliable. The gap between the two types of deals is large for some 5 4 Den- countries, for instance Brazil ± mostly due to the lack of information on its mark attempts to acquire land in Mozambique (as opposed to Angola where they are 8 Great well documented). Chart 11 shows the origin of land investments from the EU Britain 36 and chart 13 on the next page displays the target countries. Ger- many The recent wave of large-scale land deals has involved investors from Brazil, 18 South Africa as well as China, India and most emerging Asian countries. These Sweden countries, typically rich in capital but poor in arable land, may be both origin and 26 target of investment flows. Target countries are on average net food exporters, Sources: GRAIN, DB Research but after excluding the target countries which are also origin countries, the UHPDLQLQJ³WDUJHWRQO\´FRXQWULHVDUHRQDYHUDJHQHWIRRGLPSRUWHrs. The large involvement of investors from emerging countries is symptomatic of a new trend towards South-South relationships. It is likely driven by cultural affinity and reduced transport and transaction costs. For investments in Asia, 57% of ,&3*!)'" *" #*'(" *)-" )&R8+"deals involve -&#&8/.&-" investment of Asian 0/)(!)&)(1"origin. Agri-business @6("companies !)" fro ?8/7*8"m Brazil and Argentina invest preferably in their regional neighbourhood and South (&,3'"5/,&!?)"!)#&'(3&)("!)"*?,!068(6,*8"8*)-"!'"*"0/)'(*)("5*0(/,"African investors target Africa at large, especially Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. In Africa, however, European, North American and Gulf States investors f"/)&"&'(!3*(&"/5"(%&"WX"3*Q/,"5/,&!?)"!)#&'(/,'"!)"3!88!/)'"/5"17 are more active than African ones. %&0(*,&'"!'"!886'(,*(&-"!)"(%&"5/88/R!)?"C!?6,&1^_W" " The origin of land investment - top 20 countries 12 Million ha 12 Reliable 10 Only reported 8 6 4 2 0 Italy UAE USA India Brazil Qatar Egypt China Japan Norway Canada Sweden Australia Malaysia Argentina Singapore South South Africa South South Korea Great Britain Great Saudi Arabia Saudi " " Sources: Land Matrix, Anseeuw et al., DB Research !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! J)"(&,3'"/5"./(&)(!*8"5/,"!)#&'(3&)(D"/,"!5"+/6"8!A&D"*,&*'"/5"(%&"16 Anseeuw et al. (2012a). 17 Anseeuw et al. (2012a). R/,8-" !)" )&&-" /5" !).6('" (/" .,/-60&" 5//-" 3/,&" &55!0!&)(8+" *)-" '6'(*!)*78+D"7 | November 13, 2012 (%&" *3/6)(" /5" *,*78&" 8*)-" .&," .&,'/)"Current !'" Issues *)" *..,/.,!*(&"!)-!0*(/,1"S)"(%!'"7*'!'D"*'"!)-!0*(&-"!)"(%&"5/88/R!)?" C!?6,&D^_P"<6'(,*8!*"!'"&*'!8+"(%&"3/'("!)")&&-"/5"!)#&'(3&)(1"$%!'" C!?6,&" 6'&'" (%&" C Wa^" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey Macquarie Agricultural Funds Management Newsletter: Food for thought &4.8*!)!)?" *(" 8&*'(" /)&" 7&)&5!0!*8" ,/8&" /5" *?,!76'!)&''1" c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he investable universe of farmland Arable land per capita (hectares per person) The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (UN 2012 population estimate FAO) maintains a database of the total agricultural land area throughout the world. The two major classifications of farmland Australia 2 are arable land – the land used for row crops or broad acre, Canada and permanent crops3 – the land planted with trees or vines. The availability of arable land is of interest to investors for the Kazakhstan following key reasons: Russian Federation > it faces the greatest demand of all agricultural land and is Argentina decreasing in availability on a per capita basis. Since 1960, Ukraine the amount of arable land per capita available for agriculture Uruguay 4 globally more than halved United States > for the land that is agronomically suitable, crops are Brazil predominantly the highest value and best use of the land New Zealand > the land is mostly used for producing grains (e.g. wheat, Chile corn, barley), oilseeds (e.g. soybean, canola/rapeseed, 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 sunflower) and fiber (e.g. cotton).These commodities are " experiencing increasing demand for use as food, animal " Source: CIA Fact book 2012 and FAO 2011. feed and increasingly biofuel and industrial production. L!--&)" (/" 3/'(" U&'(&,)" &+&'" R!(%!)" \0*.!(*8]" !'" R%*(" 3*+" 7&" 0*88&-"(%&"\&)&3+"/5"*?,!068Spatial agricultural(6,*8"!))/#*(!/)]" land use fby"-&7(1"S.&,*(!)?"!)" type *)"6)'67'!-!H&-"&)#!,/)3&)(D"<6'(,*8!*)"*?,!068(6,&"!'"!)"'/3&" The graphic below shows the spatial distribution of the land R*+'" 3/,&" '!3!8*," (/" -&#&8/.!)?" (%*)" -&#&8/.&-" 0/6)(,!&'1" [&7('"use types /)" *?,!068(6,*8" globally. The 8*)-" key .,/-60!)?"observation 768A" is the 0/33/-!(!&'" prevalence of /55&," *#&,*?&"cultivated ,&(6,)'" land shown (%*(" *,&" in )/("orange '67'(*) (>75(!*88+" per cent) *7/#&" and 7*)A" yellow 8&)-!)?" (50-75 per cent).The areas shown as grass and woodland also containBeliefs the that land Bias: Questionsproducing I’m Often row Asked crops. – Lindsay Falvey Wa;" Class 1: > 75% Cultivated land 2: > 75% Forest land 3: > 75% Grass and woodland 4: > 75% Barren land 5: 50-75% Cultivated land 6: 50-75% Forest land 7: 50-75% Grass and woodland 8: 50-75% Barren land 9: > 50% Built-up land 10: Land cover associations 11: Water Source: IIASA and FAO, 2009. 2 Arable land is the land under temporary agricultural crops (multiple-cropped areas are counted only once), temporary meadows for mowing or pasture, land under market and kitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow (less than five years). The abandoned land resulting from shifting cultivation is not included in this category. 3 Permanent crops is the land cultivated with long-term crops which do not have to be replanted for several years (such as cocoa and coffee); land under trees and shrubs producing flowers, such as roses and jasmine; and nurseries (except those for forest trees, which should be classified under “forest”). 4 FAO 2012 5 World Bank, Agroconsult 2011 4 ,*(&'" f"*)-"7*)A'"*,&"6'6*88+"/.&,*(!)?"!)"76'!)&''" &)#!,/)3&)('" R!(%" 360%" '%/,(&," (!3&" 5,*3&'" (%*)" (%&"08!3*(!0" 0+08&'" /5" <6'(,*8!*)" *?,!068(6,&1" [&7(" (/" 5!)*)0&" *?,!068(6,*8" /.&,*(!/)'" 3*+" 7&" -!55&,&)(" !5" !(" !'" /)8+" 5/," ,&*8" 76'!)&''" .6,./'&'" R!(%/6(" \5*3!8+" 5*,3]" 8!5&'(+8&" &4.&0(*(!/)'" 3!4&-" !)1" $%&'&" '%/68-" *88" 7&" /7#!/6'" 3*((&,'D" 76(" !)" 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(/" )&R" &)#!,/)3&)('"f"*88"/5"R%!0%"R!88"7,!)?"*"?,&*(&,")&&-"5/,"&55&0(!#&" ,&?68*(!/)1"E/#&,)3&)(]'",/8&"!)",&?68*(!/)"3*+"!)"5*0("7&"3*-&" 3/,&"&55&0(!#&"*'"!("&4!('"5,/3"?&)&,*(!)?"(&0%)/8/?+1^b:"@6("'60%" -!'06''!/)'"0*)"&*'!8+"5*88"!)(/"(%&"(,*."(%*("U&'(&,)"3/,&'"'&(" ?8/7*8" 0%*)?&" R%&)" !)" 5*0("(%&"R/,8-"%*'"*8,&*-+"0%*)?&-B"5/," &4*3.8&D" >%!)*" *8,&*-+" 8&)-'" 3/,&" 5/," !)(&,)*(!/)*8" -&#&8/.3&)(" (%*)" -/&'" (%&" U/,8-" @*)A" *)-" 6)-&," 8&''" ,&'(,!0(!#&"0/)-!(!/)'" " 2/" .*,(" /5" (%&" *)'R&," (/" (%&" T6&'(!/)" ,&8*(&'" (/" (&0%)/8/?+1" W_^" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey " South Africa carried out around half of the total measured amount of private agricultural R&D performed throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. The more limited private-sector participation in agricultural research done in or for developing countries stems from several factors, many of which are likely to persist for some time (with some likely exceptions, such as Brazil, China and India). A significant share of food produced in developing countries is consumed within the household where it is produced. Even when com- modities enter the marketing chain, in less- " . developed countries they are less often purchased . Figure 4. Intensity of agricultural R&D spending, in highly transformed forms, with food more- Q%+(./75,6-.01%5,.T%%).Ik5=,L2000. Sources: Pardey et al.. (2006). Note: Research often prepared and eaten at home. Consequently, a " intensity represents agricultural research expendi- C//-"tures !'" '60%"divided *)" !3./,(*)(" by corresponding '67Q&0(" (%*(" agricultural !(" !'" !,,&'./)'!78&" gross (/" much smaller share of the food bill in developing 0/)'!-&," !(" !)" !-&*8!'(!0"(&,3'1"J5"*".//,"6,7*)"5*3!8+"!)"*" counties accrues to post-farm food processing, -&#&8/.!)?"0/6)(,+"'.&)-'"_X".&,0&)("/5"(%&!,"!)0/3&"/)"7*domestic product (GDP). ,&8+" shipping and merchandising activities; areas '655!0!&)(" 5//-D" *" /)&N(%!,-" !)0,&*'&" 5//-" .,!0&'" 3&*)'" %6)?&,1" \C W ORLD F OOD S ECURITY AND P RIVATE-SECTOR R&D 18 Hunger graphs | WFP | United Nations World Food Programme - Fighting Hunger Worldwide 25/02/13 6:57 PM Photos Overview Browse Archive Hunger graphs Published on 14 September 2009 " " L6)?&,"*)-"'(*,#*(!/)"%*#&Total number of hungry people"*8R*+'"7&&)" 2001 - 2009 R!(%"6'D"*)-"(%&+"3*+" *8R*+'"7&1"JThe number of("%*'"/006,,&-"!)"(!3&'"R%&)" hungry people is UP this year and expected 5//-"R*'")/("'0*,0&"*'"to pass 1 BILLION for the first time in human history. 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(%&" !)#&'(3&)("!)"(&,3'"/5"&3.8/+3&)(D"0*.!(*8D"(&0%)/8/?+"6.(*A&" *)-"3*,A&('1"J("!'"*8'/"!)"(%&"!)(&,&'('"/5"(%&"R/,8-"!)"&)%*)0!)?" 5//-".,/-60(!/)"*7/#&"(%&"8&#&8'"/5"6)-&,0*.!(*8!H&-"5*,3'1"J"*3" 8&''"0/)#!)0&-"*7/6("'/3&"*?,!76'!)&''"!)#&'(3&)('"!)".//,8+N ?/#&,)&-" 5//-N-&5!0!(" 0/6)(,!&'" f"*8(%/6?%"'/3&"*,&"/7#!/6'8+" 7&)&5!0!*81" " $/" 5&&-" (%&" R/,8-" 5,/3" *?,!068(6,&" ,&T6!,&'" &*0%" /5" '3*88" 5*,3&,'D" 0/)(!)6!)?" U&'(&,)" 5*3!8+" 5*,3'" *)-" *?,!76'!)&''1" c)'6,!)?"5//-"5/,"&#&,+/)&"*8R*+'",&T6!,&'"7*8*)0!)?"/)"*"A)!5&N Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey W_`" &-?&1"$%6'"(/"3&D"!("!'"!,,&'./)'!78&"(/"*88/R" '60%" *" .,&0*,!/6'" 0/33/-!(+" *'" 5//-" (/" 7&" '67Q&0(" (/" !-&/8/?!&'" /5" (%&" R&88N5&-1" c)'6,!)?" (%&" 3/'(" &55!0!&)(" .,/-60(!/)D" .,/06,&3&)(" *)-" -!'(,!76(!/)" /5" 5//-" ,&8!&'" /)" 5//-N-&5!0!(" )*(!/)'" '&06,!)?" ,&8!*78&" *00&''" (/" 5//-D" R%!0%" !'" .*,(" /5" (%&" &4.8*)*(!/)" 5/," R&*8(%+" 5//-N-&5!0!(" )*(!/)'" !)#&'(!)?"!)"6)-&,-&#&8/.&-" ,&'/6,0&'" !)" 5//-N'6,.86'" )*(!/)'1" =,/(&0(!)?" '3*88" 5*,3&,'" !)" (%&".//,"R/,8-"!'"T6!(&"0/)'!'(&)("R!(%"'6../,(!)?"*"8*,?&"5/,&!?)" !)#&'(/,"!)"<6'(,*8!*)"*?,!068(6,&1" WbX" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey I$)$%,(-.0$).Y(2(7($"(-" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1 Much of this essay is drawn from the Introductory Plenary paper of the Asian- Australasian Animal Production Congress held in Bangkok in November 2012. The title of the paper was ‘Livestock and Food Security: The Relevance of Animal Science to the Hungry Poor’. 2 The Rome Declaration agreed at the World Food Summit, 1996. 3 Lindsay Falvey (2011) Small Farmers Secure Food: Survival Food Security, the World’s Kitchen and the Critical Role of Small Farmers. Thaksin University Press in association with the Institute for International Development. Pp232. 4 FAO (2011) World Livestock 2011 – Livestock in Food Security. FAO, Rome. 5 Falvey, L. (2001) Re-conceiving Food Security and Environmental Protection. Keynote Lecture, Asian Agriculture Congress Organized by the Combined Ninth Congress of the Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researchers in Asia and Oceania, the Fourth Conference of the Asian Crop Science Association, and the Sixteenth Conference of the Federation of Crop Science Societies of the Philippines, held at the Westin Philippine Plaza, Manila, 24-27 April, 2001. Re-presented at the SEARCA Conference ‘Food Security and Environmental Protection for the 21st Century’, held at the University of the Philippines, Los Banos, April 26, 2001. 6 FAO (2011) World Livestock 2011 – Livestock in Food Security. FAO, Rome. 7 ILRI (2012) Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey Wb:" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 19 DeBenoist, B., McLean, E., Egli, I. and Cogswell, M. (2008) Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia 1993–2005: WHO Global Database on Anaemia WbW" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 36 Sere, C. and Steinfeld, S. (1996) World Livestock Production Systems: Current Status, Issues and Trends. Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey WbP" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 55 Peter Doherty (2005) The Beginner’s Guide to Winning a Nobel Prize. Miegunyah Press, Melbourne. Pp282. Page 245. 56 Lindsay Falvey (2011) Small Farmers Secure Food: Survival Food Security, the World’s Kitchen and the Critical Role of Small Farmers. Thaksin University Press in association with the Institute for International Development. Pp232. 57 USDA (1997) Discussion Paper on International Food Security. Wb^" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 69 Slobodanka B. Teodosijevic (2003) Armed Conflicts and Food Security. ESA Working paper No. 03-11 Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey Wb;" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 90 Maxwell, S. (ed.) (1990) Food Security in Developing Countries! IDS Bulletin 21 (3): Special Issue. 91 Conway, G. (1997) The Doubly Green Revolution: Food for All in the 21st Century. Harmondsworth, Penguin. 92 Simon Maxwell and Rachel Slater (2003) Food Policy Old and New. Development Policy Review 21 (5-6): 531-553. 93 Simon Maxwell and Rachel Slater (2003) Food Policy Old and New. Development Policy Review 21 (5-6): 531-553. 94 Wba" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 109 FAO (2011) Resilient Livelihoods – Disaster Risk Reduction for Food and Nutrition Security Framework Programme. Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey Wb_" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 131 Rabindranth Tagore (2002) Crisis in Civilization. Delhi.p260. 132 Samuel Huntington (1993) Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs 72(3):22-49. 133 Zhang Junmai, quoted in Pankaj Mishra (2012) From the Ruins of Empire. Farrer, Straus and Giroux, New York. Pp356. p301. 134 AWEPA (2009) Safeguarding the Interests of the People: Parliaments and Aid Effectiveness. International Prins Hendrikkade 48-G, 1012 AC Amsterdam. 135 Edward W. Said (1978) Orientalism. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and Henley. Pp396. 136 Murray, P.& L. (1963) The Art of the Renaissance (World Art). Thames and Hudson, London. Page 9. 137 John Bowman (2000) Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press, New York. 138 John L. Esposito (2003) (Ed.) al-Andalus. Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. 139 The British claim of 1788 to land on the Australian continent east of longitude 135°East was consistent with the Treaty of Tordesillas in deference to Portugal’s colonies of Macau and Timor Leste according to Brown, A. J. (2003) The Frozen Continent: The Fall and Rise of Territory in Australian Constitutional Thought, 1815- 2003. PhD Thesis, Griffith University, Queensland. 140 Rudolf Vierhaus (1989) Germany in the Age of Absolutism. Cambridge University Press. Pp188. Page 74. 141 Mark Overton (1996) Agricultural Revolution in England: The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy 1500-1850. Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography. Pp274. 142 Giovanni Arrighi (2007) Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty-First Century. Verso, London. Page 69. 143 Lindsay Falvey (2010) Small Farmers Secure Food: Survival Food Security, the World’s Kitchen and the Critical Role of Small Farmers. Thaksin University Press in association with the Institute for International Development. Pp232. 144 Pranab Bardhan (1999) Democracy and Development: A Complex Relationship. Chapter 5: Pages 93-111 in Ian Shapiro and Casiano Hacker-Cordsn (Eds) Democracy's Values (Contemporary Political Theory). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp216. 145 Keith Lowe (2012) Savage Continent: Europe on the Aftermath of World War II. St. Martin’s Press, New York. Pp460. Page xiv. 146 Keith Lowe (2012) Savage Continent: Europe on the Aftermath of World War II. St. Martin’s Press, New York. Pp460. Pages 9-10. 147 Keith Lowe (2012) Savage Continent: Europe on the Aftermath of World War II. St. Martin’s Press, New York. Pp460. Page 35. 148 Keith Lowe (2012) Savage Continent: Europe on the Aftermath of World War II. St. Martin’s Press, New York. Pp460. Page 37. 149 Keith Lowe (2012) Savage Continent: Europe on the Aftermath of World War II. St. Martin’s Press, New York. Pp460. Page 40. 150 Keith Lowe (2012) Savage Continent: Europe on the Aftermath of World War II. St. Martin’s Press, New York. Pp460. Page 43. Wbb" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 151 Keith Lowe (2012) Savage Continent: Europe on the Aftermath of World War II. St. Martin’s Press, New York. Pp460. Page 335. 152 Keith Lowe (2012) Savage Continent: Europe on the Aftermath of World War II. St. Martin’s Press, New York. Pp460. Page 101. 153 Stephen Devereux (2000) Famine in the Twentieth Century. Institute of Development Studies, Brighton. IDS Working Paper 105. 154 Much of this essay is taken from a paper prepared for the Yoko Civilization Research Institute (YCRI) of Japan’s international conference on ‘The Coexistence Between Nature and Human Beings: Viewed through Agriculture’, which was to form a chapter entitled ‘Feeding the Spirit while Feeding the Body: The Role of Technology’ in a book comprised of some papers edited from the conference. The conference was cancelled as a result of the 2011 Japan earthquake, while preparations for the book proceeded until the demise of its key proponent, Mr. Yoshikazu Honda in October 2012, after which works were released from copyright back to authors. The image of Mt. Fuji (富士山) is reproduced from the YCRI’s card in homage to the lineage of this essay. 155 ‘The unconsidered life is not worth living’. Ascribed to Socrates. 156 Mark 8:36 157 Lindsay Falvey (2003) Agri-History and Sustainable Agriculture: A Consideration of Technology and Ancient Wisdom. Asian Agri-History Journal 7(4): 279-294. 158 Kalama Sutta in the Anguttara Nikaya (Buddhist scriptures) 159 Lindsay Falvey (2010) Small Farmers Secure Food: Survival Food Security, the World’s Kitchen and the Critical Role of Small Farmers. Thaksin University Press in association with the Institute for International Development. Pp232. 160 Lindsay Falvey (2004) Sustainability: Elusive or Illusory? Wise Environmental Intervention. Institute for International Development Fund, Adelaide. 245Pp. 161 McCosh, F,W.J. (1984) Boussingault, Chemist and Agriculturist. Dorcrecht, Boston. Pp280. See also Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey Wb`" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 170 Charan Chantalakhana, MethaWanapat and Lindsay Falvey (2005) Gross Domestic Happiness (GDH) in Smallholder Agricultural Development: Well-Beings and Social Stability. Plenary paper presented at the AHAT-BSAS International Conference on Integrating Livestock-Crop Systems to meet the Challenges of Globalization, 14-18 November 2005, Sofitel Raja Orchid Hotel, Khon Kaen, Thailand. 171 McCosh, F,W.J. (1984) Boussingault, Chemist and Agriculturist. Dorcrecht, Boston. Pp280. See also W`X" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" Conference on Integrating Livestock-Crop Systems to meet the Challenges of Globalization, 14-18 November 2005, Khon Kaen, Thailand. 187 World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp400. Page 343. 188 Derek Tribe (1994) Feeding and Greening the World. CAB International. Wallingford, Oxon, UK. Pp274. 189 IFAD (2001) Rural Poverty Report 2001. The Challenge for Ending Rural Poverty. Oxford University Press, New York. 190 Devendra, C. and Charan Chantalakhana (2002) Animals, Poor People and Food Insecurity: Opportunities for Improved Livelihoods Through Efficient Natural Resource Management. Outlook on Agriculture 31(3): 161-175. 191 Charan Chantalakhana (2005) Productivity and Efficiency of Agricultural Production by Smallholder Systems. Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Agricultural Systems. Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Pages. 3-14 (in Thai). 192 Anonymous (2001) Following the Royal Path Towards Sufficiency Economy: The New Dimension Of Agricultural Economic Development. Faculty of Economics, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 114 (in Thai). 193 Schumacher, E.F. (1973) Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered. Harper and Row Publishers, New York. Pp290. 194 Payutto, P.A. (1998) Sustainable Development. Komol Keemtong Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand. pp280 (in Thai). 195 Buddhadasa Bhikku (1956) Handbook for Mankind. Mahachula Buddhist University Press, Bangkok. 196 Lindsay Falvey (2004) Sustainability: Elusive or Illusion? Wise Environmental Intervention. Institute of International Development, Adelaide. Pp245. 197 Zephaniah 3:7-9 198 Walter Bello, Cunningham, S. and Li, P. (1998) A Siamese Tragedy: Development and Disintegration in Modern Thailand. Zed Books Ltd., London. Pp267. 199 Charan Chantalakhana, Metha Wanapat, and Lindsay Falvey (2005) Gross- Domestic-Happiness-Oriented Development of Smallholder Agriculture for Human Well-Beings and Social Stability. Plenary Paper at the AHAT-BSAS International Conference on Integrating Livestock-Crop Systems to meet the Challenges of Globalization, 14-18 November 2005, Khon Kaen, Thailand. 200 Prawet Wasi (2004) Bangkok Post Outlook (30 September and 4 November). Bangkok, Thailand. 201 Prawet Wasi (2004) Bangkok Post Outlook (30 September and 4 November). Bangkok, Thailand. 202 Lindsay Falvey (2000) Thai Agriculture: Golden Cradle of Millennia. Kasetsart University Press, Bangkok, Thailand. Pp459. 203 NESDB (2007) Sufficiency Economy. National Social and Economic Development Board. Occasional Publication. Bangkok, Thailand. Pp56.. Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey W`:" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 204 Charan Chantalakhana (2006) Sufficiency Economy, National Happiness and Agricultural Sustainability. Sukothai Thammmathirat Open University, Pathum Thani, Thailand. Pp137. (In Thai). 205 Calkins, P. (2006) The Sufficiency Economy at the Edges of Capitalism. Faculty of Economics, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. Mimeograph Paper. Pp14. 206 Panthasen, A. (2006) Sufficiency Economy: A Turning Point of Socio-economic Systems in Thailand. Faculty of Management Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. Mimeograph Paper. pp 12. (In Thai). 207 Phipatseritham, K. (2006) The Sufficiency Economy in Thailand. The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand 31(4): 1-33. 208 Charan Chantalakhana and Lindsay Falvey (2008) Sufficiency Economy: An Approach for Smallholder Agricultural Development to Enhance Peace and Stability. Invited Plenary Paper, Thirteenth Asian Australasian Animal Production Congress, Hanoi. 209 Buddhadasa Bhikku (1956) Handbook of Mankind. Mahachula Buddhist University Press, Bangkok, Thailand. (In Thai). 210 Matthew 7:14 211 Koran, Surat Al-Balad 90: 12 212 Michael LaFargue (1993) The Tao of the Tao Te Ching. SUNY Press, Albany, New York. Pp110. 213 Stefan Klein and Stephen Lehmann (2006) The Science of Happiness: How Our Brains Make Us Happy – and What We Can Do to Get Happier. Da Capo Press; Tra edition. Pp320. Page 252. 214 NESDB (2007) Sufficiency Economy. National Social and Economic Development Board Occasional Publication. Bangkok, Thailand. Pp56. 215 Lindsay Falvey (2000) Thai Agriculture: Golden Cradle of Millennia. Kasetsart University Press, Bangkok, Thailand. Pp459. 216 Allison, E. (2005) Gross National Happiness and Biodiversity Conservation in Bhutan. W`W" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 223 Frank Rijsberman (2012) The Scramble for Natural Resources: Can Science Help? Crawford Fund Parliamentary Conference, Canberra. 224 Frank Rijsberman (2012) The Scramble for Natural Resources: Can Science Help? Crawford Fund Parliamentary Conference, Canberra. 225 Lord John Boyd Orr (1966) ‘As I Recall’ with an Introduction by Ritchie Calder. London, MacGibbon & Kee. Page 42. 226 The Nobel Peace Prize 1949. Lord Boyd Orr. Award Ceremony Presentation Speech by Gunnar Jahn, Chairman of the Nobel Committee. 227 Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L., Randers, J. and Behrens III, W. (1972) The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York: Universe Books. 228 R. Thompson (2007) Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey W`P" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 240 Bennett, J. (2001) Status of Breeding for Tolerance of Abiotic Stresses and Prospects for Uses of Molecular Techniques. Unpublished IRRI paper prepared for the March 2001 TAC meeting in Aleppo. 241 W`^" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 258 Thich Nhat Hanh (1999) Call Me By My True Names: The Collected Poems of Thich Nhat Hanh. Parallax Press. Pp184. Pages 72-73. 259 George Ritzer and J. Michael Ryan (2010) The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology. Buddhism. Wiley. Pp800. Page 43. 260 Walt Whitman (2007) Song of Myself: Line 1326. Leaves of Grass: The Original 1855 Edition. Dover, U.K. Pp128. 261 See for example: John 15: 19, 1 John 2:15-17, 1 Corinthians 9:19-23, Romans 12:2 262 See for example: Buddhadasa (1989) Everyday Language and Dhamma Language. Chapter 7 in Me and Mine: Selected Essays of Bhikkhu Buddhad#sa. SUNY Press. Pp235. Pages 126ff. 263 Sigmund Freud (2002) Civilization and Its Discontents. Penguin, London. 264 See Biblical book: Song of Songs. For another version see, Falvey, J.L. (2013) Song of Songs of Solomon: A Poetic Interpretation. ISBN 9780980787559. 265 Refer to the four noble truths, considered generally as the essence of Buddhism as presented in the Buddha's first discourse: Setting in Motion the Wheel of the Dharma (Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta). 266 Sigmund Freud (2002) Civilization and Its Discontents. Penguin, London. 267 Suzuki, D.T. (1970) The Complete Works of D.T. Suzuki: Essays in Zen Buddhism, Rider and Co. Pp367. 268 Kalama Sutta: To the Kalamas. AN 3.65 PTS: A i 188 Thai 3.66. Translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey W`;" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 282 Manusmriti 5.28 – the earliest metrical work of the Hindu Dharma$#stra, also known as the Laws of Manu - see William Jones (1796) The Institutes of Hindu Law: Or, The Ordinances of Manu. Sewell & Debrett, Calcutta. 283 Lindsay Falvey and Charan Chantalakhana (1999) Smallholder Dairying in the Tropics. International Livestock Research Institute CGIAR, Nairobi Pp447. 284 Colin Spencer (1993) The Heretic’s Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. London. 285 Richard Sorabji (1993) Animal Minds and Human Morals. London. 286 Karen and Michael Iacobbo (2004) Vegetarian America: A History. Westport, Connecticut. 287 Colin Spencer (1993) The Heretic’s Feast: A History of Vegetarianism. London. 288 Albert Schweitzer (1964) quoted by Gotthard M. Teutsch: Mensch und Tier – Lexikon der Tierschutzethik, Göttingen (1987). Page 47. 289 Rabinovich, R., Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S. and Goren-Inbar, N. (2008) Systematic Butchering of Fallow Deer (Dama) at the early Middle Pleistocene Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov (Israel). Journal of Human Evolution 54: 134–149. 290 Vasily Zenin, Evgeny Mashenko, Sergey Leshchinskiy, Aleksandr Pavlov, Pieter Grootes and Marie-Josée Nadeau (May 2003) The First Direct Evidence of Mammoth Hunting in Asia (Lugovskoye Site, Western Siberia) (L). Third International Mammoth Conference. Dawson City, Yukon, Canada. 291 W. Robertson Smith (1875) Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition. 292 Sigmund Freud (1996) Moses and Monotheism. Random House, USA. Pp178. 293 The word ‘taboo’ was introduced into European languages after first being noted by Captain James Cook during his visit to Tonga in 1771. 294 Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss (1981) Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function. University of Chicago Press. Pp166. 295 Tim White (2006) Once were Cannibals W`a" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 305 J. M. Coetzee (2004) Elizabeth Costello. Penguin. Pp240. 306 Lori Gruen (2004) Empathy and Vegetarian Commitments. In, Dean Curtin (2004) Contextual Vegetarianism. In Food for Thought: The Debate Over Eating Meat. Edited by Steve F. Sapontzis. Prometheus Books, New York. Pp383. Pages 272-283. Pages 284-292. 307 Food for Thought: The Debate Over Eating Meat. Edited by Steve F. Sapontzis. Prometheus Books, New York. Pp383. 308 Frederick Ferré (2004) Moderation, Morals and Meat. In Food for Thought: The Debate Over Eating Meat. Edited by Steve F. Sapontzis. Prometheus Books, New York. Pp383. Pages 315-326. 309 Common-use paraphrase of Isaiah 11: 6 – ‘The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, the leopard shall lie down with the young goat, the calf and the young lion and the fatling together; and a little child shall lead them.’ 310 Val Plumwood (2004) Animals and Ecology: Toward a Better Integration. In Food for Thought: The Debate Over Eating Meat. Edited by Steve F. Sapontzis. Prometheus Books, New York. Pp383. Pages 344-358. 311 Val Plumwood (2004) Animals and Ecology: Toward a Better Integration. In Food for Thought: The Debate Over Eating Meat. Edited by Steve F. Sapontzis. Prometheus Books, New York. Pp383. Pages 344-358. 312 David Benatar (2001) Why the Naive Argument Against Moral Vegetarianism Really is Naive. Environmental Values 10(1): 103. Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey W`_" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 324 UNFPA State of World Population (2004) W`b" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 342 Roderick Nash (1989) The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. Pp290. 343 For example: Buddhism relates basic human needs as: nutrition; shelter; warmth, and basic medical attention – after these needs are met, individuals are in a state that they may pursue spiritual matters. 344 For example: Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey W``" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" paused, then shrugged and started into hers. Arthur stared at his feeling slightly ill. ‘Hey, Earthman,’ said Zaphod with a malicious grin on the face that wasn't stuffing itself,’what's eating you?’ And the band played on.” 347 Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall (2009). My Meat Manifesto. PXX" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" Illusions: Thai History and Thought. Australian National University, Canberra. Pp341. 366 Lando, R.P. (1983) The Spirits Aren't So Powerful Anymore: Spirit Belief and Irrigation Origination in North Thailand. Journal of the Siam Society 71:121-147 367 Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey PX:" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" The Role of Technology’ in a book comprising some papers edited from the conference. The conference was cancelled as a result of the 2011 Japan earthquake, while preparations for the book proceeded until the demise of its key proponent, Mr. Yoshikazu Honda in October 2012, after which works were released from copyright back to authors. The image of Mt. Fuji (富士山) reproduced elsewhere in this book from the YCRI’s card is in homage to the lineage of these sections. 385 Francis Fukuyama (2003) Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. Picador. Pp272. 386 Francis Fukuyama (2003) Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. Picador. Pp272. 387 Lindsay Falvey (2001) The Tai and Thai Agriculture. Asian Agri-History Journal 5: 109-122. 388 Sheng-Ji Pei (1985) Some Effects of the Dai People’s Cultural Beliefs and Practices Upon the Plant Environment of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, South West China. In Hutterer KL, Rambo, AT and Lovelace G. (Eds) Cultural Values and Human Ecology in South East Asia. Centre for South and South East Asian Studies, Paper No 27, University of Michigan. 389 Cornell International Institute for Food (1999) Alternative to Conventional Modern Agriculture for Meeting World Needs in the Next Century’ Conference on Sustainable Agriculture: Evaluation of New Paradigms and Old Practices, April 26- 30, 1999 Bellagio, Italy. 390 Technical Presentation of the System of Rice Intensification Based on Katayama's Tillering Model. Henri de Laulanié, Association Tefy Saina1 PXW" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 400 Rudolph Steiner (1924) Eight Lectures in Agricultural Science. Rudolph Steiner Press, Switzerland. Pp175. 401 Robert Howard (1943) An Agricultural Testament. Oxford University Press, London. Pp253. 402 King, F. (1911) Farmers of Forty Centuries: Or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan. Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey PXP" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" Holocene Climate and Cultural Evolution in Late Prehistoric-Early Historic West Asia. Quaternary Research (special issue) 66(3): 372-387. 420 According to Dr Eleanor Robson, Reader in Ancient Middle Eastern Science at the University of Cambridge, ‘The ma%gurum was a type of plant—we know this because Sumerian, like Egyptian, sometimes used semantic markers to indicate the kind of thing a word referred to, and ma%gurum is written with the plant-sign. And we also know that it was edible, because it was included in ancient teaching-lists of words with other foods, and because there are references to ma%gurum-soup. But apart from that it's difficult to say: the word is only attested a dozen or so times (which means either that it was very rare, or so common as to be below notice in official records). 421 Elizabeth Kolbert (2006) Field Notes from a Catastrophe: Climate Change - Is Time Running Out? Bloomsbury, Pp240. 422 Heidi M. Cullen and Peter B. de Menocal (2000) North Atlantic Influence on Tigris–Euphrates Streamflow. International Journal of Climatology 20(8): 853–863. 423 Michael Marshall (2012) Climate Change: The Great Civilisation Destroyer? New Scientist. Issue No. 2876. 424 Haug. G., Günther, D., Peterson, L.C., Sigman, D.M., Hughen, K.A. & Aeschlimann, B. Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization. (2003) Science 299: 1731-1735. 425 Gergana Yancheva, Norbert R. Nowaczyk, Jens Mingram, Peter Dulski, Georg Schettler, Jörg F. W. Negendank, Jiaqi Liu, Daniel M. Sigman, Larry C. Peterson & Gerald H. Haug (2007) Influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone on the East Asian Monsoon. Nature 445: 7123: 74-77. 426 David D. Zhang, Jane Zhang, Harry F. Lee and Yuan-qing He (2007) Climate Change and War Frequency in Eastern China over the Last Millennium. Human Ecology 35(4): 403-414. 427 Anon (1990) El Nino Events Devastated Two Ancient Civilizations. Science: Issue 1706. 428 Büntgen, U. Tegel, W., Nicolussi, K., McCormick, M., Frank, D., Trouet, V., Kaplan, J., Herzig, F., Heussner, U., Wanner, H., Luterbacher, J., and Esper, J. (2011) 2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility. Science 331: 578-582. 429 David D. Zhang, Harry F. Lee, Cong Wang, Baosheng Li, Qing Pei, Jane Zhang, and Yulun An (2011) The Causality Analysis of Climate Change and Large-scale Human Crisis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(42): 17296- 17301. 430 Geoffrey Parker (2013) Global Crisis: War, Climate Change & Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century. Yale University Press. Pp871. 431 Lindsay Falvey (2000) Thai Agriculture: Golden Cradle of Millennia. Kasetsart University Press, Bangkok. Pp490. 432 Brendan M. Buckley, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, Daniel Penny, Roland Fletcher, Edward R. Cook, Masaki Sano, Le Canh Nam, Aroonrut Wichienkeeo, Ton That Minh, and Truong Mai Hong (2010) Climate as a Contributing Factor in the Demise of Angkor, Cambodia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(15): PX^" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 6748-6752. 433 Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey PX;" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 451 For example: A.K. Sen (1962) An Aspect of Indian Agriculture. The Economic Weekly 14 (4-6): 243-46, and A.K. Sen (1964) Size of Holdings and Productivity. The Economic Weekly 16 (5-7): 323-26. 452 For example: Hans Binswanger and Mark Rosenzweig (1986): Behavioural and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Agriculture. Journal of Development Studies 22(3): 503-39. 453 Ramesh Chand, Lakshmi Prasanna and Aruna Singh (2011) Farm Size and Productivity: Understanding the Strengths of Smallholders and Improving Their Livelihoods. Economic and Political Weekly Supplement, June 25. Xlvi: 26 & 27. 454 Giovanni Andrea Cornia (1985) Farm Size, Land Yields and the Agricultural Production Function: An Analysis for Fifteen Developing Countries. World Development. 13(4): 513-534. 455 Bizimana, C., Nieuwoudt, W. and Ferrer, S. (2004) Farm Size, Land Fragmentation and Economic Efficiency in Southern Rwanda. Agrekon, Vol 43 (2): 250-258. 456 Robert Eastwood, Michael Lipton and Andrew Newell (2004) Farm size. Paper prepared for Volume III of the Handbook of Agricultural Economics. PXa" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 469 Lindsay Falvey (2010) History of Rice in Southeast Asia and Australia. Chapter 7 in Rice: Origin, Antiquity and History, edited by S.d. Sharma. CRC Press and Science Publishers, New York. Pp567. Pages 183-224. 470 Blue Star Line (2011) Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey PX_" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 487 Brian Hayden (1990) Nimrods, Piscators, Pluckers, and Planters: The Emergence of Food Production. Journal of Anthropological Archaelogy 9: 31-69. 488 Gregory Clarke (2007) A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton University Press. 489 Deuteronomy 15: 11 490 C. Ford Runge and Benjamin Senauer (2007) How Biofuels Could Starve the Poor. Foreign Affairs, New York. May/June. 491 FAO (1996) World Food Summit, Rome 13–17 November. ...... 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I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey P:;" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" Books by the same author (all available on free download): Song of Songs of Solomon. Pp42. Derek Tribe – International Agricultural Scientist: Crawford Fund. Pp252. Re-Cultivating Agricultural Science, or What I’ve Learned in 40 Years of Professional Life. Pp139. Small Farmers Secure Food: Survival Food Security … Pp 232. Dharma as Man: A Myth of Jesus in Buddhist Lands. Pp250. Pranja Anthology (Ecclesiastes). Pp38. Reaching the Top? All Paths are True on the Right Mountain. Pp68. Religion & Agriculture: Sustainability in Christianity & Buddhism. Pp350. Sustainability: Elusive or Illusory? Wise Environment … Pp245. Buddhism Briefly Explained (with Siladasa). Pp40. The Buddha’s Gospel: A Buddhist’s Interpretation of Jesus’ Words. Pp108. Thai Agriculture: Golden Cradle of Millennia. 490Pp. สินด์ซีย์ ฟาลวีย์ (2548) การเกษตรไทย: อู่ข้าวอู่น้ำข้ามสหัสวรรษ. จรัญ จันทลักขณา (บรรณาธิการ), แม้นมาส จันทลักขณา และคณะ (ผู้แปล) สำนักพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์, กรุงเทพฯ. 476 หน้า. (Thai) Smallholder Dairying in the Tropics (with C. Chantalakhana). Pp447. Land and Food: University of Melbourne (with B. Bardsley). Pp266 Food Environment Education: Agricultural Education … Pp280. Introduction to Working Animals. Pp200. Sú Dung Dông Vât Làm Viêc. Pp122. (Vietnamese) Cattle and Sheep in Northern Thailand. Pp104. " P:a" Beliefs that Bias: Questions I’m Often Asked – Lindsay Falvey