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The Environmental Behaviour of Radium: Revised Edition the Environmental Behaviour of Radium: Revised

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technical reportS series no. This publication is primarily intended to provide IAEA Member States with information for use in the radiological assessment of accidental releases and routine discharges of radium 476 (Ra) in the environment. This report covers Ra behaviour in the terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. The information presented here is relevant to the transfer of radionuclides through food chains to Technical Reports SeriEs No. 476 both humans and non-human biota. The corresponding remedial options and regulatory aspects also fall within the scope of this report. Additionally, applications of Ra isotopes as tracers in studies on environmental issues are discussed. This report can serve as a basis for remediation planning and identification of optimal remediation strategies in areas The Environmental contaminated by Ra. Behaviour of Radium: Revised Edition The Environmental Behaviour of Radium: Revised Edition INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–143310–7 ISSN 0074–1914 13-18111_D476_cover.indd All Pages 2016-07-28 14:07:07 THE ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF RADIUM: REVISED EDITION The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA PAKISTAN ALBANIA GREECE PALAU ALGERIA GUATEMALA PANAMA ANGOLA HAITI PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PARAGUAY ARMENIA HONDURAS PERU AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PHILIPPINES AUSTRIA ICELAND POLAND AZERBAIJAN INDIA PORTUGAL BAHAMAS INDONESIA QATAR BAHRAIN IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BANGLADESH IRAQ ROMANIA BELARUS IRELAND RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELGIUM ISRAEL RWANDA BELIZE ITALY SAN MARINO BENIN JAMAICA SAUDI ARABIA BOLIVIA JAPAN SENEGAL BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BRAZIL KENYA SEYCHELLES BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BULGARIA KUWAIT SINGAPORE BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA BURUNDI lao PeoPle’s demoCraTIC SLOVENIA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON LATVIA SPAIN CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SUDAN REPUBLIC LIBERIA SWAZILAND CHAD LIBYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND COSTA RICA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CÔTe d’ivoire MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CROATIA MALI TOGO CUBA MALTA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA TURKEY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UGANDA OF THE CONGO MEXICO UKRAINE DENMARK MONACO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICA MONGOLIA UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONTENEGRO ECUADOR MOROCCO GREAT BRITAIN AND EGYPT MOZAMBIQUE NORTHERN IRELAND EL SALVADOR MYANMAR UNITED REPUBLIC ERITREA NAMIBIA OF TANZANIA ESTONIA NEPAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS URUGUAY FIJI NEW ZEALAND UZBEKISTAN FINLAND NICARAGUA VENEZUELA FRANCE NIGER VIET NAM GABON NIGERIA YEMEN GEORGIA NORWAY ZAMBIA GERMANY OMAN ZIMBABWE The agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 476 AFGHANISTAN GHANA PAKISTAN ALBANIA GREECE PALAU ALGERIA GUATEMALA PANAMA ANGOLA HAITI PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PARAGUAY ARMENIA HONDURAS PERU AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PHILIPPINES AUSTRIA ICELAND POLAND AZERBAIJAN INDIA PORTUGAL BAHAMAS INDONESIA QATAR BAHRAIN IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BANGLADESH IRAQ ROMANIA BELARUS IRELAND RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELGIUM ISRAEL RWANDA BELIZE ITALY SAN MARINO BENIN JAMAICA THE ENVIRONMENTAL SAUDI ARABIA BOLIVIA JAPAN SENEGAL BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BEHAVIOUR OF RADIUM: BRAZIL KENYA SEYCHELLES BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BULGARIA KUWAIT SINGAPORE REVISED EDITION BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA BURUNDI lao PeoPle’s demoCraTIC SLOVENIA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON LATVIA SPAIN CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SUDAN REPUBLIC LIBERIA SWAZILAND CHAD LIBYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND COSTA RICA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CÔTe d’ivoire MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CROATIA MALI TOGO CUBA MALTA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA TURKEY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UGANDA OF THE CONGO MEXICO UKRAINE DENMARK MONACO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICA MONGOLIA UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONTENEGRO ECUADOR MOROCCO GREAT BRITAIN AND EGYPT MOZAMBIQUE NORTHERN IRELAND EL SALVADOR MYANMAR UNITED REPUBLIC ERITREA NAMIBIA OF TANZANIA ESTONIA NEPAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS URUGUAY FIJI NEW ZEALAND UZBEKISTAN FINLAND NICARAGUA VENEZUELA FRANCE NIGER VIET NAM GABON NIGERIA YEMEN GEORGIA NORWAY ZAMBIA GERMANY OMAN ZIMBABWE The agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. VIENNA, 2014 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2014 Printed by the IAEA in Austria March 2014 STI/DOC/010/476 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The environmental behaviour of radium. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2014. p. ; 24 cm. — (Technical reports series, ISSN 0074–1914 ; no. 476) STI/DOC/010/476 ISBN 978–92–0–143310–7 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Radium — Environmental aspects. 2. Radium — Isotopes. 3. Radioisotopes — Environmental aspects. 4. Radioactive pollution — Environmental aspects. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series: Technical reports series (International Atomic Energy Agency) ; 476. IAEAL 14–00875 COPYRIGHT NOTICE FOREWORD All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of A number of industrial activities produce residues containing either uranium the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised or thorium series radionuclides or both. These include the mining and milling in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual of uranium and of other metalliferous and non-metallic ores; the production of Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual coal, oil and gas; the extraction and purification of water; and the production property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications of industrial minerals such as phosphates. Residues from such activities have in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty become of increasing interest from a radiological impact assessment point of agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are view in recent years and isotopes of radium are often of particular interest in such welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed assessments. to the IAEA Publishing Section at: The IAEA attaches high importance to the dissemination of information that can assist Member States with the implementation and improvement of activities Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section related to radiation safety standards, including management of radioactive International Atomic Energy Agency residues containing natural radionuclides, such as radium isotopes. Vienna International Centre In 1990, the IAEA published Technical Reports Series No. 310 (TRS 310), PO Box 100 The Environmental Behaviour of Radium. Since the publication of TRS 310, 1400 Vienna, Austria a considerable number of publications related to the environmental behaviour fax: +43 1 2600 29302 of radium have appeared in the literature. It was therefore considered timely to tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 produce a replacement report providing up to date information on key transfer email: [email protected] processes, concepts and models that are important in radiological assessments http://www.iaea.org/books and environmental applications of radium. This report outlines radium behaviour in terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. The primary objective of the report is to provide IAEA Member States with information for use
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