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Reportemanu2013 REPORTEMANU2013 Para celebrar el primer centenario del departamento de Madre de Dios, el 40 aniversario del Parque Nacional del Manu, así como una nueva era en el manejo de la Estación Biológica de Cocha Cashu, SERNANP y San Diego Zoo Global Peru presentan con orgullo el Reporte Manu 2013: Pasión por la Investigación en la Amazonía Peruana. Este obra es un resumen de los resultados de las investigaciones científicas realizadas en el ámbito de la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu, tanto en los aspectos biológicos como sociales. 2013 Esperamos que el Reporte Manu 2013 sea de gran valor para la gente que habita el Manu, para la ciencia y la comunidad MANU conservacionista peruana, así como para los Pasión por la Investigación en la Amazonía Peruana investigadores de todo el mundo. REPORTEMANU2013 REPORTE Servicio Nacional SERNANP de Áreas Naturales PERÚ Protegidas por el Estado SERNANP PERÚ 12909 Estación biológica / Report Manu 2013 / Caratula: 50,5 x 24 cm. / Lomo OK: 3,1 cm / Couche Mate 350gr. / INT. 480 pp. Bond 90gr. / 51,1 x 24,0 cm. Cosido Francesa / Edwin CYAN MAGENTA AMARILLO NEGRO 2013 PasiónREPORTE por la Investigación enMANU la Amazonía Peruana SERNANP PERÚ SERNANP PERÚ Edición general San Diego Zoo Global Peru Edición de textos Jessica Groenendijk, Antonio Tovar, Producción editorial Wust Ediciones Pre-prensa e impresión Tarea Asociación Gráfica Educativa Pasaje María Auxiliadora 156-164 Breña Lima, Perú © De la edición: San Diego Zoo Global Peru © De los textos: los autores San Diego Zoo Global Perú Avenida Perú F-10 Urbanización Quispicanchis, Cusco-Peru T. 084-226225 Fotos de la carátula Primera edición Lima, agosto de 2013 1 Hecho el depósito legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú Nº 2013-11922 ISBN: 978-612-46493-0-1 2 3 Todos los derechos reservados de acuerdo con el D. leg. 882 4 5 (ley sobre el Derecho de Autor) 1. Cocha Cashu: Dano Grayson Citación: 2. Lobo de río: Frank Hajek Groenendijk, Tovar & Wust (Eds). 2013. 3. Río Manu: Walter H. Wust Reporte Manu 2013: Pasión por la 4. Guacamayos: Alex Kirschel Investigación en la Amazonía Peruana. 5. Mono araña: Ken Bohn / San San Diego Zoo Global Peru y SERNANP. 466pp Diego Zoo Global Este libro está dedicado a los investigadores que han trabajado en el Manu, a los guardaparques que han dedicado su vida a proteger la Reserva de Biosfera, y a los pobladores del Manu, con el deseo de que puedan mejorar su calidad de vida en base a los resultados que aquí presentamos. 4 REPORTE MANU 2013 ÍNDICE PRESENTACIÓN 8 La investigación en el Parque Nacional del Manu José Carlos Nieto Navarrete & Pedro Gamboa Moquillaza INTRODUCCIÓN 10 El último siglo de Madre de Dios Marc J. Dourojeanni 16 Cocha Cashu: 40 años de investigaciónManuel A. Rios & John W. Terborgh 22 Cocha Cashu: legado y futuro en el avance de la ecología tropical y la conservación en Madre de DiosCésar F. Flores, Ronald R. Swaisgood, Alan Lieberman CAPÍTULO I EL BOSQUE 34 Estructura y dinámica de la comunidad de plántulas de la Estación Biológica Cocha CashuC.E. Timothy Paine & Patricia C. Álvarez-Loayza 44 Usando ADN para verificar la identificación vegetativa de árboles tropicalesKyle G. Dexter, Fabiola Parra Rondinel, Carlos Lazo Gago, Edwin Quispe, Juan Carlos Lara Rivas, Agustín Mishaja 80 Estructura poblacional, diversidad y flujo genético en poblaciones ribereñas de cedroAmanda De la Torre 98 Patología de plantas en bosques tropicalesPatricia C. Álvarez-Loayza & John W. Terborgh 108 Evaluación preliminar de la familia Orchidaceae en la Reserva Comunal Amarakaeri (Manu-Madre de Dios)Alexander Damián Parizaca 118 Autocorrelación de crecimiento y respuesta al raleo de rodales de Tessaria integrifolia (Asteraceae) en el río ManuJavier L. Dominguez, Mark S. Ashton, Bruce C. Larson 138 El impacto de desfaunación sobre la regeneración del bosque en la cuenca del río Madre de Dios: resultados preliminares de un estudio de largo plazoVarun Swamy, John W. Terborgh, Patricia C. Álvarez-Loayza, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Jean Paul LaTorre Farfán, César I.A. Vela, Juan J. Chillihuani. Coronado CAPÍTULO II LA FAUNA 156 Optimización del movimiento espacial en las hormigas legionarias Eciton burchelli Susan K. Willson, Richard Sharp, Ivan P. Ramler, Arunina Sen 178 Dispersión de semillas por monos araña en la Estación Biológica Cocha Cashu, PerúAna Cristina Palma & Pablo R. Stevenson 196 Hacia el este con el anochecer: La migración longitudinal del Ganso del OrinocoLisa C. Davenport, Inés Nole Bazán, Nancy Carlo Erazo, Mauricio Herrera Hurtado 212 Diversidad de aves rapaces en áreas prístinas y áreas modificadas del bosque amazónico tropical en la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu, Perú M. Úrsula Valdez & Martha J. Groom 236 Factores que influyen en la selección del lugar de nidos y éxito de eclosión en seis especies de aves que anidan en playas de la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu, PerúMartha J. Groom 256 El combate, el nido y el asesino: la importancia de las observaciones de la historia naturalFiona A. Wilkinson 266 Caracterización ecológica de Pteroglossus castanotis (Gould, 1833 ), Ramphastidae en ManuBenedicto Baca Rosado CAPÍTULO III EL AMBIENTE ACUÁTICO 296 Asistencia para una matriarca en decadencia en las nutrias gigantes (Pteronura brasiliensis)Lisa C. Davenport 314 Un método fiable para determinar el sexo de las nutrias gigantes (Pteronura brasiliensis) en la naturalezaJessica Groenendijk & Frank Hajek 322 Cochas del río Manu: causas y consecuencias de estados alternativosJohn. W. Terborgh & L.isa C. Davenport CAPÍTULO IV LA DIMENSIÓN HUMANA 342 Resolviendo el conflicto “parque-personas” en el Manu, con la estrategia “Ocupar la Amazonía”Douglas W. Yu, Glenn H. Shepard, Julia Ohl-Schacherer, Taal Levi 370 Lecciones aprendidas en diez años de silvicultura comunitaria en la Zona de Uso Múltiple Amazónica de la Reserva de Biosfera del Manu: una síntesisCésar F. Flores, Andrew J. Halliday, Claudia Bouroncle Seoane, Ronald Catpo Velásquez 394 Avances hacia un modelo de gestión comunal de bosques en el Corredor Manu-AmarakaeriPatricio Zanabria Vizcarra, Carlos Arévalo Coba, Raquel Orejas, Frank Hajek 412 Plan de vida de la Comunidad Nativa ShipetiariComunidad Nativa Shipetiari CAPÍTULO V 436 ANEXOS Relación de tesis elaboradas en los alrededores de Cocha Cashu CAPÍTULO VI 452 ACERCA DE LOS AUTORES La fauna 7 ÍNDICE 8 PRESENTACIÓN La investigación en el Parque Nacional del Manu José Carlos Nieto Navarrete & Pedro Gamboa Moquillaza El Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado - SERNANP, tiene como una de sus prioridades promover el desarrollo de la investigación científica al interior de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas-ANP, representando una importante oportunidad para estudiantes y profesionales de instituciones académicas locales, regionales, nacionales e internacionales; paralelamente, la investigación permite generar conocimiento y valorar estos espacios naturales que atesoran una gran diversidad biológica y ecosistémica. Desde su creación en 1973, el Parque Nacional del Manu ha tenido un lugar especial dentro de la conservación de la naturaleza del Perú. Ha servido como modelo de gestión para las ANP que se declararon posteriormente, especialmente las amazónicas y de yungas, y se ha convertido en una de las áreas mejor protegidas del país. No obstante, eso no implica un final de su ciclo, por el contrario, se continúa planificando su manejo de forma participativa para asegurar su conservación futura. El Parque comprende diversas zonas de vida y alberga una gran diversidad biológica y cultural, esta última representada por las poblaciones indígenas que lo han habitado desde tiempos inmemoriales. Estas características son reconocidas mundialmente, en gran medida gracias a las investigaciones realizadas, permitiendo que la UNESCO en 1977 declare al Parque, así como a los territorios aledaños, como Reserva de Biosfera. Al ser integrado a la Red Internacional de Reservas de Biosfera, se consolidó el proceso de conservación, el desarrollo y apoyo logístico al área natural protegida, así como el respaldo para incrementar el interés por el aumento de la información sobre su biodiversidad, y por lo tanto, a incrementar el interés en su preservación. En 1987, por su valor universal excepcional para el mundo, el Parque Nacional del Manu se incorporó a la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO como sitio Patrimonio Natural de la Humanidad. 9 Uno de los objetivos de creación del Parque es promover y facilitar la investigación, educación y recreación. Bajo esta premisa, y al presentar condiciones inmejorables para desarrollar investigación, genera la responsabilidad de brindar las condiciones necesarias para que se pueda seguir desarrollando esta importante tarea y así continuar con la generación información que apoye al conocimiento de nuestra diversidad biológica y cultural y la gestión efectiva del ANP. En el corazón del Manu se ubica la Estación Biológica de Cocha Cashu, establecida en 1969 y que actualmente es un importante centro de investigación, siendo una de las más productivas en el mundo científico. Sin embargo, los resultados de los numerosos trabajos realizados en estos 40 años son poco utilizados para mejorar la efectividad de la gestión de la propia área, o en la planificación futura para la conservación de la diversidad biológica a nivel regional o nacional. Por lo tanto, la sistematización y edición de estos valiosos trabajos de investigación es fundamental para que la información y el conocimiento generado en todos estos años puedan ser utilizados de la mejor manera posible para apoyar en el cumplimiento de los objetivos de conservación del Parque Nacional del Manu y convertirse, además, en un referente para el mundo científico. El presente documento, “Reporte Manu 2013”, permitirá conocer a la población en general, mediante un lenguaje sencillo y ágil, las diferentes investigaciones desarrolladas en el Parque Nacional del Manu, para así poner a disposición todo este tesoro de conocimiento y que pueda ser utilizado como un modelo de promoción de la investigación científica en nuestro país. 10 INTRODUCCIÓN El último siglo de Madre de Dios Marc J.
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