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Diversity, Knowledge, and Valuation of Plants Used As Fermentation Starters
He et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019) 15:20 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0299-y RESEARCH Open Access Diversity, knowledge, and valuation of plants used as fermentation starters for traditional glutinous rice wine by Dong communities in Southeast Guizhou, China Jianwu He1,2,3, Ruifei Zhang1,2, Qiyi Lei4, Gongxi Chen3, Kegang Li3, Selena Ahmed5 and Chunlin Long1,2,6* Abstract Background: Beverages prepared by fermenting plants have a long history of use for medicinal, social, and ritualistic purposes around the world. Socio-linguistic groups throughout China have traditionally used plants as fermentation starters (or koji) for brewing traditional rice wine. The objective of this study was to evaluate traditional knowledge, diversity, and values regarding plants used as starters for brewing glutinous rice wine in the Dong communities in the Guizhou Province of China, an area of rich biological and cultural diversity. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were administered for collecting ethnobotanical data on plants used as starters for brewing glutinous rice wine in Dong communities. Field work was carried out in three communities in Guizhou Province from September 2017 to July 2018. A total of 217 informants were interviewed from the villages. Results: A total of 60 plant species were identified to be used as starters for brewing glutinous rice wine, belonging to 58 genera in 36 families. Asteraceae and Rosaceae are the most represented botanical families for use as a fermentation starter for rice wine with 6 species respectively, followed by Lamiaceae (4 species); Asparagaceae, Menispermaceae, and Polygonaceae (3 species respectively); and Lardizabalaceae, Leguminosae, Moraceae, Poaceae, and Rubiaceae (2 species, respectively). -
HUNG LIU: OFFERINGS January 23-March 17, 2013
PRESS RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contacts: December 12, 2012 Maysoun Wazwaz Mills College Art Museum, Program Manager 510.430.3340 or [email protected] Mills College Art Museum Announces HUNG LIU: OFFERINGS January 23-March 17, 2013 Oakland, CA—December 12, 2012. The Mills College Art Museum is pleased to present Hung Liu: Offerings a rare opportunity to experience two of the Oakland-based artist’s most significant large- scale installations: Jiu Jin Shan (Old Gold Mountain) (1994) and Tai Cang—Great Granary (2008). Hung Liu: Offerings will be on view from January 23 through March 17, 2013. The opening reception takes place on Wednesday, January 23, 2013 from 6:00–8:00 pm and free shuttle service will be provided from the MacArthur Bart station during the opening. Recognized as America's most important Chinese artist, Hung Liu’s installations have played a central role in her work throughout her career. In Jiu Jin Shan (Old Gold Mountain), over two hundred thousand fortune cookies create a symbolic gold mountain that engulfs a crossroads of railroad tracks running beneath. The junction where the tracks meet serves as both a crossroads and 1 terminus, a visual metaphor of the cultural intersection of East and West. Liu references not only the history of the Chinese laborers who built the railroads to support the West Coast Gold Rush, but also the hope shared among these migrant workers that they could find material prosperity in the new world. The Mills College Art Museum is excited to be the first venue outside of China to present Tai Cang— Great Granary. -
Choosing Butterfly Swords by Jeffrey D
Choosing Butterfly Swords By Jeffrey D. Modell, Esq. and Aaron Cantrell September 6, 2013 Many Chinese martial arts use “Butterfly Swords,” but they are the jewel of the Wing Chun system. Practitioners who reach their level of study are expected to practice intensely, thoughtfully and achieve an understanding that recursively improves their empty hand abilities. Butterfly Swords are a variety of Chinese saber with only one edge sharpened, a blade wider than that of the typical two- edged long sword and a specialized guard. The single edge and wide blade categorize them firmly as “Dao” (“Do” in Cantonese), a term that commonly means knife. Below are a few different words you may want to take note of for the purposes of this article: Hudiedao – Butterfly Swords or Butterfly Knives Baat Jaam Do (& variations on spelling) – Wing Chun Butterfly Swords/Knives (Eight Slash/Cut Swords/Knives) Butterfly swords and especially Baat Jaam Do (“BJD”) are not a one size fits all item. Each style and lineage emphasizes different techniques. The swords must be designed to accommodate and facilitate those movements. Some schools require a weapon based on tradition regardless of whether or not it is appropriate for today’s usage. Individuals develop personal preferences, and each set of swords would ideally be fitted to the specific person’s body. There are a lot of low quality swords on the market. They are not, and do not behave, like the true weapons they seek to imitate. To gain proficiency and understanding of Wing Chun movements, you need BJD that have the weight and feel of the weapons your techniques are designed for. -
Ceramic's Influence on Chinese Bronze Development
Ceramic’s Influence on Chinese Bronze Development Behzad Bavarian and Lisa Reiner Dept. of MSEM College of Engineering and Computer Science September 2007 Photos on cover page Jue from late Shang period decorated with Painted clay gang with bird, fish and axe whorl and thunder patterns and taotie design from the Neolithic Yangshao creatures, H: 20.3 cm [34]. culture, H: 47 cm [14]. Flat-based jue from early Shang culture Pou vessel from late Shang period decorated decorated with taotie beasts. This vessel with taotie creatures and thunder patterns, H: is characteristic of the Erligang period, 24.5 cm [34]. H: 14 cm [34]. ii Table of Contents Abstract Approximate timeline 1 Introduction 2 Map of Chinese Provinces 3 Neolithic culture 4 Bronze Development 10 Clay Mold Production at Houma Foundry 15 Coins 16 Mining and Smelting at Tonglushan 18 China’s First Emperor 19 Conclusion 21 References 22 iii The transition from the Neolithic pottery making to the emergence of metalworking around 2000 BC held significant importance for the Chinese metal workers. Chinese techniques sharply contrasted with the Middle Eastern and European bronze development that relied on annealing, cold working and hammering. The bronze alloys were difficult to shape by hammering due to the alloy combination of the natural ores found in China. Furthermore, China had an abundance of clay and loess materials and the Chinese had spent the Neolithic period working with and mastering clay, to the point that it has been said that bronze casting was made possible only because the bronze makers had access to superior ceramic technology. -
Inscriptional Records of the Western Zhou
INSCRIPTIONAL RECORDS OF THE WESTERN ZHOU Robert Eno Fall 2012 Note to Readers The translations in these pages cannot be considered scholarly. They were originally prepared in early 1988, under stringent time pressures, specifically for teaching use that term. Although I modified them sporadically between that time and 2012, my final year of teaching, their purpose as course materials, used in a week-long classroom exercise for undergraduate students in an early China history survey, did not warrant the type of robust academic apparatus that a scholarly edition would have required. Since no broad anthology of translations of bronze inscriptions was generally available, I have, since the late 1990s, made updated versions of this resource available online for use by teachers and students generally. As freely available materials, they may still be of use. However, as specialists have been aware all along, there are many imperfections in these translations, and I want to make sure that readers are aware that there is now a scholarly alternative, published last month: A Source Book of Ancient Chinese Bronze Inscriptions, edited by Constance Cook and Paul Goldin (Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China, 2016). The “Source Book” includes translations of over one hundred inscriptions, prepared by ten contributors. I have chosen not to revise the materials here in light of this new resource, even in the case of a few items in the “Source Book” that were contributed by me, because a piecemeal revision seemed unhelpful, and I am now too distant from research on Western Zhou bronzes to undertake a more extensive one. -
Maria Khayutina • [email protected] the Tombs
Maria Khayutina [email protected] The Tombs of Peng State and Related Questions Paper for the Chicago Bronze Workshop, November 3-7, 2010 (, 1.1.) () The discovery of the Western Zhou period’s Peng State in Heng River Valley in the south of Shanxi Province represents one of the most fascinating archaeological events of the last decade. Ruled by a lineage of Kui (Gui ) surname, Peng, supposedly, was founded by descendants of a group that, to a certain degree, retained autonomy from the Huaxia cultural and political community, dominated by lineages of Zi , Ji and Jiang surnames. Considering Peng’s location right to the south of one of the major Ji states, Jin , and quite close to the eastern residence of Zhou kings, Chengzhou , its case can be very instructive with regard to the construction of the geo-political and cultural space in Early China during the Western Zhou period. Although the publication of the full excavations’ report may take years, some preliminary observations can be made already now based on simplified archaeological reports about the tombs of Peng ruler Cheng and his spouse née Ji of Bi . In the present paper, I briefly introduce the tombs inventory and the inscriptions on the bronzes, and then proceed to discuss the following questions: - How the tombs M1 and M2 at Hengbei can be dated? - What does the equipment of the Hengbei tombs suggest about the cultural roots of Peng? - What can be observed about Peng’s relations to the Gui people and to other Kui/Gui- surnamed lineages? 1. General Information The cemetery of Peng state has been discovered near Hengbei village (Hengshui town, Jiang County, Shanxi ). -
Piece Mold, Lost Wax & Composite Casting Techniques of The
Piece Mold, Lost Wax & Composite Casting Techniques of the Chinese Bronze Age Behzad Bavarian and Lisa Reiner Dept. of MSEM College of Engineering and Computer Science September 2006 Table of Contents Abstract Approximate timeline 1 Introduction 2 Bronze Transition from Clay 4 Elemental Analysis of Bronze Alloys 4 Melting Temperature 7 Casting Methods 8 Casting Molds 14 Casting Flaws 21 Lost Wax Method 25 Sanxingdui 28 Environmental Effects on Surface Appearance 32 Conclusion 35 References 36 China can claim a history rich in over 5,000 years of artistic, philosophical and political advancement. As well, it is birthplace to one of the world's oldest and most complex civilizations. By 1100 BC, a high level of artistic and technical skill in bronze casting had been achieved by the Chinese. Bronze artifacts initially were copies of clay objects, but soon evolved into shapes invoking bronze material characteristics. Essentially, the bronze alloys represented in the copper-tin-lead ternary diagram are not easily hot or cold worked and are difficult to shape by hammering, the most common techniques used by the ancient Europeans and Middle Easterners. This did not deter the Chinese, however, for they had demonstrated technical proficiency with hard, thin walled ceramics by the end of the Neolithic period and were able to use these skills to develop a most unusual casting method called the piece mold process. Advances in ceramic technology played an influential role in the progress of Chinese bronze casting where the piece mold process was more of a technological extension than a distinct innovation. Certainly, the long and specialized experience in handling clay was required to form the delicate inscriptions, to properly fit the molds together and to prevent them from cracking during the pour. -
Types of Chinese Swords There Are Generally Five Types of Swords in Chinese History, They Are Jian, Zhanmadao, Liuyedao, Wodao and Yanmaodao
Types of Chinese Swords There are generally five types of swords in Chinese history, they are Jian, Zhanmadao, Liuyedao, Wodao and Yanmaodao. The jian is a double-edged straight sword used during the last 2,500 years in China. The first Chinese sources that mention the jian date to the 7th century BC during the Spring and Autumn Period;one of the earliest specimens being the Sword of Goujian. Historical one-handed versions have blades varying from 45 to 80 cm (17.7 to 31.5 inches) in length. The weight of an average sword of 70- centimeter (28-inch) blade-length would be in a range of approximately 700 to 900 grams (1.5 to 2 pounds). There are also larger two-handed versions used for training by many styles of Chinese martial arts. The zhanmadao is a saber with a single long broad blade, and a long handle suitable for two-handed use. Dating to 1072, it was used as an anti-cavalry weapon. This is mentioned in the "Wu Jing Zong Yao Song Military Manual" from 1072. Surviving examples include a sword that might resemble a nagamaki in construction; it had a wrapped handle 37 cm long making it easy to grip with two hands. The blade was 114 centimetres long and very straight with a slight curve in the last half. The liuye dao, or "willow leaf saber", is a type of Dao that was commonly used as a military sidearm for both cavalry and infantry during the Ming and Qing dynasties. This weapon features a moderate curve along the length of the blade. -
Ming China As a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St
Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Winter 12-15-2018 Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Duan, Weicong, "Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620" (2018). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1719. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1719 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Dissertation Examination Committee: Steven B. Miles, Chair Christine Johnson Peter Kastor Zhao Ma Hayrettin Yücesoy Ming China as a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 by Weicong Duan A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 St. Louis, Missouri © 2018, -
Safety of Chinese Herbal Medicine
SAFETY OF CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE Giovanni Maciocia® Su Wen Press 2003 GIOVANNI MACIOCIA Published in 1999 by Su Wen Press 5 Buckingham House Bois Lane Chesham Bois Buckinghamshire UK Copyright © Giovanni Maciocia All rights reserved, including translation. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted by any means, electronic or mechanical, recording or duplication in any information or storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publishers, and may not be photocopied or otherwise reproduced even within the terms of any licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd. ISBN 0 9536157 0 7 First edition 1999 Second edition 2000 Third edition 2003 2 GIOVANNI MACIOCIA Contents Page Introduction 4 1. How drugs are metabolized and excreted ........................................................ 5 2. Factors affecting dosage of drugs ........................................................................ 10 3. Description of side-effects, adverse reactions, idiosyncratic ........... 12 reactions and allergic reactions to drugs 4. Differences in the pharmacodynamics of drugs and herbs ................ 14 5. Side-effects, adverse reactions, idiosyncratic reactions ...................... 16 and allergic reactions to herbal medicines: a review of the literature with identification of some mistakes 6. Interactions between drugs and Chinese herbs ......................................... 21 7. Side-effects of Chinese herbal formulae and how .................................... 27 to deal with them 8. Symptoms -
Xiao Gang (503-551): His Life and Literature
Xiao Gang (503-551): His Life and Literature by Qingzhen Deng B.A., Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute, China, 1990 M.A., Kobe City University of Foreign Languages, Japan, 1996 Ph.D., Nara Women's University, Japan, 2001 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) February 2013 © Qingzhen Deng, 2013 ii Abstract This dissertation focuses on an emperor-poet, Xiao Gang (503-551, r. 550-551), who lived during a period called the Six Dynasties in China. He was born a prince during the Liang Dynasty, became Crown Prince upon his older brother's death, and eventually succeeded to the crown after the Liang court had come under the control of a rebel named Hou Jing (d. 552). He was murdered by Hou before long and was posthumously given the title of "Emperor of Jianwen (Jianwen Di)" by his younger brother Xiao Yi (508-554). Xiao's writing of amorous poetry was blamed for the fall of the Liang Dynasty by Confucian scholars, and adverse criticism of his so-called "decadent" Palace Style Poetry has continued for centuries. By analyzing Xiao Gang within his own historical context, I am able to develop a more refined analysis of Xiao, who was a poet, a filial son, a caring brother, a sympathetic governor, and a literatus with broad and profound learning in history, religion and various literary genres. Fewer than half of Xiao's extant poems, not to mention his voluminous other writings and many of those that have been lost, can be characterized as "erotic" or "flowery". -
International Seminar on Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SILK ROADS: ROADS OF DIALOGUE MALACCA, MALAYSIA 4th January 1991 Organized by: Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism, Malaysia National University of Malaysia Ministry of Education, Malaysia Chief Minister Department. Malacca With the Cooperation of: 1 Recent Studies in China on Admiral Zheng He's Navigation Liu Yingsheng Nanjing University, China At the end of 15th century great Portuguese sailor Vasco Da Gama returned to Europe from India. In the history of navigation, the Portuguese discovery is the very beginning of the new era. But before the Portuguese came to the east the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean had already been a busy commercial region for a long time. Ships of China, Southeast Asia, Sub- continent, West Asia and East Africa had kept on coming and going from east to west and from west to east. Admiral Zheng He and his fleets’ navigation in the West Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean in the early 15th century is one of greatest achievements in the history of Chinese navigation activities. In the period from the 3rd year of Yong Le 永乐 (1405) to the 8th year of Xuan De 宣 德 (1433) Zheng He sailed 7 times to Southeast Asia and in the Indian Ocean. His fleet was the biggest in the world at that time. It consisted of more than 200 ships and more than 27,800 sailors and soldiers. The study on Zheng He's navigation activity was begun at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty when Zhang Tingyu 张廷玉 and his colleagues compiled the biography of Zheng He of the Ming Shi in the 17th century.