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THE EMBALMING RITUAL of LATE PERIOD THROUGH PTOLEMAIC EGYPT By

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THE EMBALMING RITUAL of LATE PERIOD THROUGH PTOLEMAIC EGYPT By THE EMBALMING RITUAL OF LATE PERIOD THROUGH PTOLEMAIC EGYPT by SARAH LYNN CHAPMAN A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Classics, Ancient History, and Archaeology School of History and Cultures College of Art and Law University of Birmingham October 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This thesis explores the embalming ritual of the Egyptian Late Period through Ptolemaic era (664 – 30 BC). Using an interdisciplinary approach, I incorporate primary and secondary texts, Egyptian funerary art and archaeological remains into my study. I utilize these lines of evidence to reconstruct the embalming ritual to the degree possible and analyze the ways in which its various stages were believed to fulfill the ultimate goal of this rite: preservation of the physical body and eternal life for the deceased. I focus particularly on the archaeological material and explore the visibility of religious practice in the archaeological record. I identify key changes and developments in the embalming ritual from the Late Period through the Ptolemaic Period in order to highlight religious significance placed on embalming during this time period. Funerary art, literature, and archaeological material of the Late through Greco-Roman Periods illustrate an increased focus on the integrity of the corpse as well as the manifestation of decay, the liquid rDw. I examine these ancient sources in order to better understand the nature and development of body-centered funerary practices during this period of Egyptian history. Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Tony Leahy for his guidance, expertise, and patience throughout this program. I would also like to thank my examiners Dr. David Aston and Dr. Ken Wardle for their valuable feedback and guidance. My thanks also goes to the staff of the Roemer-Pelizaeus Museum in Hildesheim for their assistance and hospitality during my research visit. I would also like to express my gratitude to all of my colleagues in the UK and abroad who, in a variety of ways, supported me and provided me with feedback during my research period. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE EMBALMING RITUAL 13 1.1 Introduction 13 1.2 Days 1 to 4 14 1.3 Days 4 to 16 25 1.4 Days 16 to 35 36 1.5 Days 35 to 70 41 1.6 Linen and Unguents 43 1.6.1 Types of linen 44 jdmj 47 mnxt 49 sS-n-nswt 50 1.6.2 Acquisition of mummy bandages 50 1.6.3 Red linen 53 1.6.4 Unguents 57 CHAPTER 2: EMBALMING IN EGYPTIAN ART 65 2.1 Introduction 65 2.2 Description and analysis of the decoration on the coffins of Mutirdis, Djedbastetiouefankh, and Paiuenhor 66 2.3 Origins of the ‘mummy on a bier’ motif 87 2.4 Coffins & Cartonnage 96 2.5 Elements included in the ‘mummy on a bier’ motif 97 2.6 Symbolism of the most common elements 98 CHAPTER 3: EMBALMING IN ANCIENT TEXTS 107 3.1 Introduction 107 3.2 Textual Sources that describe the embalming ritual 108 3.2.1 Ritual of Embalming 109 3.2.2 Apis Embalming Ritual 110 3.2.3 Classical authors: Herodotus and Diodorus 111 3.2.4 Osiris Mysteries of the Khoiak festival 113 3.2.5 Stundenwachen texts (including temple and funerary) 116 3.3 The funerary industry of Late through Ptolemaic Memphis and Thebes 117 3.4 Titles of the necropolis workers of Memphis and Thebes 121 3.5 Roles and professional activities of the necropolis workers 123 3.5.1 Embalmers 123 3.5.2 wAH mw 125 3.5.3 Overseers of the Necropolis 129 3.6 Social aspects of the lives of necropolis workers 130 CHAPTER 4: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR EMBALMING 132 4.1 Introduction 132 4.2 Architecture: Structures Associated with Embalming 133 4.2.1 Embalming Workshops 134 4.2.2 Embalming house of the Apis bull and other animal cults 143 4.2.3 Wabet and Open Court of Temples 158 4.3 Material Evidence: Embalming Caches 165 4.3.1 Analyses of embalming cache material 170 4.3.2 Linen 173 4.3.3 Natron 174 4.3.4 Straw and sawdust 175 4.3.5 Reed matting 176 4.3.6 Resins and ‘embalming residue’ 177 4.3.7 Plant remains 178 4.3.8 Embalmers’ tools and tables 179 4.3.9 Texts from the context of embalming caches 184 4.3.10 Pottery types and uses 189 4.3.11 Discussion of ritual aspects of embalming caches 193 CHAPTER 5: THE CONCEPT OF R+W IN EMBALMING 200 5.1 Introduction 200 5.2 The Concept of rDw 201 5.3 rDw, Osiris and the Nile 206 5.4 Containing the rDw 208 5.4.1 Reasons for collecting the rDw 208 5.4.2 Methods for collecting the rDw 211 5.5 Archaeological materials associated with rDw 218 CONCLUSION 222 APPENDIX 1 237 Table 1: Memphis 237 Table 2: Thebes 239 APPENDIX 2 242 BIBLIOGRAPHY 246 TABLES CHAPTER 1 Table 1: Inscriptions from embalming cache pottery between Days 4 and 16 27 Table 2: Pottery used in the Slaughter Room of the Apis Embalming Ritual (P. Vindob 3873) 29 Table 3: Materials used during ritual treatment of Apis after evisceration 32 Table 4: The inventory of the Slaughter Room in the Apis Embalming Ritual 35 Table 5: Inscriptions from embalming cache pottery between Days 16 to 35 40 Table 6: Inscriptions from embalming cache pottery between Days 35 and 70 42 Table 7: List of types of Linen from the Ritual of Embalming (P. Boulaq 3) 45 Table 8: Linen types from Old Kingdom linen lists 47 Table 9: Occurrences of Tms from embalming cache # 1.3 55 Table 10: Embalming substances in text directed for use on the corpse from P. Boulaq 3 58 Table 11: Embalming substances from P, Rhind I 59 CHAPTER 2 Table 1: Scenes on coffins of Mutirdis, Djedbastetiuefankh, and Paiuenhor 86 Table 2: Mummification supplies from object friezes of Middle Kingdom coffins 92 CHAPTER 4 Table 1: Typology of embalming caches 169 Table 2: Typology of embalming caches for Memphite necropolis 170 Table 3: Tools found within Late Period embalming caches 179 Table 4: Inscriptions from Late Period embalming caches 185 CHAPTER 5 Table 1: Use of the terms rDw and fdt in the Ritual of Embalming 214 FIGURES CHAPTER 1 Figure 1. Tent of Purification in tomb of Qar at Giza. 18 Figure 2. Tent of Purification in the tomb of Idu at Giza. 18 Figure 3. Tent of Purification in the tomb of Pepi-Ankh at Meir. 18 Figure 4. Tent of Purification in the tomb of Mereruka at Saqqara. 19 Figure 5. Hypothetical reconstruction of the Tent of Purification. 19 Figure 6. Canopic box, Liverpool World Museum 13.12.05.34b. 23 Figure 7. The embalming workshop from the tomb of Pepi-Ankh at Meir. 37 Figure 8. The embalming workshop from the tomb of Qar at Giza. 37 Figure 9. The embalming workshop from the tomb of Idu at Giza. 38 Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the embalming workshop, isometric drawing. 38 Figure 11. Hypothetical reconstruction of embalming workshop, plan map. 39 CHAPTER 2 Figure 1. Coffin of Mutirdis (Roemer-Pelizaeus Musem 1953). 69 Figure 2. Coffin of Mutirdis, detail of embalming scenes. 70 Figure 3. Coffin of Djedbastetiouefankh (Roemer-Pelizaeus Musem 1954). 73 Figure 4. Coffin of Djedbastetiouefankh, detail of top four registers. 74 Figure 5. Coffin of Djedbastetiouefankh, detail of bottom two registers. 75 Figure 6. Coffin of Paiuenhor (Kunsthistorisches Museum 7497). 77 Figure 7. Coffin of Paiuenhor, detail of embalming scenes. 78 Figure 8. Purification scene in House 21, Tuna el Gebel. 80 Figure 9. Judgment scene on coffin of Payeftshu(em)akhonsu 82 Figure 10. Judgment scene from Bissing’s tomb, Ahkmim. 82 Figure 11. Reed mat impression on mummy skin. 83 Figure 12. Vignette to BD 89. 87 Figure 13. Vignette to BD 151 88 Figure 14. Vignette to BD 154. 89 Figure 15. Outline of Middle Kingdom coffin with positions of deities. 91 Figure 16. Object Frieze from the 12th dynasty coffin of Seni (Cairo JE 32868). 91 Figure 17. Jars of seven sacred oils. 95 Figure 18. Cartonnage with Anubis (BD 151), bA spirit (BD 89), sun disk with rays (BD 154) (National Museums Liverpool 1973.2.432). 100 Figure 19. Eye paint outlined on 12th dynasty coffin of Seni (Cairo Museum JE 32868). 102 Figure 20. Four sons of Horus with linen (National Museums Liverpool 1973.2.456). 104 CHAPTER 4 Figure 1. Plan of Grab IX. 137 Figure 2. Plan of Apis Embalming House, Memphis 147 Figure 3. Reconstruction of Apis Embalming Facilities. 150 Figure 4. Plan of falcon embalming facility based on Djedhor’s description. 155 Figure 5. Embalming cache in the tomb of Menekhibnekau at Abusir. 181 Figure 6. Embalming cache vessel in situ from Austrian excavation in Asasif. 182 Figure 7. Embalming cache in situ from Austrian excavations in Asasif. 183 Figure 8. Embalming cache jar with linen and natron contents.
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