DOCSLIB.ORG

Anomalous Erosion Patterns on the Cheek Teeth of Babirusa (Babyrousa Perry, 1811.)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anomalous Erosion Patterns on the Cheek Teeth of Babirusa (Babyrousa Perry, 1811.) Canadian Journal of Zoology Anomalous erosion patterns on the cheek teeth of babirusa (Babyrousa Perry, 1811.) Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Manuscript ID cjz-2020-0173.R1 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 08-Sep-2020 Author: Complete List of Authors: Macdonald, Alastair; The University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Is your manuscript invited for consideration in a Special Not applicableDraft (regular submission) Issue?: Molar teeth, premolar teeth, wear, fruit seed, molaires, prémolaires, Keyword: Musa L. © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 1 of 38 Canadian Journal of Zoology 1 1 Anomalous erosion patterns on the cheek teeth of babirusa (Babyrousa Perry, 1811.) 2 Profils d’érosion irréguliers sur les dents jugales du babiroussa (Babyrousa Perry, 1811.) 3 4 5 A A Macdonald 6 7 Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies 8 The University of Edinburgh 9 Easter Bush Campus 10 Midlothian EH25 9RG 11 Scotland Draft 12 13 [email protected] 14 15 16 Key words: Molar teeth, premolar teeth, wear, fruit seed, Musa L., babirusa, Babyrousa 17 Mots-clés : molaires, prémolaires, usure, graines de fruit, Musa L., babirusa, Babyrousa 18 19 20 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Canadian Journal of Zoology Page 2 of 38 2 21 A A Macdonald 22 Anomalous erosion patterns on the cheek teeth of babirusa (Babyrousa Perry, 1811.) 23 Profils d’érosion irréguliers sur les dents jugales du babiroussa (Babyrousa Perry, 1811.) 24 25 26 Abstract 27 28 Two types of anomalous erosive wear, designated ‘Wear’ and ‘Groove’, were found in 29 the molar teeth of adult babirusa species (Babyrousa Perry, 1811.) from Buru or the 30 Sula Islands and Sulawesi, Indonesia. A survey of 590 specimens of babirusa crania and 31 mandibles from international museumDraft and private collections revealed their presence 32 in 20 of 187 specimens from Buru or the Sula Islands, in 99 of 391 specimens from 33 Sulawesi, and in four of 31 subfossil specimens from South Sulawesi. ‘N_Wear’ 34 comprised a discrete indentation or almost circular erosion of the enamel and 35 underlying dentine in a molar tooth; ‘W_Wear’ comprised tooth indentations of 36 irregular shape larger than 7x7mm in size; ‘E_Wear’ comprised extensive tooth 37 indentation. ‘Wear’ anomalies were found on 10% of specimens from Buru or the Sula 38 Islands, and 17% of all Sulawesi crania and mandibles. It was hypothesised that tooth 39 grinding of the abrasive seeds of the wild banana Musa balbisiana Colla initiated this 40 anomaly. ‘Groove’ was a deep, oval-shaped cleft cut into the enamel and dentine 41 between two molar teeth. ‘Groove’ anomalies were evident in 3% of Buru or the Sula 42 Islands specimens and 12% of all Sulawesi specimens. No conclusion was reached 43 regarding the initiator of the ‘Groove’ anomaly. 44 45 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 3 of 38 Canadian Journal of Zoology 3 46 Draft © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Canadian Journal of Zoology Page 4 of 38 4 47 1. Introduction 48 49 The babirusa (Babyrousa Perry, 1811.) is a suid endemic to eastern Indonesia, 50 inhabiting the islands of Buru, the Sula Islands of Sehu, Taliabu and Mangole, the island 51 of Sulawesi and the Togian Islands (Macdonald and Pattikawa 2017; Macdonald et al. 52 2017; Macdonald 2018;). Early anatomical investigations described the appearance of 53 the teeth in the adult male babirusa (Nieuhof 1682; Ducrotay de Blainville 1839-64; 54 Owen 1840-1845; Stehlin 1899, 1900). More recently the growth pattern of the 55 maxillary canine teeth has been described (Macdonald et al. 2016; Macdonald and Shaw 56 2018), and attention drawn to the wear patterns present on those teeth (Macdonald 57 2017). Draft 58 59 Recent studies have investigated the anatomy and wear of babirusa cheek teeth 60 (Macdonald 2019). In the process a small number of anomalous wear patterns were 61 observed. Two examples of these had been noticed earlier and briefly commented upon 62 in a study of dental pathology in Sus celebensis Müller and Schlegel, 1843 from Sulawesi 63 (Kaudern and Forshufvud 1938). The conclusion reached was that the erosion pattern 64 was evidence of resolved dental decay. However, closer inspection of the teeth of a 65 larger number of skulls soon indicated that there was no evidence of bacteria-induced 66 dental caries in these instances. An alternative hypothesis was that they may have been 67 due to specific elements of dietary intake. The current study sought to examine the 68 anomalous wear patterns in more detail, and to investigate their possible causes. 69 70 2. Materials and methods 71 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 5 of 38 Canadian Journal of Zoology 5 72 A survey was made of 621 specimens of babirusa (Babyrousa spp) crania, mandibles 73 and sub-fossil teeth from museum and private collections around the world (Macdonald 74 and Shaw 2018; Frantz et al. 2018). Many of these had recorded location data 75 associated with them, but many others could only be identified to islands or island 76 groups (viz. ‘Buru or the Sula Islands’, and ‘Sulawesi’). From among these, one female 77 and 19 male specimens from Buru or the Sula Islands (of 187) (Babyrousa babyrussa 78 Linnaeus, 1758), and 99 specimens from Sulawesi comprising eight females and 91 79 males (of 391 from Sulawesi) (Babyrousa celebensis Deninger, 1909), were found to 80 have examples of anomalous wear of the mandibular and/or maxillary cheek teeth; 31 81 subfossil babirusa M2 and M3 teeth from South Sulawesi (the south-west peninsula) (B. 82 celebensis) were studied, of which fourDraft showed comparable anomalous wear (Tables 1 83 and S1). 84 85 All specimens were photographed, and where possible, particular photographic 86 attention was paid to the occlusal surfaces of those skulls showing anomalous patterns 87 of wear. To enable anatomical clarity in the description of the wear patterns, the dental 88 anatomical nomenclature of the babirusa teeth was derived from that published for 89 Suidae by van der Made (1996). The main cusps on the mandibular molars are called 90 protoconid, metaconid, hypoconid, entoconid, and pentaconid (Figure 1). A smaller 91 sixth cusp can be seen on the M3 and it is named hexaconid (Figure 1b). The main cusps 92 on the maxillary molars are called paracone, protocone, metacone, tetracone, and 93 pentacone (Figure 2). 94 95 Visits were made in 2017 and 2018 to Buru, and in 2018 to Sehu and Taliabu Islands in 96 the Sula Archipelago, during which information on the diet of babirusa was offered by © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Canadian Journal of Zoology Page 6 of 38 6 97 village residents (Macdonald and Pattikawa 2017; Macdonald et al. 2017). Photographs 98 and samples of local plant fruits and seeds were collected there for subsequent closer 99 inspection. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out on seeds of Musa L. After 100 washing in water and olive oil, the dried Musa seeds were mounted on aluminium stubs 101 with carbon tabs attached, sputter coated with 20 nm gold palladium, and viewed using 102 a Hitachi S-4700 scanning electron microscope. 103 104 3. Results 105 106 In general terms, the cheek teeth of babirusa exhibited two types of anomalous tooth 107 wear. These have been termed ‘Wear’Draft indentation and ‘Groove’ indentation. The term 108 ‘Wear’ has been further sub-categorised as narrow (N_Wear), wide (W_Wear) and 109 expanded (E_Wear). These observations are summarised in Table 1. 110 111 The first sub-category, ‘N_Wear’, comprised a discrete indentation or almost circular 112 erosion of the enamel and underlying dentine in a molar tooth (Figure 3). The width of 113 these varied between 4x4mm and 7x7mm. These were found on the second and third 114 molar teeth of 13 specimens (Table 1). Four specimens from Buru or the Sula Islands 2 115 showed five examples of ‘N_Wear’ (two on M3 and three on M ), with none present 116 among the 64 specimens known to be from Buru. Nine specimens from Sulawesi 2 3 117 exhibited 20 examples of ‘N_Wear’ (one on M2, eight on M3, seven on M , and four on M 118 (Figure 4), with none on the 49 specimens and 31 subfossil teeth identified as coming 119 from central or southern peninsulae of that island (Table 1). They were also not present 120 on specimens from the Togian Islands. They were also not observed on mandibular or 121 maxillary first molar teeth. © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 7 of 38 Canadian Journal of Zoology 7 122 123 The sub-category ‘W_Wear’ comprised tooth indentations of somewhat irregular shape 124 and larger than 7x7mm in size (Figure 5a). These were found on the molar teeth of 28 125 specimens, five of which were from Buru or the Sula Islands (Table 1). There were nine 126 examples on the teeth of one specimen from the Sula Islands (four on M2, three on M3, 2 127 and two on M ), and two examples on the M3 of a specimen from Buru or the Sula 128 Islands. On the 23 Sulawesi specimens there were 24 indentation examples on M2, 26 on 2 3 129 M3, 29 on M , and 11 on M . Again, there were none on the 49 specimens and 31 130 subfossil teeth identified as coming from the central regions or the southern peninsulae 131 of that island (Table 1). They were also not present on specimens from the Togian 132 Islands. Draft 133 134 The sub-category ‘E_Wear’ comprised extensive tooth indentations, larger than those of 135 ‘W_Wear’, often of somewhat irregular shape and often eroding two or more cusps 136 (Figures 5b,c).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 3 Translation from Norwegian Regulation on the Import
    Translation from Norwegian Regulation on the import, export, re-export and transfer or possession of threatened species of wild flora and fauna (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, CITES) Commended by Royal Decree of xx xx 2016 on the authority of the Act of 19 June 2009 no. 100 relating to the Management of Nature Diversity, section 26; the Act of 15 June 2001 no. 79 relating to Environmental Protection on Svalbard, section 26, second paragraph: and the Act of 27 February 1930 no. 2 relating to Jan Mayen, section 2, third paragraph. Commended by Ministry of Climate and Environment. Chapter 1 - Purpose and scope 1. Purpose The purpose of this Regulation is to conserve natural wild species which are, or may become, threatened with extinction as the result of trade. 2. Objective scope This Regulation concerns the import, export and re-export of specimens, alive or dead, of animal and plant species cited in Annex 1. Re-export shall mean export of any specimen that has previously been introduced into the Regulation area. This Regulation also concerns domestic transfer and possession of specimens, alive or dead, of animal and plant species cited in Annex 1. The first and second subparagraphs also concern parts of products that are prepared from or declared as prepared from such species. Hunting trophies are also considered to be dead specimens/ products. Hunting trophy means the whole or recognisable parts of animals, either raw, processed or produced. The first, second and third subparagraphs also concern hybrids. Hybrid means the re-crossing of specimens of species regulated under CITES as far back as the fourth generation, with specimens of species not regulated under CITES.
    [Show full text]
  • A Re-Evaluation of Allometric Relationships for Circulating Concentrations of Glucose in Mammals
    Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2016, 7, 240-251 Published Online April 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/fns http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2016.74026 A Re-Evaluation of Allometric Relationships for Circulating Concentrations of Glucose in Mammals Colin G. Scanes Department of Biological Science, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA Received 10 August 2015; accepted 19 April 2016; published 22 April 2016 Copyright © 2016 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Purpose: The present study examined the putative relationship between circulating concentra- tions of glucose and log10 body weight in a large sample size (270) of wild species but with domes- ticated animals excluded from the analyses. Methods: A data-set of plasma/serum concentration of glucose and body weight in mammalian species was developed from the literature. Allometric re- lationships were examined. Results: In contrast to previous reports, no overall relationship for circulating concentrations of glucose was observed across 270 species of mammals (for log10 glu- cose concentration adjusted R2 = −0.003; for glucose concentration adjusted R2 = −0.003). In con- trast, a strong allometric relationship was observed for circulating concentrations of glucose in 2 Primates (for log10 glucose concentration adjusted R = 0.511; for glucose concentration adjusted R2 = 0.480). Conclusion: The absence of an allometric relationship for circulating concentrations of glucose was unexpected. A strong allometric relationship was seen in Primates. Keywords Glucose, Allometric, Mammals, Primates 1. Introduction Glucose in the blood is the principal energy source for brain functioning and but glucose can be used as the energy source for multiple other tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • Revised 22/05/2009
    2009R0407 — EN — 22.05.2009 — 000.001 — 1 This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents ►B COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 407/2009 of 14 May 2009 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein (OJ L 123, 19.5.2009, p. 3) Corrected by: ►C1 Corrigendum, OJ L 139, 5.6.2009, p. 35 (407/2009) 2009R0407 — EN — 22.05.2009 — 000.001 — 2 ▼B COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 407/2009 of 14 May 2009 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein (1), and in particular Article 19(3) thereof, Whereas: (1) Regulation (EC) No 338/97 lists animal and plant species in respect of which trade is restricted or controlled. Those lists incorporate the lists set out in the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, hereinafter ‘the CITES Convention’. (2) The following species have been added to Appendix III to the CITES Convention at the request of China: Corallium elatius, Corallium japonicum, Corallium konjoi and Corallium secundum. (3) The species Crax daubentoni, Crax globulosa, Crax rubra, Ortalis vetula, Pauxi pauxi, Penelopina
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 84, No. 62/Monday, April 1, 2019/Notices
    12268 Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 62 / Monday, April 1, 2019 / Notices the draft EA and related documents is: submit comments on Docket No. FWS– personal identifying information, such https://www.regulations.gov/ HQ–IA–2019–0011. as your address, phone number, or docket?D=USCG-2018-1085. • U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public email address, you may request at the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: If Comments Processing, Attn: Docket No. top of your document that we withhold you have questions on this notice please FWS–HQ–IA–2019–0011; U.S. Fish and this information from public review. contact Mr. Steven Fischer, District Wildlife Service Headquarters, MS: However, we cannot guarantee that we Bridge Manager, Thirteenth Coast Guard BPHC; 5275 Leesburg Pike; Falls will be able to do so. Moreover, all District, U.S. Coast Guard; telephone Church, VA 22041–3803. submissions from organizations or 206–220–7282. For more information, see Public businesses, and from individuals Comment Procedures under identifying themselves as Dated: March 27, 2019. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. representatives or officials of Brian L. Dunn, FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: organizations or businesses, will be Chief, Office of Bridge Programs, U.S. Coast Brenda Tapia, by phone at 703–358– made available for public disclosure in Guard. 2104, via email at [email protected], or their entirety. [FR Doc. 2019–06241 Filed 3–29–19; 8:45 am] via the Federal Relay Service at 800– II. Background BILLING CODE 9110–04–P 877–8339. To help us carry out our conservation SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: responsibilities for affected species, and DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR I.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoologische Mededelingen Uitgegeven Door Het Rijksmuseum Van Natuurlijke Historie Te Leiden
    ZOOLOGISCHE MEDEDELINGEN UITGEGEVEN DOOR HET RIJKSMUSEUM VAN NATUURLIJKE HISTORIE TE LEIDEN (MINISTERIE VAN CULTUUR, RECREATIE EN MAATSCHAPPELIJK WERK) Deel 55 no. 3 1 februari 1980 NOTES ON THE SYSTEMATICS OF BABYROUSA (ARTIODACTYLA, SUIDAE) by COLIN P. GROVES Department of Prehistory and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Canberra With 4 plates SUMMARY Skins and skulls of Babyrousa babyrussa have been studied ; the species is divisible into three living subspecies : B. b. babyrussa (syn. frosti) from Buru and Sula, B. b. togeanensis from Malenge, and B. b. celebensis from the northern arm of Celebes. A skull from near Kulawi, central Celebes, tends towards babyrussa, and may represent a surviving popu- lation of the inadequately characterised B. b. bolabatuensis, known as a subfossil from the southern arm of Celebes. Teeth of the latter form decreased in size through time. The possibility of the species having been introduced into Buru and Sula is discussed. INTRODUCTION The remarkable babirusa (genus Babirousa Perry, 1811) attracted early notice in western scientific circles, despite its restricted distribution (see Mohr, 1958 for a brief pre-Linnaean history). It commanded attention because of the bizarre appearance of the male, not only for Europeans but also, perhaps, for Indonesians (see below). Modern zoology has confirmed that it is indeed no "ordinary pig", as shown by the anatomical study of Davis (1940): alone among the Suidae it retains four terminal tendons to M. plantaris; the arrangement of tendons to M. extensor digitorum communis resembles the peccaries; M. coracobrachialis has two heads, as is usual in ruminants; the stomach is complex, and the origin of M.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Conservation
    Ecology and Conservation Babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) on Buru island Bing Tjiu1 and Alastair A Macdonald2,3 1Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia 2Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland. 3Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, 134 Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh EH12 6TS, Scotland. Introduction The first description of Babirusa on the [Indonesian] island of Buru may be found in a letter written in 1584 by Fr. Bernardino Ferrari describing the wildlife on Buru. In his own words: ‘È l’isola del Burro molto fertile de victovaglie di queste parti, habundante de molti animali sylvestri, come de porci et altri animali di queste parti. Fra quali vi sono uni semeglianti al porco ma bianchi. E li due denti grandi, con i quali i porci combetteno, questi animali le tengono diretti di modo che furan oil musso del detto animali, e uscindo sopra appariscono come due chiodi grandi.’ [amongst which [animals] there are some resembling pigs, but white. The two tusks which pigs use to fight with, these animals have straight, in such a way as to pierce the snout of the said animal, sticking out on top like two great nails] (Jacobs 1980). Buru Babirusa depiction It was not until the publication by Piso (1658), one hundred years later, that further anatomical information was made available (Figures 1 & 2). It is not so obvious from the first illustration, which was on the fronticepiece of the book, that the Buru Babirusa has ‘long’ hair (when compared to Babirusa from North Sulawesi), but it is quite clear from the second illustration.
    [Show full text]
  • Standards for Suidae and Tayassuidae Sanctuaries
    Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries Standards For Suidae and Tayassuidae Sanctuaries Version: February 2018 ©2012 Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Standards for Suidae and Tayassuidae Sanctuaries Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 1 GFAS PRINCIPLES ................................................................................................................................................... 1 ANIMALS COVERED BY THESE STANDARDS ............................................................................................................ 1 STANDARDS UPDATES ........................................................................................................................................... 2 SUIDAE/TAYASSUIDAE STANDARDS ...................................................................................................................... 2 SUIDAE AND TAYASSUIDAE HOUSING ............................................................................................ 3 H-1. Types of Space and Size ..................................................................................................................................... 3 H-2. Containment ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 H-3. Ground and Plantings ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Babirusa Project
    The Babirusa Project By David Twamley The Babirusas (or ‘pig-deer’) are a genus of bizarre-looking pigs from islands in Wallacea, Indonesia, which is home to a mixture of animals of Asian and Australasian origin. Contents: 1. Taxonomy 2. Physical appearance 3. Distribution and habitat 4. Feeding and society 5. Reproduction 6. Threats and conservation 7. Fun facts 8. Genera of Suidae 9. Other wildlife of Sulawesi 10. My experiences with babirusas Taxonomy Babirusas are members of the pig family, Suidae. There are three known different species of Babirusa, which until 2002, were considered subspecies of a single species, Babyrousa babyrussa. Now all those subspecies have been re-classified as distinct species based on morphological studies. The species are as follows: Babyrousa babyrussa - the hairy or golden babirusa, from the Sula islands and Buru in the Moluccas. Babyrousa togeanensis - the Togian babirusa, the largest species, from the Togian islands off the coast of Sulawesi. Figure 1: this is a Togian babirusa, taken from http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2010/02/23/many-babirusa-species/ Babyrousa celebensis - the North Sulawesi babirusa, the best known species, the one often seen in zoos. Babyrousa bolabatuensis – a proposed fourth species, the Bola Batu babirusa, from the south-east of Sulawesi. This species is only known from bones that are not fully fossilized. It has never been seen alive. Many other animals that were once considered single species have also been split into at least two different species, usually based on DNA tests. Examples include African elephants, gorillas, orang-utans, sifakas and other lemurs, warthogs, kiwis, ostriches, pipistrelle bats, elk and giraffes, among others.
    [Show full text]
  • Commission Regulation
    26.1.2017 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 21/1 II (Non-legislative acts) REGULATIONS COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2017/128 of 20 January 2017 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein (1), and in particular Article 19(5) thereof, Whereas: (1) Regulation (EC) No 338/97 regulates trade in animal and plant species listed in the Annex to the Regulation. The species listed in the Annex include the species set out in the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (the Convention) as well as species whose conservation status requires that trade from, into and within the Union be regulated or monitored. (2) At the 17th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, held in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 24 September to 4 October 2016 (CoP 17), certain amendments were made to the Appendices to the Convention. These amendments should be reflected in the Annexes to Regulation (EC) No 338/97. (3) The following genera or species were included in Appendix I to the Convention and should be included in Annex A to Regulation (EC) No 338/97: Abronia anzuetoi, Abronia campbelli, Abronia fimbriata, Abronia frosti, Abronia meledona, Cnemaspis psychedelica, Lygodactylus williamsi, Telmatobius culeus, Polymita spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Origins and Diversity of Bushpigs from Madagascar (Potamochoerus Larvatus, Family Suidae) Carol Lee1, Jenna Day1, Steven M
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Genetic origins and diversity of bushpigs from Madagascar (Potamochoerus larvatus, family Suidae) Carol Lee1, Jenna Day1, Steven M. Goodman2,3, Miguel Pedrono4, Guillaume Besnard5, Laurent Frantz6,7, Peter J. Taylor8,9, Michael J. Herrera10 & Jaime Gongora1* The island of Madagascar, situated of the southeast coast of Africa, shows the frst evidence of human presence ~ 10,000 years ago; however, other archaeological data indicates a settlement of the modern peoples of the island distinctly more recent, perhaps > 1500 years ago. Bushpigs of the genus Potamochoerus (family Suidae), are today widely distributed in Madagascar and presumed to have been introduced from Africa at some stage by human immigrants to the island. However, disparities about their origins in Madagascar have been presented in the literature, including the possibility of endemic subspecies, and few empirical data are available. Furthermore, the separation of bushpigs in Madagascar from their mainland relatives may have favoured the evolution of a diferent repertoire of immune genes frst due to a founder efect and then as a response to distinct pathogens compared to their ancestors. Molecular analysis confrmed the species status of the bushpig in Madagascar as P. larvatus, likely introduced from the central region of southern Africa, with no genetic evidence for the recognition of eastern and western subspecies as suggested from previous cranial morphology examination. Investigation of the immunologically important SLA-DQB1 peptide-binding region showed a diferent immune repertoire of bushpigs in Madagascar compared to those on the African mainland, with seventeen exon-2 haplotypes unique to bushpigs in Madagascar (2/28 haplotypes shared).
    [Show full text]
  • No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the Protection of Species of Wild Fauna and Flora by Regulating Trade Therein (OJ L 61, 3.3.1997, P
    01997R0338 — EN — 04.02.2017 — 020.001 — 1 This text is meant purely as a documentation tool and has no legal effect. The Union's institutions do not assume any liability for its contents. The authentic versions of the relevant acts, including their preambles, are those published in the Official Journal of the European Union and available in EUR-Lex. Those official texts are directly accessible through the links embedded in this document ►B COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein (OJ L 61, 3.3.1997, p. 1) Amended by: Official Journal No page date ►M1 Commission Regulation (EC) No 938/97 of 26 May 1997 L 140 1 30.5.1997 ►M2 Commission Regulation (EC) No 2307/97 of 18 November 1997 L 325 1 27.11.1997 ►M3 Commission Regulation (EC) No 2214/98 of 15 October 1998 L 279 3 16.10.1998 ►M4 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1476/1999 of 6 July 1999 L 171 5 7.7.1999 ►M5 Commission Regulation (EC) No 2724/2000 of 30 November 2000 L 320 1 18.12.2000 ►M6 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1579/2001 of 1 August 2001 L 209 14 2.8.2001 ►M7 Commission Regulation (EC) No 2476/2001 of 17 December 2001 L 334 3 18.12.2001 ►M8 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1497/2003 of 18 August 2003 L 215 3 27.8.2003 ►M9 Regulation (EC) No 1882/2003 of the European Parliament and of the L 284 1 31.10.2003 Council of 29 September 2003 ►M10 Commission Regulation (EC) No 834/2004 of 28 April 2004 L 127 40 29.4.2004 ►M11 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1332/2005 of 9 August 2005 L 215 1 19.8.2005
    [Show full text]
  • Le Virus De Schmallenberg
    Open Archive TOULOUSE Archive Ouverte (OATAO) OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. This is an author-deposited version published in : http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/ Eprints ID : 17625 To cite this version : Braud, Cindy. Étude de la prévalence du virus de Schmallenberg chez les bovidés de parcs zoologiques dans deux contextes épidémiologiques différents. Thèse d'exercice, Médecine vétérinaire, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse - ENVT, 2016, 155 p. Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: [email protected]. ANNEE 2016 THESE : 2016 – TOU 3 – 4108 ETUDE DE LA PREVALENCE DU VIRUS DE SCHMALLENBERG CHEZ LES BOVIDES DE PARCS ZOOLOGIQUES DANS DEUX CONTEXTES EPIDEMIOLOGIQUES DIFFERENTS _________________ THESE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR VETERINAIRE DIPLOME D’ETAT présentée et soutenue publiquement devant l’Université Paul-Sabatier de Toulouse par BRAUD, Cindy Née, le 19 juillet 1988 à Saintes (17) ___________ Directeur de thèse : M. Gilles MEYER ___________ JURY PRESIDENT : M. Jacques IZOPET Professeur à l’Université Paul-Sabatier de TOULOUSE ASSESSEURS : M. Gilles MEYER Professeur à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de TOULOUSE M. Stéphane BERTAGNOLI Professeur à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de TOULOUSE MEMBRES INVITES : M. Norin CHAI Docteur Vétérinaire à Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, Paris M. Guillaume LE LOC’H Maître de Conférences à l’Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de TOULOUSE . Répartition des Enseignants-Chercheurs par Département . Mise à jour : 06/09/2016 DIRECTRICE : ISABELLE CHMITELIN SCIENCES CLINIQUES DES ANIMAUX ELEVAGE ET PRODUITS/SANTE SCIENCES BIOLOGIQUES ET DE COMPAGNIE, DE SPORT ET DE PUBLIQUE VETERINAIRE FONCTIONNELLES LOISIRS Responsable : M.
    [Show full text]