Bagh-e Nazar, 16(80), 19-32 /Feb. 2020 DOI: 10.22034/bagh.2019.149583.3787 Persian translation of this paper entitled: مؤلفه های خردگرایی د ر نگاره های شاهنامه، موردپژوهی نگارۀ »د ید ار تهمینه و رستم« is also published in this issue of journal. Components of Rationalism in Miniatures of Shahnameh A Case Study of the Miniature of “Tahmina Comes into Rustam’s Chamber” Roya Rezapour Moghadam*1, Hamideh Hormati2 1. M.A in Islamic Arts and Miniature, Lecturer of Faculty of Islamic Industrial Arts, Tabriz University of Islamic Art, Tabriz, Iran. 2. Ph.D in Persian Language and Literature, Assistant Professor of Tabriz University of Islamic Art, Tabriz, Iran. Received: 27/09/2018 ; revised: 28/04/2019 ; accepted: 28/04/2019 ; available online: 21/01/2020 Abstract Problem statement: Reason is one of the key themes of Ferdowsi’s thought in “Shahnameh”. In his reason praising thought in addition to his individual and social tendencies he has also paid attention to the doctrines of Mazdaism and Islamic culture and praised reason in view of its various aspects whether in general rational sense or in the sense of reason as the source of wisdom. The stories of Shahnameh have been a suitable context for promotion of this theme, on the one hand, and on the other hand, in different eras they have served as one of the most important sources of motivation for formation of miniatures by the painters. One of these stories is that of “Tahmina Comes into Rustam’s Chamber” which has been portrayed under this same title in different painting schools. The central problem of the current essay is the depiction of the visual rendition of this key themes in this work. Research objective: In this essay, we intend to study the theme of reason and express its types in the thought of Ferdowsi and how the miniaturist adopts certain visual measures to provide a pictorial expression of this theme in the miniature of “Tahmina Comes into Rustam’s Chamber ”. Research methodology: In the present essay, we have used the method of case study in order to first describe the miniature of “Tahmina Comes into Rustam’s Chamber” from formal point of view and then provide an analysis of the concepts hidden behind the visible elements centered around the theme of reason; to this end, the data have been gathered using two from written documents and through observation. Conclusion: Reflection on the concepts hidden in the visual elements of the miniature of “Tahmina Comes into Rustam’s Chamber” shows that the miniaturist of this work has been familiar with the theme of reason under the influence of Ferdowsi and his efforts towards the expression and visual rendition of it in the process of designing and visualization of the miniature have all been informed by this very theme; thus, this miniature includes the reflection of reason in both form and content dimensions. Moreover, such issues as the spatial situation of the main characters, images and ornaments, color scheme and quantitative presence of number three have made the realization of this possible. Keywords: Reason, Shahnameh, Components of Rationalism, Iranian Miniature, Tahmina and Rustam. *Corresponding author: 09144177087, [email protected] .......................................19.. .. ........... ........ ....... .......... The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism R. Rezapour Moghadam & H. Hormati Introduction and problem statement combined. It is noteworthy that visual depiction of Reason and ratiocination are fundamental concepts the love scene of the meeting of Tahmina and Rustam in the stories of Shahnameh. Ferdowsi in addition and its content similarity with the whole story are all to his individual and social tendencies towards the based on the concept of reason. This is why in the development and promotion of this concept owes time of seeing this miniature and our first evaluation a debt to the ancient texts of Persia and religious of it, the following question comes into our mind: sources. In Avestai, Pahlavi and Islamic texts, Whether miniaturist was thinking of the theme of two types of primordial and acquired reasons are rationalism in the time of portraying this story or not? discussed along with two good and bad approaches. If he was thinking, in which elements has he reflected By the same token, Ferdowsi has noted reason and the visual rendition of this key theme? its importance depending on the requirements of the intellectual context in some stories including Theoretical foundations and research the story of Just Anooshiravan and the story of background Rustam and Sohrab. Given the verses of Shahnameh, Theoretical framework of this essay has taken form primordial reason is the best bounty of God which based on the concept of reason, explanation of its cannot be praised by everyone,it is human guide types in the thought of Ferdowsi and the way it and the comfort in life and assists man in both has become reflected in the story and miniatures worlds. The magnificence of reason in the thought of Shahnameh. It is based on this variable that we of Ferdowsi is so great that after eulogy of God, he have chosen the miniature of “Tahmina Comes into prefers to start the Shahnameh with verses in praise Rustam’s Chamber” which is a work that belongs to of reason and he decides to combine such a reason the Shiraz school of miniature in Teymurid era. We as a leitmotif in all stories of Shahnameh with such have studied it in view of its form and content and themes as revenge, forgiveness, symposium, valor, their nearness to the discussed concept. Numerous love and so forth. In addition to its philosophical articles have been published of the story of “Tahmina and epic doctrines, Shahnameh due to its wonderful Comes into Rustam’s Chamber” in the fields of pictorial imagination in description of events since characters, marriage, rationalism and the like. its very dawn has continuously caught the attention Among others, one can refer to the following articles: of many miniaturists in their artistic creations. Thus, (Mokhtariyan, 2007): “Who is Tahmina? A Study of some stories of Shahnameh sometimes in occasional Comparative Mythology”; (Ahmad Khatami, 2008): and selective form like the anthology of Eskandar “A Study of Marital Rituals and Family Affairs Sultan in Teymurid era and sometimes in the form in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh”; (Ruyani, 2015): “A of a complete complex like Shahnameh series of Comparative Study of the Characters of Tahmina and Baysonqor in Teymurid era and Shahnameh of Shah Artmis”; (Vojdani, 2012): “Criticism of Reason in Tahmasb in Safavid era were visualized. Love stories Shahnameh”. However, there are fewer studies in the of Shahnameh among a varied scope of braveries is of field of miniature and paintings: e.g. (Kurkian, 1998) certain attraction. Through epic stories, Ferdowsi has who has spoken in “Gardens of Imagination” of the sought to provide a sweet account of the love affairs miniature of Rustam’s meeting with Tahmina as well of the brave heroes and men of battle like Rustam the as its time and historical context. Center for Middle ........... visual renditions of which we can find in the miniature East Studies of Cambridge University in “Persian of “Tahmina Comes into Rustam’s Chamber” as a Painting: From Mongol Era to Qajars” in an entry .......... part of the story of Rustam and Suhrab. This story has studied portraits and miniatures from various eras ........ is one of multidimensional stories of Shahnameh that have been devoted to the issue of the meeting of ....... in which tragedy, love, rationalism and revenge are Tahmina and Rustam and summarized the features of ...... .... ..... .................. ............................................................. 20 The Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism ........ Bagh-e Nazar, 16(80), 19-32 /Feb. 2020 these miniatures in a comparative way in view of their Theme of reason in Shahnameh combination. Moreover, on the website of Harvard “In the Name of God the Creator of human soul Art Museums where this miniature is maintained, and reason/ human thought cannot find any other only some basic information regarding the work is description more sublime than this for God” (Ferdowsi, provided. Most of the aforementioned studies have 2008, vol. 1, 1). As this latter verse suggests, Ferdowsi concentrated merely on visual form and combination starts Shahnameh with a verse in praise of reason. of this miniature regardless of the content and themes He first praises the Lord God, and then continues to hidden behind the visual elements taken from the very praise reason. The term “reason” is frequently used basis of the Shahnameh; as a result, an independent in Shahnameh insofar as in one of the stories of essay was required to be authored that would study Shahnameh, i.e. “Story of Just Anooshiravan”, this these points in the miniature of “Tahmina Comes word is repeated for 35 times. The reason which is into Rustam’s Chamber” emphasizing a specific praised by Ferdowsi does not exclusively refer to the fundamental theme like reason. faculty of cognition rather the features with which reason is described in Shahnameh turn reason to a Methodology supreme cosmic force. In fact, reason is a capacity The current study has been conducted with the that leads the creatures to knowledge of God and method of case study in order to provide a description recognition of good and evil, and is undertaking the and analysis of the miniature of “Tahmina Comes destiny of man in the whole gamut of the universe into Rustam’s Chamber”. Case study is one of (Musavi & Khosrawi, 2010). This is why Ferdowsi the qualitative research methods and the focus of allocates a high stature for reason in his own verses, which is on deep study of a determinate sample and describes it as “the noblest creature of God of a phenomenon which is called case.