Re-Building of Somaliland's Berbera Port to a World Class Facility
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AFRICA Somaliland: Peaceful Elections in an Unrecognized Country
AFRICA Somaliland: Peaceful Elections in an Unrecognized Country OE Watch Commentary: No country recognizes Somaliland’s claim to sovereignty. However, Source: Omar S. Mahmood, as the accompanying article notes, with yet another “presidential election” just completed (the “Somaliland’s New President Has Work third in 14 years), the self-declared country is hoping its peaceful transition of power will garner to Do,” Institute for Security Studies additional international respect and perhaps even the recognition it so desires. (South Africa), 10 January 2018. https:// For many this Somaliland election was particularly noteworthy. Besides a successful issafrica.org/iss-today/somalilands-new- voter registration effort that for the first time ever used an iris-scanner system in Africa, the president-has-work-to-do unrecognized nation also held its first ever presidential debate. This is not to say that Somaliland’s With the inauguration of Muse Bihi “democracy” is perfect. Its presidential election was postponed for two years, and personal Abdi on 13 December 2017, Somaliland’s tensions between the challengers, along with accusations of voter fraud, led to protests which oft-delayed presidential election led to three deaths. Despite these setbacks, the actual overall process was largely peaceful, and process officially ended. The Kulmiye international observers declared there were no significant election day voting irregularities. party retained power, but the president Clan loyalty, as has happened in previous elections, largely shaped the voting. Isaaq sub-clans changed for the third time in 14 years Habar Awal and Habar Jeclo came together to provide Muse Bihi Abdi from the Peace, Unity, and – impressive for an unrecognized Development Party, also known as the Kulmiye Party, with the presidency. -
Russia's Role in the Horn of Africa
Russia Foreign Policy Papers “E O” R’ R H A SAMUEL RAMANI FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE • RUSSIA FOREIGN POLICY PAPERS 1 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Author: Samuel Ramani The views expressed in this report are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Foreign Policy Research Institute, a non-partisan organization that seeks to publish well-argued, policy- oriented articles on American foreign policy and national security priorities. Eurasia Program Leadership Director: Chris Miller Deputy Director: Maia Otarashvili Editing: Thomas J. Shattuck Design: Natalia Kopytnik © 2020 by the Foreign Policy Research Institute July 2020 OUR MISSION The Foreign Policy Research Institute is dedicated to producing the highest quality scholarship and nonpartisan policy analysis focused on crucial foreign policy and national security challenges facing the United States. We educate those who make and influence policy, as well as the public at large, through the lens of history, geography, and culture. Offering Ideas In an increasingly polarized world, we pride ourselves on our tradition of nonpartisan scholarship. We count among our ranks over 100 affiliated scholars located throughout the nation and the world who appear regularly in national and international media, testify on Capitol Hill, and are consulted by U.S. government agencies. Educating the American Public FPRI was founded on the premise that an informed and educated citizenry is paramount for the U.S. -
Somaliland – a Walk on Thin Ice 1
7|2011 KAS INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 79 SOMALILAND – A WALK ON THIN ICE 1 Harriet Gorka “Northerners can in no way claim that the 1960 merger with the South was a shotgun wedding – by all accounts unification was wildly popular. Northerners could argue, however, that they asked for an annulment of the union prior to the honeymoon and that their request was unjustly denied.”2 This statement by a legal scholar reflects the prevailing balancing act of the conflict in Somaliland, which some might say started with the voluntary unification of Harriet Gorka worked Somaliland and the Italian Trust Territory of Somalia. Yet from February to April 2011 at the Konrad- the conflict goes deeper and is more far reaching than Adenauer-Stiftung in “just” the desire to secede from the Somali state. It is Windhoek, Namibia. an ongoing debate whether the right to self-determination should prevail over the notions of territorial integrity and sovereignty. May 2011 marked the 20-year anniversary of Somaliland’s proclamation of independence. However, its status has not officially been recognised by any state, even though it has a working constitutional government, an army, a national flag and its own currency, which should make Somaliland a stand out example for other entities seeking independence. The territory also sets itself apart from the rest of Somalia because it is stable and peaceful, which has been achieved by integrating clan culture into its government. The accom- plishments of the past two decades are impressive, despite 1 | The opinion expressed by the author is not in all points similar to the opinion of the editors. -
The Rise of Islamic Resurgence in Somalia
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256191703 The Rise of Islamic Resurgence in Somalia Chapter · January 2013 DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4025.1843 CITATIONS READS 0 665 1 author: Valeria Saggiomo Università degli Studi di Napoli L'Orientale 11 PUBLICATIONS 9 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: decentralized cooperation and local governance in Senegal and Burkina Faso (2014) View project All content following this page was uploaded by Valeria Saggiomo on 08 March 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. NOVA COLLECTANEA AFRICANA COLLANA DEL CENTRO DI STUDI AFRICANI IN SARDEGNA 2 Editor in Chief Bianca Maria Carcangiu Università degli Studi di Cagliari Editorial Board Catherine Coquer-Vidrovitch Université Paris Diderot — Paris 7, France Federico Cresti Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy Joan Haig University of Edinburgh, UK Habib Kazdaghli Université de Tunis-Manouba, Tunisia Nicola Melis Università di Cagliari, Italy Jean-Louis Triaud CEMAf — Université de Provence, France For information and contributions: http: // www.csas.it/ | [email protected] http: //affrica.org/ | [email protected] Work published with the contribution of: Provincia di Cagliari — Provincia de Casteddu, Ufficio di Presidenza Politics and Minorities in Africa Edited by Marisa Fois Alessandro Pes Contributors Gado Alzouma, Richard Goodridge, Henry Gyang Mang Mohamed Haji Ingiriis, Akin Iwilade, Giuseppe Maimone Alessia Melcangi, Sabelo J. Ndlovu--Gatsheni, Iwebunor Okwechime Yoon Jung Park, Mauro Piras, Valeria Saggiomo Elisabetta Spano, Bianca Maria Carcangiu Copyright © MMXIII ARACNE editrice S.r.l. www.aracneeditrice.it [email protected] via Raffaele Garofalo, 133/A–B 00173 Roma (06) 93781065 isbn 978–88–548–5700–1 No part of this book may be reproduced by print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche, or any other means, without publisher’s authorization. -
Modeling Incipient Use of Neolithic Cultigens by Taiwanese Foragers: Perspectives from Niche Variation Theory, the Prey Choice Model, and the Ideal Free Distribution
quaternary Article Modeling Incipient Use of Neolithic Cultigens by Taiwanese Foragers: Perspectives from Niche Variation Theory, the Prey Choice Model, and the Ideal Free Distribution Pei-Lin Yu Department of Anthropology, Boise State University, 1910 University Dr., Boise, ID 83725, USA; [email protected] Received: 3 June 2020; Accepted: 14 August 2020; Published: 7 September 2020 Abstract: The earliest evidence for agriculture in Taiwan dates to about 6000 years BP and indicates that farmer-gardeners from Southeast China migrated across the Taiwan Strait. However, little is known about the adaptive interactions between Taiwanese foragers and Neolithic Chinese farmers during the transition. This paper considers theoretical expectations from human behavioral ecology based models and macroecological patterning from Binford’s hunter-gatherer database to scope the range of responses of native populations to invasive dispersal. Niche variation theory and invasion theory predict that the foraging niche breadths will narrow for native populations and morphologically similar dispersing populations. The encounter contingent prey choice model indicates that groups under resource depression from depleted high-ranked resources will increasingly take low-ranked resources upon encounter. The ideal free distribution with Allee effects categorizes settlement into highly ranked habitats selected on the basis of encounter rates with preferred prey, with niche construction potentially contributing to an upswing in some highly ranked prey species. In coastal plain habitats preferred by farming immigrants, interactions and competition either reduced encounter rates with high ranked prey or were offset by benefits to habitat from the creation of a mosaic of succession ecozones by cultivation. Aquatic-focused foragers were eventually constrained to broaden subsistence by increasing the harvest of low ranked resources, then mobility-compatible Neolithic cultigens were added as a niche-broadening tactic. -
A Week in the Horn 19.1.2018 News in Brief President Dr. Mulatu
A Week in the Horn 19.1.2018 News in brief President Dr. Mulatu Teshome’s State Visit to Cuba The Sixth High-level Ethiopian-Egyptian Joint Ministerial Commission meets in Cairo Foreign Minister Dr. Workneh’s visit to Khartoum The 30th African Union Summit starts next week IGAD Revitalization to continue despite concern over at ceasefire violations Al-Shabaab continues to recruit 8-year-old children as fighters… …and the President of Somaliland in Ethiopia for a three-day working visit A UN Security Council briefing on Darfur News in Brief Africa and the African Union The 30th Summit of the African Union (AU) starts on Monday next week (January 22) with the opening of the Permanent Representatives’ Committee. This will be followed by the Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of Foreign Ministers on Thursday and Friday (January 25-26), and the 30th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Heads of State and Government of the African Union will take place on Sunday and Monday (January 28-29). The theme of this year’s Summit is: “Winning the Fight against Corruption: A Sustainable Path to Africa’s Transformation”. (See article) Ambassadors and Representatives of Member States of IGAD held an informal consultation meeting on Thursday (January 18) at the Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Chaired by Ethiopia’s State Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mrs. Hirut Zemene, the emphasized disappointment at violations of the Ceasefire Agreement, but underlined the next phase of the Revitalization Process, covering power sharing and transitional security arrangement would continue at the beginning of February. -
Gericht Entscheidungsdatum Geschäftszahl Spruch Text
12.10.2018 Gericht BVwG Entscheidungsdatum 12.10.2018 Geschäftszahl W254 2104666-1 Spruch W254 2104666-1/10E W254 2115448-1/8E W254 2153524-1/9E W254 2192540-1/7E W254 2110879-1/13E Schriftliche Ausfertigung des am 12.10.2018 mündlich verkündeten Erkenntnisses: IM NAMEN DER REPUBLIK! I. Das Bundesverwaltungsgericht hat durch die Richterin Dr.in Tatjana CARDONA als Einzelrichterin über die Beschwerden der 1) XXXX , geb. XXXX 2) XXXX , geb. XXXX , 3) XXXX , geb. XXXX , 4) XXXX , geb. XXXX , alle StA. Somalia und vertreten durch die ARGE Rechtsberatung, gegen die Spruchpunkte I. der Bescheide des Bundesamtes für Fremdenwesen und Asyl vom 1) 06.03.2015, Zl. XXXX , 2) 27.08.2015 Zl. XXXX , 3) 08.03.2017 Zl. XXXX , 4) 06.03.2018 Zl. XXXX , nach Durchführung einer mündlichen Verhandlung, zu Recht erkannt: A) Die Beschwerden werden als unbegründet abgewiesen. B) Die Revision ist nicht zulässig. II. Das Bundesverwaltungsgericht hat durch die Richterin Dr.in Tatjana CARDONA als Einzelrichterin über die Beschwerde des XXXX , geb. XXXX , StA. Somalia, vertreten durch ARGE Rechtsberatung, gegen Spruchpunkt I. des Bescheides des Bundesamtes für Fremdenwesen und Asyl vom 29.06.2015, Zl. XXXX , nach Durchführung einer mündlichen Verhandlung, beschlossen: A) Das Beschwerdeverfahren wird wegen Zurückziehung der Beschwerde eingestellt. B) Die Revision ist nicht zulässig. Text ENTSCHEIDUNGSGRÜNDE: www.ris.bka.gv.at Seite 1 von 17 Bundesverwaltungsgericht 12.10.2018 I. Verfahrensgang: Die Beschwerdeführerin XXXX (BF1) stellte am 04.07.2014 einen Antrag auf internationalen Schutz in Österreich. Bei ihrer Erstbefragung am selben Tag gab sie an, Probleme mit ihrer Familie wegen ihrer traditionellen Ehe zu haben. -
Somaliland 2021 Special Pre-Election Report-FINAL UPDATED
A VOTE FOR CHANGE: Somaliland’s Two Decades Old Electoral Democracy May 2021 cademy for Peace and Development kaademiga Nabadda iyo Horumarka 1 A Vote for Change: Somaliland’s Two Decades Old Electoral Democracy Contents 1. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 2 2. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3 3. Background ...................................................................................................................... 4 4. Methodology .................................................................................................................... 5 5. Politics of Extension: Formal Rules of the Game ........................................................... 6 6. The Eastern Factor: Creating More Inclusive Politics .................................................... 9 Context .............................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Table 1: Regional Distribution of Votes in Somaliland’s elections (2002-2017). ............................. 9 Table 2: Seat Distribution between Isaaq and Non-Isaaq communities, 1960, 1998, 2005 ..... 10 What has changed now? ....................................................................................................................................... 10 7. The Elephant in the Room: Informal -
Somaliland: the Strains of Success
Somaliland: The Strains of Success Crisis Group Africa Briefing N°113 Nairobi/Brussels, 5 October 2015 I. Overview Somaliland’s hybrid system of tri-party democracy and traditional clan-based gov- ernance has enabled the consolidation of state-like authority, social and economic recovery and, above all, relative peace and security but now needs reform. Success has brought greater resources, including a special funding status with donors – especially the UK, Denmark and the European Union (EU) – as well as investment from and diplomatic ties with Turkey and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), though not inter- national recognition. It is increasingly part of the regional system; ties are especially strong with Ethiopia and Djibouti. Given the continued fragility of the Somalia Federal Government (SFG), which still rejects its former northern region’s independence claims, and civil war across the Gulf of Aden in Yemen, Somaliland’s continued stabil- ity is vital. This in turn requires political reforms aimed at greater inclusion, respect for mediating institutions (especially the professional judiciary and parliament) and a regional and wider internationally backed framework for external cooperation and engagement. Successful state building has, nevertheless, raised the stakes of holding – and los- ing – power. While Somaliland has remained largely committed to democratic gov- ernment, elections are increasingly fraught. Fear of a return to bitter internal conflict is pushing more conservative politics: repression of the media and opposition, as well as resistance to reforming the increasingly unsustainable status quo. Recurrent po- litical crises and delayed elections (now set for March 2017) risk postponing much needed internal debate. The political elites have a limited window to decide on steps necessary to rebuild the decaying consensus, reduce social tensions and set an agenda for political and institutional reform. -
State-Making in Somalia and Somaliland
The London School of Economics and Political Science STATE -MAKING IN SOMALIA AND SOMALILAND Understanding War, Nationalism and State Trajectories as Processes of Institutional and Socio-Cognitive Standardization Mogadishu ● Dominik Balthasar A thesis submitted to the Department of International Development of the London School of Economics (LSE) for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2012 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 105,510. I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Sue Redgrave. Cover illustration: Map source, URL: http://tinyurl.com/97ao5ug, accessed, 15 September 2012, adapted by the author. 2 Abstract Although the conundrums of why states falter, how they are reconstituted, and under what conditions war may be constitutive of state-making have received much scholarly attention, they are still hotly debated by academics and policy analysts. Advancing a novel conceptual framework and analysing diverse Somali state trajectories between 1960 and 2010, this thesis adds to those debates both theoretically and empirically. -
Built on Diversity: Statehood in Medieval Somaliland (12Th-16Th
Built on diversity: Statehood in Medieval Somaliland (12th-16th centuries AD) Jorge de Torres Rodriguez A 06 Built on diversity: Statehood in Medieval Somaliland (12th-16th centuries AD) Construido sobre la diversidad: las estructuras estatales medievales de Somalilandia (siglos XII a XVI) Jorge de Torres Rodriguez Resumen Este artículo pretende ofrecer una visión general de la arqueología medieval mu- sulmana en el Cuerno de África, poniendo énfasis en el papel de los estados me- dievales que durante más de tres siglos fueron capaces de integrar poblaciones con creencias, estilos de vida, lenguas y etnias muy diferentes. El estudio combi- na fuentes históricas y arqueológicas para analizar el caso específico del oeste de Somalilandia, una región en la que grupos sedentarios y nómadas con culturas ma- teriales muy diferentes convivieron durante siglos. A través del análisis de las rela- ciones entre estos dos grupos se plantea una propuesta sobre el modo en que los estados musulmanes fueron capaces de proporcionar unas marco estable y cohesio- nado para la región durante toda la Edad Media. Palabras clave: Cuerno de África, Edad Media, Estados, Islam, Arqueología medie- val, nómadas Abstract This article presents an overview of the current situation of the medieval Islamic archaeology of the Horn of Africa, paying especial attention to the role of the me- dieval states that for more than three centuries were able to integrate peoples with very different beliefs, lifestyles, languages and ethnicities. The study combines his- torical and archaeological sources to analyze a specific case in western Somaliland, a region where nomads and urban dwellers –two groups with very different material cultures- lived together for centuries. -
Somali Piracy and the Introduction of Somalia to the Western World
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2011 Somali Piracy And The Introduction Of Somalia To The Western World Daniel A. Jean-Jacques University of Central Florida Part of the History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Jean-Jacques, Daniel A., "Somali Piracy And The Introduction Of Somalia To The Western World" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 2058. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2058 SOMALI PIRACY AND THE INTRODUCTION OF SOMALIA TO THE WESTERN WORLD by DANIEL A. JEAN-JACQUES B. A. University of Central Florida, 2004 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2011 ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the origins of the modern phenomenon of Somali piracy within a deeper historical context. More specifically, this analysis concentrates on the development of piracy in the north of the country. It is here contended that Somali piracy is, in fact, the product of the confluence of three historical currents. The first of these currents is the progressive degeneration of traditional Somali institutions due to exposure to the colonial and global markets.