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Home , Aplexa, Aplexa hypnorum, Basommatophora, Hygrophila (gastropod), Physa fontinalis, Physidae

ADDITIONAL DATA

Physidae (: ) of western and central European range - morphological diversification and ecological features

Anna Cieplok.1*, Roy Anderson.2, Magdalena Gawlak 3. Tomasz Kałuski 4, Aneta Spyra 5

1,5- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; 2 Belvoirview Park Newtownbreda, Belfast, N. Ireland, UK; 4,5 Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60- 318 Poznań.

*corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected] Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice Poland

Supplementary figure S 1. The SEM micrograph of small specimens of P. acuta - the side view.

Supplementary Figure S2. The SEM micrograph of A. hypnorum lip.

Supplementary Figure S3. SEM micrograph of Bacillariophyceae attached to the shell of P. gyrina in Sandy Bay L Neagh, Ireland; A- the upper part of the shell, B- single Bacillatiophyceae specimen, C- number of attached Bacillariophyceae.

Supplementary Table S 1 Characteristics of in their ecology and life cycle.

Food Pollution tolerance Habitat Life cycle

Tolerant . Decrease in Temporary ephemeric Laying eggs in the spring in the water densities following habitat or permanent temperature was 10-12 °C. In a permanent

Detritus, , degradation, intensive freshwater habitats: pond, some of the hatched snails reached algae, fungi, live agriculture or mining activities ponds, lakes, streams sexual maturity in the autumn, and a few plants [1]. [2]. Sensitive to increased and rivers, on a sandy that were collected in August and the eutrophication, long-term bottom, gravel, rock following months, laid their eggs in eutrophication is lethal for P. bottom and plants [5-7]. laboratory conditions [8, 9]. gyrina [3]. Temperatures below gyrina 10 °C or small amounts of vegetation limit its population in winter [4].

Sexual maturity quite late – more than 1.5 Plant matter and Very tolerant to pollution, Natural and artificial years of age. High plasticity of algae, detritus occur in toxic waters or waters waters, prefers higher reproduction. Two generations per year: (green algae, that are polluted with oil, very water temperatures. first in late summer - hibernating and diatoms) [10,11] abundant in waters with high In ponds, human- reproducing in spring, second spring partially dead pH [12,14]. made water bodies, generation breeds in the middle of tissues lakes, streams and summer and dies before winter [10,19]. [12,13]

Physa acuta . rivers as well as in Eggs are laid in oblong, kidney-shaped ditches [15, 16-18]. cocoons containing an average of 7-53 eggs [20]. Cocoons attach to submerged plants or shells [12], a high hatching success [14].

Small water bodies, Life cycle depends on the rate of water Mainly debris and It prefers eutrophic waters and ponds, clay pits, peat body drying. Oval eggs (0.9-1 mm long)

soft tissue from can tolerate pH in a range of bogs, drainage ditches are laid in oblong cocoons (6-10 x 3-4 fallen and 5.8-8.5 [21,15]. Well adapted to and oxbow lakes, mm), between decomposed leaves decomposing unfavourable environmental swamps, shallow containing 7-25 eggs. Young hatch after leaves. It feeds on circumstances [22,23]. lakes, slow-flowing 14-16 days, initial size 1 mm, hibernate the surface layer sections of rivers. and grow when the temperature exceeds 7 of the water Common in periodic °C. They reach maturity either after two water reservoirs, due months [25] which assumes one generation

Aplexa hypnorum to the resistance to per year or at the end of the second year drought [22,23] prefers after 19-21 months [26]. shaded sites [24].

Decaying Relatively resistant to Stagnant and slow- Breeding from April to August in the macrophyte pollution, but still most flowing waters, climatic conditions of Central Europe. tissues, algae and common in a good-quality among macrophytes, Cocoons, which up to 20 embryos [30],

detritus [27], in leaf waters. Avoids highly polluted on stones, logs and attach to aquatic plants. Most specimens deposits [24]. environments and those that detritus [27], in lakes, (hibernated in winter) breed in April and periodically dry out. It canals and drainage May and die after folding the cocoons. tolerates a wide range of pH: ditches [28,29]. It Some specimens that are born in spring 5.5-9.6 [21,15]. prefers slightly start breeding in late summer, and in the

Physa fontinalis shaded places, avoids case of unfavorable climatic conditions water bodies that dry only after wintering. The average number out, in both hard and of eggs that can be laid by one specimen soft waters ranges from 56 to 131 [30].

References

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