DOCSLIB.ORG

12. T H E F R E S H W a T E R M O L L U S C a O F N E W Z E a L a N D by W. F. Ponder T H E S M a L L G R O U P O F D R

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
12. T H E F R E S H W a T E R M O L L U S C a O F N E W Z E a L a N D by W. F. Ponder T H E S M a L L G R O U P O F D R 12. THE FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF NEW ZEALAND by W. F. Ponder The small group of drab-looking freshwater mollusca found in New Zealand, though devoid of striking colour and form are of great interest to the biologist because of their inherent variability and adaptability. These same characteristics give the taxonomist many a headache and a number of their problems will remain unsolved until the geneticists, physiologists and biochemists have investigated them. Only two of the five main classes of mollusca have entered freshwater, the Gastro• poda and Bivalvia. THE GASTROPODA The six families native to New Zealand belong to the Prosobranchia and Pulmonata The Prosobranchia: A very large and diverse group usually having a spiral shell but also including the marine limpets and tube molluscs. The animal usually has an operculum and the sexes are separate. The mantle cavity faces anteriorly instead of posteriorly as typical of other molluscs because of a process known as torsion during development. Except in the most primitive families there is only one gill with a single row of filaments in this cavity. Other structures in the mantle cavity include a mucus secreting hypo-branchial gland, a sensory osphradium, kidney aperture, anus and genital duct. Suppression of the free laval stage by enclosing the eggs in capsules was necessary for the gastropods to invade freshwater and thus copulatory organs had to be developed. A high proportion of freshwater molluscs are viviparous, that is they give birth to their young, a feature rarely seen in marine mollusca, and the prosobranchs are no exception. There are two freshwater prosobranch familes, the Hydrobiidae belonging to the Rissoacea, a large superfamily of minute conical snails which are mainly marine. The second family is the Thiaridae in the superfamily Cerithiacea which also contains the marine tube molluscs (Vermetidae) and turret shells (Turritellidae). Both families are algal-detritus feeders and they have a crystalline style in the stomach (see Morton 1952), a stiff rotating rod of muco-protein which contains enzymes. The Pulmonata: Contains the other four families of freshwater gastropods, all similar in not having a true gill. The mantle cavity is transformed into a lung with a small opening on the right side. The kidney and rectum open outside and other pallial structures are lost. In some of the aquatic families a new gill has evolved to facilitate respiration in their secondarily acquired habitat. The operculum is lost in all but one marine family. All pulmonates are hermaphrodite with complex genital tracts. The freshwater members range in form from snails to limpets but all are closely related, belonging to the Basommatophora, having their eyes at the bases of the tentacles. The 13. Stylommatophora have the eyes at the tips of their tentacles and include the pulmonate land mollusca. These families all browse with a broad, many toothed radula and have a crushing gizzard in the stomach but no crystalline style. The snail-like Lymnaeidae, Planorbiidae and Physidae crop green plants but the Ancylidae and Latiidae scrape the surface for finer particles. The Physidae is present in New Zealand as one introduced species. THE BIVALVIA The bivalve mantle cavity is even more important than the corresponding structure in gastropods and it envelops the entire visceral mass. It contains two gills on each side and though these are used in respiration their main importance is in the collection of food. They are ciliary feeders, suspended material in the inhalent water current being trapped in mucus on the gills and wafted to a food groove running along the bottom edge of the gill. Here it is rolled into a string of mucus-bound food and passed to the two pairs of labial palps which reject heavy material on to the mantle and pass fine particles to the mouth from where it is transported to the complex stomach for further sorting. There is a long cryst• alline style in most bivalves. A large laterally compressed foot is used in locomotion. Anterior and posterior adductor muscles close the valves while the elastic ligament tends to force them open. The chief characters used in classification are the hinge and gill structure. On this basis the freshwater bivalves can be placed into two orders. The Heterdonta contains many of the familiar marine bivalves including also the minute, fragile, freshwater family, the Sphaeriidae. The Schizodonta is a small order which includes the freshwater mussels (Mutelidae. ) Both families are hermaphrodite, sperm and ova being formed in different regions of the same gonad, and they both incubate their young, the Sphaeriidae liberating small replicas of the adult from the gill pouches. The freshwater mussels are released at a much earlier stage and are extremely numerous from several hundred thousand to a million at one time. The larvae are called glochidia and are equipped with a small triangular shell with hooks for attaching themselves to small fish. They soon become encysted by the host's tissues where they liquify the food and assimilate it by the margin of their mantle. When the host tissues are exhausted the larva histolyses, the adult organs and tissues are recon• stituted, and the metamorphosed young mussels drop off to resume a free existance. THE BIOLOGY OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA The very nature of the habitat demands three adaptations of all successful freshwater animals. Firstly mechanisms to overcome the osmotic differences between body tissues and the very dilute external medium. Secondly an efficient means of dispersal to escape changes in the unstable habitat, and, thirdly, a genetic plasticity to cope with the extreme variability of their environment. EXCRETION There are two main problems confronting freshwater animals. Since inorganic 14. waste ions are at a very low concentration in the external medium they must be conserved and most salts are therefore reabsorbed into the kidney so that the urine becomes hypoton• ic to the blood. Since there is a considerable osmotic difference between the animal tissues and the external medium there is a large unavoidable influx of water. This must be continuously baled out so that these molluscs can maintain their blood concentration. Picken (1937) has demonstrated a high water output from the kidney of Anodonta (a fresh• water mussel) and Lymnaea (a pulmonate snail). Even so Anodonta has a much lower blood concentration than seen in marine mollusca. Land snails excrete large amounts of uric acid (uricotely) instead of ammonia which comprises much of the nitrogen waste of most other molluscs. The freshwater molluscs however show varying degrees of uricotely, especially some prosobranchs, thus demonstrating their fairly recent origin from a terrestrial stock. The marine-derived rissoid Potamopyrgus excretes no uric acid. DISPERSAL Most of the freshwater molluscs in New Zealand are widespread throughout both islands, though some surprising gaps do occur. Also neighbouring bodies of water, though apparently similar in physical properties, may show differences in the species present. There is also the phenomenon of local distribution seen in most species, that is, small centres of distribution within the total range. However, dispersal on the whole is fairly good. Mechanisms for dispersal vary from the accidental transport in weed or mud on the feet of aquatic birds to behavioural adaptions. These may be simple, such as the habit of laying eggs on floating vegetation or as complex as the release of parasitic larvae by freshwater mussels as a response to the presence of a suitable fish host. VARIATION The lack of stability of the habitat combined with an annual life span does not allow natural selection to act on a large number of generations. However a high degree of short-term, small scale isolations can occur because freshwater habitats are geographically discontinuous and mostly of small extent. A result of this is that there is little full speciation but much intra-specific variation (Hunter 1961). It seems as though the adaptive plasticity, both phenotypic and genotypic, seen in the physiological make-up of these animals is of great selective value. Unfortunately for the systemat-ist this is often expressed in the shell (Dell 1953, 1956; Boray and McMichael 1961). It is of interest that though over most of New Zealand the pattern of freshwater bodies is very recent, the Northern Peninsular is rather older and it is here that most differentiation has occurred. LIFE CYCLES Little is known of the life histories of our freshwater molluscs, though overseas several papers have been written on the subject. Most pulmonates live for one year thus not competing for food with the next generation. Some freshwater mussels may live for several decades. What is known of the life history of the New Zealand fresh• water mussel, Hyridella menzesi, is covered by Percival 1931. 15. RESPIRATION Various methods are adopted, the prosobranchs and bivalves employ a gill whereas some pulmonates, showing their terrestrial origin, must come regularly to the surface to breathe. Hunter (1953) has shown that Physa fontinalis and Lymanaea peregra, two European species, the former introduced into New Zealand, vary in their method of respir• ation. Some individuals surface regularly, others remain submerged Some of the latter have a water-filled lung and must therefore breathe cutaneously, the rest have a bubble of air which probably acts like a physical gill as seen in some aquatic insects. Other pulmonates are entirely aqi atic and have developed a secondary gill (pseudo branch) derived from the mantle wall, the pallial cavity not being used Many Planorbids have haemoglobin to facilitate respiration at low oxygen pressure. The colour of Phy-sastra suggests it has haemoglobin throughout its body though it does not survive as well in stagnant conditions as the European species Pianorbis corneus, which has been long known to have a very high haemoglobin content.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Planorbidae) from New Mexico
    FRONT COVER—See Fig. 2B, p. 7. Circular 194 New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources A DIVISION OF NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY Pecosorbis, a new genus of fresh-water snails (Planorbidae) from New Mexico Dwight W. Taylor 98 Main St., #308, Tiburon, California 94920 SOCORRO 1985 iii Contents ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCTION 5 MATERIALS AND METHODS 5 DESCRIPTION OF PECOSORBIS 5 PECOSORBIS. NEW GENUS 5 PECOSORBIS KANSASENSIS (Berry) 6 LOCALITIES AND MATERIAL EXAMINED 9 Habitat 12 CLASSIFICATION AND RELATIONSHIPS 12 DESCRIPTION OF MENETUS 14 GENUS MENETUS H. AND A. ADAMS 14 DESCRIPTION OF MENETUS CALLIOGLYPTUS 14 REFERENCES 17 Figures 1—Pecosorbis kansasensis, shell 6 2—Pecosorbis kansasensis, shell removed 7 3—Pecosorbis kansasensis, penial complex 8 4—Pecosorbis kansasensis, reproductive system 8 5—Pecosorbis kansasensis, penial complex 9 6—Pecosorbis kansasensis, ovotestis and seminal vesicle 10 7—Pecosorbis kansasensis, prostate 10 8—Pecosorbis kansasensis, penial complex 10 9—Pecosorbis kansaensis, composite diagram of penial complex 10 10—Pecosorbis kansasensis, distribution map 11 11—Menetus callioglyptus, reproductive system 15 12—Menetus callioglyptus, penial complex 15 13—Menetus callioglyptus, penial complex 16 14—Planorbella trivolvis lenta, reproductive system 16 Tables 1—Comparison of Menetus and Pecosorbis 13 5 Abstract Pecosorbis, new genus of Planorbidae, subfamily Planorbulinae, is established for Biomphalaria kansasensis Berry. The species has previously been known only as a Pliocene fossil, but now is recognized in the Quaternary of the southwest United States, and living in the Pecos Valley of New Mexico. Pecosorbis is unusual because of its restricted distribution and habitat in seasonal rock pools. Most similar to Menetus, it differs in having a preputial organ with an external duct, no spermatheca, and a penial sac that is mostly eversible.
    [Show full text]
  • Gundlachia Radiata (Guilding, 1828): First Record Of
    ISSN 1809-127X (online edition) © 2011 Check List and Authors Chec List Open Access | Freely available at www.checklist.org.br Journal of species lists and distribution N Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Ancylidae, Gundlachia radiata (Guilding, 1828): First record of ISTRIBUTIO occurrence for the northwestern region of Argentina D 1* 2 RAPHIC Ximena Maria Constanza Ovando , Luiz Eduardo Macedo de Lacerda and Sonia Barbosa dos G 2 EO Santos G N O 1 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Miguel Lillo 205. CP 4000 Tucumán, Argentina. 2 Universidade do Estado do Río de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Laboratório de Malacologia. Rua São Francisco Xavier OTES 524. PHLC 525/2, CEP 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. N * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Gundlachia radiata (Guilding, 1828), in northwestern region (Jujuy province), Argentina. Adult and juveniles specimens of this freshwater limpet were collected in In the present paper we report for the first time the presence of point of occurrence of G. radiata in South America. As a result, the distributional range of this species is increased and the two temporary water bodies. This record represents the first report of this species in Argentina but also is the southernmost species richness of Ancylidae in Argentina is incremented to a total of seven species classified in four genera. The Ancylidae sensu latum are freshwater pulmonate snails, characterized by a pateliform shell. Ancylidae are cosmopolitan, and according to Santos (2003) there are seven genera in South America: Anisancylus Pilsbry, 1924; Gundlachia Pfeiffer, 1849; Hebetancylus Pilsbry, 1913; Uncancylus Pilsbry, 1913; Burnupia Walker, 1912; Ferrissia Walker, 1913 and Laevapex Walker, 1903.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Presence of the Alien Freshwater Gastropod Ferrissia Fragilis (Tryon, 1863) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean)
    Boll. Malacol., 45: 123-127 (2/2009) On the presence of the alien freshwater gastropod Ferrissia fragilis (Tryon, 1863) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean) David P. Cilia 29, Red Palace Way, Abstract Santa Venera SVR1454, An established population of the North-American freshwater gastropod Ferrissia fragilis (Tryon, 1863) is Malta, recorded from the island of Malta (Central Mediterranean) for the first time. This population was found in [email protected] an anthropogenic habitat at the northeast of Malta. Ferrissia fragilis is an invader of several freshwater habitats throughout Europe and beyond. If released into the wild, it could present competition for threat- ened Maltese freshwater Mollusca. Riassunto Una popolazione stabile del gasteropode d’acqua dolce, di origine nord americana, Ferrissia fragilis (Tryon, 1863) è segnalata per la prima volta a Malta (Mediterraneo centrale). La popolazione è stata trovata in un ambiente antropizzato, nella parte nord-orientale di Malta. Ferrissia fragilis è un invasore di diversi ambien- ti d’acqua dolce in Europa ed altre aree. Se rilasciato negli ambienti naturali, questa specie potrebbe en- trare in competizione con le specie autoctone e minacciare la fauna dulcicola di Malta. Key words Gastropoda, Planorbidae, Ferrissia fragilis, freshwater, alien species, Malta. Introduction tion and habitat were collected and also preserved in 90% alcohol for further investigation. The alien non-marine gastropods of the Maltese Islands have been studied in detail by various authors (Tab. 1). Material studied: Blata l-Bajda, Malta; 18.III.2009, 28. Giusti et al. (1995) list eight species as being of non-na- IV.2009, 12.V.2009 & 1.VI.2009, several live individuals tive or reintroduced origin, of which two are restricted in situ; David P.
    [Show full text]
  • Change of Status and Name for a Hawaiian
    Published online: 11 August 2016 ISSN (online): 2376-3191 Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2015. Edited by Neal L. Evenhuis. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 118: 5 –8 (2016) Change of Status and Name for a Hawaiian Freshwater Limpet : Ancylus sharpi Sykes , 1900 , is the Invasive North American Ferrissia californica (Rowell , 1863) , Formerly Known as Ferrissia fragilis (Tryon , 1863) (Gastropoda : Planorbidae : Ancylinae) 1 CARl C. C HRISteNSeN 2 Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi 96817-2704, USA; email: [email protected] the freshwater limpet heretofore known as Ferrissia sharpi (Sykes, 1900) was described as Ancylus sharpi from material collected on the Island of O‘ahu (Sykes 1900). the dis - cussion of the species by Hubendick (1967) added little new information, but by the end of the 20th century it had been reported from the islands of Kauaʻi and Hawaiʻi in addition to its type locality (Cowie et al. 1995; Cowie 1997). Recent surveys of Hawaiian stream fauna have recorded it from numerous localities on those islands and have added the islands of Moloka‘i and Maui to its known range within the state of Hawaiʻi (englund & Godwin 2002; englund & Preston 2002; Anthony et al . 2004; Brasher et al. 2004; Parham et al . 2008). Ferrissia sharpi has been a cryptogenic species in the Hawaiian fauna as its status as native or introduced has been unclear. Most recent authors have regarded its status as uncertain (Cowie et al. 1995; Cowie 1997, 1998; englund & Godwin 2002; englund & Preston 2002; Ziegler 2002; Anthony et al . 2004; Brasher et al. 2004), but Parham et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Malacología Latinoamericana. Moluscos De Agua Dulce De Argentina
    Malacología Latinoamericana. Moluscos de agua dulce de Argentina Alejandra Rumi, Diego E. Gutiérrez Gregoric, Verónica Núñez & Gustavo A. Darrigran División Zoología Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n°, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Recibido 28-VI-2006. Corregido 14-II-2007. Aceptado 27-VII-2007. Abstract: Latin American Malacology. Freshwater Mollusks from Argentina. A report and an updated list with comments on the species of freshwater molluscs of Argentina which covers an area of 2 777 815 km2 is presented. Distributions of Gastropoda and Bivalvia families, endemic, exotic, invasive as well as entities of sanitary importance are also studied and recommendations on their conservation are provided. Molluscs related to the Del Plata Basin have been thoroughly studied in comparison to others areas of the country. This fauna exhibits relatively the biggest specific richness and keeps its affinity with the fauna of other regions of the basin in areas of Paraguay and Brasil. The 4 500 records of molluscs considered in this paper arise from the study of the collections of Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires; Museo de La Plata, La Plata and Fundación “Miguel Lillo”, Tucumán. These institutions keep very important collections of molluscs in southern South America. Field information has recently been obtained and localities cited by other authors are also included in the data base. Until today, 166 species have been described, 101 belonging to 10 families of Gastropoda and 65 to 7 of Bivalvia.
    [Show full text]
  • Gastropoda: Physidae) in Singapore
    BioInvasions Records (2015) Volume 4, Issue 3: 189–194 Open Access doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2015.4.3.06 © 2015 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2015 REABIC Research Article Clarifying the identity of the long-established, globally-invasive Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805 (Gastropoda: Physidae) in Singapore Ting Hui Ng1,2*, Siong Kiat Tan3 and Darren C.J. Yeo1,2 1Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore 2NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, #02-01, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore 3Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, Singapore 117377, Republic of Singapore E-mail: [email protected] (THN), [email protected] (SKT), [email protected] (DCJY) *Corresponding author Received: 24 December 2014 / Accepted: 6 May 2015 / Published online: 2 June 2015 Handling editor: Vadim Panov Abstract The freshwater snail identified as Physastra sumatrana has been recorded in Singapore since the late 1980’s. It is distributed throughout the island and commonly associated with ornamental aquatic plants. Although the species has previously been considered by some to be native to Singapore, its origin is currently categorised as unknown. Morphological comparisons of freshly collected specimens and material in museum collections with type material, together with DNA barcoding, show that both Physastra sumatrana, and a recent gastropod record of Stenophysa spathidophallus, in Singapore are actually the same species—the globally-invasive Physa acuta. An unidentified physid snail was also collected from the Singapore aquarium trade.
    [Show full text]
  • Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan Annarbor, Mici-Iigan
    Nuh4ne~637 JUNE17, 1964 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANNARBOR, MICI-IIGAN A NEW SI'ECIES OF Fl<ESHWhrl'EK LIRII'E'I', GENUS GUNDLACHIA, FROM JAl'llN1 1)IJKJNG a reccn~stutly of various snails tllat serve as intcrnlcdiate llosts ol human helmintl~parasites in Japan, Dr. Hiroshi Itagaki of tlle Azabu Veterinary College presented me with a collection ol fresh- water limpets (R4ollusca; Gastropods; Ancylidae) taken from a pool at his rcsidencc. According to shcll characlers they belonged to the ancylitl genus Gu~zdlarlzia,llei-etoiore unknown from the Orient. It is on these specimens that this paper is based. Ever since it was described by Pfeiffer (1849) for a series ol septate ;rncylilorn~shells from Cuba, the genus Gta~dlaclziahas included those lresllwater ancylid limpets having shells with internal septa. h/Iirolli (1960) named a second septate ancylid genus (Walsonula) for his new spcc.ies, W. -tut~uteri,from southern Europe. The relationship ol that species to Gundlnchin, or to other ancylicls, is obscure. Although otllcr frcsllrvater limpet-like snails have septa (e.g. Latin, Latiidae; A717,phigy~a,Planorbidae) they do not belong to the Ancylidae. To date some 23 species have been nanled and included in the genus Gundlaclzin. For a brief review of the species, and for questions con- cerning the validity ol the genus, see Basch (1959b). Species oT Glr71dlacllici have been described lrolll thc United States, C:uba, Gualc- niala, Hontluras, Trinidad, 12razi1, Bolivia, western Europe, Egypt, 1 Sul~lx>rtctl(in 1x1'0 I>y a l'ublic Hcalt11 Servicc rescarcll carccr program award (IIUIII~~S1-1<3-AI-19, 451-01) ant1 by a rescarcl~grant (2 TI A1 41-0641) [I-0111 tl~cNational 111stilutc ol Allergy ant1 Infectious Disc;~srs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Limpet Form in Gastropods: Evolution, Distribution, and Implications for the Comparative Study of History
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title The limpet form in gastropods: Evolution, distribution, and implications for the comparative study of history Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8p93f8z8 Journal Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 120(1) ISSN 0024-4066 Author Vermeij, GJ Publication Date 2017 DOI 10.1111/bij.12883 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, , – . With 1 figure. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2017, 120 , 22–37. With 1 figures 2 G. J. VERMEIJ A B The limpet form in gastropods: evolution, distribution, and implications for the comparative study of history GEERAT J. VERMEIJ* Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA,USA C D Received 19 April 2015; revised 30 June 2016; accepted for publication 30 June 2016 The limpet form – a cap-shaped or slipper-shaped univalved shell – convergently evolved in many gastropod lineages, but questions remain about when, how often, and under which circumstances it originated. Except for some predation-resistant limpets in shallow-water marine environments, limpets are not well adapted to intense competition and predation, leading to the prediction that they originated in refugial habitats where exposure to predators and competitors is low. A survey of fossil and living limpets indicates that the limpet form evolved independently in at least 54 lineages, with particularly frequent origins in early-diverging gastropod clades, as well as in Neritimorpha and Heterobranchia. There are at least 14 origins in freshwater and 10 in the deep sea, E F with known times ranging from the Cambrian to the Neogene.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Pseudomonad Fluorescence in the Body Of
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1971 Distribution of Pseudomonad Fluorescence in the Body of Anguispira kochi (Pfeiffer) Roger Lowell Yates Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in Zoology at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Yates, Roger Lowell, "Distribution of Pseudomonad Fluorescence in the Body of Anguispira kochi (Pfeiffer)" (1971). Masters Theses. 4003. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/4003 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PAPER GER TIFICATE TO: Graduate Degree Candidates who have written formal theses. SUBJECT: Permission to reprody.ce theses. The University Library is receiving a number of requests from other institutions �sking permission to reproduce dissertations for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands that permission be obtained from the author before we allow theses to be copied. Please sign one of the following statements. Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission to lend my thesis to a reputable college or university for the purpose of copying it for inclusion in that institution 1 s library or resear ch holdings. � -� -1 I Date Author I respectfully request Booth Library
    [Show full text]
  • Midwater Data Sheet
    MIDWATER TRAWL DATA SHEET RESEARCH VESSEL__________________________________(1/20/2013Version*) CLASS__________________;DATE_____________;NAME:_________________________; DEVICE DETAILS___________ LOCATION (OVERBOARD): LAT_______________________; LONG___________________________ LOCATION (AT DEPTH): LAT_______________________; LONG______________________________ LOCATION (START UP): LAT_______________________; LONG______________________________ LOCATION (ONBOARD): LAT_______________________; LONG______________________________ BOTTOM DEPTH_________; DEPTH OF SAMPLE:____________; DURATION OF TRAWL___________; TIME: IN_________AT DEPTH________START UP__________SURFACE_________ SHIP SPEED__________; WEATHER__________________; SEA STATE_________________; AIR TEMP______________ SURFACE TEMP__________; PHYS. OCE. NOTES______________________; NOTES_____________________________ INVERTEBRATES Lensia hostile_______________________ PHYLUM RADIOLARIA Lensia havock______________________ Family Tuscaroridae “Round yellow ones”___ Family Hippopodiidae Vogtia sp.___________________________ PHYLUM CTENOPHORA Family Prayidae Subfamily Nectopyramidinae Class Nuda "Pointed siphonophores"________________ Order Beroida Nectadamas sp._______________________ Family Beroidae Nectopyramis sp.______________________ Beroe abyssicola_____________________ Family Prayidae Beroe forskalii________________________ Subfamily Prayinae Beroe cucumis _______________________ Craseoa lathetica_____________________ Class Tentaculata Desmophyes annectens_________________ Subclass
    [Show full text]
  • Liver Fluke in Alpacas
    Liver fluke in alpacas Jane Vaughan BVSc PhD MACVSc Background Western Australia is free of liver fluke and actively Liver fluke is the common name of the trematode, manages its fluke-free status using a system of Fasciola hepatica. The parasite is found worldwide drenching and liver fluke egg testing of faeces of and is the only liver fluke found in Australia. stock being shipped westward (see Infection can lead to reduced productivity and death www.agric.wa.gov.au for more information). and costs millions of dollars each year in lost production (meat, wool, milk, liver condemnation, secondary infection, replacement stock requirements), stock deaths and costs of treatment and prevention. The fluke mainly affects cattle and sheep, but can also affect alpacas, goats, horses, pigs, kangaroos, wombats, rabbits and deer. Humans may also be infected, for example after eating watercress collected from fluke-infested creeks or following use of contaminated water on vegetable gardens. The adult fluke is a pale brown or grayish-brown flat worm about 1.5-4 cm long that lives in the bile ducts of the liver (Figure 1). Figure 2. Distribution of liver fluke disease in different climatic regions (Boray 2007). Lifecycle The liver fluke requires two hosts: the definitive host, or alpaca, and the intermediate host, or lymnaeid snail, to complete its lifecycle (Figure 3). Adult liver fluke live in the bile ducts of the host species, such Figure 1. Adult liver fluke (15-40 mm long) (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/5519/Liver- as the alpaca. The flukes produce eggs, which pass fluke).
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of the Alien Freshwater Snail Ferrissia Fragilis (Tryon, 1863) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in the Czech Republic
    Aquatic Invasions (2007) Volume 2, Issue 1: 45-54 Open Access doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2007.2.1.5 © 2007 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2007 REABIC Research Article Distribution of the alien freshwater snail Ferrissia fragilis (Tryon, 1863) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in the Czech Republic Luboš Beran1* and Michal Horsák2 1Kokořínsko Protected Landscape Area Administration, Česká 149, CZ–276 01 Mělník, Czech Republic 2Institute of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ–611 37 Brno, Czech Republic E-mail: [email protected] (LB), [email protected] (MH) *Corresponding author Received: 22 November 2006 / Accepted: 17 January 2007 Abstract We summarize and analyze all known records of the freshwater snail, Ferrissia fragilis (Tryon, 1863) in the Czech Republic. In 1942 this species was found in the Czech Republic for the first time and a total of 155 species records were obtained by the end of 2005. Based on distribution data, we observed the gradual expansion of this gastropod not only in the Elbe Lowland, where its occurrence is concentrated, but also in other regions of the Czech Republic particularly between 2001 and 2005. Information on habitat, altitude and co-occurrence with other molluscs are presented. Key words: alien species, Czech Republic, distribution, Ferrissia fragilis, habitats Introduction used for all specimens of the genus Ferrissia found in the Czech Republic. Probably only one species of the genus Ferrissia Records of the genus Ferrissia exist from all (Walker, 1903) occurs in Europe. Different Czech neighbouring countries (Frank et al. 1990, theories exist, about whether it is an indigenous Lisický 1991, Frank 1995, Strzelec and Lewin and overlooked taxon or rather a recently 1996, Glöer and Meier-Brook 2003) and also introduced species in Europe (Falkner and from other European countries, e.g.
    [Show full text]