CENTRAL INDIANA SOARING SOCIETY EST. 1960 MAY 1, 2014 CISS WINGTIPS THE MONTHLY VOICE OF INDIANA SOARING

In This Issue ...... Sailplane Parts - The Battery Care and Keeping of your! electrical source, pg. 6 Our Towplanes Background and history of these important club assets, page! 5 Badge and Cross Country Camp Get the low down on what to expect, page 10 CISS Hosts Smirnof Vegas, Phoenix, Las Cruces, Odessa, Dallas, Tulsa, St. Louis, Indianapolis, ! Sailplane Derby.... Akron, Pittsburgh, Frederick, MD Octave Chanute The first Forty years ago this month the and Washington, D.C. Contestants gliders in Indiana, page 3 CISS served as one of 11 cities hosting were Ross and Ken Briegleb, Bill contestants in the third annual Holbrook, Hannes Linke, Dan ! Smirnoff Sailplane Derby. The event Pierson, Dick Schreder and Karl Plan Your Summer began on May 1, 1974 in Los Angeles Striedieck. Vacation Here! The National and moved consecutively to Las Smirnof cont., next page... Soaring! Museum, pg. 9 ! CAESAR CREEK PILOT BREAKS 28 YEAR OLD RECORD Pilot, John Lubon, and his ground crew showed up Bandfel field south of Pittsburg, PA. According at Alexandria airport on Saturday, April 5 for an to John, he never got above 2500 agl after assault on a record held by CISS member, Ron leaving Alex until he passed Dayton, OH. At Clarke for over a quarter of a century. John, who is 6 PM John called Ron to say that he had our Region 6 Director and a highly experienced landed safely and would be filing a claim, cross country flier took advantage of our snatching the coveted record. Ron offered Temporary Membership to get a tow in his ASG 29 John a hearty congratulations, but warned around midday. He had declared a goal of 293 miles to him that the challenge was now afoot!

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The Good Smirnoff, continued From Ron Clarke’s compilation bases at takeoff were 3,000’. The The season got off to a great of CISS history we have the day, however, produced the best start last month with many great following comments from Dick single leg speeds of any Derby flights. The ground crews Hutchinson: “The weather in day ever flown. Karl Striedieck appeared to be in top shape Indianapolis (Terry Airport) was used the spectacular cloud streets from the get go and handled terrible. High winds. The grass was created by the strong westerlies to several very active flying days. Wednesday soaring began on a mess with all the rain. When full advantage. Cloud bases April 9 and it soon became Angus Thompson landed after eventually reached 6200’ and apparent that there is a strong each tow, club members helped Karl’s speed by the time he landed desire to do a ton of flying this guide the L-5 back to the takeoff in Akron was an incredible 85.4 year, even though Spring point. The runway was so soft that mph. The rest of the pilots also weather events dampened activity.! if he tried to use the brakes the tow achieving speeds close to Karl’s. plane would slide off one way or Remember the date, May 12, a That attitude was present on the other. Angus made a comment good time to fly east from Indy. New Year’s Day as well as no that ‘These bloody fools are Thanks to both Ron Clarke and one was about to let a little snow crazy!’” Dick Hutchinson for this report. on the taxiway spoil the fun. (see photo below) Yup, we flew that Remarkably the Indy to Akron ! day!! leg turned out to be one of their Editor note: best. The article in SOARING As a reminder, be sure to place a magazine covering the event Pilot Bill Holbrook went on to check mark next to your name on claimed that the winds at takeoff win the Smirnoff Derby in 1974. the board in the office every month you fly. Many pilots are time in Indy were 35 knots! Cloud already looking at four check marks, perhaps five by the time you read this. KEEP A LOOKOUT! A close encounter pretty busy with an A-10 last year airspace served as a reminder with to, as my instructor Marion, used to say, “keep your Muncie head on a swivel.” I, of and course, had a Anderson transponder and the all nearby. A-10 certainly had me Not to on his TCAS. He was mention just messing with me. other But our club gliders do gliders and traffic constantly and not have transponders tow planes. Keep be safe. and we fly in some scanning for other

John Earlywine Named Master CFIG Emeritus We’ve long known that John was an extraordinary flight instructor. He is, after all a seven time Master CFI. Now he can add the term “Emeritus” to the designation as he has earned the honor “in recognition of his years of dedication, commitment to excellence, professional ! growth, service to the aviation community, and quality aviation instruction.” John, we are privileged to have you in our club and we express our hearty gratitude for your service.

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This Month’s Musical Indiana Soaring Pioneer Feature! Octave Chanute The birthplace for soaring in Indiana was in the sand dunes along the Reading your monthly issue of southern shores of Lake Michigan near Wingtips ought to be an a town called Miller Beach, just west of enjoyable experience. To help what was to become the city of Gary, stimulate your enjoyment we Indiana. Experiments also took place at like to include some interesting Dune Park, Indiana. The time was 1896 diversions every now and again. and 1897 and the man, who was too old Here is a great item: at the time to ly his own aircraft, was Relax, and !retired engineer, Octave Chanute. enjoy……… Chanute had an illustrious career as an engineer. He had built the two largest Magic Lantern glass slide (ca. 1909) Sailplane pilots appreciate stock yards in the United States in depicting Octave Chanute’s first glider - Kansas City and Chicago and he had 1896 precision and craftsmanship designed and built the irst bridge to ! in addition to having a cross the Missouri River in Kansas City. The Wright brothers based their glider designs on the Chanute “double – good time. Because of that Chanute also established a procedure for pressure treating wooden railroad decker”. Other early Chanute ideas you may enjoy listening and ties with a preservative to increase the included the pivoting wing, which watching this clip which wood’s lifespan. would later be used in numerous designs of military aircraft, most features some very ! His real claim to fame, however, resulted notably the F-111 and the B-1. attractive ladies, skilled and from his lying experiments. Initially ! Chanute established a campsite at precise, having some fun! using a design from Otto Lilienthal, Chanute experimented with a multi- Dune Park, calling it Camp Chanute. Click wing design. Chanute introduced the From there he conducted numerous “strut-wire” braced wing structure that lights. Chanute is credited with the would be used in powered airplanes in signiicant advancement of aircraft the future from a design based upon the design. See Chanute, next page Pratt truss, which was familiar to him !from his bridge designing days.

L., Camp Chanute, Dune Park, Indiana - 1896. Above, At Kill Devil Hills, NC in 1902

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114 Years Later, Watch This! Click Here Mid-Week Soaring Chanute, Continued..... U-P-D-A-T-E ! A good number of club To honor Chanute’s contributions to members turned out for the American aviation, Chanute Field was first two Wednesdays that were established during WW1 in 1917 near flyable in April this year and we Rantoul, Illinois as a training post for are off to a very good start with military light training, lying Curtiss the new " Wednesday Fly Days . In April both the 9th and the JN-4 “Jenny” bi-planes. The post was 23rd were good days with more later renamed Chanute Air Force Base than 8 flights by members on and served this country until 1993 each of those days . when it was decommissioned and Come on out on the good converted to civilian use. weather Wednesdays if you can ! - usually we start at around Today the site includes a wonderful noon - our rationale is that if the weekend weather was less museum and is well worth the visit, so than good then the chance of if you feel like “shooting off to good weather mid week will be Chanute” to visit your soaring roots excellent . you will be rewarded. ! So far it's working ! Thank you, Caroll Gray

Without These.... Well, Let’s Not Go There...

William Piper’s company started with the Cub and over the years developed a vast product line of aircraft. In 1976 the company produced its 100,000th airplane and fully one in ten of every airplane ever produced up to that time was a Piper. Many of the aircraft model designations were of Indian name or themed. Apache, Comanche, Aztec, Cherokee, Warrior, Dakota, Arrow, Papoose, Navaho, Chieftain, Cheyenne, Saratoga, Seneca, Tomahawk, Arapaho, Video if the Month Seminole and, of course, our We get a bit of wind beloved Pawnee, were all here in the flatlands of popular models. In the world Indiana, but usually of soaring, however, it is that nothing like the blow this Pawnee - first introduced in pilot faced upon landing 1959 as a crop duster (my after an excursion in uncle purchased one of the some mountain wave. very first produced) which ! lives on as a workhorse in many clubs and commercial Please click below: glider operations, pulling ! gliders aloft around the world Watch Here! on a daily basis. Ed Escalon ! brings us up to speed on the Pawnee in our featured article on the next page.!

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The Piper Pawnee ! a real piece of excitement for young Champagne-Urbana about age 23. Fred Weick (pronounce my name His career turned to government, like Ike, Fred would always tell his first with the U.S. Air Mail Service, The Story of a Workhorse! new friends). ! establishing emergency fields for ! night flying mail pilots. And this by Ed Escalon! Well, Chicago in those times was became a central objective for Mr. just afire with young aviators and Weick’s entire accomplished career (Editor’s Note: This is Part 1 of a would be aviators and designers. — keeping pilots safe. A very skillful series which will take us through the genesis and evolution of the Pawnee. We hope that, by the end of the series, you will have a great understanding of the importance of that plane at the other end of the rope.)!

Kris asked me to put together some interesting things about our Pawnee Tow Planes. Well, you can’t begin to talk about an airplane without discussing who did the design and what its objectives were. And it turns out our Pawnees have a really “blue blood line” and certainly reshaped the entire agricultural application aircraft design, otherwise Fred’s contemporaries included and analytical engineer, he joined NACA (predecessor of NASA at known commonly as a “duster” or a people like Matty Laird, Chance Vought, Lincoln Beachey, the Langley in 1925 where very exciting “sprayer.” Stinson family and dozens of others research was being performed to try ! whose names would fill the history to fully understand and optimize In 1912, a young 13 year old book as aviation progressed. aircraft design.! Chicago lad was totally mesmerized Impressionable and inspired, these as an observer of the Gordon ! young Americans devoted their This work would be the second Bennett Race being held in every energy and effort to become Clearing, Illinois, now about where objective to Fred’s lifetime of successful aviators, designers, Midway Airport is today. Just nine accomplishment—designing researchers, perhaps years after the Wrights first flew at manufacturers, and, if it was aircraft that worked well. And Kitty Hawk, Jules Vedrines possible, find a way to pay for their the Pawnee, and its many later completed the 120 mile race in a next meal! But the die was cast, cousins, would embody both the! Deperdussin Monocoque at a optimal design and pilot safety blazing speed of 105.24 miles per even if they “had to postpone that meal” and there just wasn’t anything that truly meshed those hour. This was a huge International objectives. ! event by and in honor of Gordon nearly as enticing and exciting as Bennett Jr., owner and publisher of working in aviation.! ! the New York Herald newspaper. ! To be continued...... Jules’ speed was well over three Mr. Weick’s career had the benefit times what the early Wright of a professional start, graduating airplanes could do, and it had to be from the University of Illinois

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Series: Sailplane Parts! ! ! Club Batteries Batteries - ! As of April 12 all batteries in the club Add some ! aircraft are brand spanking new. ! Please use what you have just learned spark to your ! in this article to help us make them life.... and ! last a long time!!! some life to ! your spark!! ! By Don Taylor ! ! ! ! ! Glider batteries are of the "Gel Cell" or Sealed Lead Acid can order them from numerous electronics suppliers or "SLA" type that use a gelled electrolyte instead of liquid like from Powerwerx (the mfr) directly. You will need a special you see in automotive batteries, making them safer to use. crimper ($14 online) or borrow the one owned by the club. They are available at many places including hobby stores Use the same plugs on your charger too. since they are used by RC modelers too. Or online of ! course, where you can get some really good deals. For a Be sure to cover up the battery terminals with some type of 12volt 7amp hour battery, prices range from to $18 at insulation or tape to prevent accidental shorts. A neat Amazon.com to $30 at Fry's Electronics to $40 at solution is to use "Liquid Electrical Tape" by Gardner !BatteriesPlus. !Denver available in a small jar at Home Depot for about $5. Although batteries with higher capacities are available, the A good charger is the Deltran Battery Tender Jr. 12 volt for most common size is the 7 amp hour size. Bigger ones get about $35. It is a smart charger and delivers power more heavy and mounting places harder to find in many gliders. quickly at the beginning of the cycle, then tapers as the Without going into the math, if your total current draw is 1/2 battery is charged and finally delivers only a pulse to amp, a 7 amp hour battery will last provide 12 volts for maintain the charge indefinitely. You will need to replace about ten hours. the alligator clips with your PowerPole connectors, making ! sure to keep the polarity correct. There are lots of electronic gizmos in today's gliders, but ! the primary ones are: radio, electronic vario or vario/glide You should have two batteries charged and ready to go computer combo. The radio will draw under 150ma on (one as a spare) but charge them separately, one at a time. receive and about 1 amp when transmitting. You won't be ! transmitting very much though. Your other gadgets will Sealed lead acid batteries should last at least several probably draw less than 400ma total, so for purposes of years if properly stored, fused and charged. Now go out illustration, a 7 amp/hour battery would easily last 8 or 9 and fire up those digital gizmos that are filling up todays hours, probably longer than you want to sit in your glider! instrument panels, but don't forget to look out the cockpit ! for other aircraft and to gaze at the beautiful views all If you are using FLARM or a transponder or many other around you! devices, you may want a higher capacity (larger physical size) battery or two batteries in your ship. You can wire another one in using an on/off switch for each one, just be sure to switch the alternate one on BEFORE switching the !other one off. Won't lose any data that way! To minimize resistance use at least #14 wire to connect to the battery and F1 type lugs to slide onto the terminals. Soldering the wires to the battery terminals could easily damage the battery. Provide an inline fuse in the negative lead near the battery. I use the spade type of fuse !available at most auto parts stores and 5 amp fuses. As for the connectors to your glider wiring main bus, Anderson Power Poles are hard to beat. We use them on the club batteries. They are hard to find locally, but you

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May 2014

Sunday Monday Tuesday Weds. Thursday Friday Saturday

! 1 2 3 Crew Day Board Mtg. Cookout!

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Crew Day 12:30 PM Crew Day Wednesday Soaring

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Crew Day 12:30 PM ! Wednesday ! Crew Day Soaring ! Club Contest

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Crew Day 12:30 PM ! ! Club Wednesday Crew Day Contest Soaring

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Crew Day Memorial 12:30 PM AOPA Town Day Wednesday Meeting Soaring Crew Day

Memorial Day, No Crew Scheduled but let’s FLY! ! Volunteer Up! Come Out to Alex and Fly! Bring a Friend to introduce to Soaring……

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Special note: 1-26 National Championships at Caesar Creek June 12 - 21 Region 6 South Contest also at Caesar Creek June 15 - 21 June 2014

Sunday Monday Tuesday Weds. Thursday Friday Saturday

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12:30 PM Crew Day Wednesday Member Soaring Mtg. Cookout!

8 9 10 11 B/C 12 13 14 Crew Day Badge Badge 12:30 PM Badge Badge Crew Day Camp Camp Wednesday Camp Camp Club Contest Week Soaring

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Crew Day 12:30 PM ! Wednesday Club Contest Crew Day Soaring

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Crew Day 12:30 PM ! Wednesday Crew Day Soaring

29 30 ! Crew Day

If you missed the March 29th Safety Meeting - Be sure to review the Safety Meeting Presentation posted on the members web site, get copy of the Safety Test completed and provided to Duke Koelsch, as well as copy of the front and back of your Pilot’s Certificate so we have on file. Copies of the test are located in the top drawer of the file cabinet in the front office, copies of your license can be made on the printer in the same location, and please leave these completed copies in the file folder where you found the test should Duke not be at the field when you are done.

ALEXANDRIA, IN IDENTIFIER I99 PAGE !8 CENTRAL INDIANA SOARING SOCIETY EST. 1960 MAY 1, 2014 ! ! ! ! ! Consider a Soaring ! ! Vacation ! ! ! ! ! To visit to the National Soaring ! ! Museum in Elmira, NY is to immerse oneself deeply into the ! ! history of the sport. It also doesn’t hurt that just down The Windrider Gift Shop, located in the road in Hammondsport, one the Museum hosts a variety of ! will find the Glenn H. Curtiss souvenirs, posters, books, apparel Immediately upon arrival one can Museum. Also located in the area is and toys. sense the significance of this place. the National Warplane Museum, ! There is a heritage shaped by the now known as Wings of Eagles Great Depression when the Works Discovery Center. An easy 1-day drive from Progress Administration built Indianapolis, the Museum is the Chemung County’s Harris Hill Park ! perfect place to relax while soaking in the 1930s. The site became the The Museum serves as the official in the heritage of soaring flight. epicenter for soaring in America, repository of SSA archives, and on Many local hotels offer special serving as the location of the first SSA’s behalf, it hosts and pricing and package deals which thirteen National Soaring contests, administers the U.S. Soaring Hall of include admission to the NSM and from 1930 through 1946. That Fame. other area attractions. Glider rides heritage was also formed over 80 ! are available because who wouldn’t want to be able to say they have years of contests, lectures, symposia The 37,000 square foot museum and special events. The field is still soared above the most famous hill exhibits include more than 30 in America. active and today is operated by the historically significant gliders, such Harris Hill Soaring Club. It doesn’t as the one shown below and has ! hurt that the Schweizer Aircraft dozens more either in storage, on For more information visit: Corporation, which is located at the loan or undergoing restoration. www.soaringmuseum.org base of Harris Hill, produced fully one half of all the sailplanes built in ! America. ! ! ! “Zanonia” is the first ! ! glider ever flown to a ! ! Diamond Badge. Today it ! ! leads a more leisurely life in ! ! the Blossom Gallery at the ! ! !NSM. ! ! The Museum is open daily during the ! ! soaring season from 10 am until 5 pm. Admission is free to children under the ! ! age of 7 and is very inexpensive for ! ! everyone else. ! ! ! !

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Badge and Cross-Country Camp This event is rapidly approaching. Mark your calendars for the week of June 9th. Ron Clark, one of our club members who has thousands of cross-country flights under his belt will be conducting the camp which is !designed to get you comfortable with cross-country flight. Here’s a preview from Ron.... ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! For those of you yet to make your first real cross country flight in a glider here's how one member remembers it . Quite a lot of planning went into that flight : * Working out the course and ideal destination - downwind preferably. * Calculating the maximum release height ( using the 1% rule ) * An elaborate set of markings on the map showing how high we ( me and the glider ) should be to either go on to the destination or to turn back to the airfield and not have to land out .

Yes, it's the fear of landing out that I believe keeps folks from venturing away from the field and there is a way to cure that .

The cure is to get your Silver Badge as after that you will be well prepared and mentally very willing to take on the enjoyment of cross country soaring.

The camp at Alex in June is designed to help solo pilots prepare for the Silver Badge , which for some may mean starting by getting the B, C and Bronze badge to begin with . Each day we will plan to have an hour's questions and discussion on subjects that will help pilots do just that .

Of great importance is for each pilot to have a goal for the week - completing the B Badge or perhaps two legs of the Silver badge for example because that's what each pilot will attempt after the talking ! If you have already signed up you will be getting regular mailings regarding how to prepare for the week .

Remember it's the Silver Badge that makes the difference .

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Captain Larry Miller, American Airlines, Retired. A Story of Flying.

As a child, I watched Sky King and his Song Bird, thinking that someday I would be just like him. At 10-years-old, in search of my dreams, I went to Decatur Highway Airport and began my training as a !pilot. Josephine Ivantish, the airport owner, gave me a ride in an Erocoupe, owned by Elmer Agler. Later, Josephine introduced me to Earl Mounsey who had a 7AC Champ that he rented for $6.00 per hour - times were different then. My first instructor was a World War II pilot who loved to fly just to !be in the air. When I was 15-years-old, I went to Van Wert, Ohio and flew a Piper Colt. At 16, I had legally soloed and bought my first airplane - N47481, a Taylorcraft with a Continental 65 HP - for $1,700. After a little more than a year, I had logged 700 hours in the books and sold it to get enough money to get my Commercial !and CFI airplane SEL. With that in my pocket, I started my flying career. In Van Wert, I flew as a CFI and did charter work for the FBO. In Celina, Ohio and Smith Field in Fort Wayne, Ind., I was a CFIASMEL. I was also Chief Instructor at ! Baty Road Airport in Lima, Ohio. “At 10 years old, in search of my dreams, I went to Decatur Highway Airport ! and began my training as a pilot.” ! While there, my boss said he was getting a glider and that I would be instructing. He bought a Schweitzer 2-33 from State College, Penn. Another instructor and I flew a 172 to Pennsylvania where we stayed three days to get my Commercial in a glider. I soloed on the fourth flight and got the commercial before towing the 2-33 back to Lima. I gave several flights in the 2-33 and had several add on pilots at Lima. ! I got my CFIG from the CMH GADO when you still had to do winch launches which I did at Bryan, Ohio. I spent the majority of my time instructing and never got into the X-C of gliders. My idea of a X- !C is turning the autopilot on and having a hot coffee. My next step was corporate flying, and I continued glider flying at Lima. I flew for several corporations which put me close to different glider ports in the United States. My most memorable flight was at Black Forest. Later, I continued on to fly with American Airlines as a !Captain based out of Chicago, Ill. Unfortunately in the late 60s, Uncle Sam wanted me to spend a couple years seeing the world. I spent my favorite year, 1969, in the promised land of most guys my age. Thanks to Uncle Sam, Vietnam and Agent Orange my flying career ended 10-years-ago. Now I just fly my T-craft, a Pitts that I own with Julius and gliders. It will be a sad day when or if I can no longer fly, but according to my wife, I am always up in the air about something.

“At 16, I had legally soloed and bought my first airplane….”

ALEXANDRIA, IN IDENTIFIER I99 PAGE !11 CENTRAL INDIANA SOARING SOCIETY EST. 1960 MAY 1, 2014 From Mike Nichols, Membership Chairman ! 1. CISS will have a tent at the AOPA fly-in at Mount Comfort (Indianapolis Regional) airport on May 31st. We will also have a glider on display, CISS and SSA handouts and in general tell our story to those who will listen. Most people who will attend this event are pilots or at least strong supporters of pilots and general aviation. We need 3-5 volunteers for the day 8:30 to 4:00. If you are an AOPA member you receive a free lunch breakfast is !$5.00. Note: the day after this event AOPA will come to our field take pictures, do interviews, and maybe take a glider ride. This will be done to produce an article for the AOPA magazine about our club and how we "saved" a general aviation !airport. 2. CISS has been awarded a grant from the Wolf Aviation Fund that will allow us to introduce 20 youth ages 13 - 15 to the world of aviation. We will set up two, two day events one in June and one in July. The youth will hear about all that aviation has to offer, receive some simulator training and receive one FAST flight. This will be an instructional flight with a tow to 3,000 tow. We will need volunteers for the actual 2 day events and we also need members to think about 13 - 15 year olds that may be interested. We will be working with BSA, AMA and others but may still need more youth. Up in the! Air! As the club searches for a modern fiberglass replacement for one (or both) of our Blanik trainers a world of possibilities has opened. Last month the Board considered a Grob Acro, but it was deemed to have an insufficient useful load and it was determined that something else would be more appropriate. So we will keep looking. ! In the mean time, rest assured that the club will continue to move forward with an eye toward providing you the very best soaring experience! .! I hope you all will enjoy this performance and forgive any religious implications. It is an “a cappella” performance which means “in the manner of the church” without instruments. Whatever. It is just Apr 24, 1946: Winged Cargo, Inc. began the 1st downright enjoyable.! glider commercial freight service, using a DC-3 ! to tow a Waco glider. The flight took off from Wow! Listen Here! Philadelphia and made stops at Miami, Havana, and San Juan.

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Ahh The Final Glide Ok, it’s late in the afternoon and your task is almost complete. You have been pretty successful today, building and honing your thermalling skills, constantly making decisions and trying to make those choices the correct ones. And now, here you are with enough air beneath your wings to point the nose toward home and glide effortlessly to a perfect landing. The feeling of accomplishment was hard earned making it gratifying indeed. You know that there will be warm smiles and cold beverages CLUB GLIDERS ON DISPLAY,1973 ! once you arrive back on the ground. ! ! It is now time to kick back a little ! and enjoy the scenery passing ! beneath you while you savor the ! moment. At a time like this you just ! ! might want to have this tune on ! ! your iPod. ! Click ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Next Month MOTOR ! ! GLIDERS Carl Blackwell’s 1-26, Angus and Dorothy display at Glendale Mall, Indianapolis in 1973 to Thompson’s Ka-6 and John Dean’s Libelle on promote the club. Photo courtesy of Dick George ! Hutchinson. Saunders chats ! This issue of Wingtips brought to you by about what it is like to fly, self launch and benefit from having a motor on board. CLUB CONTEST Part One, a recap.

Just kidding...

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