DOCSLIB.ORG

Contextual Study of New York State's Pre-1961 Bridges 1999

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Contextual Study of New York State's Pre-1961 Bridges 1999 1999 NOVEMBER Contextual Study of New York State’s Pre-1961 Bridges P R E P A R E D F O R New York State Department of Transportation Contextual Study of New York State’s Pre-1961 Bridges Prepared for: New York State Department of Transportation November 1999 Acknowledgments Mead & Hunt, with Allee King Rosen & Fleming, Inc., prepared this study under contract to the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT). Mead & Hunt contributors to the contextual study included: Amy Squitieri, Project Director; Christina Slattery, Senior Architectural Historian; and Stacey Pilgrim, Joy Caudill, and Beth Wielde, Historians. Allee King Rosen & Fleming contributors included: Anne Locke, Senior Architectural Historian; and Kerry Ehlinger and Garrick Landsberg, Architectural Historians. The NYSDOT Project Manager is Mary Ivey; the Consultant Manager is Robert Ewing. Many administrators, librarians, preservationists, historians, and engineers contributed directly or indirectly to this effort. The contextual study would not have been possible without their valuable assistance. Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction ..............................................................1 A. Project Overview .....................................................1 B. Definition of Historic Bridge ............................................2 C. Included and Excluded Bridges ..........................................3 D. Objectives for Contextual Study .........................................5 E. Research Methods ....................................................6 F. Subsequent Steps .....................................................7 2. History of Bridge Engineering in the United States ...............................10 A. Introduction ........................................................10 B. Basic Bridge Types ..................................................11 (1) Overview ....................................................11 (2) Arch ........................................................16 (a) Masonry Arch ...........................................16 (b) Steel Arch ..............................................16 (c) Concrete Arch ...........................................17 (3) Truss ........................................................17 (a) King Post ...............................................18 (b) Queen Post ..............................................18 (c) Palmer Arch-truss ........................................18 (d) Burr Arch-truss ..........................................18 (e) Long ...................................................19 (f) Town Lattice ............................................19 (g) Howe ..................................................19 (h) Bowstring Arch-truss ......................................19 (i) Pratt ...................................................20 (j) Warren .................................................20 (k) Fink ...................................................21 (l) Bollman ................................................21 (m) Parker ..................................................21 (n) Pennsylvania ............................................21 (o) Baltimore ...............................................22 (p) Lenticular ...............................................22 (q) Stearns .................................................22 (r) Kellogg ................................................22 (s) Camelback ..............................................23 MEAD & HUNT N133A023\N133-99A\11–99 i (t) Truss Leg Bedstead .......................................23 (u) Wichert ................................................23 (4) Suspension ...................................................23 (5) Movable .....................................................24 (a) Retractile ...............................................24 (b) Swing ..................................................24 (c) Lift ....................................................24 (d) Bascule ................................................24 (e) Pontoon ................................................25 (6) Beam and Girder ..............................................25 (a) Concrete Slab ............................................25 (b) Girder, Stringer, or Multi-beam ..............................26 (c) I-beam .................................................27 (d) Concrete T-beam .........................................27 (e) Rigid Frame .............................................27 (f) Jack Arch ...............................................27 (g) Box Beam or Box Girder ...................................28 C. Construction Materials ................................................28 (1) Wood .......................................................28 (2) Stone .......................................................29 (3) Iron .........................................................29 (4) Cast Iron .....................................................30 (5) Wrought Iron .................................................30 (6) Steel ........................................................30 (7) Concrete .....................................................31 (8) Aluminum ...................................................31 D. Technological Developments in Bridge Engineering ........................31 (1) Development of Truss Bridges ...................................31 (2) Development of Steel Arch Bridges ...............................32 (3) Development of Suspension Bridges ...............................33 (4) Development of Cantilever Bridges ................................36 (5) Development of Movable Bridges .................................37 (6) Developments and Innovations of Concrete .........................37 (7) Aluminum – Introduced as New Building Material ....................39 3. History of Bridge Design and Construction in New York State .....................42 A. Introduction ........................................................42 B. Early Period of Bridge Construction (Pre-1908) ............................43 (1) New York’s First Bridges .......................................43 (2) Bridge Building Increases in Mid-Nineteenth Century .................44 (3) The Proliferation of Bridge-building Firms ..........................46 MEAD & HUNT N133A023\N133-99A\11–99 ii (4) Niagara River Crossings ........................................47 (5) Statewide Bridge Building at the Turn-of-the-Century .................47 (6) New York City’s Bridge-building Program ..........................49 (a) Meeting Early Transportation Needs ..........................49 (b) Department of Bridges Established ...........................50 (c) Commissioner Lindenthal’s Aesthetic Campaign ................51 C. Introduction of Standardization (1908-29) ................................52 (1) New Era of State Involvement Begins in 1908 .......................52 (2) Guidance on Bridges Issued by the State ............................53 (3) Department Reports Increased Construction Activity ..................55 (4) Bridge Work Intensifies Following World War I .....................56 (5) New State Agency Takes the Lead in Bridge Construction ..............58 (6) Bridge Building in New York City ................................61 D. Depression Era Bridge Construction (1930-40) .............................61 (1) Activity of the Department of Public Works .........................61 (2) Tourism Traffic Served .........................................63 (3) New York City Bridges .........................................64 (a) Moses’s Building Campaign ................................65 (b) Port Authority of New York ................................66 (c) New York City Department of Public Works ...................66 (d) New York State Department of Public Works ..................67 E. Modern Bridge Building (1941-60) ......................................67 (1) War Ends Bridge-building Activity ................................67 (2) Post-war Bridge-building Activity .................................69 F. Bridge Designers and Planners .........................................74 (1) Ammann, Othmar Hermann ......................................75 (2) Baird, Howard C. ..............................................75 (3) Boller, Alfred Pancoast .........................................75 (4) Buck, Leffert Lefferts ...........................................76 (5) Burr, Theodore ................................................76 (6) Burr, William Hubert ...........................................77 (7) Cooper, Theodore .............................................77 (8) Ellet, Charles .................................................77 (9) Embury, Aymar II .............................................78 (10) King, Zenas ..................................................78 (11) Lindenthal, Gustav .............................................78 (12) Lupfer, Edward P. .............................................79 (13) MacDonald, Charles ...........................................79 (14) Maillart, Robert ...............................................79 (15) McAlpine, William Jarvis .......................................80 (16) Melan, Josef ..................................................80 MEAD & HUNT N133A023\N133-99A\11–99 iii (17) Modjeski, Ralph ...............................................80 (18) Moisseiff, Leon S. .............................................81 (19) Morison, George Shattuck .......................................81 (20) Moses, Robert ................................................81
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WASHINGTON BRIDGE, Over the Harlem River from West 18Lst Street, Borough of Manhattan, to University Avenue, Borough of the Bronx
    Landmarks Preservation Commission September 14, 1982, Designation List 159 LP-1222 WASHINGTON BRIDGE, over the Harlem River from West 18lst Street, Borough of Manhattan, to University Avenue, Borough of the Bronx. Built 1886-89; com­ petition designs by Charles C. Schneider and Wilhelm Hildenbrand modified by Union Bridge Company, William J. McAlpine, Theodore Cooper, and DeLemos & Cordes; chief engineer William R. Hutton; consulting architect Edward H. Kendall. Landmark Site: Manhattan Tax Map Block 2106, Lot 1 in part; Block 2149, Lot 525 in part, consisting of those parts of these ldta upon which the structure and approaches of the bridge rest. The Bronx Tax Map Block 2538, Lot 32 in part; Block 2880, Lots 1 & 250 both in part; Block 2884, Lots 2, 5 & 9 all in part, con­ sisting of those parts of these lots upon which the structure and approaches of the bridge rest. Boundaries: The Washington Bridge Landmark is encompassed by a line running southward parallel with the eastern curb line of Amsterdam Avenue; a line running eastward which is the extension of the southern curb line of West 181st Street to the point where it crosses Undercliff Avenue; a line running northward parallel with the eastern curb line of Undercliff Avenue; a line running westward from Undercliff Avenue which intersects with the extension of the northern curb lin~ of West 181st Street, to_t~~ point of beginning. On November 18, 1980, the Landmarks Preservation Commission held a public hearing on the proposed designation as a Landmark of the Washington Bridge and the pro­ posed designation of the related Landmark Site (Item No 8.).
    [Show full text]
  • Southwest Bronx (SWBX): a Map Is Attached, Noting Recent Development
    REDC REGION / MUNICIPALITY: New York City - Borough of Bronx DOWNTOWN NAME: Southwest Bronx (SWBX): A map is attached, noting recent development. The boundaries proposed are as follows: • North: Cross Bronx Expressway • South: East River • East: St Ann’s Avenue into East-Third Avenue • West: Harlem River APPLICANT NAME & TITLE: Regional Plan Association (RPA), Tom Wright, CEO & President. See below for additional contacts. CONTACT EMAILS: Anne Troy, Manager Grants Relations: [email protected] Melissa Kaplan-Macey, Vice President, State Programs, [email protected] Tom Wright, CEO & President: [email protected] REGIONAL PLAN ASSOCIATION - BRIEF BACKGROUND: Regional Plan Association (RPA) was established as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in 1929 and for nearly a century has been a key planner and player in advancing long-range region-wide master plans across the tri-state. Projects over the years include the building of the the Battery Tunnel, Verrazano Bridge, the location of the George Washington Bridge, the Second Avenue subway, the New Amtrak hub at Moynihan Station, and Hudson Yards, and establishing a city planning commission for New York City. In November 2017, RPA published its Fourth Regional Plan for the tri-state area, which included recommendations for supporting and expanding community-centered arts and culture in New York City neighborhoods to leverage existing creative and cultural diversity as a driver of local economic development. The tri-state region is a global leader in creativity. Its world-class art institutions are essential to the region’s identity and vitality, and drive major economic benefits. Yet creativity on the neighborhood level is often overlooked and receives less support.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovations & Accomplishments
    INNOVATIONS & ACCOMPLISHMENTS East River Bridges A $2.8 billion reconstruction program is underway to rehabilitate all four East River crossings. In 2002, these bridges carried some 467,080 vehicles per day. In 2002, working in coordination with the NYPD and other law enforcement agencies, the Division implemented enhanced security measures on these bridges. This work is ongoing. BROOKLYN BRIDGE The Brooklyn Bridge carried some 121,145 vehicles per day in 2002. The $467 million reconstruction commenced in 1980 with Contract #1, will continue with Contract #6, currently in the design phase and scheduled for completion in 2012, and will end with a seismic retrofit of the bridge, slated for completion in 2013. Work completed on the bridge to date includes reconditioning of the main cables, replacement of the suspenders and cable stays, rehabilitation of the stiffening trusses, and the replacement of the suspended spans deck. The next work scheduled for the bridge is a project to replace the existing travelers with a state of the art technology system. Construction is scheduled to begin in the spring of 2005 and conclude in the spring of 2007. Brooklyn Bridge in 1909 Pedestrian Vibration Study The major blackout of August 14, 2003 forced City officials to close the bridge to vehicular traffic and open the entire bridge to pedestrians. During this mass exodus, several pedestrians reported that the bridge was vibrating and thus causing them great anxiety. At the request of the Office of Emergency Management, an emergency inspection of the bridge was performed that evening as a result of these complaints of “swaying”; no structural problems were found.
    [Show full text]
  • Champlain Canalway Trail 2018 Action Plan
    Champlain Canalway Trail 2018 Action Plan Presentation To Washington County Adhoc Trails Committee Meeting January 16, 2019 The Setting Saratoga & Washington Counties 19 Municipalities 3 Rivers: Mohawk River; Hudson River; Batten Kill 3 Canals: Champlain Barge Canal Old Champlain Canal Glens Falls Feeder Canal 2 The Partners ▪ Champlain Canalway Trail Working Group ▪ Assisted by a Hudson River Valley Greenway Grant ▪ Administered through the Town of Stillwater ▪ Washington County & Saratoga County Planning Departments ▪ Empire State Trail ▪ Hudson River Valley Greenway, Saratoga and Washington Counties and the private sector will complete 3 Regional Context The CCT received a boost from Governor Cuomo’s Empire State Trail initiative to create a continuous 750-mile route spanning the state from New York City to Canada and Buffalo to Albany, creating the longest multi-use state trail in the nation. 4 Regional Context 5 The 2020 CCT Trail Vision ▪ Establish a continuous 77-mile multi- use trail from Waterford to Whitehall along the Hudson River and Champlain Canal. ▪ Utilize the historic Champlain Canalway Towpath, Champlain Canal shoreline, existing local and regional trails, and on-street bicycle routes. ▪ Link the region’s historic, cultural, natural and recreational assets into a system of interconnected canal lock parks, visitor centers, downtowns. ▪ Coordinate marketing with Empire State Trail. ▪ Establish a world-class destination for residents and visitors. 6 Accomplishments and Gaps 77.65 TOTAL MILES OF LINEAR TRAIL (INCLUDING THE
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 65, No. 148/Tuesday, August 1, 2000/Rules
    46870 Federal Register / Vol. 65, No. 148 / Tuesday, August 1, 2000 / Rules and Regulations significant economic impact on a Civil Justice Reform Dated: July 19, 2000. substantial number of small entities. G.N. Naccara, ``Small entities'' comprises small This rule meets applicable standards Rear Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, Commander, businesses, not-for-profit organizations in sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive First Coast Guard District. that are independently owned and Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform, to [FR Doc. 00±19396 Filed 7±31±00; 8:45 am] operated and are not dominant in their minimize litigation, eliminate BILLING CODE 4910±15±P fields, and governmental jurisdictions ambiguity, and reduce burden. with populations less than 50,000. Protection of Children The Coast Guard certifies under 5 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION U.S.C. 605(b) that this rule will not have We have analyzed this rule under a significant economic impact on a Executive Order 13045, Protection of Coast Guard substantial number of small entities. Children from Environmental Health 33 CFR Part 117 This conclusion is based on the fact that Risks and Safety Risks. This rule is not three of the bridges presently open after an economically significant rule and a six-hour notice May 1 through does not concern an environmental risk [CGD01±99±069] September 30, which is greater than the to health or risk to safety that may proposed two-hour notice during those disproportionately affect children. RIN 2115±AE47 five months. The Coast Guard believes that the Environment Drawbridge Operation Regulations: two-hour advance notice October 1 Newtown Creek, Dutch Kills, English The Coast Guard considered the through April 30 is reasonable because Kills and their tributaries, New York the bridges will still open on signal environmental impact of this rule and provided the two-hour notice is given.
    [Show full text]
  • Erie Canalway Map & Guide
    National Park Service Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor U.S. Department of the Interior Erie Canalway Map & Guide Pittsford, Frank Forte Pittsford, The New York State Canal System—which includes the Erie, Champlain, Cayuga-Seneca, and Oswego Canals—is the centerpiece of the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor. Experience the enduring legacy of this National Historic Landmark by boat, bike, car, or on foot. Discover New York’s Dubbed the “Mother of Cities” the canal fueled the growth of industries, opened the nation to settlement, and made New York the Empire State. (Clinton Square, Syracuse, 1905, courtesy Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Detroit Publishing Extraordinary Canals Company Collection.) pened in 1825, New York’s canals are a waterway link from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes through the heart of upstate New York. Through wars and peacetime, prosperity and This guide presents exciting Orecession, flood and drought, this exceptional waterway has provided a living connection things to do, places to go, to a proud past and a vibrant future. Built with leadership, ingenuity, determination, and hard work, and exceptional activities to the canals continue to remind us of the qualities that make our state and nation great. They offer us enjoy. Welcome! inspiration to weather storms and time-tested knowledge that we will prevail. Come to New York’s canals this year. Touch the building stones CONTENTS laid by immigrants and farmers 200 years ago. See century-old locks, lift Canals and COVID-19 bridges, and movable dams constructed during the canal’s 20th century Enjoy Boats and Boating Please refer to current guidelines and enlargement and still in use today.
    [Show full text]
  • Visit Ohio's Historic Bridges
    SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION Visit Ohio’s Historic Bridges Historic and unique bridges have a way of sticking in our collective memories. Many of us remember the bridge we crossed walking to school, a landmark on the way to visit relatives, the gateway out of town or a welcoming indication that you are back in familiar territory. The Ohio Department of Transportation, in collaboration with the Ohio Historic Bridge Association, Ohio History Connection’s State Historic Preservation Office, TourismOhio and historicbridges.org, has assembled a list of stunning bridges across the state that are well worth a journey. Ohio has over 500 National Register-listed and historic bridges, including over 150 wooden covered bridges. The following map features iron, steel and concrete struc- tures, and even a stone bridge built when canals were still helping to grow Ohio’s economy. Some were built for transporting grain to market. Other bridges were specifically designed to blend into the scenic landscape of a state or municipal park. Many of these featured bridges are Ohio Historic Bridge Award recipients. The annual award is given to bridge owners and engineers that rehabilitate, preserve or reuse historic structures. The awards are sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, ODOT and Ohio History Connection’s State Historic Preservation Office. Anthony Wayne Bridge - Toledo, OH Ohio Department of Transportation SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION 2 17 18 SOUTHEAST REGION in eastern Ohio, Columbiana County has Metropark’s Huntington Reservation on the community. A project that will rehabilitate several rehabilitated 1880’s through truss shore of Lake Erie along US 6/Park Drive.
    [Show full text]
  • This Document Is from the Cornell University Library's Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections Located in the Carl A
    This document is from the Cornell University Library's Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections located in the Carl A. Kroch Library. If you have questions regarding this document or the information it contains, contact us at the phone number or e-mail listed below. Our website also contains research information and answers to frequently asked questions. http://rmc.library.cornell.edu Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections 2B Carl A. Kroch Library Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Phone: (607) 255-3530 Fax: (607) 255-9524 E-mail: [email protected] Cooper Bridge Plan Collection (# 4709) Series III. Drawings, Prints, Blueprints Explanation of sequence: Entries appear in alphabetical order by working title. Original titles, whether or not they are the same as the working title, appear in quotation marks, following the working title. Original titles include both those that actually appear on the piece itself, and those that, at some point in the collection's history, had been noted on the verso of some untitled pieces. Working titles were determined according to the following criteria: Proper name of bridge, if that is either the same as, or appears in, the original title of the item, e.g., Blue River Bridge for "General Plan of Blue River Bridge"; also, if the proper name is known, even if it is not explicit on the item; Proper name of bridge *type* (or of eponymous individual) if that is either the same as, or appears in, the original title, or is known, e.g., Pratt truss bridge for "Plan of draw, Newburyport ..."; Fink triangular truss bridges … for "Bridges on the B.
    [Show full text]
  • DEATH of TRU­ Have Him Around the House Again
    A Genuine Pioneer Celebrates Birthday lif In hi him ti up to the ictive n- his on Febru- liisJ I COODBGE TAKEN BY DEATH JjOTfti-'fc—it T©L s STORIES DIES AT * PORT HOME. SHE WAS BORN _KlV&t) 18Q$45 __*•___-. i^uiff t/3* *JU Wrote "Katy Did" Keriea and Oth­ er 'Well-Known Children'. Book. —Father Wa. a Promi­ nent Educator. Henry Byal band- of the thelr borne, on East Sam [Specl.l Dispatch from the New York Sun.] NEWPORT, R. I.. April 9.—Miss (1 Willi li Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, better nd trailing known as Susan Coolidge, a writer of •in a (Tali children's stories, died suddenly of ' ill fur IV. heart disease at her home here to-day. Mr. and Mrs. i She was sixty years of age and | Itltlftll flo' 'ill- a daughter of the late John F. V tend their sey, of New Haven. Iforn • h Chaum wa« horn bly realising that the illness * gan reading law with the Hon. 1 in Cls i lS4b. Her family <n with the law LaBlond, and was admitted to the bar in of th' "ok, one of her uncles, flrm, which had been iniiintiiineil during 1869. Before this, he served two years Dwight Woolsey, win • and went to his oil as an enrolling clerk in the house of the Ohio general assembly. ,n educator at the head borne at Wauseon, in the hope that the Mr. Touvelle began the practice of of Yalo University. A cousin of "Su- change woud benefit Lira. Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Glass Firms at Greenfield, Indiana
    The Glass Firms at Greenfield, Indiana Bill Lockhart, Beau Schriever, Bill Lindsey, and Carol Serr When Louis Hollweg – a jobber in crockery, tableware, lamps, and fruit jars – decided to branch out into the glass container manufacturing business in 1890, he built a glass factory that became the scene for five different operators over a 30-year period. Throughout most of its existence, the plant concentrated on fruit jar production, making a variety of jars that can be directly traced to the factory, especially to the Greenfield Fruit Jar & Bottle Co. Once the big- name firms (Ball Brothers and Owens) took over, the plant’s days were numbered. Histories Hollweg & Reese, Indianapolis, Indiana (1868-ca. 1914) Louis Hollweg and Charles E. Reese formed the firm of Hollweg & Reese in 1868. Located at 130-136 South Meridian Street, Indianapolis, Indiana, the company was a direct importer and jobber in crockery, pressed and blown tableware, lamps, lamp paraphernalia, and other fancy goods (Figure 1). After the death of Resse in 1888, Hollweg continued to use the Hollweg & Reese name. The last entry we could find for the firm was in 1913, so Hollweg probably disbanded the firm Figure 1 – Hollweg & Reese (Hyman 1902:354) (or sold out) ca. 1914 – a few years after he exited the glass business (Hyman 1902:354-355; Indiana State School for the Deaf 1914:90). Containers and Marks Although the firm’s main product list did not include containers, Hollweg & Reese apparently began carrying its own line of fruit jars by the 1870s, when William McCully & Co. made the Dictator, a jar similar to a grooved-ring, wax-sealer that was embossed with the 469 Hollweg & Reese name.
    [Show full text]
  • Bascule Bridge Lightweight Solid Deck Retrofit Research Project
    BASCULE BRIDGE LIGHTWEIGHT SOLID DECK RETROFIT RESEARCH PROJECT DECK ALTERNATIVE SCREENING REPORT FINAL FPID 419497‐1‐B2‐01 Prepared for: Florida Department of Transportation Structures Design Office Prepared by: URS Corporation, Inc. 7650 West Courtney Campbell Causeway, Suite 700 Tampa, Florida 33607 May 14, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................... 1 1.1 PROJECT NEED ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 DECK SELECTION FACTORS ............................................................................................................ 2 1.2.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.2 Weight Considerations .......................................................................................................... 3 1.2.3 Deck Thickness Considerations ............................................................................................. 5 1.2.4 Deck Attachment Considerations ......................................................................................... 6 1.2.5 Bascule Leaf Framing System Considerations ....................................................................... 6 1.2.6 Constructability Considerations ............................................................................................ 7 1.2.7 Design Considerations
    [Show full text]
  • Transportation Trips, Excursions, Special Journeys, Outings, Tours, and Milestones In, To, from Or Through New Jersey
    TRANSPORTATION TRIPS, EXCURSIONS, SPECIAL JOURNEYS, OUTINGS, TOURS, AND MILESTONES IN, TO, FROM OR THROUGH NEW JERSEY Bill McKelvey, Editor, Updated to Mon., Mar. 8, 2021 INTRODUCTION This is a reference work which we hope will be useful to historians and researchers. For those researchers wanting to do a deeper dive into the history of a particular event or series of events, copious resources are given for most of the fantrips, excursions, special moves, etc. in this compilation. You may find it much easier to search for the RR, event, city, etc. you are interested in than to read the entire document. We also think it will provide interesting, educational, and sometimes entertaining reading. Perhaps it will give ideas to future fantrip or excursion leaders for trips which may still be possible. In any such work like this there is always the question of what to include or exclude or where to draw the line. Our first thought was to limit this work to railfan excursions, but that soon got broadened to include rail specials for the general public and officials, special moves, trolley trips, bus outings, waterway and canal journeys, etc. The focus has been on such trips which operated within NJ; from NJ; into NJ from other states; or, passed through NJ. We have excluded regularly scheduled tourist type rides, automobile journeys, air trips, amusement park rides, etc. NOTE: Since many of the following items were taken from promotional literature we can not guarantee that each and every trip was actually operated. Early on the railways explored and promoted special journeys for the public as a way to improve their bottom line.
    [Show full text]