Index Volumes 1 & 2

INDEX VOLUMES 1 & 2

Index by June Morrison ([email protected])

Note to Index: incontinence refers to urinary incontinence afferent neurons see peripheral nerves (UI) throughout; faecal incontinence is indexed separately. Africa, maternal mortality estimates 1407 African/African origin women, prevalence of UI 268 ageing A anal sphincter resting and squeeze pressures 451—2 bladder changes 392, 1169—71 24—hour frequency, defined 490 electrostimulation 927 24—hour production, defined 490 non-neurogenic detrusor overactivity 429 15D index, economic analysis 83 pelvic floor changes 1171—2 A-delta fibres 377, 406, 409 pelvic floor muscle training 884—5 abdominal leak point pressure (Valsalva) 439, 599—601, 618—19, pelvic organ prolapse 445 1106, 1245 prostate changes 1172—3 abdominal pressure surgery of UI, women 1331—3 animal models 594 UI, frail elderly 1169—73 normal mechanisms of continence 594 UI, men 284 absorbent materials/products 151—253, 160—73 UI, women 272—4 bodyworn 161—3 urethral changes 1171 categories 161—3 vaginal changes 1172 for children 173 see also elderly (incl. frail elderly) classification 161 AHCPR guidelines for surgery 494 clinical studies 237—8 AIDS 1136—7 diapers vs pull-ups 173 Albarran, J 28 diapers/inserts 161—2 alcohol disposable vs reusable 165, 170—1 effects on continence 470, 862 economics 89 intervention in FI 1536—7 light incontinence Aldridge, A 29 men 166—7 alfuzosin women 162—6 evidence/recommendation 819 moderate-heavy incontinence 167—72 neurogenic bladder 1085 disposable bodyworn products 168—9 algorithms 1597—621 disposable underpads 163, 171—2 continence products/devices 154 reusable bodyworn products 170 FI in adults 1524, 1620—21 reusable underpads 163, 171—2 FI in children 1033 FI in frail elderly 1222 pad change frequency and skin health 239 FI products 154 pad usage, defined 490 initial management of UI pouches 163 in children 1598—9 pull-ups 163 in frail elderly 1610—11 reusable absorbent underpads 171—2 in men 1602—3 super-absorbent polymers (SAPs) 236—7 in women 1606—7 types of materials 163 neurogenic UI acarbose 1225 initial management 1612—13 ACET study 824 post placement of AUS 1281 acethylcholine (Ach) release, non-neurogenic detrusor specialized management 1614—15 overactivity 431 nursing professionals, education 47 acetohydroxamic acid 203 painful bladder syndrome (PBS/IC) 1510, 1616—17 acetylcholine 317, 327 pelvic organ prolapse management 1618—19 acetylcholine transferase, vesicular (VAChT) 384 SF6D economic analysis 83 acetylcholinesterase 384 specialized management of UI acidosis, and contraindications to bladder augmentation 1012 in children 1600—601 in men 1604—5 actin 329—30 in women 1608—9 Actinomyces madurae, mycetoma, causing fistula 1266 allied health professionals, education 48—9 activated charcoal, odour control 241 alpha-adrenoceptor agonists/stimulants 322, 401, 470 acupuncture 915—16, 931—2 children 1004 adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, pituitary (PACAP) 392, 395 Cochrane review 837 adjustable continence therapy (ACT), men 1283—4 evidence/recommendation 819, 837 adrenergic alpha-receptors 322—4 frail elderly 1177 adrenergic beta-receptors 322 in SI 837 adrenergic systems 322—4 vs PFMT 880

1643 alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists 322, 469—70 maximum squeeze pressure 652 frail elderly 1177 resting sphincter pressure 651—2 neurogenic bladder 1085 (transient) internal sphincter relaxations 653 Alzheimer disease 1121—2 vector manometry 652—3 summary/recommendations 1122 anorectal unit 345—51 ambulatory monitoring anal canal, muscle (smooth) 347 anorectal manometry 653 anal endovascular cushions 450 cystometry anal sphincter 449 diagnostic performance 620—6 ageing changes 451—2 and management ecisions 627 anal reflex 691—2 normal values 615 disorders/disruption 771—3 OAB syndrome 625—6 and episiotomy 461 sensitivity/specificity 625 electromyography 654—8 therapeutic performance 627 innervation 348—9, 398, 449—50 urodynamics 604, 607 innervation abnormalities 349—50 aminergic pathways 400 internal, disorders/disruption 771—3 monoaminergic mechanisms 401 MEPs 687—8 amitriptyline muscles 450—2 FI 1545 obstetric trauma 450—1, 455—62 PBS/IC 1545 occult trauma 456—7, 771—3 anal incontinence, vs FI, defined 1523 other trauma 452 anal manometry, children 1029 pacemaker activity 347—8 anal plugs, FI 230—3 repair/sphincteroplasty 457—1, 1568—71 anal/anus see anorectal unit resting and squeeze pressures 448 analgesics 1502 sphincterotomy 1529—30 anandamide 380 surgery and FI 289 anatomic abnormalities 450—3 third/fourth degree tears 457—61 bladder 1009 anorectal manometry, sphincter pressures 650—4 children 507 imaging 656—7 epispadias, exstrophy—epispadias complex 1009, 1258—61 defaecography 656 innervation of anorectal unit 349—50 dynamic MRI 656—7 pelvic and axial skeleton abnormalities 447 imperforate anus, urodynamic investigations 640 recommendations for urodynamic investigations 640—1 innervation 348—9, 449—50 urethral sphincter 1010 abnormalities 349—50 angiogenesis, reconstructive surgery 345 anorectal sensation 453 angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors 470 mega rectum 1031 frail elderly 1177 muscle (smooth) 347 animal models pacemaker activity 347—8 abdominal pressure 594 perception of stool 449—50 bladder function 382—8 rectal accommodation and reservoir function 453 pontine L-region 405 rectal distension 450 bladder inflammation 393 rectal dyschezia 1220 bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) 328 rectal examination cerebellectomy and bladder function 406 children 507 diabetes mellitus, NO-mediated muscle relaxation 319 men 503—4 diaper dermatitis 234 women 499 electromyography 326 rectal irrigation, bowel retraining programmes 1541—2 innervation of urogenital tract, male cat 369 rectal outlet delay 1221 painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis 1472 rectal prolapse/rectocele 448, 498, 771—3, 1390—2, 1394—5 peripheral ganglia 382—8 recommendations 1594 PMC 404 rectal (sensory) sampling 450, 452, 653 anocutaneous reflex (ACR) 508 rectal sensory—motor and sensory activity 655—6 anogenital electrostimulation rectoanal reflexes 653 treatment of child incontinence 401 inhibitory reflexes 346, 450, 653 treatment of neurogenic bladder 1073 sphincter pressures, anorectal manometry 651—4 see also electrostimulation structure and function 449—50 anorectal function testing sensation 688 disease diagnosis, recommendations 1594 antegrade colonic enema (ACE) 1030, 1031, 1109, 1531 frail elderly with FI 1217—18 bowel retraining programmes 1541—2 healthy elderly (incl. frail elderly) 1217 children 1580 tests 511 data 1110 anorectal inhibitory reflex 346, 450, 653 anterior colporrhaphy 1299—300 anorectal malformations 1027, 1266 anterior compartment, grafts 1393 imperforate anus 1531 anterior vaginal wall rectourethral fistulae 1266—74 POP surgery 1388—90 anorectal manometry 650—4 prolapse, defined 497—8 ambulatory 653 antibiotics anorectal pressure gradient 653 catheterised patients 195, 199—201, 210 external sphincter contraction 654 coatings, catheters 196—8

1644 drainage bag care 204, 210 CME 44, 48 indwelling catheterisation 195, 199—201 costs 49 PBS/IC 1501 educational evaluation 44, 48 anticholinergics (antimuscarinics) 818—28 specialist nurse training 46 bladder effects 469, 820 standard setting by nursing professionals 47 children 1002—3 continence organisations 57, 139 frail elderly 1177 economics, women’s prevalent health problems 87 levels of evidence/grades of recommendation 819 FI studies 459 nocturnal enuresis 642, 987 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 properties 820—8 incontinence treatment expenditure estimates 88 antidepressants 470, 833 smoking studies 279 children 987 surgical organisations 139 levels of evidence/grades of recommendation 819 Austria, health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1083 autoaugmentation 1013, 1062, 1092, 1348 PBS/IC 1499 see also bladder reconstruction/augmentation antidiarrhoeal drugs 1543 autoimmune mechanisms, and PBS/IC 1459 antimuscarinics see anticholinergics autologous grafts see flaps; grafts antiParkinsonian agents 470 autonomic dysreflexia, quality of life issues 228 antiproliferative factor (APF) 374 autonomic innervation in PBS/IC 1459, 1480 peripheral ganglia 382—8 antipsychotics 470 tests 693—4 apical defects 1383—90 autonomic neuropathy apical support procedures faecal incontinence 1100 sacrospinofixation 1381, 1385 and FI 452—3 vaginal surgery for POP 1384, 1386 tests 694 appendicostomy, for ACE procedure in children 1580 average volume voided, defined 490 appendicovesicostomy see Mitrofanoff procedure aquaporins 333 L-arginine, PBS/IC 1500 B arousal training, for nocturnal enuresis 985—6 artificial anal sphincter 1111—14, 1574—6, 1582 Babinski, M 23 data 1113 bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), intravesical therapy 1504 artificial tissue construct for LUT 341—5 baclofen basic requirements 342 evidence/recommendation 819 characterisation of cell function and graft function 343—5 properties 835 current need 341 bacteriuria exstrophy—epispadias complex 1259 catheterisation-associated 190—1, 196 generating nutrient supply for grafts 345 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 504, 644 prospects 1014 with OAB symptoms 504 reconstruction, bladder neck reconstruction 1017 prophylaxis in catheterised patients 199—201 scaffolds for implant structure 342—3 balloon (T-doc) catheters 598 UI after 1255—7 Bardenheuer, B 26 see also artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) ; bladder barrier creams 238 reconstruction/augmentation Barrington’s nucleus 403 artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) 1015—16, 1250, 1251, 1274—83 basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) 409 availability and cost 1274—5 BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin), intravesical therapy 1504 children 1015—16 Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 1491 complications of surgery 1276—9 bedpans 158—60 treatment 1280—3 recommendations 160 continent diversions, AUS cuffs around intestine 1019 Behavior Enhances Drug Reduction of Incontinence (BE-DRI) 137 double cuff 1282 behavioural disorders 1034—40 durability of AUS 1279—80 urinary incontinence in children 1034—40 follow-up, consensus protocol 1283 incontinence post placement, algorithm 1281 behavioural interventions, elderly people 1187—93 indications 1274—6 behavioural trials men 1250, 1251, 1274—83 research methodology 133 post radiotherapy revision rate 1254 see also lifestyle post-prostatic surgery 467 Belgium, health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 summary/recommendations 1285 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) see prostatic disease Asia, maternal mortality estimates 1407 Berg, S 30 Asia Pacific Continence Advisory Board 46 Berry, JL 31 assessment see - in women; incontinence assessment: - in men; beta-adrenoceptor agonists/stimulants quality of life levels of evidence/grades of recommendation 819 atrophic vaginitis, transient incontinence in older adults 469 properties 833 atropine 325, 822 beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, evidence/recommendations 837 evidence/recommendation 819 beta-adrenoceptor, β -adrenoceptor 322 properties 325, 822 3 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 1034, 1038 bethanechol supersensitivity test 635, 1069—70 augmentation cystoplasty see bladder reconstruction/augmentation BFLUTS, see Bristol female LUTS questionnaire Australia bilharzial contracted bladder 1263

1645 biofeedback filling 368—72 faecal incontinence 1567 end fill volume (efv) 410 children 1030 motor neuron disease 390 defined 1547 myovesical plexus 387—8 neurogenic 1107 normal 815 protocols 1547 normal mechanisms of continence 594 RCTs 1547—52 PET studies 404 training effects 1550 sensation types, urge vs fullness 408—9 summary/recommendations 1551—2, 1556 smooth muscle activity 384—8 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1008 storage 368—72 children 1000—1 afferent/efferent pathways 369 pelvic floor muscle training 897—8 pons activation 405 biofilm formation, Proteus mirabilis 202—3 storage properties 334 biomarkers, PBS/IC 1479—80 storage reflexes 370 Birmingham Bowel and Urinary Symptoms Questionnaire voiding reflex 607 (BBUS-Q) 541 see also detrusor function; micturition; overactive bladder (OAB) birth injury see childbirth and obstetrics; pelvic floor Bladder Function Questionnaire (BFQC) 537 bisacodyl 1106, 1225 bladder inflammation bladder animal models 393 ageing changes 392, 1169—71 see also painful bladder syndrome congenital abnormalities 1009 bladder innervation 377—93 imaging, endoscopy 765 afferents, properties 378 neobladder: artificial tissue construct 341—5 direct electrical nerve stimulation (DENS) 385 normal development of control 967—70 motoneurons 383 bladder augmentation see bladder reconstruction/augmentation muscle bundle nerve supply 384 bladder biopsy, prognostic value in PBS/IC 1470—1, 1472—3 parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (PGN) 395 bladder cancer see also bladder function, central pathways; peripheral ganglia; assessment questionnaires 552 peripheral nerves innervating LUT link to catheterisation 201—2 bladder instability see detrusor overactivity suprapubic catheterisation 215—16 bladder myectomy see bladder reconstruction/augmentation and PBS/IC 1470 bladder neck spinal cord effects 201—2 closure 1016 bladder capacity descent, denervation of lower motor neurons 1067 normal 617 endoscopy 764—5 normal child 968 hypermobility 447—8 reduced 1263—6 mobility 496—7 bladder reconstruction results 1265 reconstruction 1017 bladder charts and diaries 503 artificial tissue construct for LUT 341—5 Annex—1 1627—8 exstrophy—epispadias complex 1259 Annex—2 (ICIQ SF2) 1629—1630 support, intravaginal devices 185—7 children 970, 971—2 bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) defined 490 animal models 328, 389—90 outcomes research methodology 117 peripheral modular model 388, 389—90 bladder compliance 616—17 cystoscopy 766 children 976 and detrusor overactivity 389 normal 327—8 non-neurogenic detrusor overactivity 428—9 obstructed bladder 328 patient evaluation see also detrusor children 976—8 bladder cooling test 609, 625, 635, 1068—9 males 504, 631—5, 766 bladder expression, neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1076 and PVR 504 bladder exstrophy 1009 research methodology 121 bladder flaps ruling out 1245 detrusor augmentation 1089—90 transurethral incision of external urinary sphincter (TURS) 1090 urethral reconstruction 1017 bladder outlet surgery 1014—17 see also flap(s) bladder neck closure 1016 bladder function bulking agents 1015 animal models, volume increase 391 fascial slings 1016 atony 1088—90 outlet reconstruction 1017 central pathways 402—9 see also - reconstruction/augmentation; bladder neck cerebellum 406 bladder overactivity see overactive bladder (OAB) cortical pathways 407—9 bladder overdistension, for detrusor overactivity 1345—6 hypothalamus 406—7 bladder permeability 332—3, 335 PAG (periaqueductal grey matter) 405—6 bladder reconstruction/augmentation 1011—14 pontine L-region 405 artificial tissue construct for LUT 341—5 pontine micturition center (PMC) 403—4 augmentation-cystoplasty 1507 spinal cord injury 409—11 autoaugmentation 1013, 1062, 1092, 1348 supraspinal pathways 403—9 bladder neck 1017 classical and intrinsic mechnisms 386 colo/entero/gastrocystoplasty 1012—14, 1091—2 contraction 815—16 complications 1013, 1019—24, 1092 see also detrusor for detrusor overactivity 1347—9 electromyography 371 non-neurogenic 1263, 1265

1646 experimental methods 1014 Bristol female LUTS (BFLUTS) questionnaire exstrophy complex 1259—60 sexual function 550 outlet reconstruction 1017 short form/long form 530—1, 532—3, 535 seromuscular patch 1013—14 Brown, B 29 striated muscle flap 1089—90 Brown, T 24 UI after 1255—7 buccal mucosal graft 341—5 see also neobladder bulbocavernosus bladder reflexes, opioid mechanisms 401 denervation testing 684 bladder reinnervation, neurogenic bladder— electromyography (CNEMG) 692 sphincter dysfunction 1098 Martius fat flap 1433—42 bladder retraining 905, 907, 1077 reflexes 401—2, 508, 691—3, 1066 bladder sensation, categories, defined 489 dynamic reflex (BCR) 1071 bladder stones see calculi evoked potentials 1071 bladder storage see storage symptoms technical standards 698 bladder training sphincter conduction measurement 1071 children 999 see also sacral men 930—1 bulbourethral sling 1248—9, 1255 retraining 905, 907, 1077 results 1252 vs other treatments 910—13 bulking agents 1015, 1248 vs PFMT 878, 879, 882, 883 FI 1578 vs placebo, no or control treatments 909—10, 909—11 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1095 women 905—14 see also periurethral injectable agents summary/recommendations 948 Burch procedure see colposuspension bladder transection 1093 Burghele, T 26 bladder voiding see voiding symptoms butoxamine 833 bladder wall fibrosis 1263—6 body mass index, risk factor for UI, women 277—8 body-worn drainage bags/accessories 176—9 C body-worn urinals 179—80 bone anchors 1342 C fibres 377, 406, 409, 835, 1261 bone-anchored perineal sling, male 1249, 1255 cadaveric fascia lata (CFL) 1311, 1312 Bonferroni correction, data analysis 113 caesarean vs vaginal delivery 275—6, 287, 288, 456 botulinum toxin and FI 287, 288, 1532 children 1004 and UI 275—6 evidence/recommendation 819 caffeine 186, 861—2 idiopathic DO 1261, 1262 intervention in FI 1536—7 intravesical therapy, PBS/IC 1505 calbindin 382 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1007, 1074, 1084—5, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) 326—7, 378, 384 1086 calcium bovine pericardium, pubovaginal fascial slings 1313—14 and endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria 340—1 Bowel Disease Questionnaire 542 role in muscle contraction 315—18 bowel dysfunction, neurological disorders 1030—1 calcium antagonists 469—70, 828—9 bowel management and retraining programmes 1540—3 frail elderly 1177 behaviour modification 1541 calciuria, children 983 bowel habit 1540 calculi combination therapies 1541 infection stones, chemolysis 211 digital or other stimulation 1542 link to catheterisation 195, 202, 223 evacuation training 1540 suprapubic catheterisation 215—16 faecal incontinence (neurogenic) 1103—4 reservoir, children 1021—2 manual evacuation 1543 Caldwell, KPS 26 rectal irrigation 1541—2 calmodulin 315—16 adverse events 1542 Canada antegrade/retrograde irrigation 1541—2 ethical issues, placebos 853 resisting urgency 1540 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 Boyce, WH 26 specialist nurse training 46 brachytherapy, UI after 1255—7 Study of Health and Aging 279 brain cannabinoids 380 noradrenergic system 400 capsaicin structures involved in micturition control (PET studies) 408—9 evidence/recommendation 819 see also bladder function, central pathways idiopathic DO 1261, 1262 brain injury 1531 intravesical therapy 835, 1504 brain nuclei, LUT function 403 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1084 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 379, 381, 409 properties 835 brainstem capsazepine 334 lesions 1123—5 CapSure (meatal occlusive device) 181—2 PET images 405 carbachol test 635 Brief Index of Sexual Function for Women (BISF-W) 548 CARE protocol 1331 Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) 1492 case series, research methodology 101—3 Brief Sexual Function Inventory 548—9 Cathelin, F 23, 24 Brindley, GS 26 catheter balloon, Triclosan antiseptic-filled 198

1647 catheter valves 225—6 caesarean vs vaginal delivery 275—6, 287, 288, 456, 1532 research priorities 229 episiotomy 434—5, 451, 461—2, 1528 catheterisation forceps vs vacuum assisted 773 condom catheter 1081, 1206 instrumental vaginal delivery 461 indwelling catheterisation 193—213 normal vaginal delivery and pelvic floor damage 455—62 indwelling suprapubic catheterisation 213—16 summary/recommendations 462 intermittent catheterisation 217—25 epidemiology of UI 39—40, 275—6 management strategies 203—13 episiotomy 434—5, 451, 461—2, 1528 comfort 204—8 faecal incontinence 287, 450—2, 455—62, 771—3, 1528—9, drainage bag care 204 1532 insertion/emoval 208—10 epidemiology 450—4 meatal/periurethral care 203—4, 210 forceps delivery 1528 troubleshooting 205—7 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 462 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1078—81 large baby 1528 research priorities 229—30 maternal health, mortality estimates 1407 risk factors 196—203 mechanical trauma 456—61 bacteriuria 190—1, 196 occult and sphincter trauma 456—7 bladder cancer 201—2 peripheral neuropathy 1142—4 calculi 202, 223 subsequent pregnancy management 460—1 urethral strictures 202 third/fourth degree tears 457—61 catheters 189—230 nerve trauma 452 balloon (T-doc) 598 obstetric fistula, mortality estimates 1407 for children 643 parity 1528 coated vs uncoated 219—22 research methodology 122 Cochrane reviews 230 risk of UI, women 275—6, 1142 condom catheter 1081, 1206 training 462 drainage, maintenance 211 vacuum extraction 1528 encrustation/blockage by mineral deposits 191, 195, 202—3, 211 summary/recommendations 462 indwelling 188—92 see also obstetric fistula; obstructed labour insertion/removal 203 children intermittent 192—3 epidemiology of UI 259—65 maintenance, drainage bag care 204 faecal incontinence see faecal incontinence in children maintenance solutions 204 future research/recommendations 507 materials 189—91, 193, 194, 196—8 normal development of control 967—70 antibiotic coatings 191, 196—8 overactive bladder (OAB)/syndrome 992—3 biofilms 190—1 physical examination 507 silver alloy-coated 191 physiotherapy, pelvic floor muscle training 1001 cost—benefit analysis 198—9, 212 terminology of urinary incontinence 259 tissue reactions 189—90 see also nocturnal enuresis quality of life issues 227—8 children (day and night incontinence) 264—5, 970—7, 988—1004 risks vs benefits 189 assessment 506—7, 970—7 size/design 191—2, 193 behavioural aspects 1034—40 tape seals 210—11 boys/girls 641—2 Triclosan antiseptic-impregnated 203 detrusor—sphincter dysfunction 973—5, 990—1 valves 225—6 diagnosis cauda equina see sacral roots invasive 974—7 cell biology 315—62 non-invasive 971—4 glossary and convention notes 351—2 workup 992 Celsus, Aulus Cornelius 21 dysfunctional voiding 994—5, 999 central nervous control 812 elimination syndrome 997—8 cerebellum, bladder function 406 epidemiology 259—65 cerebral lesions 1122—5 prevalence 989—90 cerebral palsy functional incontinence 259, 262—4, 970—7 children, recommendations for urodynamic investigations 639 general comments and terminology 259 electroneurography during dorsal rhizotomy 689 giggle incontinence 996—7 cerebral somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) 690 investigations cerebrovascular accidents 1122—5 cystometry and electromyography 371, 975—6 FI 1124—5, 1531 urodynamic studies, neurogenic LUT dysfunction 636—7, frail elderly 1174, 1219 976—8 UI 1122—5 VCUG 974—5 summary/recommendations 1124, 1125 meta-analysis 642 cfos expression 399 non-neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction (NNBSD) in Changes in Sexual Function Questionnaire (CSFQ) 549 children 259—65 chemical stimulation, faecal incontinence (neurogenic) 1105—6 non-neurogenic «neurogenic bladder» 995—6 Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) 1035 poor bladder emptying 995 childbirth and obstetrics 122, 455—62 post-void residual urine (PVR) 974 anal sphincter repair psychological aspects 1034—40 FI following 1568, 1569 research methodology 126—7 sphincteroplasty 1570 risk factors delivery techniques 462 anatomic abnormalities 637—40

1648 cerebral palsy 639 risk factor for UI, women 279 family history 264 collagen minor neurological dysfunction and developmental delay abnormalities, and hernias 447 264—5 bladder muscle 328 myelodysplasia 637—8 collagen injections non-neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction (NNBSD) allergic reactions 1323 259—65 perianal 1578 sacral agenesis 639 periurethral (as bulking agent) sociocultural factors and psychopathology 264 children 1015 spinal cord injury 639 men 1248, 1251—2, 1255 spinal dysraphism 638—9 women 1319—23 other 265 see also periurethral injectable agents terminology 259 colorectal cancer 1223 treatment 998—1004 colectomy 1529 alarm 1001 colostomy 1114, 1579, 1583 biofeedback 1000—1 faecal incontinence (neurogenic) 1114 bladder rehabilitation/urotherapy 999—1000 percutaneous endoscopic (PEC) 1541 clean intermittent (self)-catheterisation 1001, 1010 colpectomy, total 1386 medication 1002—4 colpocleisis 1386 neuromodulation 1001 colporrhaphy 1299—300 standard therapy 100 age of patient 1331 underactive detrusor 995 anterior 1389 urge syndrome 993, 999 and sling support 1389 urinary tract infections (UTIs) 990—1 colposacropexy 1379 vesicoureteric reflux 990—1 colposuspension 1300—1 vesicovaginal entrapment 997 Burch 137, 446, 527, 1306, 1315 voiding postponement 996 laparoscopic 1303—5 see also nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) pain after 1325 China, elderly population growth 1165 and recurrence of LUTS 1335—7 chlorhexidine retropubic 1332 catheter maintenance solution 208 and sling surgery 610—11 drainage bag care 210 commodes 158—60 cholera toxin B (CTB) labelling 396—8 recommendations 160 choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) 382 comorbid illness cholinergics see bethanechol frail elderly 1173—6 cholinesterase inhibitors, frail elderly 1177 FI and 1219 chondroitin sulfate, intravesical therapy 1504 and surgical treatment of UI 1333—4 chronic pulmonary disease, frail elderly 1174 complementary therapy cimetidine, PBS/IC 1500 FI 1535 cingulate gyrus 408 men 931—2, 949 cisapride 1106 search strategy 953—4 clean intermittent (self)-catheterisation (CIC), children 1001, 1010 women 915—16, 943, 948 cleansers/moisturizers 238—9 summary/recommendations 948, 949 clenbuterol computed tomography, upper urinary tract 712 with PFMT 882 concentric needle electromyography (CNEMG) 398, 680—2, 686, properties 833, 837—8 692 clinical research see research suggested standards 697 clinical trials see randomised controlled trials (RCTs) concordance correlation coefficient, pad tests 777 clitoral (pudendal) nerve see pudendal nerve condom catheter cloaca 1568 catheterisation 1081 cloacal exstrophy, incidence 1009 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 1206 clorpactin WCS 90 (hypochlorous acid), intravesical therapy 1505 conduit diversion Clostridium difficile, prevention 1225 conversion to continent 1098 Cochrane reviews neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1097 alpha-adrenoceptor agonists 837 congenital adrenal hyperplasia 507 biofeedback in FI 1549 congestive heart failure, and nocturia 1173—4 bladder training 907 connexins 318 catheters 230 conservative management 857—964 drug therapy in FI 1224 faecal incontinence 1103—8, 1536—52 episiotomy 461 biofeedback/pelvic floor exercises 1547—52 estrogen therapy 842 bowel management and retraining programmes 1540—3 habit retraining 907, 1191 chemical stimulation 1105—6 neurogenic bladder QoL 227 electrostimulation 1552—5 research 100 functional magnetic stimulation 1107 timed voiding 1191 urodynamic studies 589—90 oral medication 1106 websites 100, 1624 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1073—88 codeine phosphate 1225 painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis 1493—5 cognitive impairment 505, 1528 pelvic organ prolapse (POP) 937—43 Mini-Cog test 506 UI, children see children (day and night incontinence)

1649 UI, men 916—32 recommendations 160 complementary therapy 931—2 research priorities 160 physical therapies 916—29 research design 156—7 scheduled voiding 930—1 outcome variables 156—7 UI, women 857—916 product representation 155—6 complementary therapy 915—16 questions, comparisons 155 pelvic organ prolapse (POP) 937—43 sample size and study power 156 PFMT 864—86 trials methodology 135 physical therapies 888—904 sheaths 173—6 scheduled voiding 905—14 product categories 173—4 vaginal cones 886—8 recommendations 176 summary/recommendations 943—54 research priorities 176 conservative management programmes (CMPs) (men and women) results 174—5 933—6 urine drainage bags/accessories 176—9 CONSORT 1623 see also absorbent materials/products; other named flow diagram, randomised trials 112 products/devices statement on RCTs 104, 114 continence promotion 37—71 conduct checklist 104—5 ICI recommendations website 104 education 1622 constipation 1527 organisation 1622 aetiology 1026 prevention 1622 children continent urinary diversions 1097, 1349 functional faecal retention (FFR) 1026—7 AUS cuffs around intestine 1019 quantification 972 conversion of conduit diversion 1098 defined 1221 ileocaecal reservoir rupture 1020 and faecal impaction 1218—19 Indiana pouch 1013, 1018, 1021 as risk factor Kock pouch 1013, 1019, 1021, 1024 pelvic organ prolapse 445 Mainz pouch 1011, 1013, 1018—19, 1258 UI 862—3 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1097 risk factors for c. in frail elderly 1219 obstetric fistula 1443—4 constipation-associated FI 1545—6 stoma construction 1260 CONTILIFE instrument 530—1, 535 ContiNet 57—8 continence Contrelle Continence Tampon (disposable device) 185—7 assessment conus lesions see lower motor neurons paradigm 1167 Conveen Continence Guard (disposable intravaginal device) 185—7 questionnaires 530—8 Coping Strategies Questionnaire 1492 “guarding reflex» 399—400, 410 correlation factors, pad tests 775—8 normal mechanisms 399, 593—4 cortical pathways, bladder control 407—9 proximal/distal mechanisms 594—5 cost(s) see economics of incontinence patient evaluation cotton swab test 496 females 627—31 cough leak point pressure (Valsalva) 600—1, 604 males 631—5 Cowper’s gland, cystic dilatation 762 continence care/services 51—6 COX inhibitors 833—4 acute or subacute care to community 55 children 987—8 childhood enuresis service 56 levels of evidence/grades of recommendation 819 models for continence care 52 CP96345 395 multidisciplinary resource and referral centre model 54 cranberry juice 91, 203 need for service 52 Crohn’s disease, and FI 1531 nurse continence advisor model 53—4 cromakalin 317, 829 primary care model 54—5 cross-country comparisons, prevalence of UI in women 270 recommendations for delivery 56, 66 cryosurgical ablation of prostate 1255, 1256 services in developing nations 55—6 culdoplasty, Mayo; McCall 1384, 1385 single specialist model 52—3 continence nurse advisors 1212 Cunningham, JH 30 continence products/devices 157—253 Cunningham penile compression device 187—8 absorbent products 160—73 cutaneous care/problems see skin bedpans/commodes 158—60 cyclosporine 1502 body-worn urinals 179—80 CYP2D6 (P450 enzymes) 821 catheters 188—230 metabolism of duloxetine 837 handheld male and female urinals 157—8 cystectomy occlusive devices 180—8 subtrigonal 1507 odour control 240—1 total, and urethrectomy 1508 patient assessment and product evaluation 151—7 cystitis algorithms 154 interstitial cystitis 336—7 assessment key elements 153 guidelines for selecting continence products 151—5 ATP release 374 product categories and choice 152, 154 irradiation-associated 336 recommendations 155 loss of barrier function 337 product evaluation methodology 155—76 research methodology 130—1 recommendations 157 see also lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS); painful bladder products for preventing or containing urinary incontinence syndrome/interstitial cystitis 157—241 cystocele repair 1393—4 1650 erosion 1395 cystolysis 1092—3 and SI 629 Helmstein’s 1092 cystolysis, peripheral denervation 1506 Ingelmann—Sundberg procedure 1093, 1346 cystometry (filling cystometry) 604—17 lower motor neurons 1067 bladder compliance 616—17 pelvic floor 684, 691 CMG-EMG 1067—8 multiple system atrophy (MSA) 684 CMG-FCMG 1068 stress incontinence 684 and detrusor overactivity 605 pelvic organ prolapse 1328—30 diagnostic performance 620—6 post-hysterectomy 691 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 645, 646—7 rhizotomy 1089, 1093 gas, no recommendations 1595 see also, neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction improvements to existing techniques 608—11 sphincter changes 684 intra-subject variability 613 subtrigonal injection 1093 neurogenic bladder 1067—8 sympathetic 1506 normal values 613—17 Denmark ambulatory monitoring 615 Copenhagen Stroke Study 1124 positive/negative prediction 620, 622 FI studies 459 provocative manoeuvres 624—5 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 recommendations 649 prolapse questionnaire 539 reproducibiity and voluntary control 606—7 specialist nurse training 46 sensations and cystometric volumes 606 Der Inkontinenz-Fragebogen 537 sensitivity/specificity 620, 622 dermatitis sensory system tests 688 diaper 235 therapeutic performance 626—7 animal models 234 cystometry (simple cystometry) 645—6 perineal 235 cystoplasty skin-care products 238—9 with subtrigonal cystectomy 1507 Derogatis Interview for Sexual Functioning (DISF) 549 with supratrigonal resection 1507 descending perineum syndrome 454 see also bladder reconstruction/augmentation desmopressin 834, 986—7 cystoscopy see endoscopy in bladder overactivity 834 cystourethrography with enuresis alarm 987 voiding (VCUG) 761, 974—5 evidence/recommendation 819, 1211 children 974—5 nocturia 1208—10 Czech Republic, health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 detrusor function adrenergic alpha-receptors 322—4 D adrenergic beta-receptors 322 adrenergic systems 322—4 DAN-PSS 530—1, 535—6 animal models 387—8 DAN-PSS(sex) 551 atony 1088—90 darifenacin bioactive peptides 326—7 controlled trials 825-7 biomechanical properties 330—1 evidence/recommendation 819 children with underactive detrusor 995 properties 825—7 contraction 815—16 data analysis electromyography 694 Bonferroni correction 113 innervation 392 research methodology 110—14 leak point pressure (Valsalva) 439, 599—601, 618—19, 1106, day and night enuresis (children) see children (day and night 1245 incontinence) module, inputs 388 daytime frequency, defined 490 muscarinic receptors 321—2, 815—18 Declaration of Helsinki, ethical issues, placebos 852—3 myography 325 deep tendon reflexes 508 neurotransmitters 321—7 defaecation, dyssynergic 454 nitric oxide 326 defaecography 656, 768—70 normal mechanisms of continence 593—4 definitions 1591 pharmacology, levels of evidence/grades of recommendation 819 degenerative joint disease, frail elderly 1174 post-junctional receptors 321—2 degenerins (DEG/ENaC ion channels) 341, 376 pre-synaptic mechanisms 322 delirium, transient incontinence in older adults 469 purinergic systems 324—6 dementia 1115—17 detrusor myography 325 Alzheimer disease 1121—2 P1-receptor feedback control of nerve-muscle junction 325—6 epidemiology 1115 serotonin (5-HT) receptors 327 faecal incontinence 1219 tachykinins and neurokinin (NK) receptors 327 treatment 1225 urothelial-detrusor interactions 336 Mini-Cog assessment test 506 see also bladder function; smooth muscle;other headings below risk factor for UI, women 279 detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractile function (DHIC) summary/recommendations 1116—17 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 645—6 Deming, CL 29 simple cystometry 645—6 denervation 1092—4 neurological disorders 284 bladder transection 1093 detrusor instability see detrusor overactivity (idiopathic) bulbocavernosus tests 684 detrusor myectomy (autoaugmentation), for neurogenic incontinence complication of POP surgery 1328—30 1013, 1062, 1092

1651 detrusor overactivity (idiopathic/non-idiopathic) 603—7 diaphragms, intravaginal occlusive devices 184—7 animal models 389 “diappers» (mnemonic) 468, 1178 bladder compliance 616—17 diarrhoea, and faecal incontinence 289, 1527, 1543—5 bladder cooling test 609, 625, 635 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 1220 causes 605—6 diastematomyelia 762 diagnosis 429 Dickson, T 23 characteristics 591, 624—5, 1261 dicyclomine vs overactive bladder (OAB)/syndrome 856 evidence/recommendation 819 example 603 properties 831 filling cystometry 622—3 Dieffenbach, JF 26 and OAB syndrome 623—4 diet and fluid intake study (management of FI) 1536—9 provocative manoeuvres 624—5 dietary intervention 1538 normal subjects 617 literature search strategy 1537 pathophysiology 815 methodological qualities 1538—9 and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) 629 outcome measurement 1538—9 pharmacotherapy 811—36 participants and follow-up 1538 surgical treatment rationale for dietary intervention 1536 bladder augmentation 1347—9 results 1539 bladder overdistension 1345—6 study design 1538 endoscopic bladder transection 1345 dietary factors 861—2 Ingelmann—Sundberg denervation 1093, 1346 contraindications to manipulation in PBS/IC 1494—5 men 1261—3 elderly people 1186 post-surgery 629 faecal incontinence transvesical phenol injection 1346 children 861—2 women 1345—9 neurogenic 1106—7 terminal pattern 609, 645 dietary fibre 1536 terminology 1261 dimensional assessment vesicoureteral reflux 640, 641 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), intravesical therapy 1505 see also neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction; overactive diphenoxylate 1543—4 bladder (OAB)/syndrome direct electrical nerve stimulation (DENS) 385 detrusor overactivity incontinence 621—2 disability adjusted life year (DALY), economic analysis 81 defined 591 diuresis, transient incontinence in older adults 469—70 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 645 docusate sodium 1106 detrusor overactivity (neurogenic) see neurogenic bladder—sphincter dopamine 404 dysfunction dopamine receptor agonists 404 detrusor—sphincter dyssynergia 636 dopaminergic terminals, spinal cord 400 children 973—5 dorsal rhizotomy 1089, 1093 EMG 685 electroneurography 689 paraplegia 371, 373 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) 409 pseudodyssynergia 685, 1062 double-balloon urethrography 761 vesico—sphincter dyssynergia 411 doxazosin 322 detrusorectomy (autoaugmentation), for neurogenic bladder— evidence/recommendation 819 sphincter dysfunction 1013, 1092 doxorubicin, intravesical therapy 1505 developing nations drainage bags/accessories continence care/services 55—6 body-worn 176—9 mortality estimates 1407 care 204, 210—11 developmental delay, and mental retardation, nocturnal enuresis 262 night 177 dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer, as bulking agent 1015, 1248 purple urinary bag syndrome 177, 179 diabetes mellitus 1140—2 dry bed training, treatment for nocturnal enuresis 986 faecal incontinence 1142, 1219—20, 1530 DSLET (delta-opioid agonist) 401 frail elderly 1174, 1219—20 DSM-IV classification 1034 nerve conduction study 1071—2 Dudley, EC 28 NO-mediated muscle relaxation 319 duloxetine 319, 526 summary/recommendations 1141—2 stress and mixed incontinence 610, 837, 838—9 diagnostic tests dura mater, human 1311 bladder cooling test 609, 625, 635 dye testing, UI in women 499—500 carbachol test 635 dynamic graciloplasty 1111, 1572—4, 1582 definitions 1592 dynamic testing 585—673 electrodiagnostic tests for FI 1102 dysfunctional voiding filling cystometry 604 children 994—5 positive/negative prediction 620 defined 259, 976 sensitivity/specificity 620 dyssynergic defecation and incomplete stool evacuation 454 ICUD recommendations 589 dysuria, complementary therapy 915 potassium sensitivity test (PST) 1475—9 see also neurophysiological tests “diagostic performance» 625—6 E diaper dermatitis animal models 234 e-PAQ (Electronic Pelvic Floor Symptoms Questionnaire) 539 model 236 economics of incontinence 75—95 diapers see absorbent products categorizing costs 77—8

1652 conducting an economic analysis 85—6 comorbid illness 1173—6 context 78—9 lower urinary tract changes 1169—73 cost benefit analysis (CBA) 80, 120 age as risk factor for UI 284, 1169—73 cost consequence analysis (CCA) 79—80, 119 assessment 1176—9 cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) 80, 119 initial assessment 505—6 cost of illness (COI) 79 bacteriuria 644 cost minimization analysis (CMA) 79, 119 behavioural interventions 1187—94 cost utility analysis (CUA) 80, 119 catheters 1206—7 defining and measuring costs 76—7 faecal incontinence see faecal incontinence in (frail) elderly health outcomes for economic analysis 80—5 frail elderly 1163—239 15D index 83 future research 506 assessment of quality of life (AQoL) 83 history 505 disability adjusted life year (DALY) 81 institutional staff, interventions 1193—4 EQ5D/EuroQol 83 lifestyle interventions 1186—7 health utilities index (HUI) 83 management 1179—86 health value 81—3 costs/benefits 1180—1 incontinence-specific outcomes 80—1 men 1184 quality adjusted life years (QALYs) 81—2 summary/recommendations 1185—6, 1228—9 quality of well-being index (QWB) 83 models of care 1212—14 Rosser Index 83 nocturia 1207—11 SF6D and algorithm 83 pelvic floor muscle training 884—5 willingness to pay 81 pharmacology 814—15, 1176—7 incontinence treatment expenditure estimates, various countries 87 medications 1181—3, 1195—203 research review 86—92 physical examination 505—6 consequences of incontinence 90—1 population growth 1165 cost of illness 86—8 post-void residual urine (PVR) 647 faecal incontinence 91—2 pressure—flow studies 647—8 future 92 prevention of FI 40 overactive bladder 91—2 recommendations 506 pelvic organ prolapse 91—2 research, methodology 124—6, 1195, 1197—9 primary prevention 88—9 research recommendations 126, 649, 1168—9, 1179 treatment 89—90 stress incontinence 646 review of utilities and incontinence 83—4 surgery 1203—5 various countries transient incontinence 48—71 health expenditure as of GDP 76 urge incontinence 644—6 women’s prevalent health problems 87 urodynamic studies 643—9 websites 79 recommendations 649 see also quality adjusted life years (QALYs) reproducibility and reliability 646—7 ectopic ureter 507, 642, 713, 765, 1010 summary/recommendations 1228—9 suspected, detection 642 see also ageing; faecal incontinence ectopic ureterocele 641—2, 1010 electrical field stimulation (EFS) 385 education electrodiagnostic studies allied health professionals 48—9 available, clinical utility 697 consumers 41—3 see also neurophysiological studies promotion programs 41 electrodiagnostic tests, faecal incontinence (neurogenic) 1102 public awareness campaigns 41—3 electromyography 319, 325—6, 679, 680—6 continence promotionICI recommendations 1622 animal models 326 educational materials and funding 41—2, 49 bladder function 371—2 ICS educational directives 43 children 975 internet education resources 49—50 clinical applications 684—6 nursing professionals 46—8 concentric needle (CNEMG) 398, 680—2, 686 care pathways 47 analysis of signal 698—701 level of continence knowledge 47—8 bulbocavernosus 692 specialist nurses 46—7 suggested standards 697 standard setting 47 contraindications 1595 physicians 43—6, 657—8 detrusor muscle 1071 family physicians 44 external anal sphincter 654—5, 1102 impact of UK guidelines 44—5 general technique 680 medical education 44 kinesiological EMG 682—3, 685 medical specialist training 45—6 motor system tests 679, 680—6 urodynamic testing 658 primary muscle disease 685 recommendations 50, 66, 657—8 single fibre (SFEMG) 682 service provision and access 59 education and lifestyle 1534—5 smooth muscle 694 complementary therapies 1535 sphincters, with cystometry 1070—1 medication and side effects 1535 urethra, anus and pelvic floor 398 patient/care-giver attitudes 1535 see also motor evoked potentials (MEPs); pudendal nerve conduc- Elderly Bowel Symptom Questionnaire 542 tion tests; sacral root (cauda equina) elderly UI (incl. frail elderly) electrophysiological studies, see neurophysiological studies aetiology 1167—79 electrosensitivity, lower urinary tract 1072

1653 electrostimulation 889—900, 1552—5 prevalence 291 children 401, 1007—8 epidemiology of UI 257—312 direct (DENS) 385 analytical vs descriptive 257 faecal incontinence (neurogenic) 1107 behavioural aspects 1036—7 female incontinence 890—2, 946 help-seeking behaviour 299—300 gracilis muscle 1572—4 prevalence male incontinence 923—7, 948, 1261—3 men 916 mucosal, diagnosis of faecal incontinence (neurogenic) 1102 post prostatectomy 916—17 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1007—8, 1086—8 women 857—8 intravesical (IVES) 1087—8 prevalence (variation of estimates) 298—9, 857—8 neuromodulation 1086—7 problems in survey research 298 pelvic floor muscle 1087 varying definitions and measurements 298—9 outcome 899—900 recommendations for further research 301—2, 1622 with PFMT, vs PFMT alone 897—8 epidemiology of UI, children 259—65 physiological basis of effects 1552—4 see also children (day and night incontinence); nocturnal enuresis sacral reflexes 692—3 epidemiology of UI, men 281—6 striated muscle flap to augment bladder 1089—90 general comments and definitions 281 studies potential risk factors 283—6 quality of data 1553—4 age 284 results 1554 functional and cognitive impairment 284 search strategy 953—4 LUT symptoms and infections 284 treatment protocols 890—2 neurological disorders 284 vs magnetic corticostimulation 687 prostatectomy 284—6 vs magnetic stimulation 896, 925 prevalence 281—3 vs medication 926 estimates 282, 283 vs other treatments 877—8, 879, 896 epidemiology of UI, women 265—80 vs pelvic floor muscle training 877—9, 882, 883, 896—7 general comments and definitions 265—6 vs placebo, no or control treatments incidence and remission 272 female 892—5 potential risk factors 272—80 male 924—5 age 272—4 summary/recommendations 946, 948, 1555, 1556 family history and genetics 279—80 electrotherapy, anogenital electrostimulation 401, 1073 functional impairment 278—9 elimination syndrome, children 997—8 hysterectomy 277, 287, 296, 446 emepronium bromide lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) 278 controlled studies and trials 1198 menopause and reproductive hormones 276—7 and flavoxate 832, 1198, 1200 obesity 277—8 frail elderly 1198, 1200 obstetrical and fetal factors 275—6 emollients 238—9 parity 274—5 ENaC ion channels 341, 376 pregnancy 274 encopresis, defined 1025 smoking 279 endoanal ultrasound, faecal incontinence 767—8 other factors 280 endocoil MRI 768 prevalence in general population 266 endoscopy (cystoscopy/cystourethroscopy) 764—6 prevalence in specific populations 266—70 and biopsy in PBS/IC 1470—1, 1472—3 cross-country comparisons 270 bladder transection, for detrusor overactivity 1345 long term care facilities 268 colposuspension 1303—5 pregnant women 268 diagnosis of PBS/IC 1475 racial and ethnic differences 268—70 intraoperative 766 severity and impact 271—2, 1338 recommendations 766, 1593—4 type 270—1 surgery for rectourethral fistula 1270 EPINCONT study 272, 273, 860, 861, 862 endothelium, molecular targets 337—41 episiotomy 434—5, 451, 461—2, 1528 enemas 1105, 1225 and anal sphincter disruption 461 antegrade colonic (ACE) 1030, 1031, 1109, 1531, 1541—2 Cochrane reviews 461 entero/gastro/colocystoplasty 1012—14, 1260, 1263 epispadias 1009 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1091—4 exstrophy—epispadias complex 1009, 1258—61 for reduced bladder capacity 1265 surgery 1017 for refractory urge incontinence 1264 EQ5D (EuroQol), economic analysis 83 see also bladder reconstruction/augmentation ERIC (Education and Resources for Improving Childhood enterocele, defined 498 Continence) 1027, 1031, 1056 enuresis alarm 984—5 estrogen with desmopressin 987 continence mechanism 840—1 enuresis in children 259—65 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 1199, 1201 general comments and terminology 259 evidence/recommendation see also nocturnal enuresis eosinophil protein X 1458 OAB/DO 819 ephedrine, in SI 837 SI 837 epidemiology, defined 1461 in OAB and UI symptoms 841—2 epidemiology of POP 290—9 vs PFMT 878, 880, 881 general comments and definitions 290—1 ethical issues, research methodology 141—3 incidence 291 authorship, sponsorship and conflict of interest 142—3 potential risk factors 291—5 payment for recruiting 142

1654 placebos in clinical trials 141—2 endocoil MRI 768 recommendations 143 evacuation proctography 768—70 Europe, maternal mortality estimates 1407 neurogenic see faecal incontinence (neurogenic) below European Union, ethical issues, placebos 853 in neurological disorders 1030—1 EuroQoL EQ-5D 544 autonomic neuropathy 1100 evacuation proctography 656, 768—70 multiple sclerosis 1100 see also defaecography Parkinson disease 1100 evidence-based practice spinal cord injury 1100 levels of evidence 367, 709—10, 804—5 observational studies 569—72 neural control 367 obstetric-related, prevention 40 neurophysiological tests 694—5 pathogenic mechanisms and etiology 449—54 in PCPs 45 functional 453—4 UK 45 structural 450—3 urodynamic studies 589 patient characteristics 1525—8 website 99 pelvic floor, obstetric and other injuries 1528—9 evoked spinal cord potentials (ESCPs) 1072 prevention, primary prevention 1532 exercise prevention, secondary prevention 1532—4 and incontinence 859—60 summary/recommendations 1533, 1534, 1555 physical labour, strenuous 445—6, 937—8 research design 156 exstrophy research methodology 129—30, 511 exstrophy—epispadias complex 1009, 1258—61 research review, economics 91—2 bladder neck reconstruction 1259 risk factors 40, 287—90, 1525—34 staged vs 1-stage repair 1258 childbirth and mode of delivery 287, 451, 455—62 urodynamic evaluation 1259 constipation 1527 incidence 1009 diarrhoea 289, 1099, 1527, 1532 recommendations for urodynamic investigations 640—1 diseases predisposing FI 1530—1 surgery 1017 gender 287 extra-urethral incontinence 765 neurological and other diseases 289 defined 496 nursing home residence 287—9, 1099 nursing home surveys 1525 patient characteristics 1525—7 F population-based surveys 1524 sequelae of GI surgery 1529—30 Fabricius Hildanus 22—3 sequelae of radiotherapy 1530 faecal impaction 1218 spinal cord injury 1100, 1131—2 transient incontinence in older adults 471 surgery 289 treatment vaginal deliery 1532 in children 1030 stool characteristics 454 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 1225 surgery 1108—14 faecal incontinence types 509 see also faecal incontinence (neurogenic); faecal incontinence see also anorectal unit, anal sphincter; faecal incontinence surgery below (neurogenic) below see also faecal incontinence (neurogenic) below faecal incontinence in children 1024—33 algorithms, management in adults 1524, 1620—21 antegrade colonic enema (ACE) 1580 anatomy/functional aspects, see also anorectal unit assessment 1028—9 assessment 509—11 associated disabilities 1030—1 physical examination 510—11 encopresis 1025 assessment (questionnaires) 539—42 explanation/demystification 1029 QoL scale 540—1 functional faecal retention (FFR) 1026 childbirth and obstetrics 287, 450—2, 455—62, 771—3 defined 1025 children see faecal incontinence in children below functional non-retentive soiling 1027 diarrhoea-associated 289, 1099 defined 1025 dynamic testing 650—6 management 1029—30 anorectal manometry 650—4 management algorithm 1033 external anal sphincter EMG 654—5 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1008 pudendal nerve TML 654 outcome 1032 recommendations 659 psychological/behavioural effects 1027—8 education and lifestyle 1534—5 surgery 1572, 1579—81 elderly people see faecal incontinence in (frail) elderly beow summary/recommendations 1032 epidemiology 286—90 faecal incontinence, conservative management 1536—52 prevalence 1525—31 biofeedback/pelvic floor exercises 1547—52 prevalence in adults/children 286—7 biofeedback modalities/protocols 1547 examination 510—11 patient characteristics 1550—1 idiopathic, EMG changes 685—6 pelvic floor muscle exercises 1551 imaging 766—74 response to treatment dynamic imaging 656—7 RCTs 1549 research recommendations 774 uncontrolled studies 1550 summary/recommendations 773 study samples 1548 imaging modalities 767—71 variability in treatment methods 1548—9 endoanal ultrasound 767—8 summary/recommendations 1551—2

1655 faecal incontinence, conservative management (Ctd) female genital mutilation 1414 bowel management and retraining programmes (younger adults) gishiri cutting (Nigeria) 1413—14 1540—3 female patients see incontinence assessment in women diet and fluid intake study 1536—9 Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) 550 literature search strategy 1537 FemAssist (meatal occlusive device) 181, 183 rationale for dietary intervention 1536—8 Femsoft intraurethral occlusive device 182—4 electrostimulation 1552—5 fibrosis, bladder wall 1263—6 summary/recommendations 1539, 1555—6 filling cystometry see cystometry faecal incontinence, drug treatment 1543—7 Finetech—Brindley bladder controller, sacral anterior root constipation-associated FI 1545—6 stimulation 1088—9 diarrhoea associated FI 1534, 1543—5 Finland goals 1543 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 increasing anal canal pressure, passive FI 1545 prevalence of PBS/IC 1463 methods 1543 fistulae see obstetric; rectourethral; urethrocutaneous; vesicovaginal summary/recommendations 1546—7, 1556 fistulae faecal incontinence in (frail) elderly 1214—27 flap(s) aetiology 1218—21 detrusor augmentation 1089—90 algorithm 1222 Martius bulbocavernosus fat flap 1433—42 assessment 1222 muscle flaps dyssynergic defaecation 454 flap valves 1017 epidemiology 1214—15 striated, for electrostimulation 1089—90 evaleukemia 1221—4 urethromyoplasty 1017 pathophysiology 1217—18 flavoxate 832, 1198, 1200 studies/results 1214—16 evidence/recommendation 819 treatment 1224—5 frail elderly 1198—9, 1200 summary/recommendations 1216—17, 1223—4, 1226—7 properties 832 faecal incontinence (neurogenic) 1098—114 Flip-flo catheter valve 225—6 conservative treatment 1103—8 flowmetry biofeedback 1107 ultrasound-flow-ultrasound 974 bowel retraining 1103—4 see also uroflowmetry chemical stimulation 1105—6 fluid intake 861—2, 1186 diet 1106—7 see also diet and fluid intake study electrostimulation 1107 fluorofamide 203 functional magnetic stimulation 1107 flurbiprofen 833 oral medication 1106 frail elderly 1199, 1201 reflex triggering 1104—5 focal neuropathy due to iatrogenic lesion 1142—4 Valsalva pressure 1106 Foley, FEB 31, 32 diagnosis 1101—3 foreign bodies anorectal tests 1101 causing fistulae 1266 electrodiagnostic tests 1102 salt pessaries 1413—14 mucosal electrostimulation 1102 frail elderly persons elderly saline enema and faecoflowmetry 1102 see epidemiology 1099—101 France economics, women’s prevalent health problems 87 surgery see faecal incontinence surgery faecal incontinence products 230—41 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 algorithms 154 incontinence treatment expenditure estimates 88 anal plugs 230—3 Frangenheim, P 29 odour control products 240—1 Frankl-Hochworth, L 24 rectal trumpets/tubes 232—3 frequency research priorities 233, 241 bladder training 913—14 skin health impact 234—40 complementary therapy 915 Faecal Incontinence QoL Scale 540—1, 542 corresponding urodynamic observations 593 faecal incontinence surgery 1108—14, 1565—88 defined 488, 592 antegrade colonic enema (ACE) 1030, 1031, 1109—10, 1531, increased daytime 592 1541—2 frequency/volume chart (FVC) children 1580 children 971—2 artificial anal sphincter 1111—14, 1574—6, 1582 defined 490 colostomy 1114, 1579, 1583 see also bladder charts and diaries dynamic graciloplasty 1111, 1572—4, 1582 frontal lobe urinary incontinence 407—8, 1123 non-stimulated muscle transposition 1571—2, 1582 fructose, intervention in FI 1536—7 postanal repair 1571—2, 1582 functional faecal retention (FFR) 1026—7 radiofrequency ablation (Secca) 1578—9, 1582 defined 1025 sacral nerve stimulation 1108—9, 1576—7, 1582 functional impairment (mobility restriction; physical disability) sphincter repair/sphincteroplasty 1568—71, 1581—2 470—1 stimulated muscle transposition 1572—4, 1582 risk factor for UI, women 278—9 summary/recommendations 1581—3 functional incontinence Faecal Incontinence Survey 541—2 defined 259 family history and genetics, risk factor for UI, women 279—8 epidemiology in children 262—4 fascia lata, cadaveric (CFL) 1311, 1312 functional mechanisms 453—4 fascial slings, children 1016 functional non-retentive soiling 1027 Fear of Pain Questionaire 1491—2 defined 1025

1656 Health Internet Ethics 50 G Health on the Net website 50 health outcomes for economic analysis 80—5 GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) health professionals, see education and micturition reflex 399, 404 health status GAG (glycosaminoglycans) 332, 1459 incontinence-specific outcomes 80—1 galanin 383, 384 value-associated 81—3 Galen, Claudius 21 health utilities index (HUI) 83 ganglia, peripheral 382—8 health-related quality of life (HRQL) see quality of life Gastrointestinal QoL Index (GIQLI) 542 hearing impairment 505 gastrointestinal tract 345—50 heat shock proteins (HSPs) 340 and FI 449—54 Heister, Lorenz 23 functions 345—7 Helmstein’s denervation 1092 smooth muscle activity 321, 387 help-seeking behaviour 299—300 surgical procedures 1529—30 heparin, intravesical therapy 1504 see also anorectal unit heparin-binding EGF-like GF (HB-EGF) 1480 genetics, risk factor for UI, women 279—8 hernias, and collagen abnormalities 447 genitalia, examination in children 507 herpes zoster 1145 geriatric see elderly UI (incl. frail elderly) hesitancy, defined 489 Germany high uterosacral ligament suspension (HUSLS) for POP 1384 elderly population growth 1165 Hippocrates 21 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 Hirschsprung’s disease 289, 349, 1025 Gersuny, R 28, 30 historical aspects 21—34 giggle incontinence 996—7 neurophysiology 677 Giordano, D 29 history-taking glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) 409 children 970—1 glutamate, NMDA receptors 395 faecal incontinence 1028—9 gluteus transposition 1571—3 elderly UI (incl. frail elderly) 505 glycerine suppositories 1105 HIV infection and AIDS 1136—7 glycosaminoglycans (GAG) 332, 1459 Hodge pessary, intravaginal occlusive device 185 Goebell, R 29 home care, elderly (incl. frail elderly) 1212 Golgi—Mazzoni bodies 450 Hopkinson, BR 24 Golombok—Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS) 545—6 hormonal treatment of UI 840—2 Gonzalez de Gariby, AS 30 estrogen 819, 837, 840—2, 878, 880, 881, 1199, 1201 Göteborg QoL Instrument 545 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) 1491 GP-51, in PBS/IC 1480 Hungary, health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 gracilis muscle Hunner’s ulcer, in PBS/IC 1467, 1475 electrostimulation 1572—4 hyaluronic acid/dextranomer copolymer, as bulking agent 1015, 1248 transposition 1571—3 hyaluronic acid/sodium hyaluronate, intravesical therapy 1504 graciloplasty, dynamic hydration (fluid intake) 861—2, 1186 FI 1111, 1573 hydrocephalus, frail elderly 1175, 1176 FI data 1111 hydrodistension, for detrusor overactivity 1345—6 grafts hydrogen peroxide, drainage bag care 204, 210—11 buccal mucosal graft 341—5 hydroureter/hydronephrosis 448, 640, 711 fascial allograft slings 1311—13 hydroxyzine, PBS/IC 1499—500 polypropylene grafts 1393 hyoscyamine, evidence/recommendation 819 POP surgery 1392—5 hypertrophy signaling 338 porcine grafts 1313, 1392—3 hypnotherapy 1535 synthetic grafts 1393 hypnotics 469, 470 xenografts 1313—14 hypogastric nerve 382, 393 zoonoses 1392 hypothalamus Greece, health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 bladder control 406—7 “guarding reflex» 399—400, 410—11 Guillain Barré syndrome 1135—6 medial pre-optic region (MPO) 407 epidemiology 1135 paraventricular, neuropeptide transmitters 407 summary/recommendations 1136 hypoxia, in PBS/IC 1460 hysterectomy during continence surgery 1337 H during POP surgery 1370—80 and pelvic organ prolapse 296, 446 habit retraining 905, 907, 1077, 1187, 1191 risk factor for FI 287 haem-oxygenase-2 (HO-2) 383 risk factor for POP 277, 287, 296, 446 haemorrhoids/haemorrhoidectomy, risk factor for FI 1530—1 risk factor for UI 277 Hahnemann, S 23 hysterocolposacropexy 1379—80 handheld male and female urinals 157—8 hysteropexy 1379—80 harmful practices female genital mutilation 1414 gishiri cutting (Nigeria) 1413—14 I salt pessaries 1413—14 health expenditure, as of GDP, various countries 76 I-QoL Questionnaire 524, 525, 532

1657 iatrogenic injury 1142—4 future research 505 focal neuropathy 1142—4 general medical history 502—3 LUT evaluation 766, 1143—4 initial assessment 501—5 peripheral neuropathy (obstetric) 1142—4 physical examination 503—4 rectourethral fistulae 1266—74 post-prostatectomy 463—8, 916—17 surgery for USI 1323 PVR measurement 504 urethral sphincter 465—6 recommendations 504 ICD-10 classification 1034 serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement 504 ice water bladder cooling test 609, 625, 635, 1068—9 summary/recommendations (overall) 511—12 Iceland, health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 symptom assessment 503 ICIQ series of questionnaires 553, 1629 urinalyses 504 ICS see International Continence Society urine cytology 504 IIEF (International Index of Erectile Function) 546—7 see also elderly UI (incl. frail elderly) IIQ (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire) 527, 530—1, 534, 537 incontinence assessment in women 493—501, 857—8, 863 ileoanal anastamosis 1529 additional basic evaluation 499—501 ileocaecal reservoir dye testing 499—500 rupture 1020 floor muscle strength 500—1 see also continent urinary diversions pad tests 499 ileocaecal valve 1018—19 future research 501 ileovesicostomy 1349 general medical history 493 imaging 707—74 pelvic floor dysfunction 494—5 faecal incontinence 766—74 pelvic organ prolapse (POP) 497—9 levels of evidence 709—10 physical examination 495—501 lower urinary tract 714—35 recommendations 501 endoscopy 764—6 rectal examination 499 neurogenic incontinence 757 summary/recommendations (overall) 511—12 open bladder neck and proximal urethra 759—61 systematic review of methods 493—4 post-prostatectomy incontinence 756—7 urinary symptoms 493—4 residual urine (PVR) evaluation 758—9 incontinence devices see continence devices/products; faecal urethral diverticula 761—2 incontinence devices modalities 767—71 incontinence episode frequency, defined 490 neuroimaging 762—4 Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ) 527, 530—1, 534, 537 pelvic floor 735—48 incontinence products see continence devices/products pelvic organ prolapse 748—56 Incontinence QoL Questionnaire (I-QoL) 524, 525, 532 positive pressure urethrography 761 Incontinence Severity Index 530—1, 534 recommendations 1593 Index of Sexual Satisfaction (ISS) 549 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 763 India, elderly population growth 1165 ultrasonography 710—14, 973—4 Indiana pouch 1013, 1018 summary/recommendations 710, 781—2 calculi 1021 see also endoscopy; magnetic resonance imaging; positron indomethacin 833 emission tomography (PET) indwelling catheters/catheterisation 188—216 imipramine antibiotic use 195, 199—201 children 988 catheters 188—92 controlled studies and trials 1197 encrustation/blockage by mineral deposits 191, 195, 202—3, evidence/recommendations 819, 837 211 frail elderly 1197, 1200 materials 189—91, 193, 194, 196—8 properties 833, 837—8 contraindications 1080 IMMPACT (Initiative on Methods, Measurements and Pain cost—benefit analysis 194, 198—9 Assessment in Clinical Trials) 1489 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 109—81 imperforate anus 1531 quality of life 227—8 recommendations for urodynamic investigations 640 research priorities 229 implantable see intraurethral; intravaginal risk factors 193—4 incidence, defined 258 calculi, cancer and stricture 195 incontinence infections 196 defined 591 suprapubic catheterisation 213—16 historical aspects 21—34 vs intermittent catheterisation 224—5 see also epidemiology of UI; other named aspects of UI, below; summary/recommendations 212—13, 1080 faecal incontinence; «overflow”-; «reflex» -; stress -; urge - infants (incl. neonates) incontinence assessment myelodysplasia, recommendations for urodynamic investigations in children 506—7, 970—7 637—8 see also children (day and night incontinence) urodynamic studies, recommendations 637—40 elderly UI (incl. frail elderly) 505—6, 1167—79 infection stones, chemolysis 211 faecal incontinence 509—11 infections 1459—60 LUT symptoms 488—93 in neurological patients 508 catheterisation-associated 190—1, 196 post-micturition symptoms 489 urinary, see urinary tract infections storage symptoms 488—9 inflammatory mediators 374 voiding symptoms 489 informed consent, recommendations for research 107 summary/recommendations 511—12, 1228—9 Ingelmann—Sundberg procedure, denervation 1093, 1346 incontinence assessment in men 501—5, 916—17 initial assessment of incontinence see incontinence assessment characteristics 501—2 Initiative on Methods, Measurements and Pain Assessment in Clinical

1658 Trials (IMMPACT) 1489 research methodology 130—1 injectable agents see bulking agents; collagen; periurethral injectable see also painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis agents Interstitial Cystitis Collaborative Research Network, website 130 injury see obstetrics; spinal cord lesions; trauma intestinal neuronal dysplasia 1026 innervation intraurethral devices anorectal unit 348—9, 449—50 occlusive devices 182—4 bladder 377—93 stents, neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1090—1 detrusor function 392 valves and catheters 1095 EMG of urethra, anus and pelvic floor 398 intravaginal occlusive devices 184—7, 941—3 levator ani motoneurons 396—8 reusable/disposable 185—7 parasympathetic innervation 369—70 intravenous urography, upper urinary tract 710—14 pelvic innervation 369—70 intravesical electrostimulation (IVES), neurogenic bladder—sphincter peptides 326—7, 383 dysfunction 1087—8 peripheral ganglia 382—8 intravesical therapy peripheral nerves innervating LUT 377—93 bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) 1504 preganglionic neurons (PGN) 395, 398—9, 403 botulinum toxin 1505 rectum 348—9 capsaicin 835, 1504 spinal cord 393—402 chondroitin sulfate 1504 striated muscle of urethra, anus and pelvic floor 398 clorpactin 1505 sympathetic innervation 369—70 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 1505 urethral innervation, motoneurons 383 doxorubicin 1505 see also peripheral ganglia; peripheral nerves heparin 1504 inositol trisphosphate 315—16 hyaluronic acid 1504 institutional care 1213—14 lidocaine 1504 FI prevalence 1215—16 oxybutynin 1083, 1493 staff, interventions 1193—4 PBS/IC 1502—5 surveys, risk factors for FI 1525 pentosanpolysulfate (PPS) 1504 UI prevalence, women 268, 269 resiniferatoxin 1502—4 intermittent catheterisation 217—25 intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD) 439, 626, 764—5, 1340 advantages 217—18 Introl reusable intravaginal ring 185—7 catheters 192—3 IPD-1151T (suplatast tosilate), PBS/IC 1500—1 cleaning for re-use 224 I-QoL Questionnaire 524, 525, 532 coated vs uncoated 219—22 Ireland materials 219 FI studies 459 Speedicath vs Lofric 219—22 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 clean (CIC) irrigation see antegrade colonic enema (ACE) in children 1001, 1010 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 462 and CISC 217 ischaemia signaling 338, 339 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1078—9 ISI (Incontinence Severity Index) 530—1, 534 children 1007 isoprenaline 833 research priorities 229 ISS (Index of Sexual Satisfaction) 549 risk factors Italy calculi 223 economics, women’s prevalent health problems 87 infections 219 elderly population growth 1165 strictures 223 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 tissue trauma 219 incontinence treatment expenditure estimates 88 vs indwelling catheterisation 224—5 intermittent stream, defined 489 International Consultation on Incontinence 1589—628 J ICIQ languages 531—2 modules 553 Japan website 553 elderly population growth 1165 ICIQ-SF 526—7, 530, 531—2 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 ICIQ-SF2 1630 prevalence of PBS/IC 1462 recommendations 1589—629 specialist nurse training 46 see also algorithms Jonas, U 31 International Continence Society CPC and ContiNet 57—8 ICS-BPH and ICSsex 547 K ICSmale and ICSmaleSF 530—1, 536 research guidelines 99 kallikrein 336 International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) 546—7 kappa-opioid receptor agonists 381, 401 internet see websites kappa-opioid receptors 401 interpositioning tissue, urethral diverticulae (female) 1343—4 Kaufman, JJ 31 Interstim, longterm sacral root stimulation 687 Kaufman prosthesis 1248—9 interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) 347, 387 Kegel’s exercises, see pelvic floor muscle training interstitial cells/myofibroblasts, and LUT function 320—1 Kelly, HA 30 interstitial cystitis 336—7 King’s Health Questionnaire 524, 530—1, 533, 537 database (ICDB) 1463—4 men 537

1659 Kock pouch 1013, 1019 ultrasonography 973—4 calculi 1021 intraoperative evaluation 766 QoL issues 1024 and lower bowel tract, innervation 1061—2 Kollicker—Fuse nucleus 400, 403 neural control 607 Kowarschik, J 24 neurogenic incontinence 757 Krause end-bulbs 450 open bladder neck and proximal urethra 759—61 peripheral nerves 377—93 L post-prostatectomy incontinence 756—7 post-void residual urine (PVR) evaluation 758—9 smooth muscle see smooth muscle labour see childbirth and obstetrics; obstructed labour; spinal projections of LUT primary afferent neurons 393—5 lactose, intervention in FI 1536—7 testing reflex pathways in humans 401—2 lactose intolerance 1220 urethral diverticula 761—2 lactulose, treatment of faecal impaction 1225 lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) laparoscopic laser procedures, uterine prolapse 447 assessment 488—93 laparoscopic surgery females 493—4 Burch urethropexy 1315 frequency and severity measurement 489—91, 1338 colposuspension 1303—5 future research 491 rectourethral fistula 1270 males 501—2 vesicovaginal fistula, non-obstetric 1356 positive predictive value (PPV) for USI 493 latex catheters, tissue reactions 189—90 post void residual urine (PVR) volume 491—2, 504 Latin America, maternal mortality estimates 1407 questionnaires 530—8 Latzko procedure, fistulae 1270 recommendations 491 laxatives urinalysis 492 constipation-associated FI 1545—6 defined 1591 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 1225 recommendations for investigations, males 631—2, 635 macrogols 1026—7, 1030, 1031, 1105 risk factor for UI, women 278 osmotic 1026—7, 1029—30 Lowsley, OC 29 plus biofeedback 1546 lumbar disc prolapse 1138 stimulant 1106 lumbar stenosis 1133—5 “lazy bladder» 994 lumbosacral spine X-rays 762 leak point pressure (Valsalva) 439, 599—601, 618—19, 1245 LUTS see lower urinary tract symptoms reproducibility 618—19 leg/body-worn drainage bags/accessories 176—9 Leicester Impact Scale (LIS) 536 M Leonardo da Vinci 22 leukotrienes 1458 M3 see muscarinic (M) receptors levator ani McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire (MFSQ) 550 EMG 685 McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ and SF-MPQ) 1491 motoneurons 396—8, 463 macrogols (polyethylene glycols) 1026—7, 1030, 1031, 1105 myorrhaphy, POP surgery 1385—6, 1391 magnetic corticostimulation, vs electrostimulation 687 lidocaine magnetic resonance imaging children, neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1007 endocoil MRI 768 intravesical therapy 1504 female urethral diverticula 761—2 lifestyle, physical exercise and work 1534 neuroimaging 763 lifestyle interventions upper urinary tract 713 elderly people 1186 urethral diverticula 1343 men 917—18 magnetic stimulation pelvic organ prolapse 937—8 ExMI 901 research recommendations 951 functional, faecal incontinence (neurogenic) 1107 search strategy 953 in men 928—31 women 858—64 search strategy 953—4 see also behavioural trials in SUI, UI and MI 903—4 Lightwood, R 24 vs electrostimulation 687, 896, 925 Lissauer’s tract 393 vs placebo, no or control treatments 902—3 literature-searching see search in women 901—4 locus coeruleus 403—4 summary/recommendations 946, 949 long term care see institutional care Mainz pouch 1011, 1013, 1018—19, 1258 loperamide 1225, 1543—4 Mainz II in obstetric fistula 1444 anal canal pressure effects 1545 Male Urinary Symptom Impact Questionnaire (MUSIQ) 536—7 lower motor neurons 396—8, 1074 conus level stimulation 1088 Male Urogenital Distress Inventory questionnaire (MUDI) 536 denervation 1067 Malone see antegrade colonic enema bladder neck descent 1067 Manchester Health Questionnaire 541 lower urinary tract mandelic acid, catheter maintenance solution 208 artificial tissue construct 341—5 Marshall, F 29 efferent pathways and reflex control of LUT 395—8 Marshall—Marchetti—Krantz procedure 1301—3 electrosensitivity 1072 Martius bulbocavernosus fat flap 1433—42 function, molecular targets 337—41 mast cells imaging 714—35 activation 1458—9 endoscopy 764—6 PBS/IC 1461, 1468—9

1660 maternal health molecular targets, regulation of LUT function 337—41 developing world 1405 biomechanical phenotypes 337—8 historical aspects 1444 excitation—contraction coupling specific to LUT and/or bowel mortality estimates 1407 338 maximal urethral closure pressure (MUCP) 597, 617—18, 1340—1 hypertrophy signaling 338 maximum voided volume, defined 490 ischaemia signaling 338 meatal occlusive devices 180—2 mitochondria, Ca2+ and endoplasmic reticulum 340—1 mechanicostimulation, sacral reflexes 693 neuromuscular signaling and transmission 338—40 MedCircle websites 50 neurotransmitter receptors 338 Medical Outcomes Study SF-36, SF-20, SF-12 542—3, 1492 neurotrophic interactions, role of NGF 338—40 medical professionals see education TGF-beta pathway 338 medications see pharmacology urothelium and DEG/ENaC ion channels 341 megacolon, antegrade colonic enema (ACE) 1030, 1031, 1109—10 monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) 259 megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) montelukast, PBS/IC 1501 383 mortality estimates Meissner’s corpuscles 450 historical aspects 1444 men, UI assessment see incontinence assessment in men maternal health 1407 men, UI surgery see surgical treatment of UI, men motor evoked potentials (MEPs) 678, 687—8 meningomyelocele 1138—40 motor function 508 anocutaneous reflex 508 motor neuron disease epidemiology 1138—9 bladder function 390 special tests 1068—73 bowel function 1030 summary/recommendations 1140 motor neurons, levator ani 396—8, 463 menopause and reproductive hormones, risk factor for UI, women motor unit potentials (MUPs) 681—3 276—7 concentric needle electromyography (CNEMG), analysis of signal mental retardation, nocturnal enuresis 262 698—701 mental status 508 neurogenic change in EAS 1102 MESA study 278, 281, 283 schema of components 701 methenamine 200 motor units, nerve conduction studies 679 methotrexate, PBS/IC 1501 mucins 1022 methoxamine 837 mucosal electrostimulation 1102 metoprolol 833 MUCP (maximum urethral closure pressure) 597, 617—18, 1340—1 Mexico multi-attribute utility (MAU) instruments, QALYs 83—5 elderly population growth 1165 Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) 1492 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 Multidimensional Sexuality Questionnaire (MSQ) 549—50 micturition multiple sclerosis 1125—9 afferent/efferent pathways 369 desmopressin 834 children 967—70, 988—9 disease-specific LUT dysfunction patterns 1126—7 normal development of control 967—70 epidemiology 1125—6 normalised micturition frequency, defined 490 faecal incontinence 1100, 1128—9 pontine micturition center (PMC) 403—4 risk of FI 1531 pubourethral complex 463 summary/recommendations 1128, 1129 reflex, modulation 398 multiple system atrophy (MSA) serotonergic pathways 400 denervation of pelvic floor 684 tachykinins 395 diagnosis and treatment 1102, 1117—18 voiding reflexes 370, 393, 607 epidemiology 1117 see also bladder function; voiding symptoms summary/recommendations 1118 micturition time chart, defined 490 Murless, BC 30 midodrine 837 muscarinic (M) receptors 321—2 Millin, T 29 detrusor function 321—2, 815—18 Mini-Cog assessment test, dementia 506 subtypes 323, 816—18 Miniguard (meatal occlusive device) 181 muscle (biomechanical properties) 327—31 minocycline, impregnating catheter 197 bundle nerve supply 384 misoprostol, PBS/IC 1501—2 compliance mitochondria, Ca2+ and endoplasmic reticulum 340—1 normal bladder 327—8 Mitrofanoff procedure 1018, 1259 obstructed bladder 328 indications 1011 contracting detrusor muscle 330—1 in obstetric fistula 1443 contracting urethral muscle 331 split appendix for cecostomy and neourethra 1580 passive intact bladder 327—8 and stone formation 1022 collagen subtypes 328 mixed urinary incontinence 610—11 passive urethra and pelvic floor tissue 328—9 corresponding urodynamic observations 593 properties of passive muscle 328 defined 489, 592 ultrastructural 329—31 mobility, restricted see also muscle (skeletal); muscle (smooth) test 506 muscle flaps transient incontinence in older adults 470—1 flap valves 1017 models for continence care 52 striated, for electrostimulation 1089—90 modified Zung Depression Inventory 1491 urethromyoplasty 1017 moisturizers/emollients 238—9 see also flap(s)

1661 muscle (skeletal) suprapontine lesions 426 calcium role in contraction 315—18 surgery 1088—98 urethral skeletal muscle 318—19 bulking agents 1095 muscle (smooth) 315—21 circumvention of bladder 1096—8 anal canal 347 conduit conversion to continent 1098 bladder wall/detrusor conduit diversion 1097 Ca2+ channels 316—17 continent diversion 1097 contractile activation 315—16 denervation 1092—3 intercellular coupling 318 detrusor muscle augmentation 1089—90 normal mechanisms of continence 593—4 detrusor myectomy (autoaugmentation) 1013, 1092 spontaneous contractions 317—18 dynamic myoplasty 1095 calcium role in contraction 315—18 enterocystoplasty 1091—4 electromyography 694 see also entero/gastro/colocystoplasty interstitial cells/myofibroblasts and LUT function 320—1 failure to empty 1088—91 properties 347 failure to store 1091—6 rectum 347 implantable stents 1090—1 urethral smooth muscle 319—20 orthotopic bladder 1096 mycetoma, causing fistula 1266 pubovaginal slings 1095 myelodysplasia see spinal cord lesions rhizotomy 1089, 1093 myelomeningocele see meningomyelocele sacral anterior root stimulation 1088—9 myofibroblasts, and LUT function 320—1, 376—7 sacral nerve stimulation 1093 myopathies, primary, EMG changes 685 sphincteric muscle augmentation 1096 myosin 329—31 sphincterotomy 1090 myovesical plexus 387—8 subtrigonal injection 1093 to decrease detrusor contractility 1091—4 sympathetic skin responses 1073 N urodynamics 1067—8 cystometry 612 Naegele, F 26 see also detrusor overactivity; overactive bladder L-NAME 326 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction in children 1005—24 narcotic analgesics 470 behavioural aspects 1034—40 National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) 137 classification 1006 website 139 complications of surgery 1019—24 national organisations see organisations effects on GI tract 1021 Nav channels 382 future pregnancy 1022 needle suspension 1305—7 growth 1022 age of patient 1331 infections and stones 1021—2 neobladder see artificial tissue construct for LUT malignancy 1023 neonates, see infants metabolic 1020—1 neourethra, Mitrofanoff procedure 1580 QoL issues 1023—4 nerve conduction studies 679 renal function 1021 nerve growth factor (NGF) 338—40, 374, 379, 392, 409 reservoir rupture 1020 nerves/neurones see innervation; peripheral nerves storage and emptying 1019 Netherlands indications for surgery FI studies 459 abnormalities of sphincteric function 1009—10, 1011 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 abnormalities of storage 1009, 1010—11 physiotherapists 48—9 non-surgical management 1006—8 prevalence of PBS/IC 1462 presentation 1005—6 neural control 367—422 surgery 1009—24 levels of evidence 367 bladder outlet surgery 1014—18 neural circuits 368—73 bladder reservoir construction 1011—14 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 410, 426—7, 1063—98 sphincteric bypass 1011, 1018—19 behavioural therapy 1075—8 summary/consensus statement 1024 bladder expression 1076 neurogenic detrusor overactivity incontinence 410, 426—7, 635—6 toileting assistance 1076—8 children 637—43 triggered reflex voiding 1075 neurogenic detrusor—sphincter dysfunction see neurogenic bladder— bladder reinnervation 1098 sphincter dysfunction catheterisation 1078—81 neurogenic faecal incontinence 1098—114 condom catheter 1081 neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction 635—49, 1063—98 causes (literature) 1065 detrusor overactivity (NDO) incontinence 410, 426—7, 635—6 children see neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction in evaluation 128 children below history 128 clinical examination 1066 recommendations for urodynamic studies 636—7 common patterns (8) 1063 research methodology 127—9 conservative treatment 1073—88 see also neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction electrostimulation 1086—8 neuroimaging 762—4 epidemiology 1063—4 lumbosacral spine X-rays 762 pharmacotherapy 1082—6 MRI 763 special tests 1068—73 PET/SPECT 763 spinal cord lesions 426—7 neurokinin (NK) receptors 327

1662 neurokinins A and B 379, 380, 384 frail elderly 1207—11 neurologic LUT dysfunction see neurogenic bladder—sphincter night-time frequency, defined 490 dysfunction pathophysiology 1207—8 neurological disorders/diseases 284, 289, 508, 544 polyuria, defined 490 faecal incontinence 1030—1, 1098—114 QoL Questionnaire (men) 537 physical examination 508 and sleep apnoea 1173 specific disorders/diseases 1115—45 surgical 1211 sphincter denervation changes 684 treatment 1208—11 urinary incontinence 1061—98 urine volume, defined 490 see also specific disorders nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) 259—64, 642—3 neuromodulation see sacral nerve stimulation behavioural aspects 1034—40 neuromuscular signaling and transmission 338—40 classification 980 neuropathic disease 452 defined 489, 978 FI, autonomic neuropathy 452—3, 1100 enuresis service 56 tests 694 epidemiology 259—64 focal due to iatrogenic lesion 1142—4 all night wetting (MNE + PNE) according to age 260—1 peripheral bladder changes 390—2 gender 980 and voiding reflex 607 monosymptomatic enuresis (MNE) 259, 261 neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons 326—7, 382—3 NE by ethnicity 261—2 neurophysiological tests 677—8 NE by gender 261 autonomic tests 693—4 polysymptomatic (PNE) 259 available, clinical utility 697 prevalence 979 evidence based use 694—5 evaluation 970—1 motor evoked potentials (MEPs) 678, 687—8 inheritance 979—80 motor unit potentials (MUPs) 681—3 monosymptomatic vs non-monosymptomatic 259, 980 nerve conduction studies 679 pathophysiology 981—3 pudendal nerve conduction tests 686—7 detrusor overactivity 982 sacral nerve (anterior roots) conduction studies 686—7 lack of arousal from sleep 983 sacral nerve stimulation 686—7 lack of vasopressin 981—2 sacral reflex evaluation 690—3 presence of neobladder 634 sensory system tests 688—90 psychological aspects 232, 1034—40 anorectal sensation 688 recommendations for urodynamic investigations 634—5 during cystometry 688 risk factors for NE 262 electroneurography of dorsal sacral roots 689 developmental delay and mental retardation 262 quantitative sensory testing 689 family history 262 sensory neurography 689 psychopathology 262 somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) 689 sleep and arousal 262 stimulation and recording parameters 678 sociocultural factors 262 summary/recommendations 694—8, 1595 other 262 see also all the above for further information; electromyography severity 978—9 neurophysiology 675—780 terminology 259 historical aspects 677 treatment 983—8 neurotransmitter receptors 338 acupuncture 932 neurotrophins 381—2, 409 arousal training 985—6 see also nerve growth factor desmopressin 834 New Mexico, FI studies 459 dry bed training 986 New Zealand, health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 enuresis alarm 984—5 NICE 137 medication 986—8 website 139 non-responders 988 nicotinic receptors 383—4 see also children (day and night incontinence) nifedipine, PBS/IC 1501 non-neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction (NNBSD) in children night urine drainage bags 176 259—65 night-time frequency, defined 490 defined 259 NIH/NIDDK diagnostic criteria, PBS/IC 147—4, 1462, 1489 non-neurogenic detrusor overactivity 428—31 nimodipine, properties 469—70, 828—9 acethylcholine (Ach) release 431 nitric oxide 326, 379—80 ageing 429 metabolism in PBS/IC 1460 idiopathic detrusor overactivity 429 nitric oxide synthase 319, 380, 383 myogenic basis 431 nitrofurazone outflow obstruction 428—9 drainage bag care 204 pelvic floor disorders 429 impregnating catheter 198 sensory afferent activation 429—30 NK-1 antagonists 395 non-neurogenic «neurogenic bladder”, children 995—6 NMDA receptors 395 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), see prostaglandin NOBLE telephone survey 271, 501, 916 synthesis inhibitors nociceptin/orphanin FQ 380—1 noradrenergic system 400 nocturia 1207—11 norephedrine, in SI 837 and congestive heart failure 1173 normal bladder capacity 617 defined 488, 490, 1207 children 968 desmopressin 834 normal bladder compliance 327—8 epidemiology 1207 normal development of bladder control 967—70

1663 normal mechanisms of continence 399, 593—4 female meatal occlusion 180—2 abdominal pressure 594 intravaginal devices 184—7 pelvic floor 593—4 male 187—8 normal pressure hydrocephalus, frail elderly 1175, 1176 “occult» urinary incontinence 629 normal urinary flow rates, children 970, 972—3 occupational risk factors for incontinence 39 normal voiding Oceania, maternal mortality estimates 1407 fetus 969 odds ratio, defined 258 pressures 970 odour control, faecal incontinence products 240—1 Norway oedema 506 FI studies 459 O’Leary—Sant questionnaires 1480, 1485 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 IC Problem Index 1485 Nottingham Health Profile 544—5 IC Symptom Index 1485 nuclear factor kappaB, p65 in PBS/IC 1461 olestra 1534—5 null hypothesis 109 Onuf’s nucleus 319, 394, 395, 396—8, 405 numerical rating scales (NRS) 1490—1 anatomy 403, 814 Nurses Health Study (NHS), PBS/IC 1462—3 noradrenergic system 400 nursing home surveys, risk factors for FI 1525 serotonin immunoreactive terminals 400 nursing homes see institutional care OPERA study 824, 830 nursing professionals opiate receptor-like (ORLI/OP4) receptor 380—1 advanced practice 1213 opioid analgesics, frail elderly 1177 continence nurse advisors 1212 opioid mechanisms education 46—8 bladder reflexes 401 nurse continence advisor model 53—4 spinal cord 400—1 see also education and EUS 401 organisations/national organisations 51—61 addresses 67—71 O background 56 delivery of continence care/services 51—6 OAB-Q (Overactive Bladder Symptom and Health-related QoL) 535 networking 57—8 obesity NICE 137, 139 risk factor for FI 1528 recommendations 61, 66 risk factor for pelvic organ prolapse 295—6, 446 results of 2003 survey 58—61 risk factor for UI, women 277—8, 859 funding and support 59 surgical treatment of UI 1335 membership 58 treatment, and FI 1534—5 methods and response rate 58 treatment by weight loss 858—9 mission 58—9 OBJECT trial 824, 830 public awareness campaigns 59—60 observational studies 100, 558, 569—72 service provision and access 59 surgical trials research 136 orlistat 1534—5 obstetric, see also childbirth and obstetrics; obstructed labour orthotopic bladder, neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1096 obstetric fistula outcomes research in LUTS see research methodology backlog of surgical cases 1445—8 outlet obstruction see bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) classification 1429—31 overactive bladder (OAB)/syndrome 426—31 complicated cases 1439—44 bacteriuria 504 urethral damage 1439—43 children 992—3 urinary diversion 1443—4 cystometric volumes 606 early care 1431—2 defined 259, 530, 592, 1261 epidemiology 1408—14 endoscopy 765 determining extent 1410—11 filling cystometry 623—4 maternal mortality 1406—8 OAB-questionnaire 535 levels of evidence 1406 pathophysiology 815 prevention 1444—5 pharmacotherapy 811—36 surgical closure 1432—9 post-prostatectomy 467 world maternal health statistics 1407 research of economics 91—2 summary/recommendations 1448—9 surgical treatment of UI, women 1339—40 see also vesicovaginal fistulae symptoms complex 604 obstructed labour and urge incontinence 623—4 pathophysiology 1415—17 vs detrusor overactivity 856 prevalence 1412—13 warning time and pharmacology 826 obstructed labour injury complex 1409, 1415—29 see also detrusor overactivity dermatologic injury 1426—7 Overactive Bladder Symptom and Health-related QoL (questionnaire) gynecologic injury 1420—3 535 neurologic injury 1425—6 overflow incontinence 636, 1063 orthopaedic trauma 1425 defined 636 rectovaginal fistula 1423—5 FI, elderly (incl. frail elderly) 1218—19 social consequences 1427—9 pharmacotherapy 839—40 urologic injury 1417—20 oxybutynin 1504 see also obstetric fistula children 1002—3 occlusive devices (urinary incontinence) 180—8 controlled studies and trials 822—4, 829—31, 1197 female intraurethral 182—4 vs behavioural treatment 647

1664 evidence/recommendation 819 conservative therapy 1493—5 frail elderly 1196—7, 1200 algorithms 1510, 1616—17 adverse reactions 1196, 1200 behavioral modification 1493—4 efficacy 1196 dietary manipulation 1494—5 intravesical 1083, 1493 physical therapy 1494 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1007, 1083 stress reduction 1494 OXY-ER and -IR 829—30 definition 1457, 1591 OXY-TDS 831 diagnosis 1457, 1473—80 properties 829—31 algorithm 1510, 1616—17 vs PFMT 878, 880, 881 antiproliferative factor (APF), in PBS/IC 1459, 1480 oxyphencyclimine, neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1083 biomarkers 1479—80 oxytocin, in spinal cord projections 407 biopsy prognostic value 1470—1, 1472—3 clinical symptom scales 1480—8 P cystoscopy 1475 differential diagnosis 1474 NIDDK criteria 1473—4 P-QoL/St Mary’s Questionnaire 539 inclusion/exclusion 1473—4 P2X, P2Y receptors 376 pathology 1475 P2X2/3 receptors 379 potassium sensitivity test 1475—9 p65, in PBS/IC 1461 symptoms 1474—5 P450 enzymes 821 pain, essential component 1474—5 Pacinian corpuscles 450 urodynamics 1477—9 pad tests 117, 477, 499, 774—9 see also pathology below home-based 777—9 epidemiology 1461—5 office-based 774—7 conflicting data 1461—2 pyridium test 774 definition 1461 summary/recommendations 779, 1595 diagnostic criteria and epidemiological studies 1462 pads see absorbent products gender differences in studies 1463—4 Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale 1491 large studies Pain Disability Index (PDI) 1492 physician verified diagnosis 1462—3 pain measurement symptom based questionnaires 1463 Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 1491 NIH/NIDDK diagnostic criteria 1462 Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) 1492 studies 1461—5 Coping Strategies Questionnaire 1492 symptom-based definition 1464 criteria 1489 histopathology 1468, 1470—1 Fear of Pain Questionaire 1491—2 historical review 1465—6 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) 1491 intravesical therapy 1502—5 IC specific psychophysical tools 1492 BCG 1504 IC specific tools assessing pathophysiology 1492 botulinum toxin 1505 IMMPACT recommendations 1489 capsaicin 1504 McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ and SF-MPQ) 1491 chondroitin sulfate 1504 Medical Outcomes Study (SF36) 1492 clorpactin 1505 modified Zung Depression Inventory 1491 dimethyl sulfoxide 1505 Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) 1492 doxorubicin 1505 numerical rating scales (NRS) 1490—1 heparin 1504 Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale 1491 hyaluronic acid/hyaluronate 1504 Pain Disability Index (PDI) 1492 lidocaine 1504 Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) 1492 oxybutynin 1493, 1504 standard pain medicine psychophysical tools 1490 pentosanpolysulphate (PPS) 1504 visual analog scale (VAS) 1490 resiniferatoxin (RTX) 1502—4 painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis 1455—520 oral therapy 1495—502 aetiology 1458—61 amitriptyline and tricyclic antidepressants 1499 autoimmune mechanisms 1459 analgesics 1502 complex pathogenic interactions 1461 antibiotics 1501 hypoxia 1460 cimetidine 1500 infection 1459—60 cyclosporine 1502 inflammation 1458, 1469—70 hydroxyzine 1499—500 mast cell activation 1458—9 IPD-1151T 1500—1 neurobiology 1460 L-arginine 1500 nitric oxide metabolism 1460 methotrexate 1501 toxic agents 1460 misoprostol 1501—2 urothelial dysfunction/GAG-layer defects 1459 montelukant 1501 urothelial dysfunction/inhibition of cell proliferation 1459 nifedipine 1501 assessing outcomes 1488—92 quercetin 1501 clinical trials /selection of patients 1489 sodium pentosanpolysulfate (PPS) 1498—9 evidence based medicine in clinical practice 1488 pain measurement 1489—92 monitoring clinical status 1488—9 pathology 1465—73 pain measurement criteria 1489—92 animal models 1472 placebo 1489 electron microscopy 1471 regression to the mean 1489 inflammatory cells 1469—70

1665 Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (Ctd) dysfunction 494—5 mast cells 1468—9 effects of pregnancy on function 432 neuronal studies 1469 electrostimulation see electrostimulation prognostic value 1470—1 epidural analgesia during labour 434—6 recent series 1466—8 episiotomy 434—5, 451, 461—2, 1528 risk of cancer/ other pathology 1470 imaging 601—2 recommendations for research 131 magnetic vs electrostimulation 687, 901—2 research, summary/recommendations 1508—10 motoneurons 396—8 research methodology, recommendations 130—1, 1625 muscle exercise 435 surgery 1506—8 muscle strength, UI in women 500—1 bladder augmentation-cystoplasty 1507 non-neurogenic detrusor overactivity 429 bowel 1507 normal mechanisms of continence 593—4 cystolysis-peripheral denervation 1506 obstetric and other injuries 1528—9, 1532 cystoplasty with subtrigonal cystectomy 1507 passive biomechanical properties 328—9 cystoplasty with supratrigonal resection 1507 pelvimetry 447 nervous system 1506 perineal trauma 435—6 parasympathetic denervation 1506 pregnancy and childbirth 432—6 sacral nerve neuromodulation 1506 see also childbirth and obstetrics; pelvic floor muscle training sympathetic denervation 1506 (PFMT); pelvic organ prolapse total cystectomy and urethrectomy 1508 Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI) 131, 538—9 symptoms 1464, 1474—5 Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Network (PFDN) 139 scales 1480—8 Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Questionnaire (PFDQ) 539 PAIS (Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale) 547—8 Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire (PFIQ) 131, 539 palmitoylethanolamide 380 pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) 864—85 paraplegia, detrusor—sphincter dyssynergia 371, 373 biofeedback 897—8 parasympathetic see peripheral nerves definitions 865 parasympathetic denervation 1506 in FI 1532, 1551—2 parasympathomimetics see bethanechol summary/recommendations 1551—2, 1556 paravaginal repairs 1303, 1388—90 objectives 864 abdominal vs vaginal 1389 outcome 884—5 paraventricular hypothalamus, bladder control 406—7 and age 884 Paré, Ambrose 22 patient characteristics 885 parity pelvic organ prolapse (POP) 939—41 and risk in childbirth 1528 as prevention (parous/nulliparous) 866—9 risk factor for pelvic organ prolapse 295, 444—5 questionnaires 526 risk factor for UI 268, 274—5 search strategy 953—4 Parkinson’s disease 1118—20 spinal lesions 411 bladder/detrusor overactivity 404, 624, 649 treatment mode 869—76 recommendations 634—5 in addition to other treatment 882—3 urodynamic studies 649 alone vs with electrostimulation 897—8 detrusor activity, EMG 685 childbearing women 869—70 faecal incontinence 1100, 1120 differing approaches 872—7 urinary incontinence 1118—20 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 1225 summary/recommendations 1120 in men 918—23, 948 Parks postanal repair 1571—2, 1582 vs placebo, no or control treatments 870—2 pathophysiology vs other treatments 877—82 detrusor overactivity (idiopathic) 815 bladder training 878—9, 880 faecal incontinence in (frail) elderly 1217—18 drugs 878, 879, 880—1 nocturia 1207—8 electrostimulation 877—8, 879 nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) 981—3 summary/recommendations 881—2 obstructed labour 1415—17 surgery 879, 881 overactive bladder (OAB)/syndrome 815 vaginal cones 877, 879 pain measurement 1492 voluntary muscle contractions 868, 870—4, 877—8 spinal cord lesions (incl. injury) 1129—30 summary/recommendations 944—5, 948 stress incontinence 628 pelvic ganglia 382—8, 393 UI 425—84 pelvic neuropathy see neuropathic disease UI post-prostatectomy 1246—8 pelvic organ prolapse (POP) 122, 131—2, 443—8, 748—56 urge incontinence 630 assessment 497—9 patient characteristics, and outcome of PFMT 885 gastrointestinal dysfunction 448 Patient Overall Rating of Improvement of Symptoms (PORIS) scale ICS POPQ (quantification) 290 1487 questionnaires 538—9 Pawlik, K 28 symptoms 494—5 PBS/IC see painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis urinary tract dysfunction and prolapse 447—8 pelvic floor 432—6, 735—48 damage in normal vaginal delivery 432—6, 455—62 urodynamics, prediction of occult SI 629 denervation 684, 691 voiding dysfunction 448 neurological disease 684 associated functional conditions 447—8, 1380—3 post-hysterectomy 691 complications, denervation 1328—30 stress incontinence 684 conservative management 937—43 traumatic 684 lifestyle interventions 937—8 descending perineum syndrome 454 PFMT 939—41

1666 physical therapies 939—41 DPN selective stimulation 401 rings and pessaries 941—3 activating sphincter 398 definitions 497—9 pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) 689—90 epidemiology 290—9 sacral reflexes 691 and FI 1530 spinal lesions 410 management algorithm 1618—19 see also pudendal PNTML in 686 penile sensory neurography 689 prevention 937—8 pentosanpolysulfate (PPS) research, outcomes 1395—6 intravesical therapy 1504 research methodology, recommendations 122, 131—2, 1626 PBS/IC 1498—9 research priorities 1398 peptides 326—7, 383 research review economics 91—2 percutaneous endoscopic colostomy (PEC) 1541 risk factors 1374 Pereyra, AJ 29 aetiology 444—7 perianal injectable agents 1578 age/ageing 291—5, 445 periaqueductal gray 607 bladder overactivity 447—8 bladder control 405—6 bowel dysfunction 296 perineal body collagen synthesis abnormalities 447 absence 1568 constipation 445 descending perineum syndrome 454 delivery mode 295, 444 perineal dermatitis 235 gynecologic surgery/hysterectomy 277, 287, 296, 446 perineal sympathetic skin responses 1073 menopause and reproductive hormones 296 peripheral nerve stimulation 1351 obesity 295—6, 446, 937—8 peripheral nerves (LUT) 377—93, 812—14 occupational stress and physical labour 445—6, 937—8 afferent neurons 377—82 parity 295, 444—5 ATP and P2X3 receptors 379 pelvic and axial skeleton abnormalities 447 bladder afferents 377—8 pregnancy 444 neurotrophins 381—2 previous surgery for prolapse 446 nitric oxide 379—80 race and hereditary factors 295 opiate receptor-like (ORLI/OP4) receptor 380—1 smoking 296 sensitivity of afferent endings 378—9 surgery for SUI 293, 1328, 1329—30 tachykinins, substance P, neurokinin A and neurokinin B 380 other 296—7 urothelial afferents 378 search strategy 954 vanilloid (TRPV1) receptor 380—1 with SUI 1326—8 clinical studies and animal models 389—93 see also pelvic floor bladder changes with ageing 392—3 pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery 1371—401 bladder changes in neuropathic disease 390—2 abdominal vs vaginal route 1375—9 bladder inflammation 393 current practice 1374 bladder outlet obstruction 389—90 RCTs 1376—7 efferent nerves 814 anterior wall support 1388—90 parasympathetic nerves 369—70, 813 apical support procedures per vaginum, post-hysterectomy denervation 1506 1384—8 preganglionic neurons (PGN) 395, 398—9, 403 culdoplasty 1385 peripheral ganglia 382—8 high uterosacral ligament suspension (HUSLS) 1384 bladder and urethra 382—4 ileococcygeus fascia fixation 1384—5 detrusor overactivity 389 LeFort colpocleisis 1386 integrative physiology 385—8 levator myorrhaphy 1385—6 postganglionic efferent nerves 384—5 sacrospinofixation 1381, 1385 sensory/motor control 812—14 complications 1376 silent afferents 377 concomitant functional disorders 1380—3 somatic nerves 812—13 concomitant hysterectomy 1379—80 storage 813 indications 1373—4 sympathetic innervation 369—70, 694, 813 laparoscopy 1378 skin responses 694 obliterative procedures 1386 voiding reflexes 813 outcomes 1376, 1377, 1395 peripheral neuropathy due to iatrogenic lesion 1142—4 posterior wall support 1390—2 periurethral injectable agents 1319—23 research age of patient 1332 outcomes 1395—6 children 1015 recommendations/priorities 1397—8 complications 1323 (role of) materials 1392—5 men 1248, 1251—2, 1255 anterior/posterior compartments 1393—5 women 1319—23 grafts 1392—3 see also bulking agents; collagen transabdominal procedures 1386 periurethral striated sphincter see urethral sphincter vaginal, with/without hysterectomy 1381 pessaries summary/recommendations 1331, 1397 management of pelvic organ prolapse 184—7, 941—3 Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire salt 1413—14 548 pharmacists, education 43—6 Pelvic Pain Urgency/Frequency Scale (PUF) 1486—7 pharmacotherapy 811—54 penile compression devices 187—8 and transient incontinence in older adults 469—70 penile (pudendal) nerve 369—70, 382, 393 trials see randomised controlled trials; research methodology

1667 pharmacotherapy recommendations dribble 489, 922—3 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 1201—3 feeling of incomplete emptying 489 hormonal treatment of incontinence 840—2 PFMT 922—3 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1085—6 Postpartum Flatal and Faecal Incontinence QoL Scale 542 OAB/DO 819 post-prostatectomy incontinence 463—8 overflow incontinence 839—40 artificial sphincters 467 stress incontinence 838—9 bladder dysfunction 467 see also all the above for further information post-prostatectomy incontinence estimates 464—5 phenol injection, for detrusor overactivity 1346 radical prostatectomy 464 phenylephrine gel, anal canal pressure effects 1545 sphincter (male urogenital diaphragm) 463 phenylpropanolamine (PPA) 837 surgical injury 465—7 vs PFMT 878, 880, 881 postural change 863 physical examination post-void residual urine (PVR) 491, 647—8 children 507, 971, 1029 children 974 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 505—6 elderly patients 647 faecal incontinence 510—11 urodynamic studies 648 children 1029 LUT, imaging 758—9 females 495—501 LUTs 491—2, 504 males 503—4 recommendations 649 neurological patients 508 potassium channel openers 829 recommendations 1593 potassium sensitivity test (PST) 1475—9 physical exercise and work 859—60, 1528, 1534 Pousson, A 28 risk factor for pelvic organ prolapse 445—6, 937—8 practolol 833 physical limitations 1528 PRAFAB score 89 physical therapies prazosin, evidence/recommendation 819 men 916—29 prebiotics, intervention in FI 1536 PBS/IC 1494 pregnancy women 888—904 prevalence of UI 268, 269 physicians, education 43—6 risk factor for UI 274 physiotherapists, education 48—9 premarin, vs PFMT 878 physiotherapy pressure ulcers, and incontinence 235—6 children, pelvic floor muscle training 1001 pressure—flow studies research methodology 133, 1625 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 647—8 pinacidil 317, 829 prostatic obstruction 648 pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) 392, 395 prevalence, defined 258 placebos prevention of incontinence 38—41 in clinical trials, ethical issues 141—2 childbirth-related incontinence 39—40 ethical issues, Declaration of Helsinki 852—3 economics of incontinence 88—9 plasma, composition 335 faecal incontinence (FI) 40 platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 345 older adults, UI prevention 40 Poland, health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) 866 Politano, VA 30 population-based prevention 38 pollakisuria (increased frequency) 592 primary prevention recommendations 41, 66, 858 polydimethyl siloxane (macroplastique) 1248, 1252, 1255 prostatectomy-related incontinence 40 polyethylene glycol 1026—7, 1030, 1031, 1105 research review 88—9, 858 polypropylene grafts 1393 risk factors polysymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PNE) 259 general 38—9 polyuria, defined 490 occupational 39 pons 607 primary care model 54—5 glioma 1123 primary care practices (PCPs), education 45 pontine L-region, bladder function 405 probiotics 1536 pontine micturition center (PMC) 368, 403—4 and flatulence 241 porcine grafts 1392—3 procaine haematoporphyrin 1199, 1201 corium, pubovaginal fascial sling 1313 progressive supranuclear palsy, differentiation from PD and MSA PORIS (Patient Overall Rating of Improvement of Symptoms) scale 684, 1102 1487 prokinetic agents 1106 Portugal, health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 prolapse see pelvic organ prolapse (POP) positron emission tomography (PET) prompted voiding 905—6, 1187—93 bladder function 404—5 propantheline brain structures involved 407, 409 controlled studies and trials 822, 1198 neuroimaging 763 evidence/recommendation 819 pelvic floor, brain structures involved 409 frail elderly 1198, 1200 posterior rhizotomy 1089, 1093 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1083 posterior urethral valves 640, 642, 1009 properties 822 posterior vaginal wall propiverine POP surgery 1390—2 children 1004 prolapse, defined 497—8 controlled studies and trials 1197 see also POP; rectocele evidence/recommendation 819 post-micturition symptoms frail elderly 1197, 1201 assessment 489 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1007, 1083

1668 properties 831—2 cadaveric fascia lata (CFL) 1311, 1312 propranolol 833 and colposuspension 610—11 prospective field trials 1190 literature review 1309 prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors 833—4 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1095 children 987—8 rectus and fascia lata 1309 prostate and recurrence of LUTS 1335—7 changes with ageing 1172—3 tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) 89—90, 138, 1314—19 frail elderly 1172—3 tissue rejection 1312 research methodology 120—1 xenograft slings 1313—14 prostate-specific antigen (PSA), measurement 504 pudendal nerve(s) 369—70, 382, 393, 396, 410 prostatic cancer bulbocavernosus reflexes 401—2, 508, 691—3 assessment questionnaires 552 conduction tests 686—7 LUTS incidence 1173 CPN selective stimulation 401 UI post non-surgical treatment 1255—7 activating sphincter 398 prostatic cancer surgery reflexes, control of continence 399 cryosurgical ablation of prostate 1255, 1256 sacral reflex arc 690—3 and radiotherapy spinal lesions 410 UI after 1254—5 pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) 654 urodynamics recommendations 633 measurement 686 summary/recommendations 467—8 no recommendations 1595 prostatic cancer surgery (radical prostatectomy) 40, 463—8, 1530 PNTML muscles 453 bladder dysfunction 467 prolongation 452, 455—7, 654 epidemiology 464—5 constipation 863 iatrogenic injury 1142—4 pudendal neuropathy 452 radical retropubic 284, 464, 632—3 pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) 689—90 and radiotherapy 633 pudendoanal reflex 401—2, 410—11 surgical injury 465—7 optimised 402 UI post-prostatectomy 464—5, 1246—51 Pulsegen, magnetic stimulation 901 pathophysiology 1246—8 purinergic systems 324—6 risk factors 1246 P1-receptor feedback control of nerve-muscle junction 325—6 surgical treatments 1248—51 receptors, detrusor function 816 urodynamics evaluation 1247 purple urinary bag syndrome 177, 179 urodynamics recommendations 632—3, 1284 pyridium pad tests 774 see also post-prostatectomy incontinence prostatic hyperplasia (BPH/benign prostatic disease in general) BPH QoL9 547 Q elderly (incl. frail elderly) 1252—3 epidemiology, frail elderly 1172—3 Q-tip test 496 PSA in 504 quality adjusted life years (QALYs) 81—2 questionnaires (validated) 547, 552 disability adjusted life year (DALY) 81 surgery economic analysis 81—2 post-surgery UI 1251—2 utilities 80—3 transurethral incision of prostate (TUIP) 632—3 multi-attribute utility (MAU) instruments 83—5 transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) 284, 464 quality of life assessment 519—84 prostheses, POP surgery 1392—5 AQoL prosthetic bladder see artificial tissue construct economic analysis, various countries 84 protamine 336 health outcomes for economic analysis 83 Proteus mirabilis dimension-specific measures 555 biofilm formation 202—3 economic analysis 81—3 persistence 200 faecal incontinence 539—42 pseudodyssynergia 685, 1062 generic instruments 542—5, 555 psychological aspects HRQL see questionnaires in QoL assessment faecal incontinence in children 1027—8 indwelling catheters 227—8 nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) 262, 1034—40 literature-searching strategy 521 surgery for UI 1334 measurement of UI 522—9 UI in children 1034—40 outcomes research 118—19 Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS) 547—8 population-specific measures 555 psychotropic drugs, frail elderly 1177 postoperative 1325—6 psyllium 1536 surgery for neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction in children pubic pressure body-worn urinals 179—80 1023—4 public awareness campaigns 41—3 urinary incontinence/LUTS 530—8 national organisations 59—60 summary/recommendations 556—7 pubococcygeus, EMG testing 685 quality of well-being index (QWB) 83 puborectalis muscle 452, 453 economic analysis 83 pubourethral complex 463 Qualiveen, spinal cord injury, Qol questionnaires on urinary problems ligament sparing 466 552 pubovaginal fascial slings 1016, 1307—14 quantitative sensory testing 689 age of patient 1331 quercetin, PBS/IC 1501 allograft slings 1311—13 questionnaires 524—39, 1480—5 autologous slings 1307—11 ICIQ series 553, 1629

1669 questionnaires in QoL assessment 522—9 study conduct, CONSORT 104—5 international implementation 523 surgical trials 136—7 recommendations target difference, defined 109 for clinical practice 573 see also research methodology criteria 529 recommendations in FI 529, 539—42 grades 710, 805 generic health measures for incontinence 542—5 International Consultation on Incontinence 1589—629 grades of 528—9 reconstructive surgery 341—5 in POP 529, 538—9 blood supply 345 for research 573 see also bladder specific patient groups 551—3 rectal irrigation, bowel management and retraining programmes summary 556—7 1541—2 in UI 528—38 rectal trumpets, faecal incontinence 232—3 use in research 554—8 rectal/um see anorectal unit research recommendations 554—7 rectocele 448, 498, 771—3, 1390—2, 1394—5 scores vs clinical measurements 523—4 defined 498 sexual function/satisfaction 545—51 and FI 448 theoretical aspects 522—8 posterior vaginal wall surgery 1390—2, 1394—5 reliability 522 recommendations 1594 responsiveness 523 transvaginal correction 1391 validity 522 rectourethral fistulae 1266—74 congenital/acquired RUF 1266 treatment 1268—74 R endoscopic surgery 1270 surgical approaches 1268—74 Rab proteins 334 York—Mason repair 1268, 1270, 1271 race/ethnicity, prevalence of UI, women 268—70 summary/recommendations 1285 radiofrequency ablation (Secca) 1578—9, 1582 rectovaginal fistula 1423—5 radionuclide imaging, upper urinary tract 713 reduced bladder capacity 1263—6 radiotherapy reflex triggered bowel evacuation 1104—5 PBS/IC 1530 “reflex» urinary incontinence 635—6, 1063, 1073 and prostatic surgery 633 “reflex» voiding, triggered 1075 UI after 1254—7 reflux, vesicoureteric see vesicoureteric reflux urodynamics recommendations 633 relative risk, defined 258 RAND-36 Item Health Survey 543 Reliance intraurethral occlusive device 182—4 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) renacidin, catheter maintenance solution 208 adherence to design criteria 140 renal function behavioural aspects of UI 1036 hydronephrosis 448, 640, 711 interventions, elderly people 1187—93 recommendations 781, 1594 bias, blinding and effects on validity 107—8 research (incl. future/further research recommendations) biofeedback and/or anal sphincter/pelvic floor exercises, FI 1549 absorbent materials/products 166 biofeedback in FI 1549 catheter valves 229 bladder training 907—14 catheterisation 229—30 checklist 114 cell biology 351 data analysis 110—14 device trials 134—5 ethical issues, placebos 852—3 economics of incontinence 92 flow diagram, CONSORT 112 epidemiology ideal study designs for UI 557—8 FI 302 inclusion and exclusion data 107 UI 301—2 informed consent 107 FI products 233, 241 methodology 100—3, 114 indwelling catheters/catheterisation 229 non-randomised controlled clinical trials 101 intermittent catheterisation 229 null hypothesis 109 lifestyle interventions 951 observational neurophysiological tests 695—6 UI and FI 558, 569—72 pelvic organ prolapse 951—2 vs experimental 100 physical therapies 951 oxybutinin/ behavioural treatment 647 QoL assessment 573 parallel and crossover trials 101—2 scheduled voiding regimens 951 phase I-IV studies 102 urodynamic studies 630—1 placebos, ethical issues 852—3 urodynamic tests 601—3 planning stage 100 summary/recommendations 1623 writing protocols (pitfalls) 103 research methodology 99—148 power, defined 108—9 CONSORT statement on RCTs 104, 114 randomisation 100, 106, 114 checklist 105 using questionnaires 557, 559—68 ethical issues 141—3, 852—4, 1626 reporting 114 general recommendations 100—20 sample size 108—10 bias, blinding and effects on validity 107—8 SE and SD 108 case series 101—3 significance level, defined 109 clinical research criteria 851 statistical considerations, recommendations 115 data analysis 110—14

1670 Data Monitoring and Safety Committee 107 rhabdosphincter see urethral sphincter inclusion and exclusion data 107 rhizotomy informed consent 107 electroneurography 689 non-randomised controlled clinical trials 101 posterior 1089, 1093 observations 116, 1624 rifampicin, impregnating catheter 197 phase I-IV studies 102 rings and pessaries, management of pelvic organ prolapse 184—7, planning stage 100 941—3 pragmatic and explanatory trials 110 risk factors for incontinence 38—9 primary and secondary outcomes 106—7 Rosen, 31 protocols (pitfalls) 103 Rosser Index 83 randomisation economic analysis 83 checklist 114 RP67580 395 and stratification 100, 106, 114 Rutenberg, DC 29 sample size considerations 108—10 Rutter Child Scale 1035, 1036 sampling strategies 104—5 study conduct and statistical methods 104—15, 1624 study design 100—3 S tests 1624 see also research (incl. future/further research S-100 proteins, aetiology of PBS/IC 1460 recommendations) above sacral, see also bulbocavernosus; spinal cord general recommendations, specific patient groups 120—33 sacral agenesis 507, 762, 1005—6 children 127, 1625 children, recommendations for urodynamic investigations 639 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 124—6, 649, 1625 sacral interneurons, modulation of micturition reflex 398—9 FI 129—30, 1625 sacral nerve disease, ACR absence 508 interstitial cystitis/painful bladder 130—1 sacral nerve stimulation/neuromodulation 1086—7, 1093—4, 1262, men with LUTS 120—1, 1625 1349—51, 1506 neurogenic LUT dysfunction 127—8, 1625 bladder sensations in UI 610, 1093 nocturia 132 children 1081 painful bladder syndrome 130—1, 1625 explantation rate 1577 pelvic organ prolapse 122, 131—2, 1626 faecal incontinence 1108—9, 1576—7, 1582 women with LUTS 121—3, 1625 indications 1349—50 outcomes research in LUTS 115—30 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1088—9 baseline clinical and demographic data 115 rectal blood flow 1577 clinicians’ observation and objective measures 116 for refractory urge incontinence 1264 definitions 122 SPARSI 1089 design of continence products/devices 156—7 technique 1576 for economic analysis 80—5 in urinary retention 1350 follow-up 118 summary/recommendations 1351 frail, older and disabled people 125 sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) 368, 393—6, 399—400, 407 health related quality of life (HRQOL) 118—19 aminergic pathways 400 methodology 115—30 sacral reflexes 690—3 participants’ observations and subjective measures 116 clinical applications in incontinence 693 quality of life assessment 118—19 following electrostimulation 692—3 quantification of symptoms (bladder diary/pad tests) 117 terminology 690 recommendations on socioeconomic outcomes in incontinence tests, standards 698 120 via mechanicostimulation 693 socioeconomic data as outcome measures 119—20 sacral rhizotomy 1089, 1093 tests 117—19 electroneurography 689 urodynamics 117—18 sacral roots (cauda equina) women with LUTS 121—3 conduction studies 686—7 specific types of research 133—40, 1626 dorsal root ganglia 393 behavioural and physiotherapy 133, 1626 electroneurography, dorsal rhizotomy 689 intervention trials 125 injury 453 pharmacotherapy trials 135—6, 1626 protocol for examination 693 questionnaires 554—7 magnetic stimulation 901—4 surgical trials 136—40, 1626 sacrocolpopexy 1379, 1387—8 writing protocols (pitfalls) 103 prostheses 1394 summary/recommendations 1624—6 vs sacrocolpopexy with hysterectomy 1387 see also controlled trials (RCTs) sacrohysteropexy 1379—80 reservoir calculi 1021—2 sacrospinofixation 1381, 1385 reservoir rupture, complications of surgery for neurogenic bladder St George Urinary Incontinence Score 524, 525 1020 St Mark’s score 541 residential care see institutional care salbutamol, evidence/recommendation 819 residual urine see post-void residual urine salt pessaries 1413—14 resiniferatoxin Sandvik’s severity index 271 evidence/recommendation 819 scaffolds for implant structure, artificial tissue construct for LUT idiopathic DO 1261, 1262 342—3 intravesical therapy 1502—4 scheduled voiding regimens 905—14, 930—1, 1187—93 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1084 habit retraining 905, 907 properties 835, 836 men 930—1

1671 scheduled voiding regimens (Ctd) sigmoidocele 448 prompted voiding 905—6 SII (Sexual Interaction Inventory) 550 research recommendations 951 silicone as bulking agent for FI 1578 timed voiding 905, 906, 930, 1191 silver, release into bladder from catheter-associated device 197 women 905—14 silver alloy-coated catheters, cost—benefit analysis 198—9, 212 summary/recommendations 947, 949, 1192—3 Simon, G 26 see also bladder training Simple Sexual Function Questionnaire 550 Schistosoma haematobium 1263 Sims, JM 26 Schultze, BS 28 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) 763 Scott, FB 31 skin, sympathetic responses 694 SEAPI QMM QoL index 524—5, 530—1, 532 skin health search strategy clinical studies 238—9 complementary therapy 953—4 FI products 234—40 diet and fluid intake study 1537 pad change frequency 239 electrostimulation 953—4 skin cleansing 239 lifestyle interventions 953 skin-care products 238—9 magnetic stimulation 953—4 sleep, and arousal, nocturnal enuresis 262 pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) 953—4 sleep apnoea 264 pelvic organ prolapse (POP) 954 and nocturia 1173—4 quality of life assessment 521 slings 1307—14 transient incontinence in older adults 468—71 female 610—11, 1016, 1095 vaginal cones 953—4 male 1248—9, 1252, 1255 Secca procedure, radiofrequency ablation 1578—9, 1582 small intestine submucosa (SIS), pubovaginal fascial slings 1313 sedatives/hypnotics 469, 470 smoking 1535 self-esteem studies, children 1039—40 risk factor for UI 279, 861 self-catheterisation see intermittent catheterisation SWAN study 279 seminal vesicles 466 SNAP-23 334 senna 1027, 1029, 1106 SNARES 334 sensory function evaluation 508 social continence, cortical pathways 407—9 sensory impairment 505 socioeconomic outcomes, recommendations for research 120 sensory neurography 689 sodium, transport 332—3, 335 seromuscular patch, bladder reconstruction 1013—14 sodium channels, NGF and TTX-resistant Na channels 381 serotonergic pathways 400 sodium dioctyl 1029 serotonin inhibitors 319 sodium pentosanpolysulfate (PPS) serotonin receptors 327 intravesical therapy 1504 severity of urinary incontinence PBS/IC 1498—9 assessment 489—91, 1338 sodium picosulfate 1027, 1029 ISI (Incontinence Severity Index) 530—1, 534 solifenacin Sandvik’s severity index 271 controlled trials 827—8 stress incontinence, urodynamics 628 evidence/recommendation 819 Symptom Severity Index, women 537 properties 827—8 UISS (Urinary Incontinence Severity Score) 524, 525, 526, 535 somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) 689, 1072 sexual abuse 264, 990, 1004 cerebral 690 sexual function/satisfaction pudendal 689—90 associated incontinence 489 sorbitol, intervention in FI 1536—7 BFLUTS sex questionnaire 550 Spain Medical Outcomes Study SF-36, SF-20, SF-12 542—3, 551, 1492 economics, women’s prevalent health problems 87 Multidimensional Sexuality Questionnaire (MSQ) 549—50 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 patients with UI 546 incontinence treatment expenditure estimates 88 research recommendations 123 SPARSI, sacral roots posterior stimulation 1089 Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire sphincter see anorectal unit, anal sphincter; rhabdosphincter); urethral 548 sphincter (external questionnaires in QoL assessment 545—51 spinal cord 393—402 Sexual Behaviour Inventory (SBI) 549 afferents from urethra, bowel and genital organs, effects on on Sexual Function Questionnaire (SFQ) 550 parasympathetic activity 393—4 Sexual Interaction Inventory (SII) 550 and bladder cancer 201—2 Sexual Life Quality Questionnaire 551 descending aminergic pathways 400 Simple Sexual Function Questionnaire 550 dopaminergic terminals 400 sexuality efferent pathways and reflex control of LUT 394—8 catheter-associated issues 228 external urethral sphincter motoneurons 395—6 and myelodysplasia 1008 parasympathetic preganglionic neurons 395 SF6D algorithm, economic analysis 83 EMG studies of innervation of striated muscle of urethra, anus sheaths 173—6 and pelvic floor 398 drainage bags 176—9 product categories 173—4 evoked potentials 1072 recommendations 176 innervation 393—402 Shortliffe, LM 30 modulation of micturition reflex Shy—Drager syndrome, see multiple system atrophy by descending pathways 399—401 sialomucins 1022 sacral interneurons 398—9 Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) 524, 545, 1492 monoaminergic mechanisms 401 sigma-rectum (Mainz) pouch 1011, 1013, 1018—19, 1258 nuclei and LUT function 403

1672 opioid mechanisms 401 electromyography, CNEMG in idiopathic urinary retention pelvic floor motor neurons 396—8 684—5 pelvic innervation 369—70 imaging, cystoscopy 765 reflex influences on striated muscle of sphincters and pelvic floor leak point pressure (Valsalva) 439, 599—601, 618—19, 1245 in humans 399 pathophysiology 628 sphincteric activity pelvic floor denervation 684 descending pathways 399—401 pharmacotherapy 836—9 selective pharmacological modulation 401 PPV of symptom 493 spinal opioid modulation 400—1 pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) 654 spinal projections of LUT primary afferent neurons 393—5 recommendations for clinical practice 649 testing reflex pathways in humans 401—2 recommendations for research 649 see also Onuf’s nucleus storage symptoms 488—9 spinal cord lesions (incl. injury) 409—11, 1129—32 surgery 1299—370 animal models 396—8 AHCPR guidelines 494 children, recommendations for urodynamic investigations 639 SUI with prolapse 1326—7 clinical findings 1066 voiding difficulties after 628 conus lesions 1062—3, 1074 see also men; women, surgical treatment dysraphism 507, 638—9, 762 urodynamics 595—603, 627—30 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 1220 clinical applications 627—30 epidemiology 1129 future research 601—3 faecal incontinence 1100, 1131—2, 1220, 1530—1 males 631—5 see also faecal incontinence (neurogenic) resting condition 597—8 myelodysplasia severity of SI 628 classification of detrusor—sphincter dysfunction 1006 stress condition 598—601 recommendations for urodynamic investigations 637—9 urodynamics evaluation 627—30 sexuality issues 1008 voiding difficulties after surgery 628—9 neurogenic bladder 409—11, 1008—24 see also stress incontinence, in women pathophysiology 1129—30 Stress Incontinence Surgical Treatment Efficacy Trial (SISTEr) 137 Qol questionnaires 552 stress incontinence, in women 436—43 quality of life 1131 advanced radiographic imaging 440—1 sphincter abnormalities 1010 childbirth effect 437—9 spina bifida 637—8, 762 female urogenital diaphragm 436—7 supraspinal vs subspinal 1062—3 hypermobility vs ISD 439—43 treatment see neurogenic detrusor—sphincter dysfunction, surgery magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 441 summary/recommendations 1132 ultrasonography 441—2 see also meningomyelocele urethral function studies 440 spinal stenosis 1133—5 urethral sphincter location 436—7 summary/recommendations 1134—5 urethral weakness and intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD) 439, spinohypothalamic cells, bladder control 406—7 626, 764—5 Squier, JB 29 urodynamics 627—30 Stamey, TA 29 vaginal prolapse and urethral position 437—9 stents, for neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1090—1 stress test, in stress incontinence 596 Stoeckl, W 29 stress urethral pressure profiles 598—9, 619 stoma, location 1019 Stress and Urge Incontinence and QoL questionnaire (SUIQQ) stool 534—5 characteristics 454 striated sphincter see urethral sphincter perception 449—50 stroke 1122—5 stool impaction see faecal impaction FI 1124—5 stool softeners 1106 and FI 1531 frail elderly 1174, 1219 storage, peripheral innervation 813 UI 408, 1122—5 storage symptoms 488—9 summary/recommendations 1124, 1125 assessment 488—9 struvite stones, chemolysis 211 bladder augmentation indications 1010—11 substance P 379, 380, 395 bladder sensation categories 489 subtrigonal injection, detrusor overactivity 1093 continuous urinary incontinence 489 sucralfate 1543 increased daytime frequency 488 Sudocrem, vs zinc cream BP 239 mixed urinary incontinence 489 sulfomucins 1022 nocturia 488 super-absorbent polymers (SAPs) 236—7 nocturnal enuresis 489 impact on health 237 other types of UI 489 suplatast tosilate (IPD-1151T), PBS/IC 1500—1 stress urinary incontinence 488—9 suppositories 1105, 1225 urgency 488 suprapontine lesions 1062—3 straining, defined 489 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 426 suprapubic catheterisation 213—16 stream, intermittent/slow, defined 489 catheter material 213—14 stress incontinence 593—603, 627—30 cost—benefit 216 biomechanical model 602—3 insertion and management 214 categories 595 neurogenic bladder 1080—1 corresponding urodynamic observations 593 risk factors 215—16 defined 591, 593, 858 cancer and calculi 215—16 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 646 summary/recommendations 1080—1

1673 supraspinal pathways, bladder control 403—9 synthetic grafts 1393 surgery syringocele 762 AHCPR guidelines in SUI 494 systemic lupus erythematosus 1144—5 voiding difficulties after 628—9 vs PFMT 879, 881 T see also specific types of surgery and specific conditions surgical treatment of UI, men 1243—96 adjustable continence therapy 1283—4 T-doc catheters 598 AUS 1274—83 tachykinins 380 classification of correctable problems 1244 micturition 395 evaluation prior to surgery 1244—5 and neurokinin (NK) receptors 327 new technology 1283—4 tampon-type intravaginal occlusive devices 184—5 summary/recommendations 1284—5 tamsulosin, evidence/recommendation 819 see also prostatic surgery tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) 89—90, 138, 1314—19 surgical treatment of UI, women 1297—370 age of patient 1332 anterior colporrhaphy 1299—300 complications 1315—18 colposuspension 1300—1 elderly patients, and stress UI 648 laparoscopic 1303—5 and recurrence of LUTS 1335—7 complications 1323—31 transobturator suburethral tape (TOT) 1318 haemorrhage 1323 summary/recommendations 1318—19 immediate/short term/long term 1323—6 terazosin 322 urethrovaginal fistulae 1325 evidence/recommendation 819 UTIs 1324 terbutaline, evidence/recommendation 819 visceral injuries 1323—4 terminal dribble, defined 489 wound infections 1324 terodiline (withdrawn) 1003 confounding variables 1331—42 tethered cord syndrome 762 age and activity 1331—3 tetrodotoxin 381, 409 comorbid illness 1333—4 tissue engineering 1348—9 hysterectomy during continence surgery 1337 neobladder 341—5 overactive bladder 1339—40 see also artificial tissue construct for LUT previous continence surgery 1335—7 TNP-ATP 379 severity of symptoms 1338 toileting/toileting assistance surgical factors 1341—2 access enhancement 1535 urethral occlusive forces 1340—1 evaluation of access 1223 injectable agents 1319—23 neurologic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1076—8 Marshall—Marchetti—Krantz procedure 1301—3 timed voiding 905, 906, 930, 1191 needle suspension 1305—7 tolterodine paravaginal repair 1303 children 1003 with POP 1326—31 controlled trials 823—4 recurrence of LUTS 1335—7 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 1200 slings 1307—14 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1007, 1083 tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) 1314—19 plus bladder training 911—13 surgical trials properties 823—4, 1200 methods 137—8 urge and mixed incontinence 610 new procedures 138—40 as second line treatment 90 observational studies 136 total cystectomy and urethrectomy 1508 outcomes of UI 138 toxic agents, aetiology of PBS/IC 1460 sutures 1342 training/further education see education SWAN study, smoking 279 transcutaneous electrostimulation (TENS) Sweden urinary syptoms in neurological disease 544 elderly population growth 1165 see also electrostimulation FI studies 459 transepidermal water loss (TEWL) 235 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 transforming growth factor (TGF-beta), pathway, as molecular specialist nurse training 46 target 338 Swedish Questionnaire 552 transient incontinence in older adults 468—71 Switzerland literature review results 468—71 FI study 459 atrophic vaginitis 469 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 delirium 469 sympathetic denervation 1506 diuresis 470 sympathetic innervation see peripheral nerves faecal impaction 471 sympathetic skin responses, neurologic bladder—sphincter dysfunc- medications 469—70 tion 1073 restricted mobility 470—1 Symptom Impact Index (SII), women 537 urinary infection 469 Symptom Severity Index, women 537 quality of data 468 symptoms recommendations 471 quality of life assessment 519—84 research priorities 471 quantification, recommendations 1593 transient internal anal sphincter relaxations 653 synaptobrevin 334 transmitters, and detrusor function 321—7 synbiotics, intervention in FI 1536 transurethral incision of external urinary sphincter (TURS) 1090

1674 transurethral incision of prostate (TUIP) 632—3, 1251, 1255 urethral anatomy see also prostatic surgery male 465—6 transvesical phenol injection 1346 pubourethral complex 463 trauma urethral atrophy, and AUS 1282 anal sphincter 452 urethral closure occult trauma 456—7, 771—3 during stress 598—601 urethra/pelvic floor, men 1257 normal mechanisms of continence 594 Trendelenburg, F 27 urethral closure pressure trials maximum (MUCP) 597, 617—18, 1340—1 behavioural trials 133 normative and comparative data 617—18 ethical issues 141—2 surgery for incontinence 1340—1 intervention trials 125 Questionnaires 527 pharmacotherapy trials 135—6, 1625 urethral diverticulae (female) 497, 761—2, 1342—5 prospective field trials 1190 classification 1342 surgical trials 136—40, 1626 imaging 1343 see also randomised controlled trials (RCTs); research interpositioning tissue 1343—4 methodology outcome and review of surgical procedures 1344—5 Triclosan antiseptic urethral duplication 1010 catheter balloon 198 urethral hypermobility 447—8 impregnated catheters 203 urethral innervation triggered reflex voiding 1073 extrinsic efferent 814 neurologic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1075 motoneurons 383 trospium urethral instability, defined 591 children 1003—4 urethral mobility, assessment 122 controlled trials 822—3 urethral muscle, biomechanical properties 331 evidence/recommendation 819 urethral occlusive forces 1340—1 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1007, 1083 urethral pressure properties 822—3 defined 591 TRPV see vanilloid receptor measurement 597, 602, 604 TURP see transurethral resection of prostate reflectometry 610 tyrosine hydroxylase 382, 383 normal ageing 619 aetiology of PBS/IC 1460 normal mechanisms of continence 594 variables, reliability 619 U urethral pressure profile (UPP) 597—8 profilometry 617—19 stress urethral pressure profiles 598—9, 619 UDI, Urge-Urinary Distress Inventory 537 urethral reconstruction 1017 UISS (Urinary Incontinence Severity Score) 524, 525, 526, 535 artificial tissue construct for LUT 341—5 UK urethral reflectometry 610 education 44—50 urethral relaxation incontinence, defined 591 programmes 60—1 urethral smooth muscle 319—20 evidence-based practice 45 urethral sphincter (external; rhabdosphincter) FI studies 459 abnormalities, children, in spina bifida 1010 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 innervation 814 NICE 137 intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD) 439, 626, 764—5, 1340 specialist nurse training 46 kinesiology 610 ulcerative colitis, and FI 1531 male 453 Ultmann, R 24 motoneurons 395—6 ultrasonography muscle augmentation, neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction lower urinary tract 973—4 1096 upper urinary tract 710—14, 973 muscle type 453, 814 ultrasound-flow-ultrasound 974 neuropathic dysfunction see neurogenic/neuropathic sphincter umbilicus, location for stoma 1019 dysfunction umbrella cells 373 normal mechanisms of continence 593—4, 814 University of Wisconsin IC Scale 1480—4 and PMC 403—4 unstable bladder see bladder instability skeletal component 318—19 upper urinary tract, imaging 710—14 sphincteric incontinence, rarity in men 121 urease inhibitors 203 sphincteric reflex ureter modulation by descending pathways 399—401 dilatation 709, 710 pharmacological modulation 401—2 ectopic 507, 642, 713, 765, 1010 sphincterotomy, for neurogenic bladder 1090 imaging 710—14 ureterocele, ectopic 641—2, 1010 surgical injury 465—6 ureterocystoplasty 1014 see also artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) see also bladder reconstruction/augmentation urethral sphincter (male urogenital diaphragm) 463 ureteroileostomy 1349 urethral stress profiles 598—9 ureterosigmoidostomy 1011 urethral strictures 641 in obstertric fistula care 1443—4 link to catheterisation 202, 223 urethra, neourethra, Mitrofanoff procedure 1580 urethral tissue, passive biomechanical properties 328—9 urethral ageing changes 111, 619, 1171 urethral traction 443

1675 urethral valves cytology 504 detection 642 post-void residual see post-void residual urine (PVR) posterior 1009 storage see bladder function urethral weakness, and ISD 439, 626 urine drainage bags/accessories 176—9 urethrectomy 1508 body-worn urinals 179—80 urethrocutaneous fistulae 1266 handheld urinals 157—8 urethrocystoscopy, recommendations 766 urodynamic stress incontinence, defined 591 urethrography urodynamic studies 611—49 double-balloon 761 additional 1595 positive pressure 761 ambulatory 604 voiding 761 in children 637—43 urethropexy 448 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1007 urethrovaginal fistulae clinical applications 627—49 complication of surgery 1325 female patients 627—31 non-obstetric 1356 male patients 631—5 urethrovesical junction (bladder neck) mobility 496—7 recommendations 658—9 Urge Impact Scale (URIS) 552 Cochrane review hypotheses 589—90 urge incontinence 603—10 definitions and terminology 587, 591—3 aetiology 605—6 evidence-based practice 589 corresponding urodynamic observations 593 inter-observer reproducibility 611 defined 591, 858 in men 1245—6 detrusor overactivity 603—7 summary/recommendations 1284 causes 605—6 neurologic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1067—8 example 603 outcomes research methodology 117—18 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 644—6 painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis 1477—9 filling cystometry 604—11 recommendations improvements to existing techniques 608—11 3rd ICI conference 1594 provocative manoeuvres 624—5 AHCPR guidelines for decision-making in USI 494 reproducibiity and voluntary control 606—7 children 643, 659 incidence and remission 273 clinical practice 630, 658—9 pathophysiology and severity 630 elderly (incl. frail elderly) 659 prevalence 271 invasive 659 sensations research 630—1 afferent signals 610 reproducibility and reliability, elderly (incl. frail elderly) 646—7 sacral modulation 610 research methodology, neurogenic LUT dysfunction 127—8 sensations and cystometric volumes 606 role in clinical practice 588—9 urodynamics 603—17 short, intermediate and long-term reproducibility 611—12 conventional 603—4 stress incontinence 593—603 voiding difficulties after surgery 629 urge incontinence 603—17 urgency and voiding symptoms 494 bladder training 913—14 Uroflow catheter valve 225—6 complementary therapy 915 uroflowmetry corresponding urodynamic observations 593 elderly patients defined 488, 490, 591—2 DHIC 645 pelvic organ prolapse (POP) 629 urodynamic studies, indications 648 urgency-frequency, defined 592 recommendations 649, 1594 urinalysis 492, 780—1 ultrasound-flow-ultrasound 974 future research/recommendations 493, 780—1 Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI) 524, 530—1, 533—4 urinary diversion see continent urinary diversion urogenital sinus malformations 1009—10 urinary flow rates, normal children 970, 972—3 urokinase 336 urinary incontinence urokinins 332 defined 591 uroneuraxis 403 historical aspects 21—34 urothelial afferents 378 products see continence devices/products urothelium 331—7, 373—7 see also «overflow”-; «reflex» -; stress -; urge - alteration to urothelial function 336—7 Urinary Incontinence and Frequency Comfort Questionnaire (UIFC) and cystitis 336—7 537 degenerins (DEG/ENaC ion channels) 341 Urinary Incontinence Severity Score (UISS) 524, 525, 526, 535 GAG-layer defects 1459 Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network 137, 139 inert properties 334—6 website 139 inhibition of cell proliferation 1459 urinary retention permeability 332—3 idiopathic, EMG studies 684—5 physiological/barrier functions 332 sacral nerve stimulation/neuromodulation 1350 urinary sphincter, artificial, see artificial sphincter properties, vs sensory neurons 375 urinary tract infections (UTIs) sensor and transducer functions 373—7 after surgery 1324 alterations in urothelial barrier/cell-cell signaling mechanisms children 990—1 373—4 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1008 mechanical/thermal/chemical detectors 374—6 transient incontinence in older adults 469 polymodal character 374—6 urine urothelial—neural interface 376—7 composition 335 storage properties 334

1676 structure 331—2 pain measurement 1490 transport properties 333—4 voiding TRPV1/TRPV2 374—6 normal, fetus 969 UDIF 336 normal pressures 970 urothelial—detrusor interactions 336 postponement, children 996 see also bladder; urethra prompted voiding 905—6, 1187—93 USA reflexes, peripheral innervation 370, 393, 607, 813 economics, women’s prevalent health problems 87 scheduled voiding regimens 905—14, 930—1, 1187—93 education 44—50 habit retraining 905, 907, 1191 programmes 60 timed voiding 905, 906, 930, 1191 specialist nurse training 46 summary/recommendations 947, 949, 1192—3 elderly population growth 1165 see also micturition FDA, ethical issues, placebos 853 voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) 761, 974—5, 1010 FI studies 459 indications/contraindications 975 health expenditure as of GDP (1990—2001) 76 urethral diverticulae 1343 incontinence treatment expenditure estimates 87—8 voiding symptoms 372—3, 489 uterine prolapse, laparoscopic laser procedures 447 assessment 489 uterus, examination 497 hesitancy 489 inhibition 399 V intermittent stream 489 reflexes 370, 393, 607, 813 slow stream 489 VACTERL/VATER associaton 640 straining 489 vagina terminal dribble 489, 761 anterior vaginal wall prolapse, defined 497—8 and urodynamics studies 494 apical segment prolapse, defined 498 VQZ stoma 1019 changes with ageing 1172 examination 497 posterior vaginal wall prolapse, defined 497—8 W vaginal cones 886—8 search strategy 953—4 Watts Sexual Function Questionnaire 551 vs other treatments 887—8 websites vs pelvic floor muscle training 877, 879 Cochrane reviews 100, 1624 vs placebo, no or control treatments 870—2 research 100 summary/recommendations 945—6 CONSORT 104 vaginal delivery, vs caesarean delivery 275—6, 287, 288, 456 economics of incontinence 79 risk factors for FI 287, 288, 1532 education resources 49—50 and UI 275—6, 287, 288, 456 evidence-based practice 99 vaginal hammock thory 602 ICIQ 553 vaginal mutilation, gishiri cutting (Nigeria) 1413—14 interstitial cystitis 130 vaginal tape see tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) research in children 1625 valproate sodium 1543—5 see also named organisations Valsalva abdominal leak point pressure 439, 599—601, 618—19, weight loss 858—9 1245 Wexner score 541 faecal incontinence (neurogenic) 1106 willingness to pay, economic analysis 81 valves Winckel, F 28 catheters 225—6 Wisconsin scale (University of Wisconsin IC Scale) 1480—4 intraurethral 1095 women see incontinence assessment in w.; surgical treatment of UI, vanilloid receptor (TRPV1) 334, 374—6, 380—1 w.; other subjects and conditions vanilloid receptor-like protein (TRPV2) 374—6 world vanilloids elderly population growth 1165 neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1083, 1086 maternal mortality estimates 1407 properties 835 wound infections 1324 vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 345 vasoactive intestinal peptide 326—7, 383—4 X Vergés-Flaqué, A 29 vesico—sphincter dyssynergia 411 xenograft slings 1313—14 vesicoureteric reflux 640, 641 children 990—1 Y children with neurogenic bladder—sphincter dysfunction 1008 vesicovaginal fistulae Y-appendicoplasty 580 obstetric 276, 1403—53 yogurt, intervention in FI 1536—7 see also obstetric fistula York—Mason repair 1268, 1270, 1271 vesicovaginal fistulae, non-obstetric 765, 1351—6 Young, HH 28 aetiology 1351—2 evaluation 1352—3 Z surgical treatment 1353—6 vesicular acetylcholine transferase (VAChT) 384 ZD6169 380 “vest over pants» repair 1270, 1271 zinc cream BP, vs Sudocrem 239 Vincent, SA 24 zoonoses, grafts 1392 vincristine 470 Zuckerkandl, O 24 visual analog scale (VAS) 1490 Zung Depression Inventory 1491 1677